^,97^f^LF 


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/Ot 


AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL/iTlON  BILL,  1924 


HEARING 

IlKFORK 

SUBCOMMITTEE  OF  HOUSE  COMMITTEE 
ON  APPROPRIATIONS 

CONSISTING  OF 

Messrs.  SYDNKY  ANDEKSO.N  (Ciiaiuman),  WALTICR  W.  MAGEK. 

EDWARD  M.  WASON,  JAMES  P.  HUCnANAN, 

AND  CJURDUN  LEE 

IN  CHARGE  OF  THE 

AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION  BILL  FOR  1924 


SIXTY-SEVEXTH  {'()X(JRESS 

FOURTH  SESSION 


(^^7V       ^    3' 


7 


WASHINGTOX 
COVKUNMKNT    I  IJINTINC    OIIHi; 
:.'<..>  1022 


COMMITTEE  ON  APPROPRIATIONS. 

House  of  Representatives, 
sixty-seventh  congress,  foukth  session. 


MARTIN  B.  MADDEN,  Illinois,  Chairnum. 


CHARLES  R.  DAVIS,  Minnesota. 
DANIEL  R.  ANTHONY,  Jr.,  Kansas. 
WILLIAM  S.  VARE,  Pennsylvania. 
.TOSEPH  (i.  CANNON,  Illinois. 
C.  BASCOM   SLEMP,  Virginia. 
SYDNEY  ANDERSON,  Minnesota. 
WILLIAAI  R.  WOOD,  Indiana. 
LOUIS  C.  CRAMTON,  Michigan. 
PATRICK  H.  KELLEY,  Michigan. 
EDWARD  H.  WASON,  New  Hampshire. 
WALTER  W.  MAGEE,  New  York. 
GEORGE  IIOLDEN  TINKHAM,  Massachu 
BURTON  L.  FRENCH,  Idaho. 
MILTON  W.  SHREYE,  Pennsylvania. 
CHARLES  F.  0(iDEN,  Kentucky. 
WILLIAM  li.  STAFFORD,  Wisconsin. 
JAMES  W.  IIUSTED,  New  York. 

Marcellus 


ELIJAH  C.  HUTCHINSON,  New  .lersey. 
ROBERT  E.  EVANS,  Nebraska. 
L.  J.  DICKINSON,  Iowa. 
HENRY  Z.  OSBORNE.   California. 
FRANK   MURl'HY,  Ohio. 
JOSEPH  W.  BYRNS,  Tennessee. 
THOMAS  UPTON  SISSON,  Mississippi. 
JAMES  P.  BUCHANAN,  Texas. 
JAMES  A.  (iALLIVAN,  Massachusetts. 
JAMES  F.  BYRNES.  South  Carolina. 
(iORDON  LEE.  Georgia, 
.setts.      BEN  JOHNSON,  Kentucky. 

CHARLES  D.  CARTER,  Oklahoma. 
EDWARD  T.  TAYLOR,  Colorado. 
WILLIAM  B.  OLIVER,  Alabama. 
THOMAS  W.   HARRISON.  Virginia. 
ANTHONY  J.  (iRIFFIN,  New  York. 

C.  Shield,  Clerk. 


-V 


I      I   »  V-/  '»l 


JAMES   H.  MacLAFFERTY 

REPRESENTATIVE  IN  CONGRESS 
6th  DISTRICT  CALIFORNIA 

Q'7W^  (ALAMtDA  COUNTY.)  . 


W:\im 


IJlllAL   vrilMil'KIATloN  lill.L,  IXU. 


HEARINGS  CONDUCTED  BY  THE  SUBCOMMITTEE  (MESSRS.  SYD- 
NEY ANDERSON  (CHAIRMAN).  WALTER  W.  MAOEE.  EDWARD 
H.  WASON.  JAMES  P.  BUCHANAN.  AND  GORDON  LEE)  OF  THE 
COMMITTEE  ON  APPROPRIATIONS.  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTA- 
TIVES. IN  CHARGE  OF  THE  AGRICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT  AP- 
PROPRIATION BILL  FOR  THE  FISCAL  YEAR  1924,  ON  THE  DAYS 
FOLLOWING,  NAMELY: 

TmitsDAv.  .Ni»\i:miiki{   Ki,  I'.'ii'J. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  W.  A.  JUMP.  BUDGET  OFFICER  AND  ADMIN- 
ISTRATIVE ASSISTANT.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

.•^T.VTKMKNT     I{Kf;AI{l)l  N<;     FI^CM,     AFFAIF!^     oF     DFrAltTM  FNT. 

Mr.  AxDKRSox,  We  will  take  up  the  oflice  of  the  SecietMiv.  on 
pajre  2  of  the  Book  of  f^timates.  and  Mr.  Jump,  who  is  the  Bndiret 
olhcer  of  the  departnii-nt.  will  make  a  preliinin.irv  statement  in  re- 
spect to  the  items  in  the  bill. 

Mr.  Jump.  Mr.  Chairman,  my  remarks  will  Ik*  very  brief.  Before 
procee(lin<r  to  the  detailed  estimates  I  wonld  like  to  submit  a  state- 
ment which  the  Secretary,  knowing:  the  interest  of  this  committee 
in  the  manner  in  -which  the  affairs  of  the  Department  of  Agrriculture 
are  conducted  generally,  asked  me  to  present  to  you  this  mornin<r. 
This  is  an  excerpt  from  the  Secretary's  annual  report  for  the  last 
fiscal  year,  which  was  sent  to  the  printer  yesterday  and  which  will 
be  released,  of  course,  in  the  usual  manner  when  the  regular  session 
of  Congress  convenes.  The  statement  deals  with  the  reserves  which 
were  set  up  from  the  ajipropriations  for  the  fiscal  year  11V2'2  and  in- 
dicates typical  instances  of  some  of  the  economies  which  have  been 
effected  in  the  department.  I  shall  be  glad  to  read  it,  or  I  will  pre- 
sent it  for  the  record,  whichever  you  prefer. 

Mr.  BrniANAN.  It  will  be  satisfactory  to  me  to  have  it  inserted. 

Mr.  Andfiisox.  Without  objection,  it  will  be  inserted  in  the 
record. 

STATKMK.NT    KHOM     the    -XN-NFAL    UH-oKT    ok    THK    Sm  KCTAKY    ok    .VliKICll.TFRK    KOB 

THK  KhscAi.  Ykau  Emiini;  .If.ne  :iO,  10J::i. 

ECOXOMIKS   EKKK.CTIU>   IN    THE    DEPARTMENT. 

Ill  t!i»'  ;itliiiinistniti<iii  of  tlw  work  (luring'  tlu'  listal  .vear  tlie  ur;;eut  necessity 
for  wouoiuy  in  pivfrnniental  expenditures  luis  at  all  times  been  kept  in  niiml 
by  tlir  oniivis  an«l  tMiipIoytcs  nf  tin-  tiepartniont.  In  t-onfnnnity  witli  tbc  plan 
establisiitnl  by  tin*  liiueau  of  tli».'  Iiu(l;rpt.  iv>eivt's  anumntinj;  to  !?1.4<H!,1»84 
were   set    up   apiinst    the   various   annual    appropriations   of   tlie   ilepartnieut. 


AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATIOX    BILL,    1024 


By  tlie  exi'icjse.  of  stiitt  ec^jivmiv  at  tlie  dose  of  the  year  the  deiiattfiieiit  was 
able  to  Jidd  fiu'tli^r,  muised  bjihiiKvs  in  the  auunint  of  .$678,740.  and  this. 
tOfiether,'\vith.^|a^..'<;l,40a.fm  t'esju-ved.  made  total  savinfi.s  of  $2.0Sr.,783  turned 
hack  to-flrt-  TiWsur.r  in  tlie  Tonn' of  nnexpended  hahuices  from  the  annual 
appropriations. 

In  addition  to  tlie  fore.noing  a  reserve  of  .^s.inO.oOf)  was  set  np  from  the  so- 
falled  continniiifr  api»ropriations  of  the  department,  which  are  available  until 
expended.  While  this  money  will  eventually  be  expended,  it  was  found  ])os- 
sible  under  the  necessities  of  the  times  to  <lefer  the  expenditures  beyond  the 
present  fiscal  year,  and  thus  for  the  r>i"t'sent  to  save  the  withdrawal  of  the 
cash  from  the  Treasury. 

The  cllorts  toward  reduction  in  expenditures  were  not  confined  merely  to 
keeping:  intact  the  reserves  reported  in  the  fore^oini:.  The  business  adminis- 
tration of  the  department  .lienerally  has  been  subjected  to  close  .scrutinv  and 
specific  economies  inauguratetl  all  alonjr  the  line.  The  department  has  i)et'n 
actively  represented  on  the  various  coordinntinjr  ajrencies  create<l  under  the 
auithority  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Budget.  A  tratlic  manager  has  been  apptiinted 
to  coordinate  and  handle  the  large  volume  of  shipments  and  extensive  jia.s- 
senger  niovt  ments  in  connection  with  the  work  of  the  department.  Careful 
attention  has  been  given  to  economies  which  might  be  effected  by  changes  in 
organization,  and  worth-while  results  have  been  achieved  in  this  direction  also, 
.some  of  which  will  be  mentioned  later. 

I'articular  attention  has  been  given  to  the  purchasing  work  of  the  depart- 
ment. After  a  survey  of  this  work  was  made  by  an  expert  detailed  from  the 
Bureau  of  the  Budget,  a  directcu-  of  purchases  and  sales  was  designated  to 
coordinate  the  purchasing  work  and  the  dispf)sition  of  surrilus  property. 
Chan.ges  have  been  made  .in  former  procedure,  llie  work  has  been  placed 
upon  a  more  businesslike  basis  by  a  closer  scrutiny  of  purchase  requirements. 
By  reorganization  and  extension  of  the  powers  of  the  department  board  o^ 
awards  competition  has  been  widened  on  supplies  and  equipment  bought.  By 
consulting  with  commodity  experts  in  this  and  other  departments  prior  to 
purchasing  the  department  has  kept  informed  on  market  conditions  in  various 
lines  and  has  been  able  to  place  orders  more  advantageously.  The  purchase 
of  certain  commodities  has  been  centralized  for  Washington  and  near-by  field 
stations,  enabling  the  department  to  secure  better  prices  b.v  quantity  orders. 

Investigation  is  constantly  being  made  into  the  availabilit.v  of  surplus 
property  fmni  other  departments  and  its  use  wherever  econonucal  instead  of 
the  purchase  of  new  equipment  by  the  dei>artment.  The  stocks  and  equip- 
ment of  the  entire  department  itself  have  been  gone  over  carefully,  both  in 
Washington  and  in  the  field,  and  under  a  system  which  has  been  established 
a  large  amount  of  surplus  equipment  for  which  the  holding  bui-eaus  have  no 
further  use  is  furnished  to  other  bureaus,  thus  avoiding  additional  purchases. 
Serviceable  motor  trucks  have  been  secured  at  nominal  costs  from  surplus 
stocks  of  other  departments  to  replace  worn-out  trucks  in  the  centralized 
trucking  unit  of  the  department,  making  better  hauling  service  available  to 
the  bureaus  at  lower  cost.  The  revenues  from  the  sale  of  perisp.able  products 
from  the  field  stations  of  the  department  near  Washington  have  been  more 
than  doubled  by  a  sjiecial  order  issued  during  the  year  centralizing  all  such 
sales  in  the  department's  supply  division. 

To  sinnmarize,  here,  as  elsewhere  in  the  service.  "  Economy  with  elliciency  " 
has  been  the  watchword.  Tlie  constant  aim  during  the  year  has  been  to 
develop  a  consciousness  on  the  part  of  each  oflicer  and  emi)loyee  of  the  dei)art- 
nient  of  the  necessity  and  p(>rs(mal  responsibility  on  bis  iiart  for  (he  maximum 
efficiency  and  economy  wilh  respwt  to  his  own  particular  work  and  the  items 
of  expenditure  with  which  he  may  have  to  do.  Economies  and  increased  effi- 
ciency effected  in  this  way  in  connectbm  with  the  routine  business  operations 
of  the  department  can  not  be  adeqtiately  measmed  by  figures,  but  they  are 
of  fundamental  importance  as  the  sound  foundation  of  the  whole  economy 
l)rograni.  The  record  of  the  year  includes  gratifying  reports  of  this  ,tyi>p 
and  reflected  increases  in  the  efficiency  of  the  lines  of  work  alTected.  A  f«'W 
tvpical  instances  are  interesting. 

Ucdiiction  in  manufacturers'  price  of  automobiles  and  tires  and  tubes  for 
field  use  taking  plac(>  after  lu-oposals  hav(>  b(>en  submitte<l  to  the  department: 
have  been  secured  by  the  board  of  awards  calling  for  ri^vised  prices  instead 
of  accepting  the  bids  as  originally  subndtted. 

A  department  shop  f(M'  tli(>  reiiair  of  awnings  has  been  established  at  a 
savipg  of  ai>proximatelv  .^.'J.tMM)  a  year.     Facilities  for  the  repair  of  typewriters 


AdlMCl'LTUIlAI,    AlMMtorKIATIoN    Mll.l,,    l!rJ4.  ,      3 

flud  hicyclcH  Ity  tlu>  ile|tiirliii«-iit   itMolf  nvv  \H.'\nii  i'ntn\»l\H\nHl  at  iiialorlnl  mhv- 

lni:s  over  Hi«'  prlc-t's  loniuTly   |iai)l  tn  <'))iniiif n-iiil   CMiKM-rns  fi»r  tlu-w  »'      ' 
'lilt-  iii.Hlitlliitiou  of  iM'w  <i|iil|>iii«'iit    ill   (III-  i-i'iili'iil   |Ni\v«*r  |iliiiil   of  tlic  ' 
nil-Ill   iidkIi*  |>o.s>ilil«>  ii   i'i'<lii(-tii)ii   ill  fiirca-  of  nIx   limucii  nml  one  i>iiKliuM-t'  iiml 
rviliK'i'il  till*  aiiiiuul  I'liiisuiiipti'iii  of  nml  liy  up|>r<>.\liiialfl.\    t<M»  Iouh. 

Ill  the  tl\(Ml  iiitn>Ki>ii  rcKi'iirt'h  InlMirntory  of  the  dfiiirliiii'iit  a  rhaiiUf  of 
t;nit«-  Itars  in  oii«>  of  tlit>  lu>atitm  |iiaiits  savtMl  jKr><Mi  a  y«>ar  on  tin-  citiil  liill. 
Ity  ifili'slKnlnu  t-crtain  «-lt'«ii-ii-al  )i|iii|iiih'iit  t'lioiik'li  rhi-nirHJ  i-im-i;.'.\  Iiiih  Imh'II 
savt'il  |o  opfrati*  a  Itattfiy  of  rUn-l  rolyllt-  f»>llM  in  cnalilt'  tin-  laWoralory  to 
inak««  it«  own  hyiiroKcn.  I'tTt'i-tinK  "  Kuvinn  of  iiv«'r.  .S-l.txK'  a  yt-ar  In  tin-  pur- 
(■liiiM*  of  liquid  uiiinionla.  This  l)riin(-h  also  (>fr«'<1«'<l  »  MivinK  of  $1'{.INMI  ilurintc 
tlit>  y«>ar  in  rtHluctioii  of  |K>rsoniiel. 

A  ivvisioii  of  all  of  llif  inailiiiL;  lisis  of  the  iU>|Nirtiii«>iit  «-oiidii«*t«Nl  with  tlie 
Mssisuiiut' of  tin-  InitiMJ  StJito  I'.mtau  of  Ktiii-ii'ii<-\  n-siilted  in  th»»  fliniitiation 
from  lilt'  lists  of  iiioir  tiiaii  1<mi,(km»  nann's  nnd  addnssos.  iUw  liMt  of  .s.«j(Nj 
names  whs  diKcontlinuMl  altogether,  suviiiu  .'t44.<MKI  Covernineiit  hulletiiis  a  year, 
or  an  tinnmii  ex|M>iiditiirc  of  more  than  .ST.lHMI. 

Tilt'  iitl<lr<>ssin;;  ami  diiplit  at  in;;  work  ftir  ail  of  Hit*  Imreaus  has  heen  <-t>n> 
stiliilatcd  iiiitlt'i-  tlit>  division  of  I'lililiiatioiis.  rtsiiliiim  in  a  rednction  in  |mt- 
soiiiH'l  ami  the  rel«'asf  of  .^liiMX'"  worth  of  macliiiifry  |o  tlu'  (General  Supply 
( 'oniiiiitti>e  for  assi;;niiient  to  other  ilepartiiifnts.  ISetter  inetluHls  of  manuue- 
nieiit  applied  to  the  t-oniluct  of  the  ilupliftitliii;  woric  as  a  tentrallKeU  {activity 
havf  ri'dutiti  Ilif  iK'rceiitiit;.'e  of  wasta;cf  tif  {niiier  hy  7r»  jK'r  cent. 

Tliife  separate  perlodiial  piihlii'iitions.  The  Market  Itt-poitt-r.  The  Monthly 
Crop  lieporter.  and  tin-  National  Wi-atlier  and  Crop  I'.ulU-iin  Wfiv  I'omldnftl 
durin;;  the  year  into  one  pehotlit  al  kmiwn'as  Weather,  Crops,  and  Markets,  and 
marked  sjivin;;s  were  therehy  efle<ti'tl.  Another  periodii-al  which  duplicated 
miici)  of  the  material  sent  out  throu;.'h  the  rejridar  channels  was  ilisct>n.tinu(Ml 
allo;:eth('r.  A  relatively  t'X|«ensive  information  service  to  the  press  was  dis- 
continuetl  ami  in  its  |ila;-t'  was  suhstitiite<l  a  more  extensiv<«  servici'  to  uews- 
pai'cr  syndicates  at  practically  no  expense  to  the  (Joveniiuent.  At  the  clos«»  of 
the  year  the  depiirtinent  turned  into  the  Treasury  from  the  appropriation  for 
liriiilin^'  und  hindiii;:  an  unexpenticd  halance  of  $183.84.S. 

In  the  I'oivst  Service,  a  hunau  having:  extensive  held  operations,  an  fstimalt'tl 
liaviim  of  :i."»  jrt-r  cent  in  its  annual  tele^'raph  lull  tdSHMHKi  is  lieiii;;  accomplished 
through  increased  censorship.  Throu;:h  centrali/x'd  purchase  tlirect  from  pro- 
duters  savin;rs  of  not  less  than  1.")  per  cent  are  heinj;  elTected  from  an  annual 
expenditure  exceetlin;:  $H(MM>tX>  on  the  lairchase  of  smoked  meats,  cannetl  ;ioo<ls. 
and  dri(Hl  fruits,  ami  tlie  ipiality  of  food  u.sed  ftu-  the  maintenance  of  tield 
partii^  on  road  and  trail  work  in  the  forests  has  at  tlie  same  time  heeii  ini- 
provetl.  InsiHM-tion  antl  administrative  trips  are  planned  in  acct)rdance  with 
carefully  worked-out  .sche<lules  in  onler  to  secure  for  the  Government  the  nd- 
vaiita;:e  tif  specially  reduced  round-trip  rates.  liy  this  means  an  average 
.savin;:  is  matle  t»f  .*>."><)  per  i)erson  travelin;;  out  of  \Vashin;;ton  for  western  points 
tlurini:  the  year.  In  onler  that  the  maximum  amount  may  he  availahle  for  the 
jnirchase  of  essential  supplies  and  etpiipment  for  tlu>  Held  operations  of  the 
service,  the  purchase  of  ollice  furniture  has  heeu  stopped  alto;:ether.  Seven 
thousand  dollars  have  lieen  savetl  iu  this  way  durin;:  the  year  ami  applietl  to 
the  more  ur;.'eiit  mt'tls  of  the  .service.  The  headipiarters  of  the  hureau  at  one 
western  point  has  heen  removed  to  cheajier  tpiarters  at  an  annual  saving  of 
approximatly  .»sl(».(NM). 

In  the  Weather  liureau  a  demand  for  $ll.:{i:(i  additit)nal  funds  r.-tpiiretl  to 
meet  iuerea.seil  rental  charges  tin  exiiirinj;  leases  was  met  hy  riMlueins  the  nuui- 
her  of  rooms  occupieii  hy  the  flehl  ofllces  of  the  hureau  invnlvetl  so  as  to  keep 
within  the  existing;  allowance  for  rentals.  The  same  situation  arose  July  1. 
llrjl.  and  was  met  in  a  similar  manner,  notwithstandin;,'  the  tiflices  of  the 
hureau  have  heen  crowded  therehy. 

Thectinsolidution  of  the  Hureau  ttf  Markets  and  the  liureati  t>f  Crt>p  Estimates 
tin  July  1.  T.rjl,  resulted  in  sav,n;.'s  of  approximately  J>:it»,(tUd  throufxh  the  n-^luc- 
tion  of  the  |»ersoiinel  enu-a;:e  1  on  admini.strative  work.  A  similar  ctinsolidation 
of  administrative  s<M-vices  was  elTecteil  on  Ju'y  1.  lt»'J"_'.  when  the  lUinan  of 
Markets  and  Crop  Kstiinates  was  further  ineireU  with  the  Otii.e  of  Fsirni 
Management  and  Farm  Keoiiondcs  to  ftirni  the  new  Bureau  of  Agricultural 
Kcoiiomiis,  In  which  the  economic  work  of  the  department  is  now  ivntnilizetl. 
It  is  estimated  that  an  additional  .<.']0.<MM)  was  saved  in  overhead  expenditures 
hy  this  consoliil;ition.  In  athlition.  the  constdi<lntion  has  made  jiossilile  the  co- 
tir<!inai joii   <>f  tin-   wurl;   <>f  x.-ii-jr.nv    tiM-'iiiii-;il   flixisiniis  of  tlic  three   former   hu- 


4  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOX   BILL,   1924. 

reaus,  thereby  eliniiuuting  iluplicatiou  aud  overlapping  throughout  the  economic 
units. 

In  the  Insecticide  and  Fungicide  Board  the  field  work  has  been  redistricted, 
resulting  in  a  saving  of  approximately  $1,5(K)  a  year  without  loss  of  efficiency. 

In  the  States  lielations  Service,  by  the  consolidation  of  the  two  Washington 
(Offices  engaged  in  directing  the  work  of  agricultural  extension,  salaries  aggregat- 
ing approximately  $20,U00  have  been  saved,  and  as  the  result  of  centralizing 
and  rearranging  the  clerical  work  in  the  administrative  offices  of  the  same 
bureau  salaries  of  clerks  to  the  amount  of  .$8,000  have  been  saved. 

One  field  office  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industiy  was  discontinued  during  the 
year  and  the  work  of  that  office  consolidated  with  another,  resulting  in  a  saving 
of  approximately  .$4,000.  Two  divisions  of  the  bureau  in  Washington  were 
merged,  resulting  in  the  saving  of  the  salaiy  of  one  chief  of  division  and  one 
clerk,  amounting  to  $.5,070.  By  consolidating  the  work  of  an  emijloyee  on  the 
Canadian  border  with  the  duties  of  another  inspector,  a  saving  of  $1.5(X)  was 
■effected,  and  the  recall  of  one  inspector  from  overseas  has  resulted  in  a  further 
saving  of  $3,300.  In  the  meat-inspection  service  by  reali.gnment  of  the  force 
the  actual  expenditure  during  1922  was  reduced  several  thousand  dollars,  not- 
Avithstauding  the  fact  that  nearly  1,000.000  more  animals  were  slaughtere<l 
imder  inspection  during  the  year  and  almost  300,000,000  more  pounds  of  meat 
food  products  were  reinspected,  thus  avoiding  the  necessity  for  additional  ap- 
propriations. In  the  work  of  supervising  the  preparation  of  biological  products 
a  saving  of  approximately  $4,000  was  accomplisheil  through  reduced  travel. 
During  the  year  there  wei'e  produced  3.037.771  more  doses  of  tuberculin  than 
in  the  fiscal  year  1921,  and  this  was  accomplished  at  a  saving  of  $20.S8.'5  over 
the  amount  expended  during  the  previous  year.  The  manufacture  and  distriVni- 
tion  of  blackleg  toxin  was  also  discontinued  on  July  1.  resulting  in  a  saving  of 
$10,000  per  annum. 

In  the  office  of  exhibits  the  agricultural  displays  have  been  prepared  in  such 
manner  that  they  can  be  used  a  number  of  times  without  replacement,  whereas 
formerly  the  department  exhibits  frequently  were  suitaVde  for  use  only  during 
one  or  two  seasons. 

In  the  Bureau  of  Biological  Survey  it  was  possible  during  the  year  to  use 
$20,000  of  the  money  set  aside  as  a  reserve  to  enable  the  department  in  coopera- 
tion with  one  of  the  AVestern  States  to  cope  with  a  serious  outbreak  of  rabies 
among  coyotes  which  threatened  to  spread  into  other  stock-producing  States. 
As  a  result  of  the  availability  of  the  money  previously  reserved,  the  outbreak 
Avas  brouglit  under  control.  If  the  reserve  had  not  been  available  it  would 
have  been  necessary  for  the  department  to  have  asked  the  Congress  for  an 
additional  appropriation  in  connection  with  this  emergency. 

The  economii^s  listed  above  are  typical  of  the  spirit  in  winch  the  department 
has  entered  into  the  plan  to  conduct  the  business  of  the  Government  on  the 
most  economical  and  efficient  basis  po.^sible. 

While,  as  pointed  out  in  the  foregoing,  we  have  been  able  to  make  a  great 
many  very  substantial  savings  in  money  expended  through  the  application  of 
modern  business  methods,  it  is  increasingly  evident  that  the  largest  economies 
to  be  effected  in  the  department  are  those  which  come  as  a  result  of  j>fficient 
organization.  Such  economies  can  not  be  expressed  in  <lollars  and  cents.  They 
are  measured  rather  by  the  lai-ger  effectiveness  of  the  work  and  the  amount  of 
work  done  for  the  money  expended.  The  reorganization  which  resulted  in 
bringing  three  imits  into  one  in  the  Bureau  of  Agricultural  Economics  is  a 
case  in  point.  Th's  reorganization  effected  considerable  savings  which  can  be 
measured  in  money,  but  altogether  the  laiger  savings  have  i-ome  through  tlie 
Increased  elRciency  and  better  tidministi'ation  of  tlu*  work  done  in  this  i);irticu- 
lar  field.  I  am  quite  sure  that  sinular  desired  results  will  follow  the  reorgani- 
zation of  the  extension  work.  This  reorganization  has  had  the  careful  study 
of  the  Assistant  Secretary  for  a  yenr  past,  and  the  limil  i)l!ni  siibmitted  is  \ho 
result  of  tliat  stndy.  When  imt  into  effect,  as  we  hope  it  may  bo.  it  will  residt 
in  considerable  .saving  of  money,  but.  what  is  far  more  imiiortjint.  will  greatly 
incrciise  the  effectiveness  of  ilie  extension  work'ers  ;ni(I  the  (jualit.v  of  the 
extension  work. 

(  O.MI'AiasON    OF    KSTIAr.XTKS    FOR    1'.t24     WITH     .\l'l'UOPRT.\TH)NS    KOI!     llfj.l. 

Mr.  J I  .MI'.  The  aofiiculdiral  ap])f()iiritition  act  for  the  fi.st-al  your 
ending  June  80,  ll)i!8.  curried  $;U"),TT4,17;),  In  addition,  the  iloiiciency 
act  of  Jidy  1,  1922,  carried  a  supplemental  appropriation  of  $155,000, 


AURICULTUllAL   APPUOlMtlATlON    BlLl^    1024.  5 

luiii^iii^  tlif  total  for  tin-  li.Mul  yi-ur  H'J.'i  up  t«).S'»0.'J:jJM7.»  for  tlmt  purt 
of  the  work  of  tlu'  (U'juutiiu'iit  ordinurily  pr<i\i«l«Ml  for  in  tliis  way. 
At  llui  vtMV  oulst't  I  \v(nil<l  like  to  invite  tlu'  attention  <»f  tlu*  coni- 
niittoe  to  the  fart  tluit  the  t'stiniates  for  1!>24,  us  uppnived  hy  the  liu- 
reaii  of  the  Hnd^ret,  cany  a  total  of  $:i<>.(Kll.r>i;j  for  tlie  items  to 
which  the  re;ridar  a;:i  icidtiiial  act  has  previously  hem  fonlined. 
This  is  the  fi<;ure  coniparahh'  to  the  Jr^Wl.U'JiMT^i  tarrii'd  for  \US.\  und 
to  which  1  referreil  u  moment  up),  and  therefore  the  estinuites  f«»r 
the  (K'partnient  proper  contemphite  jt  net  i'e(hiction  of  $h;>7, .'>«»((  over 
the  ap{)ropriati<tns  a\aihilile  thi.s  year  for  tlie  same  purposes.  There 
are  lUcreases  proooseil  winch  total  ^l..")01.()40,  and  increases  amounting 
to  $G()i,()b(),  to  whicii  I  will  refer  lati-r,  and  in  this  way  the  $Hy7..'»G0 
net  reduction  is  arrived  at.  I  have  undeitaken  to  explain  thi~  in 
detail  for  the  reason  that  in  the  estinmtes  f«>r  1S)'J4  as  submitted  these 
tiirures  are  not  computed,  and  since  thev  are  reallv  of  the  utmost  im- 
portance  in  any  consideration  of  the  api)ro|)riations  for  the  re^rular 
work  of  the  <Iepartment.  it  (Hcurred  to  me  that  the  committee  would 
dt'sire  to  ha\e  ihi'in  he  fore  it  at  the  outset.  As  you  have  undoubt- 
edly observed,  the  total  H^iure  of  the  estimates  is  clianjrt'd  entirely 
over  previous  years,  and  this,  of  course,  is  due  to  a  new  departure, 
namely,  the  inclusion  in  the  lejrular  estimates  of  the  recommenda- 
tions for  the  actual  appropriations,  pursuant  to  e.\istin<i  aiitli'n  i/ti. 
tions,  for  Federal  aid  and  forest  road  construct it)n. 

^^'ith  this  preliminary  explanation  I  will  proceed  to  a  brief  discus- 
sion of  the  Bud;_fet  as  a  wh<de.containin<j:.  as  I  ha\e  indicate(l.  not  only 
the  funds  actuallv  expended  by  the  department  i)Ut  the  lar^e  Fed- 
eral funds  administered  by  the  department  as  well,  as  distiniruished 
from  those  which  it  actually  uses. 

The  estimates  as  approved  by  the  Bureau  of  (lie  Hud^et.  contem- 
]>lates,  as  tlie  committee  has  seen,  the  appropriation  of  ^iSl.'jrjl.ril.'i 
for  all  j)urposes.  This  is  an  apparent  increase  of  $18,830,577  over 
tlie  total  of  $02,412,030  shown  in  the  estimates  as  the  appropriations 
to  date  for  the  same  purposi^s  durin<r  the  fiscal  year  1923.  But  for 
the  purpose  of  i)ractical  consideration  it  is  a  decrease  of  S31,H)0.423, 
for  the  reason  that  while  the  $r)0,000,000  appropriation  authorized 
Dv  the  Post  Office  a])propriation  act  for  1923  to  be  appropriated  for 
Fe<Ieral  aid  to  the  States  in  lii<:hway  construction  durinii  the  fiscal 
vear  1U23  has  not  vet  actuallv  been  made,  the  lanmiaw  of  the  an- 
thorization  is  such  as  to  empower  the  Secretary  of  Ajrriculture  to 
make  apportionments  amon^  the  States  and  to  enter  into  contractual 
obliirations  on  that  basis.  It  would  seem,  therefore,  that  the  $50.- 
OOO.tKR)  must  be  re«rarded  in  the  same  li^ht  as  an  actual  appropria- 
tion in  reckoninfj  the  funds  for  1923.  This  would  brin^  the  total  for 
1023  up  to  $112,412,030,  which  compared  with  the  totalof  the  present 
estimates.  SSl.251.()l.">.  indicates  the  decrease  of  $:M, 100,423  to  wliich 
1  have  referred. 

It  seems  important  that  this  be  taken  into  acconnt,  because  the 
compilations  which  have  been  made  of  the  actual  appropriations  for 
this  year  necessarily  place  the  amount  at  $02.412.O3«'>.  and  the  esti- 
mat«.'s  for  next  year  at  $!sl,251.013.  The  $()2,412,(>30  li<rure,  of  coui*se. 
IS  techniially  correct,  but  the  $50,000,000  authorization  for  Fed- 
eral aid  should  be  taken  into  account  with  it,  since,  pursuant  to  the 
language  of  the  authorization,  the  apportionments  have  been  made 


6  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TIOX    BILL,   1924. 

amon<r  the  States  for  1923  and  contractual  obligations  have  been 
entered  into.    That  is  not  true  of  1924  and  1925.  but  it  is  true  of  1923. 

Mr.  BucHAXAX.  "Will  it  not  be  true  in  1924!'  "Will  you  not  have 
some  more  to  charge  up  to  the  $81,000,000? 

Mr.  Jimp.  Yes;  in  1924. 

Mr.  BucHAXAX.  Then  ought  not  that  also  be  taken  into  considera- 
tion? 

Mr.  Jump.  Xot  so  far  as  the  j)resent  estimates  are  concerned,  for 
the  reason  that  the  $30,000,000  included  in  the  Budget  represents 
the  amount  Avhich  will  be  required  to  be  appropriated  for  cash  with- 
drawals from  the  Treasury  during  the  fiscal  year  1924,  at  the  present 
rate  of  expenditures  and  without  interference  with  thei  Federal- 
aid  program  indicated  by  the  authorizations. 

Mr.  BrcHAXAx.  Then  the  economy'  comes  from  expending  a  less 
amount  on  the  i:)ublic  roads  ? 

Mr.  Jump.  Xo,  sir.  The  handling  of  the  road  appropriations  is 
the  factor  which  causes  the  material  change  in  the  total  of  the  esti- 
mates over  previous  years,  but  I  was  not  referring  to  it  with  the 
object  of  making  the  particular  point  of  economy.  I  simply  Avant 
to  make  clear  that  the  estimates  as  submitted  at  this  time  do  not 
actually  contemplate  the  increase  of  some  $18,000,000  which  the 
totals  apparently  indicate,  but.  on  the  other  hand,  contemplate  a 
decrease.  The  gist  of  the  whole  thing,  Avith  reference  to  the  matter 
of  a  decrease,  is  that  the  items  Avhich  in  previous  years  made  up  the 
regular  Agricultural  bill  call  for  approximately  $900,000  less  than 
the  appropriations  for  this  year  for  the  same  purposes. 

ITEMS  INCLUDED  IN   ESTIMATES  FOK   1!124. 

Considering  the  Budget  as  a  Avhole,  the  total  of  $8 1,2;")  1,0 13  recom- 
mended for  1924  is  made  up  in  the  folloAving  manner: 

First,  as  I  haA'e  explained  preA'iously,  the  items  comparable  to 
those  formerly  included  in  the  regular  Agricultural  apjn'opriation 
act  carry  a  total  of  $36,031,613.  This  is  a  net  reduction  of  $897,560 
below  the  amount  carried  for  similar  purposes  in  the  Agricultural 
act  and  related  supplemental  acts  for  the  fiscal  year  1923. 

Second,  the  group  of  appropriations  to  Avhich  Ave  refer  as  "  Per- 
manent, indefinite,  and  special"  funds  carries  a  total  of  $12.22»).(t00 
for  1924,  a  reduction  of  $30,000  over  the  current  year. 

Third,  the  committee,  of  course,  is  entirely  familiar  Avith  the  pro- 
vision contained  in  the  Post  Office  api)ropriation  act  of  1923.  to  which 
I  have  referred  previously,  and  Avhich  authorizes  ai)propriations  for 
Federal  aid  to  the  States  in  road  construction  of  $50,000,000  for  1923, 
$65,000,000  for  1924,  and  $75,000,000  for  1925.  and  >^6.500.000  each  for 
1924  and  1925  for  forest  roads.  Tiie  liureau  of  the  Bu»lget  has  in- 
cluded $30,000,000  Federal  aid  and  $3,000,000  for  foi-est  roads  in  the 
department  budget  for  1924.  The  remainder  of  the  authoi-izations 
for  1924  pi-esumably  Avill  be  recommended  Avhen  tbe  rate  of  cash 
Avith(b*aAvals  from  the  Treasury  seems  to  retpiire  it.  This.  1  lielieve. 
is  the  point  Mr,  Buchanan  had  in  mind  a  moment  ago. 

Mr.  Andersox.  Authorizations  only? 


AGRICL'LTlTltAI.   APIMIOI'KIATION    HILU    VJClA.  7 

Mr.  .llMi'.  Tlu'  pniNiMoii  iti  Cln-  l'<)>t  nUirc  net  i>  lo.-  an' ii«'ri/.;i- 
tions  (iiilv.  But  llu'  ilillVrriHi-  lu'twt't'ii  tin-  atithorizatioiiyi  for  ll»:i4 
and  15»"J.V.  (til  the  oiif  IiuikI  ami  \*.i'2'-\  on  tin*  otluT.  is.  ax  1  hnve  ex- 
plaint'd,  that  for  V.t'2'.i  the  Sfcn'tury  is  h|HMifi«ally  antlioii/iMl  to  make 
:i|t|»or' ioninfuts  anion^  the  Statrs  ami  to  mt.T  into  tlir  ront  ra<'tuiil 
ol)lijj:ations. 

Mr.  AxDKUsoN.  As  I  nmlei-stand  it,  llir  rea.son  for  thai  is  that  in 
nninv  Statt's  they  re(|nir»'.  In-fore  Stjite  fnn<ls  can  he  sfR'nt,  that  there 
must  In'  an  alloinu'nt  of  KedcM-nl  money  to  cover  it  i 

.Mr.  .Ii  Mr.    That  is  correct,  according:  to  my  nn«lerstandin^:. 

Mr.  Am>ki{.sox.  And  the  conse(iuenc<'  is  that  the  aliotnu-nts  have  to 
l)e  made  of  the  Federal  money  prior  to  the  aclnal  appropriation^ 

Mr.  .liMi'.  That  is  corivct.  This  was  done  in  order  that  the  lc«ris- 
latnres  mijrht  have  the  U'nelit  cd"  it  in  the  way  you  mention.  Of 
conrse.  I  am  only  dealing  with  this  in  the  most  jjfeneral  way  now;  Mr. 
.Mcl)(»n:ild,  the  Chief  of  the  Hnr.aii  of  Puhlic  Roads,  will  ^o  into 
this  fnllv  when  ho  comes  before  the  committee.  I  merely  want  to 
iiwv  an  idea  ol"  the  three  ireneral  di\isions  into  which  the  estimates 
may  he  classified. 

s  I  \  1  1   MINI     sllow  IM.   (   I  ASS1H(  AlION    OK   K.S  Tl  M  \TKS    HIR    Ilti:*    .\M»   Al'eKOI'RIATIUNS 

lOR    102.°:. 

To  sinnmarize  the  whole  thin^:,  we  find  that  for  practical  considera- 
tion the  estimates  now  submitted,  as  compared  with  the  appropria- 
tions for  the  current  fiscal  year,  are  as  follows: 

(The  table  here  submitted  by  Mr.  Jump  is  printed  in  full,  as 
follows:) 


1 

Appropria-       Estimates,     Rpdu-tion 
tion,  1923.            1924.          "eauction. 

1 

Agricultural  act  and  related  suppleini'iital  acts 

$.'16,929,173       $3fi.  0.11. 613 
12.2.-)(),0OO         12.?2«).000 

$.S97..560 

F'crniaiiciit .  iudofniite,  and  special  funds 

30.000 

Incre.vso  of  compensation  ($240,  employees'  bonus) 

Kond  work: 

Fofleral  aid  t  a  States 

3,232,863 
1  .TO,  000. 000 

3,232,S63 

130.000.000 

20.000,000 

Forest  roads  and  trails 

»  10,000,000 

•3,000.000  i      7,000,000 

Total. 

112,412,036 

81,251,013  1    31.160.423 

'  The  post  office  appropriation  act  for  1923  authorizes  appropriations  for  Federal  aid  in  road  constnjc" 

li  -1  ..t  < -.i  ikNiiido  for  192):  $»M,(V.)0,Oi)0  for  U>24.  and  $7.>,(»'>,(^)ii  for  192.i:  and  for  forest  road  constnuti'ii' 
■'I  ■  <'  -"I  .  h  for  1921  and  192.i.  No  ap[)ri)priations  have  tn^n  made  imder  these  auihoriutiions  to  .l.i;i' 
iNi>\.  i>.,  i'.i.'Ji.  The  Sivrciarv  of  Acriculiure  is  authoriz.od  to  nuiko  apporiiinnii'nts  anions  the  >•  i:'  - 
and  enter  inui  contractual  otviiViiiions  for  \K:i  <>n  the  basis  in<Ucatc(i  tiy  the  authori/.ailon  for  that  \'  ir. 
The  recoinmendiiti..'.  .f  .■...r,.,.ri  ,i  i.,„s  df  jao.iKio.iNH)  for  Federal  aid  and  «;;i«"'iii«i  f  .r  ',1,-1  roads  I'T 
l'.*".'-!,  a.iDrdiin:  lot;  iiic  dopurtnient.  is  hused  on  an  esinn;;  hdrawal- 

from  the  TriMsiirj  !  isis  of  road  construction  imlUaiwl  bv  1 

)  Other  anproprlalioiis  (ur  (orv>i  roads  and  trails  arc  Included  in  group  i  •  ■  reruuuicui,  ludelinite,  and 
pecial  fimds." 

NKKI)    OF    IXCREASKD    .MM'UOPUIATIONS    FOR    \  ARIOl  S    HVRKAUS. 


Mr.  Jump.  Now,  if  1  may  do  so.  1  would  like  to  return  to  a  further 
brief  discussion  of  that  i)art  of  the  e.*;timates  which  detils  with  what 
may  be  termed  the  rei;iilar  work  of  the  department.  l)esi)ite  the  net 
reduction  of  nearly  $1)00.000  which  has  been  made  in  this  portion  of 
the  estimates  provision  is  made  with  the  approval  of  the  Bureau  of 
the  Budwt  for  a  limited  number  of  items,  most  of  them  involving 


8  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

very  modest  amounts,  but  which  the  Secretary  reorards  as  of  the 
utmost  importance,  because  they  deal  with  constructive  research 
work,  which  the  department — and  I  feel  sure  also  the  members  of 
this  committee — believe  to  be  absolutely  fundamental  to  the  future 
prosperity,  not  only  of  the  afrricultural  industry,  but  of  the  entire 
Nation.  The  work  of  scientific  research,  which  has  been  so  pro- 
ductive in  the  past,  in  developingr  improved  practices  and  adding 
year  after  year  to  the  economic  wealth  of  the  Nation  is  the  basic 
work  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  Secretary  is  very 
hopeful  that  the  committee  will  give  the  most  favorable  consideration 
to  the  items  in  the  estimates  which  provides  small  increases  for  cer- 
tain lines  of  work  under  the  heading.  When  it  is  taken  into  account 
that  less  than  a  fourth  of  the  total  appropriation  for  the  rcguhir 
work  of  the  department  is  available  for  scientific  research  it  is  clear 
that  this  is  the  type  of  work  which  must  receive  increased  support 
if  the  progress  of  the  industry  is  to  be  assured. 

The  total  amount  of  increases  carried  in  the  estimates  is  $664,080, 
and  as  I  have  said  before,  these  are  offset,  in  the  estimates  as  passed 
by  the  Bureau  of  the  Budget,  by  reductions  totaling  $1,561,640  below 
the  1923  appropriation. 

In  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  for  instance,  we  have  increases 
requested  of  $15,680  for  animal  husbandry  investigation  and  $15,000 
for  the  dairy  experimental  work  at  the  Beltsville  farm. 

Under  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  we  have  listed  here  10  proj- 
ects which  the  chief  of  the  bureau  will  take  up  in  detail,  totaling 
an  increase  of  $96,100.  These  particular  increases  have  been  selected 
with  the  utmost  care  from  a  long  list  of  items  which  the  department 
reality  regard  as  necessary,  all  of  which  we  would  feel  warranted  in 
taking  up  except  for  the  present  need  for  urgent  economy  in  expendi- 
ture. These  particular  projects  have  been  selected  as  the  most  urgent 
and  we  have  kept  them  down  to  the  very  lowest  amounts  consistent 
with  effective  work.  This  may  be  said  with  equal  force  of  each  one  of 
the  items  in  the  estimates. 

Under  the  Forest  Service  we  have  three  items,  an  increase  of 
$43,000  which  we  are  asking  for  absolutely  necessary  improvements 
on  the  forests  and  experimental  work  on  forest  products. 

The  Bureau  of  Chemistry  items  include  an  increase  of  $22,500  for 
agricultural  investigations  along  chemical  lines;  $20,000  for  sirup  and 
sugar  work:  and  an  increase  of  $35,000  in  connection  with  that  im- 
portant food  and  drugs  act.  The  latter  seems  absolutelj^  necessary 
in  order  to  give  the  public  and  the  better  elements  in  the  industries 
affected  the  protection  contemplated  by  the  act. 

A  small  increase  of  $5,000  is  asked  for  the  ilejiartment  library 
in  order  to  jMirchase  books,  the  lack  of  which  greatly  hampers  tlie 
scientific  work.  In  the  Bureau  of  Agricultui-al  Economics  a  total 
increase  of  $251,200  is  recommended  to  cover  only  the  most  urgent 
and  important  tilings  which  linve  ])een  selected  by  the  Secret:irv  as 
those  which  it  seems  to  him  should  receive  attention  at  this  time 
in  connection  with  economic  work.  As  you  know,  tiie  Secretary  has 
devoted  a  great  deal  of  personal  attention  to  the  economic  work  in 
the  time  he  has  been  in  tlie  (le])artment.  and  the  increases  asked 
along  this  line  seem  \itally  nei-essai'v  at  this  time,  'i'he  increases 
referred   to  for  the  economic  work   include  $90,000   for  the   inves- 


I 


Ar;nicifLTUKAi,  AriMiopniATiox  nii.L,  vr2i.  9 

ti;ZHti<ii)s  ill  (he  iiiiirkctiii*:  aiiW  t|i^tl'il»)ltil>ll  (if  furni  iirrxliicts, 
$-jr).(»i)(>  for  fiii-tluT  sticiiirthiMiiii^  flic  rn»\)  t'>tiniiiliM>_'  work,  >51.'),(KMj 
for  tlu'  foiri«rn  market iii<;  invest  iL'iH  i<>ti><.  S'J(),()<K)  for  the  a<lminis- 
tnrtion  of  the  wjirehouse  act.  $l,*jn(»  for  tlu*  starxlanl  coiitnincr 
act.  and  S;1(X1,0(X)  to  co\ci-  the  incieaMMl  (hities  ahmjr  th«'  line  of  in- 
spection of  |)»'rishal>U'  frnils  and  vej/etalih-s.  es|M'ciaIly  to  provi<lp 
for  thi'  shi|>j)in;jf  point  ins|)ection.  This  hitter  increiiw  of  <ourHe 
will  he  oH'set  hy  the  leceipts  from  tho  fees  for  the  inspection  service. 

A  similai'  increase,  that  is.  Iar<xely  reinil)Mrsahle  to  the  Ticasnrv 
fiom  fees,  is  recommended  for  the  work  of  the  l*'ederal  IIoiti<ii(- 
tiiral  T^oard.  namely.  $70.(M)0  for  the  enfoi-cement  of  th<'  plant 
(juarantine  act  at  the  ports  and  on  the  horder  in  connection  with 
the  importation  of  plants.  protectinL'  the  Nation  a;.'ainst  insect  pest.s 
and  the  plant  diseases,  rnder  the  \\'eatlier  Hiireaii  an  increase*  of 
S:?:KO(t()  is  rei'ommended.  of  which  $2.'),(MM)  is  for  .stndie.s  of  the 
upper  air  ami  $S,(M)0  for  central  office  and  miscellaneous  expen.ses. 
Sliirht  inci'ea.scs  of  >i:^.()()(>  foi-  the  di\ision  of  accounts  and  dis- 
itursi'ments  and  $11,000  in  connection  with  the  operation  of  Center 
Market  are  also  recommended.  An  increase  of  iN4H,(K)()  is  asked  for 
the  important  work  of  the  liureau  of  Entomology  in  conductinjj  its 
research  to  protect  the  country  airainst  danirerous  inject  pests. 

These  reconuuendations.  as  I  have  said  hefore.  amount  to  a  total 
of  sr)(>4.()So,  and  in  the  estimates  as  approved  hy  the  linreau  of 
the  HudiTi't  they  are  offset  hy  reductions  which  have  been  made  in 
items  that  are  carried  in  (he  re^nilar  hill  totaling  $1. HO  1.040.  Tn 
oilier  words,  a  net  decrease  of  $si)7.r)()0  exists  in  the  recomiii«Mi'lo- 
tions  for  10'J4  over  the.ajipropriations  for  the  current  year. 

ni:(>i;(;.\M/ \  iio\    <>i     ckkt.mv    iini-!i«v< 

There  are  two  other  items  in  the  estimai(>  wliicli  the  department 
i-ejrards  as  of  the  utm<»>t  imiKirtance.  One  is  in  the  matter  of  re- 
organization within  the  department.  Furthei-  ))ro<rre.ss  has  been 
made  duriuL'  the  studies  alonjr  this  line  diiriuir  the  year,  and  the 
Secretary  is  proi)osin<r  for  the  consideration  f)f  the  committee  a 
carefully  worked  out  plan  involviuir  the  transfer  of  certain  units, 
resultin<f.  in  brief,  in  the  establishment  of  the  a<rricultural  exten- 
sif)n  work  as  a  .separate  service  in  the  office  of  the  Secretaiy.  the 
separation  of  the  offices  of  ex]>eriment  stations  and  the  office  of 
home  economics  from  the  present  extension  orpmi/ation,  known 
as  the  States  lielations  Service,  with  the  home  economics  work  to  be 
established  on  the  basis  of  a  bureau  in  the  department,  and  the  ex- 
periment station  work  to  be  a  sejiarate  «tffice  under  the  director  of 
scientific  work,  the  transfer  of  the  eilitorial  and  distrii)uti(»n  work 
of  the  <livision  of  publications  into  the  office  of  the  Secretary,  and 
the  transfer  of  the  exhil)it  and  nn)ti<m-picture  work  from  the  di- 
vision of  juildications  into  the  proj>osed  extension  service.  These 
proposed  clian;;es  will  he  presented  to  the  committee  in  a  few 
moments  by  the  A.ssistant  Secretary,  Mr.  Pujrsley,  who  has  imme- 
diate direction  of  the  public  relations  work  of  the  department. 

ADIUTIeNAI.    SCIKNTIHC    AND    TKCHNICAI.    EMPI.OYKKS — I.NCREASES    IN    SALAKIKS. 

Anothei-  item  which  the  Secretary  re«rards  as  of  especial  impor- 
tance to  the  administration  of  the  work  of  the  department  on  a  sat- 
isfactory basis  is  the  slight  increase  reconmiended  in  the  numlKn-  of 


10 


AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATIOX    BILL,    1924. 


scientific  and  technical  employees  Avho  can  Ije  employed  at  the  maxi- 
mum salaries  set  for  these  <rrades.  Doctor  liall.  tlie  director  of 
scientific  work,  will  o;ive  the  committee  tlie  full  details  with  re<rard 
to  that  item  when  it  is  reached. 

I  helieve  the  Secretary'  has  already  assured  the  chairman  of  liis 
willingness  to  come  before  the  committee  in  connection  with  these 
items  at  any  time  you  may  desire,  and  of  course  he  Avill  he  very 
glad  to  do  that  if  you  wish  it, 

BEDUCTIONS  IN  STATUTORY  KOLLS. 


Before  taking  up  the  detailed  estimate  I  would  like  to  revert,  for 
a  moment,  to  the  general  subject  of  economy  and  at  the  same  time 
clarify  the  situation  with  respect  to  the  statutory  rolls,  as  tiiis  is  a 
point  which  will  come  up  as  we  reach  the  various  bureaus  in  the 
estimates.  The  matter  to  Avhich  I  refer  deals  with  re  luctions  in 
statutory  places.  During  the  consideration  of  these  estimates  it  be- 
came necessary  at  one  stage  to  eft'ect  a  considei-able  rechiction  in  the 
total  amount  involved.  The  Secretary  called  upon  tlie  various 
branches  of  the  department  to  make  a  survey  and  report  to  him  the 
statutory  positions  which  could  be  dropped,  amounting  wherever  i)os- 
sil)le  to  ?)  Y>ei'  cent  or  more  of  the  total  of  statutory  salaries,  tliese 
positions,  most  of  them  in  the  lowest  grades,  to  be  dropi)ed  at  the 
close  of  the  current  fiscal  year.  The  Secretary  has  had  the  feeling 
that  these  forces  could  be  reduced  somewhat  without  impairment  to 
the  service,  and  you  will  note  that  accordingly  statutory  reductions, 
amounting  altogether  to  $157,620  and  involving  198  places,  are  pro- 
posed all  the  way  through  the  bill.  A  great  many  of  the  positions  to 
be  droppedare  vacant  and  as  the  rate  of  turnover  in  these  h)\v  grades 
is  extraordinarily  high  most  of  the  places  that  are  filled  will  become 
vacant  some  time  between  noAv  and  July  1,  1928.  A  summary  of  this 
proposed  reduction  may  be  of  interest"  to  the  committee,  and  if  you 
desire  I  will  insert  it  in  the  record.  (The  statement  referred  to 
follows:) 

Statutory  positions  recommended  to  he  dropped  in  estimates  of  ai>f)rof)rinti(ins 
for  Deportment  of  Af/ricultnre  for  fiscal  i/ear  J!)2.'i. 


Name  of  bureau. 


Office  of  the  Soprotar>'  (proper) 

OfTices  of  edito'ial  and  distribution  work. 

E xleiisioii  service 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 

Bureau  of  Plant  Industry ." 

Forest  Service 

Bureau  of  Chemistry 

Bureau  of  Soils ' 

Bureau  of  Kntomology 

Bureau  of  Biolo';ical  Survev 

Bureau  of  rulilic  Roads..." 

Bureau  of  Agricultural  Kconomics 

Insecticide  and  Fiuii-'icide  Board 

Federal  Horticultural  Board 


Number 
of  place-;, 
dropped. 

Amotuit 
in\olvod. 

17 

$ir.,  MO 

12 

9,000 

i> 

■),  S.>*0 

27 

21.920 

17 

1.^..900 

:i-2 

21.720 

20 

14. ino 

3 

2.MH) 

.') 

•l.20() 

•) 

2, 7(K) 

^ 

9.  S40 

■».■• 

:«».2C-0 

•) 

.«>40 

2 

1.920 

Total  places  dropped. 


I'N 


lw.l>2() 


I 


AOKICl'LTrUAl.   AlMMtoI'KIATIOX    HILL,    lirJ4.  11 

KMKIITH    KKMM      \«ri\iriK.S    OK    KKI'AtI  I  M  f  N  I     •'<■      """'■■'KK. 

Ill  r<)iisi«lt'rin<r  tin*  iiiatttT  (»f  upprtipriiilimi.s  fcir  tin*  fU'piiiinn'iit 
1  l;('li«'\t*  tlu'  coiiiiiiittiT  will  also  Im*  intcr«'st<'i|  in  tin*  latr.st  conipila- 
tioii  of  the  (lii«rl  ri<»ipls  to  tlir  I  rrasiiiv  in  <(»ninrtioii  with  the 
a<ti\ities  of  the  Depaitmeiit  of  A^ri<nltiire  which  in  all  forms 
anioimteil  to  more  than  5S><,'MM>.(HM)  durin^r  the  fiscal  year  ending  June 
:*.<•,  r.t-JJ.  I  he  >tateineMt  i-eferiiMJ  to  was  |»repiire(|  in  c()tuiection  with 
the  iinniial  report  of  the  Sc<  rrtarv  for  li'i^J,  which  will  In-  released 
early  in  I>e<eml)er  and.  if  I  nuiy.  I  will  insert  it  in  the  record  for 
the  information  of  the  committee. 

(The  statement  fi-om  the  annual  icport  of  the  Secretary  of  A^rri- 
«Mlliue  for  I'.'J'J  f(»llow>:) 

DIKKCT    I.NC():blK    H<    (iOVKK.N  M  ••  NT     IN     tONNMTION     WITH     WOKK     UK     DKPAItTMKNT    UV 

AllKK  1   I n   UK.,    KlSC.Vr.   VKAI!     I'.cjJ. 

imnlciit  to  tilt'  tlc|i;ir;iiHiit's  \\tnk  tlur  nu'  He  tiscnl  yt-iir  I'.'lilj,  dircrt  locfipts 
iimrroirjitini:  .<>>.40."{.."^!M.0."»  wore  covitc*!  into  flic  'rn-nsiiry.  mikI  t1ti«»s  wrrc  '.in- 
IHisi';!  iiiitl  Ju<iirinoiits  ncoNiTnl  liy  llii-  cniiris  iiiinMHitiii^'  to  ."<l(»s.T»K>.."!r(  in  con- 
lu'ctioii  with  tlu'  cnlon  I'li'.riil  l>y  ilu*  ili-i»;uiiii;'iit  ol  the  ie;:iil;it"i  y  jmi-^  v  hifh 
(levolVf  upon  it  for  iKhnini^tnition  and  t'xecuti«»ii,  ns  follows: 

Ki'ii'il  Is: 

IVpos  (»'tl  to  cnslit  oi'  niisceliiint'oiis  receipts 
fund — 

rroiM  linsliu'ss  on  the  national  f(iiest«<--  5>-4.  lijs,  jci'.  ij 

From  other  sources r>so,  iMiii.  ;',<» 

$.'..  20f).  ^'A.  81 

Peposiied    to  credit   of  apiauitriation   fur   reKular   work   «»f 

department 324,  OSl.  48 

I>eposit»'d  to  (  redit  of  Mpproprijition  julinin- 
istcreil  l»y  hut  not  used  in  pmsrcufn};  rc.'u- 
lar  work  of  department — 

Keimhuisenieiit    for   cost    of   distrilmi  in;; 
surplus  war  materials  to  Stat«'s  for  use 

in   road-ciuisti  uction   work !>.'l-o.  ••l.'t.  s.". 

Itepaynients    hy    farmers     of    Si»ptl-Krain 

loan^  __i__-  (XW.  742. 77 

{«»1.7."5'.>.  02 

I>ep<»sited  to  credit  of  sjkm   al  luuds  of  Forest  Service   (from 
business  on  the  national   forests)  _     1.  S7S,  18S.  14 

Total     re<eii)ty i 8,  40.",.  304.  05 

Fines  intpuseil  and  .iud;:ments  reeovpreil  l)y  the  courts  In  con- 
nection w'th  vitiations  of  statutes  intrusted  to  Deparlnicnt  of 
Ai:ricu!ture    f<u-    enforcement ^ 168,  7G().3(i 

Total  dir<"<"t   income  to  (iovernment   residlin;:  from  activi- 
ties of  ]>epartment   of  .Virriculttire.  .  .  s.  ."72.  KkI.  41 

OFFICE  OF  TIIK  SKCKKTAKV. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  R.  M.  REESE.  CHIEF  CLERK  DEPARTMENT  OF 

AGRICULTURE. 

SAI.AUIKS. 


Mr.  Kf.k.sk.  I  will  he«rin  on  the  sixth  line  of  the  .statutory  roll. 
The  italics  indicate  the  proposed  chanires.  We  are  recommendiiij; 
the  transfer  of  14  places  fnuu  the  rolls  of  other  hiu'eaus  of  men  per- 
manently needed  in  the  Secretary's  luanch  and  which  are  carried  on 
lump  rolls,  with  corresponding^'  rednctioii  on  all  the  rolls  atl'ectcd. 


12  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 


TRAFFIC   MANAGER. 


Mr.  Anderson.  AA  here  do  yon  «ret  tliis  traffic  manager  at  #3,000? 

Mr.  Reese  By  direction  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Budget  the  Federal 
1  rathe  lioard  was  created,  witli  instructions  to  each  of  the  depart- 
ments to  appoint  a  representative  on  that  board.  The  Secretary 
appointed  the  traffic  man  of  the  department  as  representative  on 
the  board.  Ihe  business  of  tlie  Federal  Traffic  Board  developed  '^o 
rapidly,  and  its  results  are  so  useful  that  the  representative  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  on  the  Board  Avas  designated  traffic  man- 
ager to  deal  with  all  the  varied  traffic  problems  of  the  department 
to  advise  shipping  clerks  of  the  proper  routings,  proper  classification 
°  AT    ^?  ^^'  t'oi'rect  freight  rates,  and  other  traffic  problems. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  there  any  authority  of  law  for  this  place  I 

Mr.  Keese.  I  take  it  the  authority  is  the  Secretary's  general  admin- 
istrative authority  under  the  act  of  March  4,  1907,' to  make  appohit- 
ments  on  lump-fund  appropriations.     This  would  put  it  in  the  law 

Mr.  Anderson.  No  ;  it  would  not.     That  is  a  transfer. 

Mr.  Reese.  It  is  a  transfer  from  the  lump-sum  appropriation  for 
the  enforcement  of  the  plant  quarantine  act. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  is  your  next  item? 


ADMl  XISTliATIVE   ASSISTANT. 


Mr.  Reese.  The  next  item  is  the  transfer  of  one  administrative 
assistant  at  $3,000. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Where  do  you  get  him  from? 

Mr.  Reese.  We  take  him  from  the  Bureau  of  Entomoloo-y  appro- 
priation for  pre\'enting  the  spread  of  moths.  '^ 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  does  he  do  ? 

Mr.  Reese.  This  is  Mr.  E.  H.  Bradley. 
^  Mr.  Jump.  Mr.  Bradley  handles  sp'ecial  assignments  under  tlie 
Secretary's  office.  He  assists  in  the  preparation  of  the  annual  esti- 
mates, keeps  track  of  legislation  peitaining  to  the  work  of  the  de- 
partment, compiles  special  statements,  reports,  etc.  He  has  been  em- 
ployed in  this  capacity  for  some  time. 

Mr.  Reese.  The  next  change  is  the  change  in  designation  fi-om 
executive  clerks  to  executive  assistants,  the  object  being  to  make  a 
uniform  designation  for  a  group  of  employees  performing  resi)onsible 
work  at  varying  salaries.  There  are  three  positions  at  $-2,500  each, 
two  transferred  from  farmers'  cooperative  demonstrations  and  the 
other  meat  inspection. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  these  people  employed  in  the  Secretary's  office 

now  ? 

Mr.  Reese.  They  are,  and  Avill  be  pei-manently  employed  to  carry 
on  the  work  of  that  branch. 

HKANCKKS  OT   WOHK    INDKU  OIFTrE  OK  TMK   SK('KI:TA1!V. 

I  should  like  to  say,  to  prevent  any  misapprehension  i-oncerning 
the  phrase  "the  Secretary's  office,"  that  it  is  not  limited  to  the  imme- 
diate office  of  the  Secretary  of  Agricultuiv.  It  means  the  Secretary's 
branch,  whicli  includes  at  the  present  lime  the  inunediate  otlice 'of 
the  Secretary,  the  offices  of  tlu-  Assistant  Secretary,  the  directo'-   ^'' 


AORKTLTT'RAL  APPROPRIATTOX    BILL,    V.Ci.  13 

scientilif  work,  iiimI  i\w  solicitor,  as  well  us  tlie  oflires  of  tin-  thief 
clerk,  persomu'l.  uiid  iiis|H'ctioii.  iiKMlianical  supfrintc'iKlent,  etc.  It 
is  an  admiiiistrativt'  hraixii  \vlii«|j.  f(»r  lnvvity,  we  s|M'ak  of  as  the 
office  of  the  Secretary,  hut  I  woiihl  not  like  to  create  the  impressi(»ii 
that  that  is  the  .S-cietary's  iiiime<liat«"  uljice  only.  Ihe^e  re|iifS4-ii! 
the  <:ei)eral  adinini.stration  and  operation  of  the  department. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  Is  any  part  of  it  dependent  upon  chan^'e  in  the  ex- 
'  teiision   service   items  ^ 

•Mr.  Kkksk.  No;  oidy  the  directoi-  id"  the  ext«>nsi<in  service  is  set 
foith  ahove.  Doctor  Pulley  will  speak  to  that.  \\\mt  I  have 
ileult  with,  .so  far,  are  the  men  employed  for  the  wtirk  id'  the  Secre- 
tary's hranch. 

TKA.NSKKBS    KKO.M    OTMK.K    HIVI.SIO.NS    AM)    I.C  M  e-S|-.M    ICOI.I.S, 

(Soc   p.   14.) 

The  next  item  is  two  executive  assistants  at  $:i,'J.")()  transferred  one 
fitmi  the  .statutory  roll  of  the  Bureau  of  A«;ricultural  Economics, 
and  one  at  $2,000  from  the  lump  roll  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry:  a 
private  secietarx  to  the  directoj-  of  scientific  work,  S'2,'J.">o,  trans- 
ferred from  the  lump  roll  of  farmer's  cooperative  demonstration 
work. 

There  is  a  mi.sj)rint  in  the  thii'teenth  line  down  after  •'.■")  at  S-j.ooO 
each."  What  should  folhnv  is  "One  attornev,  $4,000.  |one|  two  at 
$.*?  500." 

Mr.  AxDEKsox.  You  have  heretofore  explained  the  private  secre- 
tary to  the  director  of  scientific  work  ^ 

Mr.  l\i:r.sK.  1  referred  to  that.  That  is  a  transfer  from  the  lump 
roll.  There  is  no  other  chan<re  until  you  ^et  down  to  the  thirteenth 
line— five  law  clerks,  at  $2  000  each. 

Mr.  AxoERsox.  T  understand  the  remainder  of  that  line  fjoes  out  ( 

Mr.  Reese.  Yes. 

ADDITIOXAI.    EMPI.OYKES. 

Mr.  AxDRRsox.  Next  is  law  clerks,  4  at  $3,000  each,  2  at  $2,750 
each,  and  2  at  $3,500. 

Mr.  BrcH.\XAx.  That  will  make  two  new  places,  one  at  $4,000  and 
one  at  $3,500  ( 

Mr.  Kee,se.  That  is  correct,  sir. 

Mr.  Axnpjjsox.  Are  persons  now  employed  at  these  salaries  in 
the  solicitor's  office? 

Mr.  l\EEsE.  There  is  one  at  $^^,500. 

Mr.  AxoERsox.  But  the  other  two  places  do  not  exist  ? 

Mr.  Kefuse.  The  other  two  j)laces  do  not  exist,  and  we  want  to 
create  them.  In  that  connection  it  oujiht  to  he  pointed  out  that 
we  are  droppin<i  out  of  the  solicitor's  office  five  at  $2,000.  $1(1.000  in 
all.  So  that  this  represents  a  reduction  of  $2,500  in  that  statf.  Tlie. 
solicitor  will,  if  desired,  speak  to  his  needs  on  that  suhject.  They 
are,  in  hrief,  and  we  can  not  secure  qualified  lawyers  for  the  com- 
plicated woik  of  the  depai-tment  at  $2,000. 

Mr.  AxDER.sox.  There  is  no  statutory  authority  for  the  employ- 
ment of  these  i)ersons  at  these  salaries,  except  the  jreneral  authority 


14  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATIOX   BILL,    1924. 

of  the  Secretary  to  employ  persons  to  do  the  work  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture. 

Mr.  Reesel  That  is  true.  That  general  authority  is  found,  as  to 
positions  on  lump-sum  appropriations,  in  the  act  of  March  4.  1907, 
referred  to  above. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Let  me  ask  you  one  question  about  these  transfers. 
Are  they  all  transferred  to  the  Secretary's  office  at  the  same  salary 
they  are  now  receiving? 

Mr.  Keese.  Yes.  sir:  all  at  the  same  salaries  they  are  now  receiv- 
ing.   There  are  no  promotions. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  net  result  of  this  is  that  vou  drop  five  law 
clerks  at  $2,(K)0  ?  , 

Mr.  Reese.  Yes;  and  appoint  one  attorney'  at  $4,000  and  one  at 
$3,500,  making  $7,500. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  anv  of  these  five  places  that  you  now  have  at 
$2,000  filled? 

Mr.  Reese.  Only  one. 

TRANSFERS   FROil   OTHER   DIVISION    AND   LUMP-SUM    ROLLS. 

(See  p.  13.) 

The  next  change  comes  down  at  the  fourth  line  at  the  bottom, 
transfer  of  one  clerk,  class  3,  at  $1,600,  and  one  clerk,  class  2. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  that  a  transfer? 

Mr.  Reese.  Yes:  these  are  all  the  same  kind  of  transfers,  from 
bureau  lump-sum  rolls,  with  rolls  reduced  accordingly. 

The  next  item,  as  explained,  is  in  the  next  to  the  last  line,  four 
clerks  at  $1,000  reduced  to  three.  We  have  changed  the  designation 
of  one  of  those  employees  to  skilled  laborer,  for  the  reason  that  he 
is  a  skilled  laborer  now  carried  in  a  clerk's  jilace  b}-  authority  of 
the  Civil  Service  Commission.  It  should  be  changed  to  agree  with 
the  actual  facts. 

In  the  next  place,  there  are  four  at  $900,  reduced  from  six.  One 
of  those  was  changed  for  the  same  reason,  a  skilled  laborer  now  car- 
ried in  a  clerk's  place  by  authority  of  the  Civil  Service:  and  the 
other  is  dropped,  as  set  forth  later  in  these  notes. 

One  accountant  and  bookkeeper,  $2,000.  is  transferred  from  the 
Secretary's  office  to  the  Bureau  of  Agricultural  Economic*^,  where 
he  is  now  employed. 

Page  3.  one  .skilled  laborer,  at  $1,000.  is  transferred  from  the  Bu- 
reau of  Animal  Industry  for  the  same  reason,  he  is  working  for  the 
Secretary's  branch ;  six  messengers  or  laborers,  at  $G00.  reduced  to 
four.  One  is  a  change  in  designation  to  a  messenger  boy.  now  occu- 
P3'ing  the  place:  the  other  is  dropped. 

WATCHMEN     AND    l.AMOKKHS. 

Fifty-two  watchmen  are  reduced  to  51 :  one  j)lace  is  di'opped. 

One  skilled  laborer  at  $1,200  is  transferred  from  the  Bureau  of 
Soils,  for  the  .same  reasons  as  the  others. 

Four  skilled  laborers  iucicased  to  five.  That  jjiovides  for  trans- 
fer of  the  man  I  iiave  referred  to  above,  whose  tlesignatiou  is  changed 
from  clerk  to  skilled  laborer. 


AORICULTrRAL   APIMloPIUATIOX    BII.U    1024.  1 5 

Mr.  Andkusox.  \\'\\n\  is  tliis  skilli-tl  laboifr  at  $1/J()();  wlinf  'l-"- 
he  (lo? 

Mr.  I\KKSB.  The  man  ifully  liu.s  u  cK'ricHl  .status;  Ik*  is  workiii;: 
for  the  Assi.stant  S«>(rotaiv. 

Mr.  A.ni)i;k.h<»x,  Hi*,  i.s  not  a  niechanical  cniphjyi'f  ^ 

Mr.  IJkksk.  No,  Seven  messenger  hoys  increased  to  ei^ht — that 
refers  to  tlie  change  ju.st  uhove,  where  one  at  $(3()()  was  jhanjreil  in 
(lesiirnation.  Nine  niessenwr  hoys  reihiced  to  st?ven,  at  Si^|s(»  rarh : 
two  are  dropped. 

Charwomen,  three  at  $-t80  are  (h-o|)ped:  11  <har\v<mien.  $240,  re- 
(hieed  from  10 — ii  are  dropped. 

l*a;;e  ('>!)  of  these  notes  ri'fers  to  the  list  of  jdaces  (h"opped  m  the 
oiliee  of  the  Secretary  a^'jrrefzatin":  $10,(>4o. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Speakin«r  of  this  skiMed  lai)orer  at  $1,*J(K>.  now 
tU)in^  clerical  work,  is  it  practical  for  the  department  to  put  a 
skilled  lahorer  undei-  a  statutory  i-oll  doin*;  clerical  work  ^ 

Mr.  Kkese.  I  should  modify  that  statement,  i)erhaps,  in  this  way: 
He  is  not  doing  exclusively  clerical  work,  but  clerical  work  in  ad<li- 
tion  to  his  other  duties.     lie  has  a  clerical  status. 

Mr.  l>i ciiANAN.  Is  he  emiiloyed  as  a  skilled  laborer  or  under  Ids 
status  for  clerical  work  { 

Mr.  Kkese.  He  is  employed  in  both  ways,  if  I  can  make  my.self 
clear.  He  does  some  work  as  skilled  laborer  and  incidentally  cK'rical 
lal>oi'.  There  is  no  imi)ro])riety  from  the  civil  servi<'e  in  <-arryin<r 
u  clerk  as  a  skilknl  laborer  if  the  employee  is  willing:. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  No;  but  is  there  not  impropriety  in  carrying  a 
clerk  on  a  statutory  roll  as  skilled  laborer? 

Mr.  IxHESE.  No. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Then  you  could  put  all  skilled  laborers  at  clerical 
work,  as  I  understand  it. 

Mr.  Anoersc^n.  Not  unless  they  had  a  civil-service  status. 

Mr.  Reese.  Not  unless  they  had  civil-service  status.  This  man 
has. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  And  employed  as  such? 

Mr.  Reese.  Partly  as  clerk  and  partly  as  skilled  lalmrer.  We 
couhl  not  use  skilled  laborers  as  clerks  uidess  they  had  clerical  status, 
whiih  he  really  has. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Of  course,  he  has  a  hi<rher  .status  than  skilled 
laborer? 

Mr.  Reese.  There  are  quite  a  few  skilli'd  laborers  at  $1.*2(X)  scat- 
tered through  this  l)ook. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  just  thoujrht  that  under  the  civil  service  rules 
and  reirulations  that  a  man  has  to  be  one  or  the  other:  he  can  not  lie 
both. 

Mr.  Reese.  That  is  a  natural  and  a  proper  (juestion.  The  fact  is 
that  he  was  a  skilled  laborer  and  doinj;  skilled  labor  work.  He 
j)a.ssed  the  clerical  examination,  as  his  work  developed,  givin<r  him 
a  clerical  status. 

Mr.  Bi*(  HANAN.  But  he  was  not  employed  or  assigned  to  any  duty 
after  his  examination;  lie  just  j)as.sed  it  and  the  department  kept 
him  on  the  i-olls  as  skilled  laliorer  and  put  him  at  clerical  work? 

Mr.  Reksk.  Mole  or  less  clerical.  Tie  does  not  spend  his  whole 
time  at  clerical  work;  he  does  it  inciilentallv. 

2J02S — 22 2 


16  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,    1924. 

Mr.  Magee.  He  is  a  skilled  laborer  with  civil  service  status  of 
clerks 

Mr.  Keese.  Yes.  There  is  nothing  else  on  that  statutory  roll  we 
care  to  speak  about. 

Mr.  l^rcHAXAN.  All  of  these  peojile  that  have  been  transferred 
from  other  rolls  to  the  Secretary's  branch  have  been  dropped  on  those 
other  rolls'? 

Mr.  Reese.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  BucHANAx.  And  no  additional  employees  are  i-equiretl  in  the 
department  or  bureau  from  which  they  have  been  dropped? 

^Ir.  Eeese.  No;  they  have  been  working  right  along  for  the  Sec- 
retary's office,  and  the  appropriations 

]Mr.  Bx'CHANAX  (interposing).  I  mean,  in  the  estimates  in  force 
now  there  are  no  additional  employees  requested  to  take  their  places? 

Mr.  Reese.  No. 

DECKEASES  IN   STATTjToRY   ROLI.S   OF  DEPARTMENT. 

Mr.  Jump.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  Mr.  Chairman,  the  department  is 
recommending  decreases  in  the  statutory  rolls  in  the  net  figure  of  ap- 
proximately 200  places,  amounting  to  $157,000.  During  the  consid- 
eration of  the  estimates  it  became  necessary  to  effect  a  considerable 
reduction,  and  the  Secretary  required  the  bureaus  to  make  a  survey 
and  indicate  a  list  of  statutory  positions  amounting  as  nearlj'  as  pos- 
sible to  3  per  cent  of  the  personnel  on  the  statutory  roll,  these  posi- 
tions, most  of  them  in  the  loAvest  grades,  to  be  dropped  at  the  end  of 
this  fiscal  year.  The  Secretary  has  had  the  feeling  that  these  forces 
could  be  reduced  somewdiat,  and  as  a  result  of  that  you  note  these 
statutor}^  reductions  all  the  Avay  through  the  bill  as  the  various  units 
are  reached,  dropping  positions  from  the  routine  grades  on  the  statu- 
tory rolls. 

3IECHANICAL  SHOPS  AND  POWER  PLANT. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  item,  page  5,  miscellaneous  expenses. 

Mr.  Reese.  Referring  to  page  4  just  a  moment,  if  you  please  :  Sala- 
ries and  comjDensation  of  necessary  employees  in  the  mechanical  shops 
and  power  plants  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  It  is  recom- 
mended that  that  proviso  be  dropped  as  permanent  legislation — 
''  that  hereafter."    That  is  the  only  change.    The  amount  is  the  same. 

miscellaneous  expenses,  department  of  agriculture. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  item,  page  5. 

Mr.  Reese.  Miscellaneous  expenses.  There  are  two  things  there. 
The  italic  lines  indicate  authority  for  maintenance,  care,  and  opera- 
tion for  aut()m()})ile  for  official  use  of  the  Secretaiy  of  Agrit'ulture. 
It  was  thought  better  to  get  that  s[)ecilic  aiitliority  in  this  plai-e. 

Mr.  Anderson.  As  I  recall,  under  this  item  last  year  we  authorized 
the  purchase  of  an  automobile  and  approi)riated  $5,000  for  thut  pur- 
pose. 

Mr.  Reese.  That  was  done. 

Mr.  ANDERSf)N.  You  propose  now  to  drop  the  item? 

Mr.  Reese.  Yes;  the  last  three  items  of  this  paragraph  inilicate 
the  dro])j)ing  out  of  that  $5,000. 


A(;ni('ULTrn.\h  appkdpriatiox  bii.i.,  iir:4.  1  7 

I'AYMENT  OK   DI'TY    ON    WIKNTIHr   AITAKXTTv    INflfiTtTm 

The  only  otlicr  rliiin<j;t'  llinc   l•^  llic  (IiiIm-  'mi    ,iii|mm  itil   aiiirlc-. 
riitlt'i"  (In*  i)i«'s<'i)t  (arilf  law  the  (U'|»aitmrn(   will  have  to  pay  iliii .. 
oil  M-ii'iititic  iipparatus  iiiij»(»rttM|  fr<»iii  oiIut  coiinhif 

Mr.  Andkkson.  ^'oii  will  liavi*  to  pay  diitirs^ 

Mr.  IvKK.sK.   Wv  will  liavi'  lo  pay  (liilir.s, 

.Mr.  Ani>ki:s<».\.  AN'hat  do  yon  want  to  drop  that  lan^naur  «»nt  for 
thon^ 

.Ml'.  Kkk.si:,  Koc  the  rt'Ji.M>n  that  nndcr  the  coinplrolh'r  .s  «U'(j.sions 
thosf  duties  may  he  paid  ont  of  any  hinip-snni  aj»propriat ion.  The 
various  hnirans  iin])ort  sonic  of  their  scientitic  ap[)aratiis,  and  it 
makes  a  hetter  aeeoiintin^  system  to  have  the  duties  paid  out  of  their 
own  appropriations  rath;  r  than  to  have  it  come  out  of  mis<-ellaiU'ous 
exp.'iisi's. 

Air.  Andkhsox.  You  do  not  make  any  diduction  from  this  appro- 
priation with  "that  idea  ^ 

Mr.  Kkksk.   No;  we  do  not. 

.Mr.  .Ir.Mi'.   You  have  not  liad  to  pay  thesi'  duties  heretofore? 

.Mr.  Rkksi:.  Xo. 

Mr.  A.NDKK.soN.  You  have  had  the  provision,  but  you  have  not  had 
to  pay  anything  under  it  ( 

Mr.  Kkksk.  No.  It  is  a  matter  of  no  <rreat  importance.  AVe 
tiiou/zht  we  could  drop  this  out  of  here,  hut  it  could  stay  in. 

C0M1M.F:TI0X     ok     VAII.T     KOK     INKI.AMMAIU.K     XIATKRIAI..S. 

I*a«re  7:  That  paragraph  authorizing  construction  of  a  vault  for 
indammahle  materials  is  dropped.     The  vault  is  nvarly  finished. 

Mr.  Axi)KU.M)N.  You  think  it  will  he  finished  before  the  end  of  this 
fiscal  year? 

-Mi-.  Rkkse.  It  will  be  finished  inside  of  a  few  weeks. 

Mi-.  Andkhson.  Where  is  this  vault? 

Mr.  Kkksk.  It  is  constructeil  on  a  knoll  just  about  south  of  the 
department  shops. 

Nlr.  Andkhson.  How  bi<jr  is  it? 

Mr.  Kkksk.   It  is  about  -M^  by  -25  feet. 

Mr.  Andku.son.  Untler<ii-ound  ? 

Mr.  Kkksk.  It  projects  2  or  3  feet  above  «rround.  The  portion 
whi(  h  ju-ojects  above  ground  will  be  protected  by  shrubbery  >n  that 
it  will  not  show  at  all.    There  is  very  little  above  ground. 

Mr.  .\xi)Ki{.s«)N.  AVhat  did  the  vault  cost? 

Mr.  Kkksk.  $2,r)()(). 

Mr.  Am)KKS(»n.  AVas  it  built  under  contract  ? 

Mr.  Kkksk.  Yes.  The  law  limited  the  cost  to  '>-2..500.  and  it  was 
built  under  contract  for  that  fi<ruie. 

KKNTKl)    I!lII.l)IX<;s    IN    niSTUICT   OK   COI.VMIIIA. 

Mr.  AxuKRsox.  The  ne.xt  item,  pa^e  8.  is  rented  bnildinjrs  in  the 
I)istrict  of  Columbia. 

Mr.  lU.KSK.  AVe  recommend  a  reduction  of  ^5.000  in  that  appro- 
l)riation.  AA'e  found  last  year  that  $r).(M)()  was  not  expended,  and  we 
believe  we  can  .safely  drop  that  amount  out  this  year. 

Mr.  Maokk.  Do  you  expect  to  rent  the  same  buildinjis  for  the  li-<  al 
vcir  as  last  voni"? 


18  AGRICULTURAL  APPEOPRIATIOlSr  BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Rf:ESE.  Practically.  On  the  1st  of  July  last  year  by  direction 
of  the  Public  Buildings  Commission  we  gave  up  the  building  on  F 
Street  occupied  by  the  office  of  foreign  seed  and  plant  introduc- 
tion, and  moved  them  into  quarters  in  the  auditor's  building  owned 
by  the  Government.  It  is  quite  possible  that  before  the  end  of  this 
fiscal  year  or  during  the  next  fiscal  year  some  other  shifts  of  that 
kind  will  be  made.  But  we  can  not  possibly  tell  in  advance  what  will 
happen  along  that  line. 

Mr.  Andersox.  My  recollection  is  that  you  were  rather  skeptical 
last  year  about  being  able  to  get  along  with  the  appropriation  you 
had. 

Mr.  BucHAXAx.  They  have  increased  the  estimate. 

Mr.  Reese.  The  appropriation  last  year  was  increased. 

Mr.  BucpiAXAX.  Increased  over  the  estimate? 

Mr.  Eeese.  Increased  over  the  estimate,  because  demands  for  in- 
creased rents  came  after  the  estimates  had  left  my  hands. 

Mr.  AxDERSOx.  Did  you  make  a  new  lease  on  that  Forest  Service 
Building  ? 

Mr.  Eeese.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  AxDERSOX.  What  was  that  made  at? 

Mr.  Reese.  $35,000. 

Mr.  AxDERsox.  "What  were  you  paying  previously? 

Mr.  Reese.  $22,800. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  xVnd  this  was  included  in  j^our  last  year's  appro- 
priation— $6,000  motion-picture  laboratory.  Has  that  lease  been 
consummated  ? 

Mr.  Reese.  The  building  is  not  yet  finished :  it  is  under  construc- 
tion now.  We  expect  to  have  it  finished  in  the  course  of  the  next 
month. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  Have  you  made  a  lease  on  it? 

Mr.  Reese.  We  have  made  a  contract  to  lease  it  as  soon  as  it  is 
finished  at  $9,000  a  year. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  That  is  $3,000  more  than  you  figured  last  year  ? 

Mr.  Reese.  Yes.  That  is  because  of  a  change  in  the  plan  of  the 
building,  an  increase  in  size,  and  the  impossibility  of  getting  builders 
to  consider  anvthing  whatever,  unless  thev  get  a  reasonable  return 
on  the  present  high  cost  of  building. 

RENT   OF  niTLUING   FOK  STATES   UKI-ATIONS   SKKVUK. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  Then  you  had  $4,000  rent  of  building  for  States 
Relations  Service. 

Mr.  Reese.  The  lease  on  that  large  building  at  220  Fourteenth 
Street  expired  the  30th  of  last  June,  and  the  owner  declined  to 
renew  the  lease  unless  ho  got  a  little  more  monev.  All  these  real- 
estate  men  are  putting  up  the  plea  that  taxes  have  heavily  increased, 
and  they  are  somewhat  increased :  and  such  of  them  as  are  carrying 
loans  on  their  buildings  say  they  have  had  to  renew  them  at  higher 
rates  of  interest  than  they  had  to  pay  when  they  made  the  original 
loan. 

Mr.  Andersox.  Has  this  lease  been  made? 

Mr.  Reese.  Yes,  sir. 

Ml-.  AxDKifsox.  At  wlint  rate? 

Mv.  Reicse.  At  $24,000. 


I 


Ar.RKTLTlIRAL   APPHorHIATlON    BILL,    1024. 


19 


Ml".  Andlkson.   W  liuL  wt'ir  you  payin;:  |)ri'\  iou>ly  f 

Mr.  Ki:k.sk.  $-J< ),(»()(). 

Mr.  M.\<iKK.  Whv  <lo  vc»u  liifiiiv  that  vmi  iuhsI  h'ss  nionev  for  n*iit 
with  <;ii'iilly  incrniwd  rt'Utnl.s^ 

Mr.  Kkksk.  (  )iu'  rcu.'^on  I  iiu'iiiiom-d  jii.>i  ukw.  W  i-  li;i\c  ^inun  uj* 
one  liuildiii;;  on  K  Stivi-t  for  w  hirli  we  wfrc  payin;:  rj;^..")()(). 

Mr.  lit cuANAN.  That  iurrtMi.'-v  wa.s  tak«Mi  up  hy  iiUTtMist'd  appro- 
priation hist  year — theiv  was  over  J»J'J*2.0( m )  incrcas**  in  the  appro[)riji- 
iiori  hi.st  year,  even  over  the  estiniate.  And  over  (he  preei*<lin^  appro- 
priati«»n  it  was  more  than  that — Sijd.OfKt. 

Mr.  I\KF>K.  One  of  tlie  increases  estinint^d  for  hist  year  was  not 
used — that  is,  for  tlie  inotion-pietiire  lihrary. 

Mr.  Andik.-^ov.   lint  it  will  he  (hisyear^ 

Mr.  Kki:.-k.   It  will  be  this  year. 

Mr.  Andkk.son.  So  that  wonhl  not  account  f(»r  any  increase  in  the 
appropiiation.  We  would  like  to  know  liow  you  ell'ect  this  reilnction 
in  the  appropriation. 

Ml'.  Kkksi:.  The  iip|)ropriation  toi'  this  year  is  $181,000.  That  is 
all  al>sorlMMl  in  rentals  with  the  e.xception  of  $i3.4r;ii,  which  we  keej) 
in  reserve  for  enjer^ency  rentals,  and  an  estimated  reserve  of  S.^.noo, 
set  up  this  year  at  (he  ie<|uest  u\'  the  Budget  liurl'an.  That  last 
S^a.OOO  we  can  cut  out,  and  we  aie  cuttin;.':  it  out  of  this  ai^propiiation. 

Mr.  M.ujKF..  You  need  less  sjjace  now  than  you  have  needed  here- 
tofore i 

Mr.  IvKi.>i:.  .No. 

Mr.  M.\<;i:k.  1  can  not  just  fijzure  out  myself  hoM-  you  can  j)ay  these 
•rreatly  increa.sed  rentals  with  the  same  amount  of  money. 

Mr.  Kkksk.  A\'e  obtained  increjises  hist  year  to  piovide  for  some 
of  these. 

Mr.  Mackk.  You  did  not  pay  them,  though? 

Mr.  lvi:i:sr..  ^Ve  have  occupied  a  lot  of  space  in  the  temp<n"arv 
l)uildin<rs  durin«r  the  last  year  als'K  I  am  afraid  I  am  not  entirely 
awake  to  the  m formation  you  M'ant  to  get. 

Mr.  Maokk.  You  are  |)ayinir  the.se  increased  rentals  with  the  pres- 
ent api)ropriation  f 

Mr.  KF.r.sr:.  "\Ve  are  ])aying  them  now. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  ^\'hat  we  aie  trying  to  get  at  is  this:  You  had  an 
increase  in  this  ajjpropriation  Ia.<:^t  year  of  ^^22,000  or  thereabouts, 
all  of  which  we  absorbed  by  increa.sed  rentals  this  year.  For  next 
year  you  are  proposing  a  <lecrease  of  >^."».<tO().  "\Ve  would  like  to  know 
how  you  are  able  to  make  that  reduction? 

Mr.  r»i  ciiANAN.  Maybe  that  is  the  $5,000  budget  reserve. 

Mr.  I\KESK.  That  is  t]ae  $5,000  budget  reserve  item.  We  are  cut- 
ting that  out. 

.Nir.  .Vndkii.son.  Then  you  di<l  not  neeil  as  much  money  last  year  as 
you  asked  for.  "^'ou  have  got  to  take  one  horn  of  this  i)roi)osition 
or  the  other.  Hither  you  have  asked  us  for  more  money  last  year 
than  you  needed  oi-  else  you  have  d«»ne  somethin<r  which  makes  it 
possible  foT'  a  rnbi"!  ii.ii  llii<  tmic  which  vou  did  not  anticipn'c  ]:\<t 
year. 

Mr.  Rkksk.  It  is  a  fact  that  we  got  more  money  last  year  than  we 
estimated  for  when  the  estimates  were  nnide.     The  demand>  for  in- 


20  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,    102-t. 

creased  rentals  came  in'after  that  time.  They  were  allowed  by  the 
Senate  and  conference  committees. 

Mr.  Magee.  How  lono:  do  you  make  these  leases  for  ? 

Mr.  Reese.  The  leases  under  the  law  run  for  the  fiscal  year,  but 
we  secure  in  each  case  the  option  of  renewal  by  the  department  for 
a  certain  number  of  years  beyond  that— from  o" years  up  to  10  years, 
as  the  case  may  be. 

^Ir.  Magee.  W liat  did  you  do  in  the  case  of  the  Forest  Service? 

]Mr.  Reese.  In  the  case  of  the  Forest  Service  we  secured  the  option 
of  renewal  for  10  years:  in  the  case  of  the  other  buildincr  nt  220 
Fourteenth  Street,  the  same,  option  to  renew  for  10  years  longer. 

Mr.  Jump.  ]Mr.  Chairman,  may  we  fro  back  for  a  minute  to  the 
statement  that  we  really  asked  for  more  mon(>y  last  year  than  we 
needed?  I  think  the  real  point  is  this:  If  it  liad  not'  been  for  the 
fact  tliat  Ave  Avere  able  to  move  offices  out  of  the  Homer  Buildinjr  at 
Thirteenth  and  F  Streets,  which  is.  of  course,  in  a  very  expensiA'e 
section.  doAvn  to  a  GoA-ernment-oAvned  buildinof  at  Fourteenth  and 
B  Streets.  Ave  Avould  have  had  to  continue  payinjr  rent  at  the  Homer 
Buildiufr.  and  that  would  have  eaten  up  this  amount,  and  more. 

Mr.  AxDEKsox.  T\liat  were  you  paving  there? 

Mr.  Reese.  $8,500. 

Mr.  Jump.  Tliat  explains  the  whole  thino;.  We  were  able  to  move, 
however,  from  the  Homer  Buildiufj  into  the  auditor's  buildinjr.  so 
we  do  not  haAC  to  pay  rent  for  those  offices  this  year.  But  we  did 
not  anticipate  that  at  the  time  the  estimates  were  submitted  last  year. 
If  that  had  not  been  the  case,  it  would  not  haA'e  been  possible  to  make 
any  reduction  this  vear  so  far  as  we  can  see. 

passexger-carryixg  aehicles. 

Mr.  Reese.  Turn  to  patje  322.  This  is  an  authorization,  not  an 
approjiriation,  for  passenger-carryino-  vehicles.  It  is  proposed  to 
authorize  expenditures  from  the  lumj)  sums  of  the  department  for 
the  purchase,  maintenance,  repair,  and  operation  of  motor-propelled 
and  horse-drawn  passen<i:er-carryin(r  A'ehicles  necessary  in  the  con- 
duct of  the  field  Avork  of  the  department  outside  of  the  District  of 
Columbia.  This  provides  for  purchases  not  to  exceed  $32,000,  used 
only  for  official  service  outside  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  The 
proviso  that  the  Secretary  shall  report  to  Con<^ress  showinjr  the 
amount  expended  is  droi)ped. 

Mr,  AxDERSox.  Vr[\y  do  you  want  to  cut  that  out? 

Mr.  Reese.  I  «ruess  Mr.  Jump  Avill  liavo  to  ansAver  that  (luestion. 

Mr.  Ju:mp.  When  the  estimates  Avere  compiled  it  Avas  re.<rarded  as 
permanent  legislation,  providino;  that  the  Secretary  shall  on  the 
first  day  of  each  session  make  a  report  to  Congress,  and  the  report 
Avill  continue  to  be  made. 

Mr.  AxDEusox.  It  Avas  never  considered  so  before.  It  has  been 
carried  as  long  as  I  can  remember.  I  do  not  know  of  any  reason  Avhy 
it  should  not  be  made  permanent  laAv. 

Mr.  Ji'MP.  In  fi'aming  tlu'se  estimates  Ave  endeavoi-ed  to  simplify 
them  as  far  as  possibl(>  and  to  omit  what  Avas  jvgarded  as  sui)ertluous 
language,  which  accounts  for  the  droi)ping  of  this  proviso.  The 
department,  hoAvcAer,  Avill  of  course  continue  nuiking  rej^orts.     It 


A(iKlC  Ll/i'LKAI.    AI'ri;nlM{IATI<)N     lUI.I..    I'.'-l.  21 

loillv  makes  no  (lin'orciu-c  to  tlic  ili'partiiiciit   wlictlicr  ili<-  l:iii;;ua;i(> 
ri'iiiuins  or  is  stricken  onl. 
Mr.  Andkuson.  \'»mv  well. 

I'MK    OK    l'ASSK.\(iUI-(AKIlYI.\0    VKHUI.KM    TBA.NHKKHItKI)    H»)M     UAK    HKI'AKTMKNT    KOU 

<>KH(  l\l.    IM'UroSKS. 

Ml-.  IvKKSK.  TIm'  next  lanjrna^'t'  in  italics  jji'ovides  for  untliority 
of  the  Secretary  to  purcliase  fidn>  a|)|)ro|)riations  made  for  cooperal- 
inL'  \vitli  tlie  Stat«'s  in  the  conslrnction  of  roads  or  hi^hwavs  of 
motor-proptdh'tl  passenjiei-carrvin^'  \ehi(les  to  rephice  such  velii(  les 
tiansfernMl  fiom  the  ^^'ar  Department  under-  authority  of  the  acts 
cited.  Tliose  arc  the  acts  pro\i<Mn;r  for  ti:insfer  (»f  siii-|)his  war 
equipment  to  the  (h'|)artment  throiiirli  the  Hiu'caii  of  Pwhlic  Road'-. 
^Ii-.  aI(  DonaM  will  ha\e  to  explain  that  in  detail.  The  last  provis') 
is  the  one  in  wliich  I  am  most  concernccl.  'I'lie  Secretaiy  of  A^rri- 
culture  is  authori/.iMJ  to  use  fi-om  any  surplus  war  mafcr-ial  turned 
over  to  iiiin  for  di.strihution  to  the  States  for  roa<l  hiiildin^'  purjioses 
such  i)assen;ri'i -carryin^j:  vehicles  as  may  he  necessaiy  for  oilic  iai  use 
(d'  the  dci)artmcnt  in  the  District  of  Colimihia. 

I'ndcr  the  law.  as  I  undeistand  it.  10  per  cent  of  tlie  material 
turned  o\-ei-  hy  the  W'dv  Department  to  the  Bureau  of  Puhlic  Hoads 
may  l)e  retained  for  load  huildin^  purposes  hv  the  Secivtary  of 
A«rriculture  in  the  c-onstruction  of  forest  roads  an<l  trails.  Tiic 
authoT'itv  ]iropo.sed  here  would  authorize  the  Secretary  to  use  some 
of  those  cars  for  passen<ier-i'arryin<r  i)Ui*poses  in  the  District  of 
Columhia  for  necessary  official  u.se  in  the  department. 
*  Ml'.  .Vnokhson.  At  one  place  here  you  propose  to  buy  antomohiles 
to  replace  the  ones  alieady  jrotten  from  the  Wai'  Dei)ai'tment ? 

Mr.  IvF.KsK.  In  the  field. 

Mr.  AxDKiJsoN.  In  the  next  [)lace  you  propose  to  take  some  of 
those  automobiles  and  use  them  in  the  Distri<'t  of  Columbia.  Where 
do  you  iret  anythinir  out  of  tliat  excei)t  a  lf)t  of  lanirua«rt'? 

Mr.  Kkes?:.  ^^'e  iv.v  proposinjr  to  permit  the  department  to  buy 
cars  to  replace  those  which  are  worn  out  in  service,  which  have  been 
transferred  from  the 'War  Department. 

Mr.  AxoKKsox.  I  understand  that.  Biit  if  you  have  irot  to  buy 
cars  to  replace  those,  where  do  you  make  anything  by  takiniz  some 
of  those  to  use  in  the  Disti'ict  of  Columbia? 

Mr.  .TiMP.  That  fii"st  i)roviso  has  to  do  with  the  extensive  field 
woik  (d'  the  Bureau  of  Public  Koads.  It  has  no  relation  whatever 
to  the  second  proviso. 

Mr.  AxDERsox.  I  think  it  has. 

NKI  I>     Kli;     ADIliriKNAI.     AlTOMOnUJIS. 

Mr.  .Ir.Mi'.  It  was  not  so  dcsiifued.  for  this  reason:  The  sei-ond 
provi.so  was  j)rei)ared  at  the  Secretary's  direction,  without  regard 
for  the  fii-st  one,  contemplatin<j:  that  the  few  machines  that  are  neces- 
sarv  for  use  by  the  department  in  Washin<rton  woidd  not  be  ex- 
clian«red  for  new  iriachincs  at  all.  but  wouhl  bt>  old  machines  taken 
from  the  surplus  stocks  of  the  War  Dei)artment.  which  are  retaineil 
in  the  department  under  the  provision  of  the  law  <roverninii  the  dis- 
tribution of  load  materials  to  the  States.     The  two  thinjrs  are  not 


22  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOISr   BILL,   1924. 

related  at  all.  although  I  can  readily  see  that  it  might  appear  from 
the  language  that  they  are.  That  can  be  remedied,  of  course,  by 
making  the  language  more  explicit. 

^Ir.  AxDERSox.  The  two  items  are  not  related,  but  it  is  all  one 
proposition,  because  you  either  buy  one  place  or  another.  I  can  not 
see  any  use  of  putting  in  a  lot  of  language  and  providing  a  lot  of 
changes  Avhen  you  have  got  to  l)uy  machines  anyway. 

Mr.  Jump.  I  am  not  well  enough  informed  personalh"  as  to  all 
of  the  reasons  which  make  the  first  proviso  necessary.  ^Ir.  ^lac- 
Donald  will  go  into  that  in  detail,  however,  when  he  comes  before 
the  committee.  With  respect  to  the  second  proviso,  however,  un- 
der present  conditions  at  the  department,  with  the  bureaus  occupy- 
ing some  40  buildings  in  widely  scattered  sections  of  the  city,  and 
with  the  numerous  outlying  experiment  stations,  all  of  them  neces- 
sar}-  for  different  purposes,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  have  ma- 
chines for  official  use  in  order  to  transact  ])usiness  and  to  accom- 
modate people  who  visit  the  department  on  Government  business 
of  such  nature  that  they  should  not  have  to  spend  all  day  running 
around  from  one  part  of  the  city  to  another  to  reach  the  place  they 
Avant  to  find  and  which  it  is  to  the  Government's  interest  that 
they  do  find  without  undue  aggravation.  It  is  equally  desirable  to 
provide  the  department  some  way  of  getting  out  to  the  experimental 
farms.  For  instance,  two  members  of  the  Board  of  Estimates  of 
the  Budget  Bureau  who  went  over  these  estimates  desired  to  make 
an  inspection  of  the  Beltsville  experimental  farm  of  the  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry.  The  way  we  handled  that  was  by  calling  on 
the  Bureau  of  Public  Roads  for  the  use  of  on,'  of  their  cars  to 
take  them  out  there  and  bring  them  back. 

From  time  to  time  during  the  year  we  have  distinguished  visitors 
who  come  to  this  country,  as  well  as  our  own  people  Avho  come  from 
the  various  States,  and  their  status  is  such  that  it  is  desirable  to 
show  them  some  of  the  work  done  at  the  outlying  experimental  farms. 
Sometimes  the  dejiartment  desires  their  judgment  and  advice.  In 
such  cases  we  are  obliged  to  go  to  the  Bureau  of  Public  Roads  and 
ask  them  to  send  over  one  of  their  cars.  „ 

Mr.  Anderson.  "Where  are  j^ou  embarrassed  by  having  to  do  that? 

Mr.  Jump.  We  are  not  embarrassed  in  making  the  request  on  the 
bureau,  as  it  is  a  part  of  the  department  the  same  as  any  other 
branch,  and  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary,  but  the  bureau 
naturally  is  not  equipped  or  organized  especially  to  render  that  kind 
of  service  for  the  dei:)artment  generalh'.  It  has  work  to  do  with  its 
machines,  and  I  shouhl  say  it  embarrasses  them  by  discommoding 
their  work  and  disrui)ting  their  arrangements  for  use  of  their  force 
otherwise  when  we  must  call  upon  them  constantly  to  iletail  ma- 
chines for  general  de]:)artment  purposes. 

Another  instance:  AVe  have  coming  into  Washington  from  time  to 
time  the  winners  in  the  boys'  and  girls*  club  work  from  the  various 
States.  They  were  sent  here  by  their  States,  a  trij)  to  Washington 
being  one  of  the  rewards  for  their  outstanding  achievements  ah)ng 
agricultural  lines. 

The  (lepai-tment  officers  concerned  take  them  to  points  of  interest 
in  the  department,  to  the  farms,  etc..  and  other  activities  or  work  of 


AGRICULTURAL   APPUOPRIATIOX    BILI^    UCI.  23 

the  lU'iMirtiiuMit.  which  they  shotihl  sro,  uii*l  uii  uiitoinohilos  is  nofcs- 
sary  to  do  this  properly  iiiwl  lU  :i  iiiiiiiiiiiini  expenditure  of  time. 
Another  instniice:  ^^  e  need  to  take  xnne  pictures.  Our  men  ;;o  out 
as  far  as  I'lederick  or  Mount  Airy.  Md..  to  take  pictures  of  chiiry 
farms  and  live  stock.  There  are  no  machines  to  carrv  photoj^raphers 
or  to  cari-j'  the  director  of  the  picture  or  anything  ofso,  pxeept  a.s  we 
horrou  them  from  tlie  Roads  iiureau.  The  (U-parhnent  is  witliout 
l)asscn^M'r-caiiyin<r  machines  except  for  these  road  macliincs  taken 
over  second  hand  fiom  the  \\'ar  Department.  Thi*  oidv  <»th('r  pas- 
sen«rtM*-carryin«;  machine  in  the  (U'partment  at  Washin<.'t(»n  is  the 
car  used  l»y  the  Secrt'taiy.  We  lla^e  heen  handicappj'd  so  much  in 
tliis  respect  that  tiie  (U'i)ar(nient  is  askin;r  tin-  authority  to  use  sevei-al 
jif  the^e  nuuhines  continuously  for  ^'encral  j)uri)()ses  of  an  oMicial 
miture,  and  since  it  does  not  re<|uire  any  ai)proprintion  at  all.  we  are 
hopeful  that  the  re(|uest  will  he  L'ranted.  The  machines  are  owned 
i»y  the  (lOM'iiiment  and  are  availahle,  and  for  that  K'ason  it  seems 
unhusinesslike  not  to  make  the  he.st  use  of  them  which  the  puMic 
interest  indicates. 

Mv.  lirciiAX.w.  'i'ou  mean  they  tire  there  hul  not  in  runnin«j: 
order ^ 

Mr.  JiM!'.  They  are  there  and  some  are  in  running  order.  Thev 
are  constantly  conditioning  these  machines  and  sending  them  out  to 
the  road  districts. 

Mr.  HrniAXAX.  Do  you  w;ui(   to  pnrch;'>^<'  p'^v  ,  ],;,, 

changing  the  old  ones^ 

Mr.  Jfmi'.  No,  sir;  not  for  this  purpose.  That  lirst  provisf)  has 
nothing  to  do  with  the  second  one,  ^hich  relates  to  "Washington  alone. 
The  lirst  proviso,  which  relates  to  tlie  ni-'d  -"i-vice.  ^^•■  >rcDonald 
will  explain  when  he  is  here. 

Mr.  lUciiANAX.  You  are  talking  ahout  the  last  provi.so^ 

Mr.  diMr.  Yes,  sir.  That  was  put  in  entirely  without  regard  to 
the  other  proviso,  and  it  does  not  contemplate  the  purcha.se  of  any 
machines  whatsoever.  All  we  want  to  do  is  to  use  for  the  department 
service  the  second-hand  machines  wliich  we  already  have. 

Mr.  AxDKKsox.  I  understand  it  does  not  contemplate  the  [)urchase 
of  any  nnichines,  hut  is  it  six  of  one  and  half  a  dozen  of  the  other. 
If  the  Bureau  of  Roads  has  to  purchase  machines  for  the  ones  which 
you  take  from  it  in  the  District  of  Columbia — and  that  is  what  you 
l)ro[)ose  to  do  in  the  other  proviso — I  can  not  see  any  use  of  putting 
in  this  language.  You  might  as  well  purchase  new  niachines  for 
taking  di.stinguished  foreign  visitors  al>out  and  allow  the  second- 
hand ones  to  be  run  around  in  the  mud  in  the  prcness  of  road  making. 

Mr.  Jr^ii'.  Taking  distinguished  foreign  visitcu's  around  is  one 
of  the  snnillest  parts  of  our  necessity.  I  merely  mentioned  that  as 
an  instance.  The  machines  are  more  needed  in  the  regular  work 
of  the  dej)artment — getting  the  dej)artment  peojile  arotnul  without 
v.aste  of  time  to  the  l>udget  Bureau,  to  the  (iovermnent  Printinir 
Office,  to  the  experimental  farms  at  Arlington.  Bethesda.  Beltsville, 
etc.,  down  to  Alexandria,  wliere  we  have  four  or  five  units,  and  so 
on.  'I'hese  are  the  real  reasons  why  the  cars  are  nee<led.  and  not. 
1  nniy  say.  primarily  for  taking  foreign  visitors  around:  that  is 
])iirely  incidental. 


24  AGRICULTURAL   APPROFRL^TIOX    BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Tlie  Secretary  takes  these  machines  which  were 
turned  over  to  him  by  the  War  Department  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
tribution amcn<r  the  States  in  connection  with  road  buildin<r.  This 
j-roviso  autliorizes  him  to  take  some  of  those  machines  and  use  them 
here  in  the  District  of  Columbia  for  A<rricultural  Dej^artment  pur- 
poses. It  seems  to  me  like  that  provision  is  in  direct  conflict  with 
the  statutory  law  and  absolutely  new  lejrislation,  is  it  not  if 

Mr.  Jump.  It  niio:ht  be  so  construed.  But  it  is  strictly  in  the 
public  interest  and  required  for  the  most  efficient  administration  of 
the  department.  Some  of  these  machines  are  in  use  in  Washington 
already,  because  the  Bureau  of  Roads  has  one  of  its  heackiuailers 
here  for  one  of  its  districts.  The  fact  of  the  matter  is  that  we  are 
constantly  having  to  borrow  these  machines  temporarily  for  these 
purposes  anyhow,  and  what  we  would  like  to  do  is  to  luake  the  use 
of  them  entirely  re<;r.lar  and  under  the  central  control  of  the  de- 
l)artn:ent. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  are  asking  for  these  machines  without  num- 
ber, without  limitation  of  any  character.  Have  you  any  idea  how 
many  you  need  ? 

Mr.  Jump.  We  would  say,  offhand,  from  three  to  six,  and  we  could 
make  the  limitation  accordingly  if  the  committee  desires.  We  just 
want  a  small  number,  and  what  we  propose  to  do  is  to  put  them  in 
the  central  garage  of  the  department.  All  our  motor  trucks,  which 
formerly  were  scattered  about,  are  now  pooled  under  the  mechanical 
superintendent  of  the  department,  who  comes  directly  under  the 
Secretary's  office,  and  that  arrangement  has  effected  a  tremendous 
saving  and  put  the  trucking  service  on  an  efficient  basis.  It  will 
not  be  our  purpose  to  assign  these  cars  anywhere.  They  will  be 
under  the  ofRce  of  the  Secretary  and  each  request  for  transportation 
will  be  closely  scrutinized  by  the  man  in  charge  before  he  attempts 
to  take  care  of  it. 

STATEMENT  OE  ME.  C.  W.  PUGSLEY,  ASSISTANT  SECRETARY  OF 

AGRICULTURE. 

reorganization  or  offices  under  office  of  the  secretary. 

Mr.  Pugsley.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  would  like  to  read  just  one  para- 
graph from  the  statement  of  the  Secretary  on  the  economies  effected 
in  the  department  during  the  past  year,  made  a  part  of  the  record 
a  moment  ago : 

Tlie  ecoiioniies  listed  above  iiro  typical  of  the  spirit  in  which  the  <U'pai-tiueiit 
people  have  entered  into  the  plant  to  conduet  tht>  bnsiness  of  the  (iovernnient 
on  the  most  economical  and  elticient  basis  i)()ssible.  \\'bile,  as  pointed  ont  in 
the  foref?oinf?,  we  have  been  able  to  make  a  f^reat  many  very  substantial 
savings  in  money  expended  through  the  application  of  modern  bu.siness  meth- 
ods it  is  increasinf^ly  evident  that  the  lar^iest  economies  to  be  elTected  in  the 
(le|»artnient  are  those  which  are  a  result  of  edicient  orpuiizalion. 

Such  economies  can  not  be  expressed  in  dollars  and  cents.  They  are  meas- 
ured rather  by  the  larf^er  efftH-tiveness  of  the  work  and  the  amount  of  work 
;!one  for  the  money  expended.  The  re()r;i;ani/,ation  which  resulted  in  brin.i;- 
inj;  llirce  units  into  one  in  the  Uincau  of  Aj;ricidtural  Kconomics  is  a  case  in 
lioint.  This  rcor;;ani/,alion  etTectcd  consideralile  savings  which  can  be  meas- 
uredc  in  mon(\v,  but  altogether  the  larger  saviuirs  have  come  throu^rh  the  in- 
creased clliciencv  and  better  ailnunistrat  ion  of  the  work  done  in  this  iiarticular 


AfMiK  ri/riMAL  Ai'rr.oritiATio.N  iui.l,  I'.a.  25 

tlt-M.     I  am  (|(iit('  siiri'  thiit  siiniliir  iliwirtNl  nf<iiltK  will  follow  tli«*  r«'«>rKHniKii- 
tloii  of  tlu'  »»xf«'iisi<>ii  w«»rk. 

This  riHiruMni/.jitloii  Ims  liinl  ilir  nin-fiil  Htii(|>  of  lli»»  AHMiHtaiit  S<*<n*liiry 
for  II  year  itnst  aiitl  tlif  lliuil  pliiii  siil>.iiltl*<<l  is  )|i«>  n'siiit  of  tlint  Htiiily.  When 
put  Into  (>rri'(-t,  IIS  w«'  !iop«'  it  may  Ih-,  it  will  rosiilt  in  roiiHldt'niMf  Hiivini;  of 
iiioiH'V.  hut,  what  i«<  far  inon-  iiMporiiini,  will  anally  Iiuti'.ihi'  tlu'  »»frf<tiv»«iH«>«s 
of  th'-  «'Xti>nsioii   workers  an  !   tin-  <pialily   nf  tin*  oxti'iisloii   work. 

rO.NNOt.lllATION    OK    AlillKKHhlMI    AKll   IIITI  irATINU    W«»«K. 

On  tlip  .siilijfct  of  fcxinMiin's  which  havo  lH»t*n  luiult'  hy  jrivin/ 
attention  to  f(M»r;^'aiiizatioii  «hiiiii;r  the  past  yvnv.  the  S'l'n-tary 
jtoiiits  out  in  this  i'(>|)oi-t  that  in  the  cotiihination  and  consoli'Iation 
of  tin-  adtliTssin^j  aiul  thiplicatin;:  woik  tlu'ic  was  rcK'ascil  ^l'O.ikk) 
worth  i»f  nnichinciv  to  tlu-  (lent'i'al  Supply  Coinniittpe  for  assijrniflcnt 
to  other  (lepaitinents.  and,  in  ad<Iiti(»n,  th«>  force  of  peopU'  eniph>y('d 
t<i  operate  lho>e  machines  was  consi«h'ral>Iy  ledtiicd.  Fiirtherniori', 
the  centrali/.ation  of  diiplieatin;.'  ;;i\rs  a  check  on  the  nniUijrraph 
and  niini«'o<:raj)h  work  of  tlie  department  which  can  not  U'  ohtaineil 
unless  it  is  centralized. 

CONS«U.inATH»N    OK    STATISTICAL    HCRE-M'S. 

lie  also  |)oints  (»iit  that  in  the  consolidation  of  the  liiireau  f»f 
.Markets.  Biirean  of  Crop  Kstiinates.  and  the  Oflice  of  Farm  Manajre- 
ment  there  was  a  .savinjr  of  $.S0.0()0  merely  in  the  ovcrliead  in  the 
operation  of  what  were  formerly  three  onreaus. 

KKoIii.XM/ \  I  ION     OK     STVTKS     ISKI.ATIONS     SKRVICK     AND     DIVISION     OK     PUBLICATIONS. 

Hy  i()nM)lidatin^'^  two  exleiisioii  offices  in  the  States  "Relation  Serv- 
ice into  one  oliice  for  the  [)iiri)ose  of  administerinjr  the  Smith-Lever 
*  and  other  cooperative  extension  fnnds.  there  was  a  savinjr  of  ap- 
proximately $20,000  in  the  overhead. 

CONSOLIDATION    OK    KXtKNSION     WOKK. 

As  a  matter  of  interest.  I  thoii^dit  yon  mi«rht  like  to  he  informed 
concernin<r  the  tyj)e  of  or<iani/ation  tliat  existed  in  the  offices  of 
extension  in  the  States  Relation  Service  before  the  consolidation 
was  made.  This  chart  represents  the  or^'-anization  of  the  otKce 
of  extension  work  in  the  South  [  indicatin<r  |.  where  !."»  States  were 
administered,  and  this  [indicating]  the  office  of  extension  work  in 
the  Xorth  and  West,  w  here  the  rest  of  the  States  of  the  Union  were 
administered.  You  will  note  that  there  are  (piite  a  larjre  numher  of 
snbdivisions  in  each  one.  Confusion  was  i)rouirht  about  by  that 
sort  of  an  or<ianization.  It  was  impossible  to  <ret  a  united  and  cor- 
related extension  j)ro«rram.  T'nder  the  new  jjlan  there  are  but  two 
divisions,  aside  from  the  clerical  division,  with  but  two  heads,  who 
act  as  coun.'^el  with  the  chief  of  the  extension  office.  'Hiat  is  whers 
we  saved  overhead  and  at  the  same  time  increased  efficiency. 

In  addition,  yoti  have  a  logical  type  of  administraticm  of  the  co- 
operative extension  work  of  the  department,  wheri'  it  is  considered 
from  the  standpoitit  of  the  two  problems  of  administration.  I'ntler 
the  division  of  proLrrains  wjiat  is  to  be  taujiht  is  ccmsidered :  under 
the  division  of  meth(»ls  how  it  is  to  be  tau«:ht  is  considered.  And, 
after  all,  those  are  the  only  two  thinj^s  that  you  have  to  deal  with — 


26  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

the  "  what "'  and  the  "  liow."    It  is  absolutely  essential  that  we  have  a 
united  extension  program  with  the  home  and  the  rural  community  as  \ 

the  object  of  the  ajri'icultural  extension  teachin<r.    While  the  details  jj 

of  the  work  differs  in  the  local  connnunities.  the  Federal  office  mus't 
inject  national  and  world  aspects  of  the  problem. 

Mr.  AxDERsox.  Those  statements  indicate,  apparently,  that  you  no 
longer  have  the  country  divided  up  into  districts,  with  district  lead- 
ers; is  that  correct? 

Assistant  Secretary  Puoslky.  That  is  correct.  Wp  .lo  not  hn\e 
separate  offices  administerin<;  the  work  by  districts. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  will  <ro  into  that  later,  I  take  it  ? 

Assistant  v'^ecretary  Prosi.ET.  Yes.  sir. 

XTiw  I  Avant  to  let  the  point  of  my  remarks  run  to  the  proposed 
reorganization  of  the  entire  extension  Avork  of  the  department.  Tlie 
Secretary  asked  me  to  make  a  s])ecial  study  of  the  extension  and  pub- 
lication activities  of  the  dei)artment.  and  as  a  result  of  that  study 
this  is  what  I  found  [presenting  chart  to  the  subcommittee].  Practi- 
cally every  bureau  in  the  department  is  authorized  by  the  laws  of 
Congress  to  do  research  work,  many  of  them  to  do  regulatory  work, 
and  a  considerable  numbei-  of  them  to  do  extension  work. 

To  carry  out  and  coordinate  the  research  work  and  the  regulatory 
work  you*^  will  recall  that  Congress  two  years  ago  authorized  the 
appointment  of  a  director  of  scientific  Avork  and  a  director  of 
regulatory  work.  There  are^,  howeAer,  three  lines  of  work  in  the 
Department  of  Agriculture.  To  my  mind,  all  the  work  that  is 
authorized  in  the  department  falls  logically  into  one  of  three  cla.sses: 
Research,  regulatory,  or  extension :  but  up  to  the  present  time  there 
has  been  no  director  of  extension  work,  outside  of  the  secretary 
himself,  who  is  correlating  the  extension  work  of  the  department. 
That  is  very  clear  in  the  chart  which  you  have  before  you. 

You  wilf  note  that  the  States  Pelations  Service  has  the  office  ol 
cooperative  extension  Avork.  In  that  office  is  lodged  the  aduiinis- 
tration  of  those  funds  Avhich  are  spent  in  the  States  for  cooperative 
Avork  Avith  the  agricultural  colleges.  I^ut  there  is  also  in  the  States 
Relations  Service  an  office  of  experiment  stations,  Avhich  deals  en- 
tirely with  research  problems,  for  it  administers  the  Hatch  and 
Adams  funds  for  State  experiment  stations.  There  is  likewise  an 
office  of  home  economic  AA'ork  doing,  in  ett'ect,  the  same  sort  of  work 
that  a  bureau  does — research  Avork  and  extension  Avork.  So  you 
can  see  by  the  chart  that  bureaus  that  had  experimental  AAork  that 
was  done  in  cooperation  Avith  the  States  had  to  go  through  an  of- 
fice in  the  States  Relation  Service  before  it  went  to  the  director 
of  scientific  Avork,  even  after  the  establishuieut  of  that  director.  The 
logical  place  for  the  office  of  expci'lnicnt  stations  is  in  the  office  of 
the  director  of  scientific  Avork. 

In  the  Division  of  Publications  we  have  tiie  editing  and  i>riuting 
of  bulletins,  the  release  of  ])ress  material,  and  the  duj^licating  and 
mimeograi>hing,  Avhicli  is  closely  related  to  printing.  Hut  there  aiv 
also  two  extension  offices — the  office  of  motion  pictures  and  the  olVice 
of  exhibits — both  offices  for  visual  extension  work.  AViien  a  bureau 
Avants  to  put  out  a  motion  picture  oi-  an  exhibit  it  goes  through  the 
Division  of  Publications.  If  it  is  to  be  used  in  cooperative  exten- 
sion AVork,  as  IK)  per  cent  of  the   pictuies  are.  it   must  go  through 


AdlUCULTUUAh   Ai'i'lU)PlUATI(»;N    Mi.i,.    i'.rH.  27 

the  Stall's  Krhitions  SiTvice  also.  I  In-  j'liart  also  hIiowm  a  tlire<'toi* 
of  iiifoiinatioii.  who  •<:i\('s  sprcial  atlniliiin  to  jxiblicutions.  lii'fon* 
piiltlicjitioiis  lu-adi  tin'  Sccit'tary's  ollirr  tlu'V  ^'o  tliroii^li  tin-  orij;i- 
iiatiii;.'  (dlui's  of  a  luiii'aii.  tliroii^h  tin*  iHiiraii  cliirf,  lliroii;;h  tin* 
i»(lit(»iial  ollico,  uml  tliroii^rh  to  the  C'liief  of  tin*  Division  of  l*nl»li<a- 
tion>.  then  to  tin*  chief  of  iiifoniiation.  and  liiially  to  the  S'<Tetary. 

The  jjidposed  roor«^aiii/.atioM  of  tiu'  cxteii.sioii  work  is  shown  on 
this  ihart  |('\hihits  another  chart  1.  It  calls  for  the  transfer  of  some 
of  the  other  work,  other  than  extension,  ns  yon  see.  The  Secretary 
is  asl\in<r  for  the  creation  of  a  director  of  extension  work,  anil  pro- 
poses to  ])Iace  un(h'r  that  <lirect(»r  of  extension  work  thos**  oHict-s  in 
the  depai'tnient  which  are  exten>ion  ollices,  nuniely,  tlie  oflice  of  the 
cooperative  extension  work,  now  in  tlie  States  Kehitions  Service,  and 
tlie  oflices  of  exliihits  and  motion  ]»ictures.  n()W  in  the  Division  of 
riil>lications.  In  athlition.  he  ex|)ects  to  charge  tijat  diiector  of 
extension  with  the  conehition  of  all  the  extension  work  of  all  of  the 
various  luireaus.  askin«r  the  hniean  chiefs  to  rejjort  thronjxh  the 
director  of  the  extension  to  him  on  all  matters  of  extension  woi-k. 

Mr.  Andkksox.  Do  you  expect  to  continue  extension  work-  iiii.l'-i- 
the  hureau  as  well  as  under  this  director  of  extension? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pigslky.  Some  hnreans  are  char«rcd  with  cer- 
tain extension  work,  as  you  will  note  as  you  ^n)  throu'rh  the  appro- 
l)riations.  In  addition,  most  extension  work  is  of  a  more  or  less 
technical  nature  and  must  have  technical  direction.  But  those  linens 
of  extension  work  will  clear  throu<j:h  the  director  of  extension,  so 
that  they  will  he  correlated,  and  so  there  will  not  he  duplication  in 
the  huioaus.  At  the  [jresent  time  there  is'nohody  outside  of  the 
Secretary's  office  who  can  do  that  sort  of  thinjj:.  In  other  words, 
these  three  extension  offices  of  the  department  are,  in  effect,  the 
avenues  throupfh  which  the  extension  work  of  the  hureau  is  cleared. 
We  really  have  no  thin<is  to  extend  except  those  tiiinjrs  whirh  <n'v/i- 
nate  in  the  .scientitic  hureauii  of  the  dei)artment. 

The  reor<j:anizati<m  i)roposes  to  put  under  the  director  of  scientifio 
work  tlie  Office  of  the  Expei'imental  Stations. 

The  i)uhlications  of  the  department  may  appear  at  first  plance  to 
he  extension.  They  do  furnish  an  avenue  throu<rh  which  the  de- 
partment can  <ret  its  information  to  the  })uhlic,  hut  puhlications  are 
of  tluee  different  types.  There  are  those  j)ul)lications  which  are 
hi«rhly  technical  and  which  are  puhlisheil  for  the  information  of 
other  research  woi'kers.  The  director  of  scientific  work  and  the  re- 
search people  of  the  de|)artment  are  therefore  tremendously  inter- 
ested in  that  type  of  i)ul)lit'ation.  and  in  a  sense  that  type  of  puhlica- 
tion  is  not  entirely  extension. 

Likewise,  there' must  he  puhlished  a  lar^'e  number  of  re^rulatory 
announcements.  They  do  not  need  to  po  to  the  public  in  <reneral : 
they  only  need  to  «ro  to  the  re^rulatory  offices  out  in  the  States. 
Those  are  not  extension,  in  the  pMieral  sense  of  the  word,  and  they 
shouhl  clear  throu^di  the  office  of  the  director  of  regulatory  work. 

The  farmers'  bulletins  and  po|)ular  i)ublications  should  dear 
tlironL'h  the  office  of  the  director  <d'  extension  work.  Rut  since  this 
eililorial  work  affects  the  three  lines  of  work  in  the  ih'partinent — 
.scientific,  extension,  and  re^ndatory — it  has  seemed  l^est  to  place  the 
otlice  of  etlitorial  work  in  the  Secretary's  office,  where  we  will  liave 


28 


AGRICULTURAI.   APPROPRIATION   BILL,    192-i. 


direct  contact  Avitli  it  and  where  he  will  pass  on  all  work  finally, 
probably  throufrh  the  Assistant  Secretary. 

Mr.  AxDEKSON.  If  appropriated  for  separately  now.  I  do  not  see 
anythin<r  to  prevent  you  puttin*;  it  anywliere  you  pleasx'. 

Assistant  Secretary  Pioslev.  The  appropriation  !)ill  provides 
that  the  appropriation  for  the  work  in  (piestion  is  a  j^art  of  the  work 
of  some  bureau.  We  are  askin<i  that  the  wordinjr  of  this  year's  bill 
will  make  the  approi)riations  run  in  the  direction  in  which  we  think 
they  ought  to  run  for  the  most  efficient  organization  of  the  de- 
partment. 

BUREAU    OF    HOME   ECONOMICS. 


The  Secretary,  I  think,  is  tremendously  interested  in  another 
chanire.  The  office  of  home  economics,  under  the  States  Relations 
Service,  is  to  all  intents  and  purposes  a  subject-matter  bureau  in 
the  same  sense  of  the  other  bureaus  in  the  dei)artment.  He  believes 
that  the  time  has  come  when  this  office  should  be  made  a  Ijureau  in 
fact;  and  it  is  his  intention,  if  Congress  approves  of  the  proj^osal  to 
make  it  a  bureau,  to  place  it  in  charge  of  a  v.onian  of  st^ientific 
training. 

Mr.  Magee,  What  do  we  know  about  all  this  theory  and  red  tape? 

Mr.  Anderson.  He  is  telling  you  something  about  it. 

Mr.  Magee.  He  says  he  puts  it  up  to  us  for  determination.  It 
seems  to  me  you  have  enougli  horse  sense  to  be  aljle  to  put  before  the 
committee  the  facts,  and  then  we  might  be  able  to  i-each  some  re:ison- 
able  conclusion.  • 

Assistant  Secretary  Pixjsi.ey.  That  is  wluit  we  are  trying  to  do. 

Mr.  Ma(jee.  There  is  so  much  long-drawn-out  postulations  and  red 
tape  that  sometimes  I  think  it  is  almost  imi)ossibk'  for  men  in  Con- 
gress to  do  any  business,  as  it  takes  about  half  of  the  forenoon  to 
attend  to  one  little  job  now. 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  I  fully  symi)athize  with  you. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  When  was  this  department  reorganized?  Was  it 
not  organized  a  few  years  ago? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pitcj.si.ey.  What  department  ? 

Mr.  Buchanan.  All  this  publication  de[)artment,  bureau  of  dis- 
tribution or  publication,  whatever  you  want  to  call  it. 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  The  Division  of  I'ublications  has, 
so  far  as  I  know,  never  been  fixed  in  its  organization  by  the  api">ro- 
priations  which  have  been  made 

Mr.  Buchanan  (interposing).  Was  reorganized  in  the  department 

Assi.stant  Secretary  Pi'gsley  (continuing).  In  all  of  its  details 
The  Division  of  Publications  has  been  created  by  the  apj^ropriations. 
but  certain  things  have  been  added  to  and  taken  from,  as  Mr.  Ander- 
son suggested  a  moment  ago,  by  various  Secretaries  when  they 
came  in. 

Mr.  BuciiAXA.N.  My  <|uestion  was,  A^^1s  not  the  P)Ui"eau  of  Publica- 
tions and  pul)licity  work  of  the  deparlmeut  reorganized  or.  at  le:>st. 
combined  just  a  few  years  ago? 

Mr.  JiTMP.  About  two  years  ago  there  were  .se\eral  lines  of  work 
transferred  into  the  Di\-ision  ol'  Publications.  Tlu>y  iin-luded  (he 
])i'ess  ser\ice.  motion  picture,  and  exhibits  work.  . 


AORICrLTURAI.   APPRr)PRIATlON    BILU    1024.  29 

Ml*.  MAiiKK.  riu"  wiiy  it  st tiki's  iin' — I  tlo  not  pn'tnid  to  know 
al«)iit  it — is  that  if  \v«»  had  souw  practical  proixisition  upon  which 
wt»  coiihl  staml  for  at  least  a  rcasonahh'  Icii^rth  of  tiiin'  without  all 
th<>s(>  cnanj/os  and  icoi«^:inizatioiis,  mid  Wdrkiii;/  (»iit  of  hah*-s|>littin^ 
flu'oiics  all  the  while,  we  iiii;^ht  a<<<»iMplish  s<Miiethin;r, 

Assistant  Secn'tarv  Prnsi.KY.  That  is  just  exactly  what  we  are  try- 
ing to  do.  and  that  is  the  I'easori  we  think  this  chart  exhihits  that 
fimdainetal  hasis.  I  do  not  thiid<  yon  have  ever  had  presented  to  yon 
hefor*' 

Mi-.  Ma(!KK  (inteiposin«r).  I  am  only  ^ivin;;  yon  my  nation  ahout 
it.  If  we  coid<l  "Tct  some  •rroiind  and  hnild  up  on  that  «rronn<l  in 
s«)me  lo^'ical  way.  so  that  instead  of  hein^r  j»resented  a  new-fan^rled 
notion  »'v«'ry  little  while,  we  conld  reach  some  point  where  con- 
structive Avork  was  possible. 

Assistant  Sc<ietaiy  l*i  <;si.ky.  This  is  just  the  reason  wc  are  present- 
in;:  this  i)lan  of  fundamental  or;rM nidation. 

Mi-.  Hrcn.WAN.  \\\\\  not  this  split  up  the  nuhlicity  work,  or  ad- 
vertising.' work,  instead  of  consolidatin<r  it^  I'ou  take  the  editorial 
work  and  the  publication  work  out  of  this  new  oi-^anization  you 
liave  <r<)t, 

•Assistant  Secretary  Pi cslf.y.  ^  <>u  put  in  the  Secretary's  office  all  of 
the  printed  work  of  the  department,  where  it  can  be  piven  si>ecial 
supervision:  you  put  undei-  the  director  of  extension  all  of  those 
extension  activities  by  means  of  cooj)erative  extension  agents  as  well 
as  by  exhibits  and  by  motion  pictures, 

Mr-.  AxnKiisoN.  Is  not  this  what  you  really  do(  You  propose  to 
briuL*"  the  extension  activities  under  the  director  of  extension  work, 
just  as  you  have  reseai'ch  under  the  research  director  and  the  regu- 
latory Work  under  the  director  of  regulatory  work? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  Yes,  sir, 

Mr.  Andkkson.  Then  you  ]>r<)pose  to  put  this  extension  work,  to- 
<rether  with  the  activities  allied  with  it.  like  publications,  under  the 
Assistant  Secretary,  or  substantially  so — I  suppose  that  means  under 
the  Secretary — so  as  to  «:et  a  correlation  there? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pi  (jslky.  Yes.  snr.  But  no  work  in  the  Di- 
vision of  Pul)licati()ns.  exce|)t  the  editorial,  printiuff.  and  distribu- 
tion work,  ^oes  into  the  Secretary's  office  i)roper. 

Mr.  ANnERS<ix.  Is  there  anythinjr  else  there? 

Assistant  Secretary  Ptosley.  Yes:  motion  i)ictures  an<l  exhibits. 

Mr.  J I  .MP.  They  do  not  really  belonir  in  publications  now. 

Assi.s-tant  Secretary  Piosley.  Do  not  lofrically  belonir  there. 

Mr.  BrcHAXAN.  Why  do  you  not  do  it?  This  is  administrative 
business  that  it  is  proper  for  you  to  do,  as  I  look  at  it.  We  did  not 
oriranize  this  thinjr  the  wav  von  have  it  now  bv  act  of  Con^riess. 

Mr.  Jimp.  Yes;  Mr.  Buchanan.  The  wav  the  bill  reads  now.  the 
Division  of  Publications  has  in  it  these  two  activities — motion  pic- 
tures and  exhibits,  which  are  not  really  |)ul)lication  work.  Admin- 
istratively, the  Secretary  can  run  them  any  way  he  wants  to,  but  it 
involves  all  kinds  of  complications  in  connection  with  bookkeepinir 
and  the  accounting  work,  and  the  purchase  of  supplies,  and  all  that: 
so  that  what  he  woidd  like  to  do  is.  as  Mi-.  Pugsley  hjis  explained, 
to  do  a  wav  with  this  confusion  and  actuallv  i)iin<r  the>e  or^aniza- 
tiont>that  do  not  now  behrn^  in  publications  out  of  it.  and  to  attach 


30  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

them  to  the  unit  to  which  they  really  do  belong — lefivinjr  the  Pub- 
lication Division  to  handle  purely  the  publication  work. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  thoujrht  we  authorized  the  Secretary  of  Aofri- 
culture  id  carry  on  these  activities  tj^enerally  by  act  of  Conofress, 
and  that  the  manner  in  which  he  or<ranized  them  and  carried  them 
on  is  an  administrative  function,  purely  and  simply. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Of  course,  tliat  is  true.  Mr.  Buchanan,  but  what 
they  are  tryinjj  to  do  here,  as  I  understand  it,  is  to  <i:et  these  appro- 
priations arran^red  in  such  a  way  as  to  facilitate  the  orofanization 
of  the  department,  which  the  Secretary  thinks  is  the  most  efficient. 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  Is  it  not  true  that  if  you  make  an 
appropriation  for  motion  i^ictures  attached  to  the  Division  of  Pub- 
lication, that  in  effect  places  the  motion-picture  office  in  the  Division 
of  Publications? 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  think  so. 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  What  we  are  asking:  is  that  that  ap- 
proi3riation  read  to  the  extension  service  and  that  a  director  of  ex- 
tension be  created,  so  that  we  Avill  have  those  things  all  together. 
We  are  asking  merely  for  the  changes  in  the  language  of  the  bill 
which  will  make  that  possible.  It  does  not  cost  any  extra  money. 
We  believe  it  will  save  money. 

Mr.  Magee.  Without  submitting  things  to  our  approval  which  we 
do  not  know  anything  about — at  least.  I  do  not  feel  I  do — why  not 
make  reasonable  appropriations  you  need  and  let  you  run  this  busi- 
ness in  your  own  way  ? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  Of  course,  we  would  be  perfectly 
willing  to  do  that. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  In  this  reorganization  do  you  contemplate  changes 
of  men  of  different  positions,  and  so  on? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  Just  what  do  you  mean  by  that  ? 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Do  you  contemplate  putting  some  new  men  in 
there  who  are  not  now  in  there  ? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  Yes,  sir;  we  contemplate  securing  a 
director  of  extension  work. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  that  the  only  new  person  you  contemplate  se- 
curing? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  On  the  extension  end  of  the  work,  it 
is.  The  Secretary  is  also  asking  for  an  editor  in  chief,  at  a  salary 
which  Avill  permit  him  to  get  some  person  competent  to  do  a  lot  of 
things  that  ought  to  be  done  in  connection  with  the  department 
bulletins. 

Mr.  Buchanan,  Are  those  two  men  the  only  two  nuMi  outside  of 
the  service  you  contemiilate  employing? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  Those  are  the  only  two  new  posi- 
tions Ave  are  asking  for. 

Mr.  JiTMP.  And  the  amount  of  money  required  for  these  two  statu- 
tory positions,  namely,  the  director  of  extension  and  the  assistant  in 
charge  of  the  office  of  editorial  work,  is  si)ecifically  offset  by  reduc- 
tions Avhich  are  made  in  the  related  appi-opriations,  so  that  there  is 
no  total  increase  whatever  in  appropi'iations  connected  with  this 
proposed  ivorganization. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  speak  of  "related  appropriations."  Do  yoii 
mean  aj)))ropriations  under  the  division  of  publications? 


AGRI(?ULTURAL  APPKOPHIATIOX    BILU   1*'24.  31 

Mr.  .IiMi'.  As  it  is  now,  iiikUt  the  Division  t\u-  Pnlili.  Mfii.n^  un.) 
tlu'  Stall's  Ri'liitions  Service. 

Mr,  Am»kkson.  ^'oii  are  civatin^  a  dirrrtor  of  extension  work,  an<l 
yon  aire  piittin*:  under  that  director  of  I'xteiision  work  the  work 
which  yon  are  «K)intr  now.  with  ihe  exception  (»f  that  whi<  h  hi-  hccn 
«h)ne  heretofore  under  the  \arions  hiireaus^ 

Assistant  Secretary  l*i  osijiv.   ^'es,  sir, 

Mr.  AM)Kit.s»).\.  Tlien.  yon  will  hrinfj  into  that  Hnrcan  of  Piihlica- 
tions  the  oflice  of  exhihits  and  the  otlice  of  motion  jticturcs  i 

Assistant  Serretary  l*r(;si,KY.  Ves.  sir. 

Ml-.  Anokkson.  "\'on  are  takin;:  out  of  the  SI;l(e^  Kdations  Service, 
that  is.  the  extension  end  of  it.  the  oflice  of  experiment  stations? 

Assistant  vSecretary  Pioslky,   ^'es.  >ir. 

Mr.  AxoKKsox.  Von  are  chan^in<;  the  mime  of  the  office  of  puhli- 
••ations  to  the  <»ffice  of  editoiial  and  distrihntion  work? 

.Vssistant  Secretary  l*r(;si,KY.   ^  es,  >ir. 

Mr.  Andkksox.  And  tliat  covers  the  whole  tliinj:,  does  it? 

As.si.stant  Secretary  Pigslky.  Yes.  sir:  it  d()e.s.  except  the  Bureau 
of  Home  Economics. 

Mr.  AxDKUsox.  And  you  take  out  of  the  extension  .service  the 
Bureau  of  Home  Economics  and  make  a  separate  hureau  of  that. 

A.^sistant  Secretary  Pi(;si,ky.  Yes,  sir:  and  when  that  is  done 
we  do  away  with  the  Divisicyi  of  Piil)]ications  and  the  States  Rela- 
tions Service,  as  such. 

Mr.  ANUKH-sttx.  All  you  do  in  this  hill  is  to  make  such  transfers  of 
the  approj)riations  as  will  accomplish  these  transfers  of  functions? 

A.ssistant  Secretary  Pr(;si.F:Y.  That  is  exactly  it.  No  inrieases  in 
aj)propr;ations  are  asked  and  no  new  lines  of  work  estahlished. 

Mr.  Iir(H.\XAX.  Von  have  no  increases  in  salaries?  AVhat  are 
those?     Just  let  the  record  show  that. 

Assistant  Secretary  PiosLf:Y.  If  there  are  any  increases. tliose  will 
he  taken  up  inuler  the  iteirs  as  you  come  to  them.  There  are  no  in- 
creases in  salaries  due  to  the  reor<ranization,  other  than  already  ex- 
plained. 

Mr.  RrciiAXAX,   You  have  the  chief  in  char*re.  at  $.'>.00()  ? 

Assistant  .'Secretary  Pi  {;slky.  That  is  the  editorial  position  I  spoke 
of  a  moment  a«ro,  the  man  that  the  Secretary  wants  to  take  charge  of 
;ill  the  pulilications  of  the  deijaiiment. 

Mr.  BrcH.\N.xN,  That  is  one  increase,  is  it  not? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pi usley,  That  is  a  new  position  by  transfer 
from  a  lump  fund  of  the  extension  service,  wh'ch  fund  has  been  re- 
duced accordingly. 

Mr.  P>i  (HANAN.  Then  there  are  jiositions  at  $3,r)00,  an  increase  of 
$:.0O,  is  there  not? 

A.ssi.stant  Secretary  Pit.sley.  Xo,  sir. 

Mr.  Jr.MP.  That  is  a  i)osition  which  is  now  carried  as  the  Chief  of 
Division  of  Puhlications.  and  if  tliere  is  to  be  no  more  Division  of 
Publications. 4»y  tliat  exact  name,  the  title  of  the  position  shouhl  l»e 
chanjred  accordin<;ly. 

A.ssistant  Secretary  Pioslky.  There  are  only  two  new  positions 
asked  for:  One  is  for  a  man  to  take  char<re  of  this  editorial  work  in 
2202S 22 li 


32  AGEICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

the  Secretary's  office  and  the  other  is  the  director  of  extension  work. 
There  is  no  increase  in  money  asked  for. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  What  is  his  salary? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  $5,000  for  the  director  of  extension, 
the  same  as  the  other  directors — the  director  of  scientific  work  and 
the  director  of  reguhitory  work. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  That  is.  the  other  directors  provided  for  last  year 
by  Con^rress  come  under  that  bill,  allowino;  the  Secretary  to  employ 
so  many  at  not  to  exceed  $o.500? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pi(;slet.  Xo,  sir.  That  was  another  matter 
and  did  not  refer  to  directors,  but  to  salary  increases  on  lump  funds. 

Mr.  Magee.  So  you  wanted  a  lot  of  chan<jes.  and  I  think  that  the 
committee  accjuiesced  in  them.  It  seemed  to  me.  then,  as  if  we  were 
netting  down  to  some  fundamental  foundation  on  which  we  could 
build.  NoW' ,  you  come  along  again  this  year  and  vou  Avant  to  change 
all  that. 

Assistant  Secretar}^  Pugsley.  Xo,  no ;  we  want  to  change  none  of 
that  at  all.  I  think  Ave  are  on  the  foundation  with  that.  This  is 
something  which  was  not  taken  up  then,  and  has  not  been  taken  up 
w4th  3^ou  before. 

Mr.  Magee.  You  have  new  ideas  as  to  the  director  of  regulatory 
work,  a  director  of  extension  work,  a  director  of  scientific  work.  etc. 
Xow',  you  will  probably  come  along  another  j^ear — you  may  not  be 
here,  and  somebody  else  wants  something  different :  and  so  we  will 
keep  on  changing  and  shifting  and  transferring.  It  seems  to  me  mat- 
ters of  appropriation  ought  to  be  simplified  rather  than  being  made 
more  complex  all  the  time,  and  that  instead  of  having  a  volume  rep- 
resenting agricultural  appropriations  of  300  or  400  pages,  it  could 
be  greatly  simplified  and  reduced  in  size. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  have  no  objection  to  any  system  that  will  im- 
prove the  service,  and  I  am  inclined  to  aid  any  system  that  will  make 
that  improvement.  In  this  reorganization,  do  you  contemplate  the 
dismissal  of  any  employees  now  in  there  or  demotion  of  an}-  employees 
now  there? 

GRADUAL  ADOPTION  OK  PLAN  OF  REORGANIZATION. 

Mr.  Jump.  As  I  understand  the  details  of  this  plan,  Mr.  Buchanan, 
they  do  not  contemplate  making  any  great  cut,  l)ecaiise  we  have  go;t 
to  go  step  by  step.  But  we  are  doing  this,  and  I  think  this  will  ap- 
peal to  the  committee  and  to  the  Congress  as  an  acUled  reason  for 
making  this  change.  Here,  under  the  Secretary's  office,  when  we 
place  these  other  units  in  operation  Ave  Avill  have  six  or  seven  different 
branches  of  the  service.  We  propose  to  do  something  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  fiscal  year  that  has  not  been  done  enough  in  the  (iovcrn- 
ment  seiidce,  and  that  is  phice  the  oA'erhead  Avork  for  all  these 
blanches  in  one  centralized  accounting  office  under  the  immediate 
su})ervision  of  the  Secretary.  It  will  do  the  counting  and  j)urchas- 
ing  and  all  that  sort  of  thing  for  all  these  branches.  In  that  i-on- 
solidation  of  overhead,  if  j^ast  experience  is  to  be  oui-  guide,  it  seems 
quite  likely  that  there  Avill  be  some  reduction  in  the  foi'ce. 

For  instance,  evei-y  time  we  have  consoli<late(l  we  have  found, 
after  Ave  got  running,  as  Ave  did  in  the  addressing  ami  dupliiating 
that  the  Assistant  Secretary  mentioned,  and  economic  Avoik,  some 
employees  could  be  dispensed  Avith;  and  undoubtedly  the  Secretary 


I 


ACJIUCrLTimAL   APPIM)PRIATI()N    BII.I-,    11*24.  US 

will  urtlci-  tlitit  to  Ih>  (loiif.  lie  i.s  iu>l  <_'<)ili^  to  kci'|)  oil  tlif  lolls 
oiH'  sin;:!*'  i'ni|)loyt't'  iu<»rf  timn  is  lUM-fssarv.  in  ^<'  •'•r  ms  u.-  .  un  ile- 
ttTiniiu*.     Ho  ri'ally  expt'cts  to  (><-onoiiii/c. 

Mr.  lilt  iiAXAX.  What  I  was  tlrivin^  at  is,  tliov  are  piittiii^  twa 
lu'w  Mini  ill.      TIh'ii  it  !(K)I<s  iik**  you  wj-n*  putting.'  on  new  mumi  aii<l 

Idisniis.sinfi  oM  riii|)l()yft'.^.  1  wouUl  likf  to  in<|iiiit'  whellicr  il  is 
sjH'ciallv  coiitt'iiipiiitrd  to  ilrop  soiiM'  sjHM'ial  <un's  aii<l  put  on  other 
SfMH'ial  oiies^ 
Assistant  Srert'tary  l'i»i>i.i.v.  Mi.  r>ii(h:iii:in,  we  an*  tir<'p|nii'^  nn- 
plovce.s  wluTi'MT  ui'  litul  that  tiu-y  iiir  not  rniilt  riiiL'  -crxi'c  au.l 
where  we  tind  we  can  ;;et  alonj;  w  ithout  them. 

Mr.   HrciiAXAN.  That   is  <one<t :  that  ou;:ht   to  In-  done, 

(KNTUAI.IZATIOX   OF   ACCOt'NTl.NO    WOBK. 

Assi.^-tant  Secretary  Piosi.ky.  And  thi>  reorjrani/ation,  I  think, 
will  permit  us  to  do  some  more  of  that.  Mr.  .Jump  >poke  ahout  the  ac- 
counting work.  I  have  he  fore  me  a  chart  which  was  prepared  by 
a  special  committee  appointed  to  look  into  the  accounting;  work 
under  the  |>roposed  oiL'anization.  and  instead  of  haviiiL''  sevei'al 
accountin;!  olfices,  if  ("oii<_Mess  appr(»ves  the  reorganization  plan 
which  I  have  just  suhmitted.  we  e.\i>ect  to  liave  f)ne  accountin«r  oHice 
for  all  the  follow  inir  work:  The  office  of  diiector  of  scientific  work, 
the  ortice  of  director  of  extension,  the  office  of  diiector  or  re<rulatorv 
work — the  editorial  and  distriluition  work — the  office  of  the  solicitor, 
the  office  of  the  chief  clerk,  the  offices  of  ins])ection,  personnel,  me- 
chanical shops,  and  traffic  mana;r^'r:  all  of  which  are  under  the 
Sc«rctary  now.  you  see.  many  of  which  have  sejiarate  accountinir 
offices  at  the  ])resent  time. 

Mr.  HrcHAXAN.  The  only  reason  I  asked  that  question  is  that  you 
renieml>er  when  this  item  was  up  last  year  I  was  told  by  four  or 
five  Memhers  of  Congress  that  the  flepartment  contemphited  dis- 
missinir  a  certain  man.  and  I  aske<l  the  «liicit<ii-  a  question — I  do  imt 
rememl)er  his  name  now 

Assistant  Secretary  Pi(;slky,  And  we  told  you  we  did  not:  and  I 
can  say  this,  we  do  not  have  in  mind  a  dismissal  of  any  individual. 
^^'hat  we  do  have  in  mind  is  lettin<r  ^o  such  people  as  can  l)e  let  iro 
hy  the  savinjrs  that  will  he  effected  hy  any  reorjranization. 

Mr.  Brt'HAXAX.  That  is  entirely  pro])er.  The  only  reason  li 
asked  the  <]uestion  was  callinir  to  mind  other  McihIkms  of  ('(»nsri'ess 
comin;:  to  me  al>out  this  man.  I  can  not  keej)  those  names  in  mind. 
I  did  not  know  him.  I  just  wanted  to  inquire  about  that.  Congress 
is  not  in  session  and  my  other  colleajrues  are  not  here. 

Assistant  Secretary  Prcjsi.F.Y.  You  can  assure  any  of  them  thai  wt* 
<lo  not  have  in  mind  any  imlividual  to  lie  dropped. 

Mr.  BrcHAXAX.  No  man  is  more  in  favor  of  economizinjr  and  cut- 
tin<r  out  all  the  employees  you  can  and  at  the  same  time  maintain  the 
efficiency  of  the  ser\ice  than  I  am. 

Mr.  MA<iKK.  How  does  the  numlior  of  cmj)loyees  compare  with  a 
year  a<ro? 

Assistant  Secretary  I'icjslky.  That  I  can  not  answer.  I  know  they 
have  been  cut  down  In  certain  parts,  and  proi)ably  adde<l  to  in  others 
because  of  increased  a|>|)ropriation-  ma«le  last  year. 


34  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOX   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  JuMi'.  "We  had  some  new  lines  of  work — the  Center  Market; 
the  fixed -nitrotren  research  laboratory,  transferred  from  the  War 
Department;  and  the  administration  of  tlie  packers  and  stockyards 
and  the  wrain  futures  acts. 

Mr.  Magee.  Can  you  <rive  us  a  statement  on  that? 

Mr.  Jump.  In  detail? 

Mr.  Ma(;ee.  In  the  affirreirate. 

Mr.  Jimp.  I  can  tell  you,  offhand,  there  was  a  sli<rht  increase  in 
the  total  of  the  department  of  several  hundred  employees  dur- 
ing the  last  fiscal  year,  due  principally,  of  course,  to  additional  re- 
sponsibilities i)laced  upon  the  department,  such  as  those  I  mentioned 
a  moment  ago. 

Mr.  Maoee.  You  are  talkinof  about  a  decrea>^e.  and  I  was  interested 
in  knowintr  to  what  extent  the  force  had  been  decreased. 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  The  statement  of  the  Secretary  re- 
latinof  to  economies  in  the  department,  which  was  not  read  but  which 
was  made  a  part  of  the  record,  will  cover  a  considerable  part  of  that. 

OFFICES    OF   EDITORIAL   AXD   DTSTRIBFTIOX    WOKK. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  JOHN  L.  COBBS.  CHIEF,  DIVISION  OF 

PUBLICATIONS. 

RKASONS    FOR    CHANGE    OF   TITF.E. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Who  is  going  to  present  this  phase  of  the  editorial 
and  distribution  work?  First.  ^Slr.  Pugsley.  if  you  will,  I  would 
like  to  ask  one  or  two  things  about  this  reorganization  before  we 
start  in  on  the  details  of  the  statutory  roll.  Among  the  other 
changes  that  provides  is  a  change  in  the  name  of  the  Division  of 
Publications  to  offices  of  editorial  and  distribution  woi-k.  Now.  in 
the  last  appro])riation  bill  a  question  arose  as  to  whether  a  chanire 
in  name  of  that  sort  was  legislation.  My  recollection  is  that  tlie 
Chair  held  that  it  was.  If  it  was,  this  change  can  not  be  made  in 
the  appropriation  bill  Avithout  legislative  authority.  In  view  of 
that  fact,  I  would  like  to  ask  you  wliat  importance,  in  your  mind, 
attaches  to  this  change  of  name  ? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  The  change  in  name  from  division 
to  offices  woidd  be  in  accordance  with  tlu^  general  plan  that  is  now 
being  considered  within  the  department  of  nomenclature  in  con- 
nection Avith  the  names  of  tlie  various  bureaus  and  division^  and 
offices.  It  Avould  more  clearly  represent  in  the  minds  of  the  people 
in  tlie  dei)artment  the  exact  place  that  they  M'ould  occupy  in  the 
general  scheme  of  organization  and  would  be  very  helpful  psycho- 
logically. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  there  any  further  questions? 

Mr.  BroHANAN.  I  have  none. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  there  any  other  changes  of  names,  except  in 
the  case  of  the  Bureau  of  Economics,  involved  in  this  reorganization? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pi'gseev.  That  change  was  made  last  year. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Yes:  but  I  mean  the  Buieau  of  Home  Economics. 

Assistant  Secretary  Picsley.  No:  that  is  all.  We  merely  ask  the 
change  of  name  from  oflice  to  bureau. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Then  you  change  the  title  of  the  extension  service? 


AGRi('i*i  rri-.M.  APpnnr'niATinv  i-.ii  i.,  i;ii;i.  35 

Assistant  StMTftnrv  I*i  fisLKV.  I  hr  t«rni  "  i-xtfu-'ioii  service"  is 
nst'«|  to  iiidicntr  the  convlatioii  of  those  <»flic»'s  that  aiv  iirvot*'!!  to 
t'.\lt'n>ioii  work. 

Mr.  Am>ki{S4!N.  Inst(<a<l  <»f  States  lichitions^ 

Assistant  Secri'tarv  Pujslky.  States  Hchitions  is  ilr.)p|)c<l. 

HAI.AKIKH. 

Mr.  A.\in.i{><)N.  Wv  will  take  ii|)  (he  .slutiitoiy  roll,  on  pa«r«'  11.  I 
think  we  will  perhaps  .s;i\e  tinn'.  in  view  ol"  the  fact  that  this  all 
apju'ars  to  he  new,  if  yon  would  indicate  just  what  places  or  salarie.s 
in  the  roll  ;irc  n«'w  or  rt'present  transfers  from  other  hnn-ans. 

Mr.  Conns.  .Vs  .Mr.  l*n<rsley  has  lold  yon.  the  piesent  division  is  to 
!)«>  aholished  anil  the  work  it  n<»w  ini  hides  is  t«)  he  put  partly  into 
the  new  oftioo  of  e.xtension  and  paitly  into  tlie  new  offices  of  editing 
and  distrihntion.  Tiiose  places  n(»w  on  the  division  roll  whicli  are 
assitjned  to  the  oflici's  (»f  motion  j)ictMres  an<l  exliihits  hav«'  heen 
transferred  to  the  e.xtension  ollici'  roll.  Tiie  roll  as  presented  on 
pa«j:e  11  for  the  editorial  and  distrihntion  work  conseipiently  shows 
only  those  place.s  actually  occupied  hy  people  in  editorial  and  dis- 
trihution  W(»rk,  the  press  service,  and  the  illustrations  and  duplication 
^(•|■t  ions. 

TK.VNSKKKS    KHOM    OTUKK    DIVISION    AM)    MM  I'-SC  M     Itol  IS. 

Ml".  Axi)?:i{so\.  This  roll,  then,  docs  not  contain  any  new  places  or 
clian;j:es  of  salary  ^ 

Mr.  Conns.  It  contains  only  transfers  from  the  rolls  of  other  hu- 
reaus.     I  will  indicate  those  as  1  come  to  them. 

The  first  place,  pa<re  11,  assistant  in  char<re  of  editorial  office,  at 
$."),0<)(),  is  a  transfer  from  a  lump-sum  fund  of  the  extensicm  .service, 
wliich  has  heen  c()rresp()ndin<jfly  reduced,  and  is  to  provide  for  a 
]>i'!son  to  take  char<ie  of  the  offices  of  the  editorial  and  distribution 
work.  The  .second  place,  assistant  in  char<re  of  office  of  distributit)n, 
is  a  new  title,  beinfr  changed  from  the  position  of  Chief  of  the 
Dixision  of  Publications.  The  thii'd  place,  editor,  is  a  change  of  title 
fiom  chief  editor  of  the  Division  of  Publications.  That  is  the  place 
at  $:^,()0().  The  executive  assistant  is  a  new  place  in  lien  of  the 
position  now  on  the  statutory  roll  in  the  Division  of  Publications, 
assistant  in  char<re  of  information.  Tiic  next  ])lace,  assistant  editor, 
at  S:>.-J.-i(»,  is  transferred  from  the  statutory  roll  of  the  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry,  with  a  change  of 'title  from  editor  and  compiler. 

Mr.  P>rrn.\N.vN.  That  is  the  assistant  editor? 

Ml-.  CoiiHs.  Assistant  editor:  yes. 

-Mr.  Hi niANAX.  That  is  the  lirst  one^ 

Mr.  Conns.  The  first  one,  at  $*2.2r)(). 

.Mr.  Hi  ( iiANAX,  He  comes  from  where? 

Mr.  Conns.  The  P)Ui"eau  of  .Animal  Industry.  Now.  uiitU-r  a>.~i>l- 
ants  in  char<xe 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.  These  two  at  ^2,000  ami  one  at  $l,S(M).  what  are 
they? 

Mr.  Couits.  They  aic  position.-  now  en  ihc  .-(.aiuior\  loll  of  the 
division.  Under  assislant.s  in  <har<ie  we  drop  the  assistant  in  char«:e 
of  distribution,  at  $2.r>00 — perhaps  I  should  say  that   the  title  is 


36  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

chanfred  from  assistant  in  char<re  of  distribution  to  assistant.  You 
xvill  see  below  that  we  have  two  assistants  at  $2,500.  instead  of  one, 
as  we  have  at  the  present  time. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Let  lue  <ret  that  strai«rht.  Is  this  another  new 
position  at  $2,500  that  you  have  just  mentioned? 

Mr.  (\)BBS.  Xo:  just  a  chanfre  in  title  from  assistant  in  charfre  of 
distribution,  which  is  the  present  title,  at  $2,500.  to  assistant,  at 
$2,500. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  That  is  just  one  of  them. 

Mr.  CoBBs.  And  we  have  one  already,  which  will  make  two  for 
the  next  year.  If  I  may  <ro  back  just  a  second.  I'nder  assistant 
editors,  at  $1,800,  we  have  at  the  present  time  two.  one  of  whom 
is  attached  to  the  office  of  motion  pictures,  and  that  position  is 
accordinofly  transferred  to  the  extension  office,  leavinfr  one  in  the 
division. 

The  next  chanofe  comes  in  draftsmen  and  photo<rrai)hers.  at  $1,600. 
At  the  present  time  the  division  has  three  places.  Two  of  these  are 
employed  in  the  motion-picture  office,  and  have  consequently  been 
transferred  to  the  office  of  extension.  Likewise,  there  is  at  the  present 
time  draftsman  or  photo<rrapher.  at  $1,500,  in  the  motion-picture 
office  who  has  been  also  transferred.  Other  transfers  include  an 
assistant  photoo;rapher.  at  i^OGO,  and  a  lal)()ratory  aid,  at  $900. 

In  the  clerks,  we  have  now  5  of  class  4;  two  of  them  are  assigned 
to  the  office  of  exhibits  and  have  been  transferred.  Three  clerks  of 
class  2,  assi<2:ned  to  the  office  of  exhibits,  and  1  of  class  2,  assigned 
to  the  office  of  motion  pictures  have  been  transferred,  reducinc:  the 
number  of  positions  of  that  class  in  the  division  to  10.  Two  clerks 
of  class  1  in  exhibits  and  1  of  the  same  ^rade  in  motion  pictures 
have  been  transferred  to  the  office  of  extension,  reducin*;  our  total 
to  18.  One  clerk  at  $1,100  in  the  office  of  exhibits,  and  two  clerks 
at  $960  in  the  office  of  motion  pictures  have  been  transferred,  with 
chan^je  in  title  to  laboratory  aid. 

The  next  chanfje  there  occurs,  I  think,  in  the  $840  messenirer  or 
laborer  ;[rrade.  in  which  one  position  in  the  office  of  motion  pictures 
is  transferred  to  extension:  in  the  $720  jjrade  one  is  transferred. 
A  messenger  boy  at  $720  and  one  at  $600,  attached  to  the  office  of 
motion  pictures,  are  transferi-ed  to  the  statutory  roll  of  the  extension 
office,  and  this  roll  has  been  reduced  accordin<rly. 

The  assistant  in  char<ie  of  motion  pictures  and  the  chief  cinenui- 
tographer  have  been  transferred  to  the  statutory  roll  of  the  office 
of  extension  work:  the  assistant  in  charge  of  exhibits  and  the  assist- 
ant in  exhibits,  with  salaries  of  $.').000  and  $2,000.  respectively,  have 
been  transferred  to  the  lum])-suin  fund  of  the  exhibits  appropria- 
tions. 

POSITK  I.N  S    EMM  I N  ATKD. 

Now,  let  me  come  down  to  the  $060  clerical  grade.  Five  of  these 
positions  have  been  dro])]-)ed  in  addition  to  those  which  have  lieen 
IrauslVrred  from  the  roll:  in  addition,  1  messenger  or  lal)orer  at 
$840,  1  messenger  boy  at  $720,  1  messenger  or  laborer  at  $720,  2 
messengers  or  laborers  at  $600,  1  messenger  boy  at  $48t).  and  1 
oharwoman  at  $240  luive  becui  dropped.  Those  positions  have  been 
dropjx'd  in  accoi'dnnce  witli  the  secretary's  desire  to  det-ivase  the 
personnel. 


ACRKTLTI'UAI,   APPUOPIIIATIOX    BILI.,    1024.  37 

Mi\   BrciiANAN.  Now,  am   th<>s4'   positions  <iro|>|H'd  out   of  this 
or^!Ujizati<^n  as  it   now  j'xists,  imhIci-  the  pirsi'nt  appropriation? 

Ml".  C'oHHs.   You  nit'im  for  the  picsciif   liscal  year? 

Mr.  KiTciiANAN.  Yes. 

Mr.  Conns.  The  totals  in  the  rsliniutr  for  next  year  Iinve  b«'en 
(Iccicasrd. 

Mr.  Hicii.ww.  Arc  \]\vy  workin^r  now  oi-  not.  Thai  is  wlnit  I 
want  to  know. 

Mr.  (%)nns.   Part  of  those  positions  ari'  lilU-ti  at  the  pre.s«»nt  time. 

.Mr.  lU cnAX AN.  What  |n-op<til  ion  of  ilieni  ar»'  filled,  and  what 
proportion  of  them  ai'e  dro|)ped  ^ 

.Mr.  Conns.  I  can  tell  you  which  of  those  are  filUMl:  Messenf^cr  hoy 
at  i^~'20  and  one  at  $(')(►(>  are  occupied:  the  charwoman  at  >'*24o  is  oc- 
<"npied.  and  one  of  the  hihoi"ei\s'  positions  at  Ssl<>  is  occu|)ied.  Tin* 
positions  at  S'.>()()  are  \acant.  hut  a|)pointments  which  had  heen  of- 
fered to  eniril>les  Inne  l)een  ac(vpte«l,  so  that  all  of  the  j)laces  which 
are  to  l)e  (h(>|)|)ed  from  the  roll  i)rol)ahly  will  he  occupied  shortly 
»'\cej)t  or\e  nicsscn<rer  or  lahorei^^at  $720.  It  is  not  expected  that 
any  clerk  will  ha\e  to  he  «lismissed  on  .July  1  as  it  is  thoii^rht  that 
there  will  be  enoiifrh  clerical  vacancies  caused  by  resij/nation  dur- 
ing the  remainder  of  the  fiscal  year  to  make  up  the  five  position^ 
dn)ppe(l.  The  charwoman,  laborers,  and  n)essen*rci"  boys  will  have 
to  be  dropped  at  that  time,  unless  they  can  be  transferre<l  or  their 
positions  have  become  vacant  otherwise. 

Mr.  T^rciiANAX.  TIow  many  of  them? 

Mi-.  Conns.  There  are  five  of  those  that  have  been  di'opped. 

Mr.  TirciiANAX.  So  that  savin^r  is  already  made  imder  the  present 
bill  and  the  present  plan — five  positions  at  $900. 

Ml'.  Conns.  T  wotild  like  to  malce  this  statement  there.  We  have 
had  a  frood  deal  of  difliculty  in  fillin<r  some  of  these  $000  ])ositions. 
In  fact,  the  turnover  in  the  $0()()  <rrade  dui'injr  the  past  year  was 
in  excess  of  40  per  cent,  and  we  have  had  a  prreat  deal  of  difliculty 
in  Lrettin«r  comj^etent  people  for  our  work  at  that  salary,  so  that  we 
have  hacl  a  <rood  many  vacancies  throu<rhout  the  year  which  were  in 
{process  of  beinu:  tilled,  and  two  or  three  which  we  haven't  filled,  be- 
cause we  felt  we  could  *;et  alonj;  in  a  ))inch  without  them. 

Mr.  Btchaxax.  Tf  you  ha<l  wanted  to  have  had  some  of  these 
five  positions  filled,  you  could  have  had  them  filled  i 

Mr.  Conns.  Yes:  we  could  eventually  have  filled  them. 

Mr.  BrciiAX'AX.  AVhen  you  say  they  were  dropped,  you  don't 
mean  yo\i  dischar<j:ed  anybody:  they  just  (^nit.    Ts  that  it? 

Mr.  Coiuis.  Yes.  The  positions  ai'e  iu»w  vacant  or  ai'e  expect. •.!  to 
be  vacant  as  a  result  of  turnover  in  the  division. 

Assistant  Seci-etary  Piost.ky.  And,  I  think  you  jniirht  adil,  the 
inability  to  iret  jieojile  to  do  the  work  that  these  positions  called  foi* 
at  that  salary.  Therefore,  if  ua^  tlion<jht  bcftei"  not  to  trv  to  fill 
the  positions. 

Mv.  Conns.  It  has  taken  durin<rthe  past  year  anywhere  from  three 
to  five  weeks  to  fill  those  positions  satisfactorily.  We  have  had  to 
do  a  tremendous  amount  of  coi-respondence  with  people  all  ovcm*  the 
country. 

Ml-.  AxoKHsox.   .\re  those  jieo|)le  machine  operatoi-s? 

Mr.  Conns.  No.    These  are  clerical  |iosition<  I  am  speakini:  about. 


38  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

Mr.  Andeksox.  The  net  result  of  this  business  is  that  you  trans- 
ferred into  this  item  $8,930,  you  (lrop])('(l  places  amountin«r  to  $9,000, 
and  you  transferred  out  of  it  to  other  bureaus  $3G,1C0? 

Mr.  CcBRS.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr..  Anderson.  Is  there  anythinfj  further  on  this  item? 

Mr.  CoRRS.  One  luachine  ojjerator's  i:)lace  at  $1,200  has  been  added 
by  transfer  from  the  P>deral  Horticultural  Board,  and  one  messen- 
frer  boy's  place  at  $480  from  lump  fund,  extension  service.  I  think 
that  is  all,  so  far  as  I  am  concerned. 

GENERAL  EXPENSES. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Then,  we  will  take  up  the  item  on  pajre  13.  ''Gen- 
eral expenses.'' 

Mr.  CoBBs,  General  expenses.  The  lann:ua<re  is  changed  from 
"Division  of  Publications'"  to  "Offices  of  Editorial  and  Distribution 
Work,"  and  the  total  amount  of  $57,930  has  been  decreased  by 
$10,080,  which  represents  that  p^t  of  the  appropriation  that  we 
used  to  knoAv  as  the  extra  labor  fimd,  which  was  due  to  the  office  of 
exhibits.  This  office  has  been  transferred  to  the  extension  service 
and  the  exhibits  appropriation  for  that  service  has  been  increased  by 
that  amount.  That  necessitated  a  chan<re  in  the  amount  which  is 
now  available  for  extra  labor  and  employment,  $11,380,  to  $1,300. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  you  still  require  all  of  that  lan<ruafre '. 

Mr.  CoBRS.  That  was  chanfred  last  year.  So  far  as  I  am  con- 
cerned, I  would  like  to  let  it  stay  just  about  as  it  is.  You  see,  last 
year  we  combined  all  the  various  small  appropriations  we  had  into 
this  one  large  appropriation  to  <2:ive  us  greater  leeway  in  handling  it. 

PRINTING  AND   BINDING. 

M'r.  Buchanan.  If  there  are  no  questions  on  that  item,  we  will 
take  up  the  next  item.  That  is  all  there  is  of  that  stuff,  isn't  it,  ex- 
cept printing  and  binding? 

Mr.  GoRBS.  Shall  we  talk  about  that  now? 

]Mr.  Anderson.  Yes. 

Mr.  CoBRs.  The  language  in  the  bill  has  been  entirely  changed  in 
order  to  bring  it  into  conformity  with  instructions  of  the  Bureau 
of  the  Budget  in  regard  to  combining  all  ])rinting  expenditures  of 
the  departuient  in  one  appropriation.  Tliut  is  to  say,  whereas  we 
formerly  liad  a  lump  appropriation  which  was  allotted  to  the  l)ureaus 
for  printing  and  binding  some  of  the  bureaus  which  had  funds  avail- 
able for  the  puri)ose  also  had  what  we  know  as  "  repay  "  work  done 
at  the  Printing  Office.  You  are  i)robably  familiar  witli  that.  Tlie 
effect  of  this  wording  is  to  bring  into  one  fund  all  of  the  moneys  of 
the  department  which  will  be  expended  for  printing,  Tlie  amount 
has  been  reduced  from  $800,000  fn-  tliis  year  to  $700,000,  and  tlie 
language  causes  a  fui-llier  actual  decrease,  in  that,  wliereas  the  "re- 
pay" work  was  formeily  paid  for  from  separate  bureaus  app?"o- 
priations,  it  is  now  all  covered  by  this  item  and  (he  ai>pr()ximately 
$39,000  or  $10,000  Avhicli  thai  i-epay  work  amounlcd  to  last  liscal  year 
is  inchided  in  the  $700,000  tola!  asked  for  here;  so  that  from,  we 
M-ill  say,  the  $8.")9,000  or  $810,000  wliicli  the  department  has  avail- 
able this  year,  the  ai^oiuit  next   vear  will  be  reduced  (o  $700,000. 


A(;HI(  rMTHAI,   AIM'noi'ltlATlON    lUI.L,    V.Ci. 


39 


.Mr.  Andkk.so.n.  Tliis  pnuticiilly  »lo««s  away,  iIhmi.  with  all  tin? 
*•  ivpay  "  work  in  tlic  (JcpiiiliinMit  < 

.Mr.  ('oims.    ^  j's.     I  think  lliat  is  tlu*  |>lan. 

Mr.  tli.Mi'.    1 1  is  (Irsi^ntMl  to  do  away  with  it  alto^rt'tiu'r. 

.Mr.  Anokicsun.  That  was  my  niulcrstandin;:.  When  \vv  had  tlu* 
iff^islat  ivi'  hill  np  on  that,  my  iindrrslandin^  was  that  wiirn  we  luul 
this  hill  r(tmplrt('(|  the  ri'pav  work  was  to  Ih-  done  away  with  alto- 
•rt'tlu-r. 

•Mr.  .)i Mr.  I  don't  si'c  how  anv  ropav  work  can  he  dont'  next  vear. 
\\\'  had  conft'rcnrt's  at  tlu'  lind^rct  Hnreaii,  and  the  lan;rMa<_n'  was 
di'si^nii'd  to  that  end — to  do  away  with  it.  It  says  for  "all  |)rintini( 
of  the  Department  of  .V^ricnltnre.  ineliidin;:  all  of  its  hnreauH,  etc' 

Mr.  ('onus.  The  oidy  thin^i:  it  doesn't  include  is  eovert'd  hy  the 
jiroviso.  whii'h  covers  the  U'eather  Hiireau.  print  in;:  of!ircs  in  the 
iield,  and  the  Forest  Service  ollice  at  Oj^den. 

.Mr.  .h Ml'.  .Viul  it  covers  stich  printing;  to  Ik-  done  ontsid(>  of  AN'ash- 
in^rton  as  may  he  anthori/.ed  in  emer^rencies.  It  rnns  around  Sa.OOO 
a  year.     That  would  have  to  he  paid  from  this  fund  also. 


REDUCTION   OK   K8TI.M.\TK  »V   HlMMiET   BURKAC. 

Mr.  Am)K1{son,  May  1  ask  how  this  estimate  of  $700,000  has  In-en 
arrived  at  (  A\'as  it  in  coUahoration  with  the  Printing;  Office  or  hased 
entirely  upon  your  own  H;j:iire^ 

.Mr.  Conns.  It  is  hasted,  so  far  as  I  know,  u])on  (»ur  own  H^jure.  Mr. 
Jumj)  can  tell  you  ahout  thai. 

Mr.  Jump.  The  department's  ori^^inal  recommendation  was  for  the 
sanu'  amount  as  this  year,  and  this  is  one  of  the  cuts  which  became 
necessary  after  the  estimates  were  submitted  to  the  Hud^^et  Hureau. 
The  Department  will  merely  accommodate  itself  to  the  cut  and  try 
to  ^et  aIon<r  in  the  best  manner  possible  with  the  reduced  amount. 

Mr.  AxDKHsoN.  Do  you  happen  to  know  wliether  that  cut  was  made 
by  the  budp't  oftii'ers  in  accordance  with  estimates  submitted  by  the 
Ciovernment  Print  in;:  OIHce.  or  was  it  a  purely  arl)itrary  pro])osition. 

Mr.  Jump.  I  feel  rather  hesitant  about  saying  as  to  that.  I  do  not 
know  that  they  consulted  with  the  (lovernment  Print in;r  Office,  but 
in  anv  event  I  wouUl  n()t  sav  it  was  arbitrarv.  because  that  might 
cast  a  reilection  on  the  Pudget  Pureau  that  is  unwarranted  and  that 
1  don't  want  to  cast  on  them.  My  impression  is  that  since  cuts  had 
to  be  made  this  was  regarded  as  a  good  place  to  cut.  In  other  words, 
a  cut  could  be  made  here,  in  all  jjrobability,  with  less  harm  to  the 
Avork  than  in  some  other  places.  It  is  one  of  the  hirge  luni})  funds, 
and  th.»  department's  apparent  turnback  last  year,  I  think,  was  a 
considerable  factor.  The  department  turned  back  a  considerable 
funil.  altiiou^xh  the  carrvoNcr  to  this  year  was  very  heavy,  antl  thev 
]jrobably  thought  the  printing  business  ought  to  be  restricted.  Of 
course.  I  am  not  authori/.ed  or  (lualiHed  to  speak  for  the  Pudget 
liureau  on  thes?  matters. 

Mr.  PitiiAXAX.  That  virtually  says  that  it  was  arbitrary,  so  that, 
you  might  just  as  well  have  said  it  in  so  numy  words. 

.Mr.  Andekmin.  ^^'ell.  in  arriving  at  these  figures  two  years  ago, 
1  happened  to  be  on  the  legislative  committee  which  had  the  ai)pro- 


40  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

priations  for  the  Government  Printing  Office,  and  my  recollection 
is  that  at  that  time  we  arrived  at  the  conclusions  we  reached  as  a 
result  of  representations  by  the  Government  printer  that  the  cost 
of  paper,  the  greater  efficiency  of  the  offices,  and  the  general  reduc- 
tion of  expenditures  accomj^lished  there  made  it  possible  to  do  the 
same  amount  of  work  for  less  money,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  if  this 
means  there  is  going  to  be  less  printing  done,  that  is  dili'erent. 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  I  think  it  means  there  will  have  to  be 
less  printing  done  than  there  would  be  with  a  larger  appropriation, 
because  it  is  impossible  to  do  as  much  printing,  even  with  the  reduced 
costs,  as  it  would  be  with  the  $800,000.  On  the  other  hand,  we  are 
constantly  making  combinations  of  periodicals  and  making  improve- 
ments and  changes  in  the  work  of  the  printing,  and  the  Public  Printer 
is  doing  the  same  thing,  I  think,  so  that  the  reduction  in  the  amount 
of  printing  will  be  less,  perhaps,  than  the  reduction  in  the  total. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Well,  my  observation  of  investigational  research 
work  is  that  it  is  a  Avhole  lot  easier  to  make  an  investigation  and 
get  the  facts  together  than  it  is  to  get  them  out  and  get  people  to 
read  them,  and  nothing  is  gained  by  a  policy  Avhich  involves  spending 
an  enormous  amount  of  money  to  get  facts,  by  research  work,  and 
then  cuts  at  the  other  end,  so  that  what  you  do  is  embalmed  in  the 
brains  or  in  the  library  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  So,  as 
far  as  I  am  concerned,  I  Avould  hesitate  a  good  deal  before  cutting 
this  appropriation  below  the  limit  of  the  useful  work  that  can  be 
done  through  the  distribution  of  the  publications. 

Mr.  CoBBs.  Mr.  xVnderson,  suppose  I  give  you  just  a  few  figures 
which  will  give  you  the  actual  status  of  the  printing  fund  as  to 
last  year.  We  had  a  total  of  $850,000.  We  returned  to  the  Treasury 
unused,  $183,848.79.  But  we  had  a  carry-over  at  the  end  of  the 
year  at  the  Government  Printing  Office  of  approxinuitely  $141,000. 
That  is  to  say,  had  we  been  able  to  get  delivery  of  the  work  which 
was  at  the  Printing  Office  we  would  have  had  an  unused  amount  in 
our  printing  fund  of  approximately  $42,000. 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  That  is,  there  was  work  turned  in, 
but  because  of  the  rush  at  the  Printing  Office  it  could  not  be  deliv- 
ered until  after  July  1,  and  that  will  have  to  come  from  this  appro- 
])riation.  A  good  many  manuscripts  were  submitted  for  printing 
a<jainst  the  deficiency  appropriation.  Mr.  Marvin  had  a  nnnii)iM' 
of  manuscripts  he  was  verj'  anxious  to  get  out. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  charge,  then,  I  take  it,  is  not  made  by  the 
Government  Printing  Oflice  against  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
until  the  Avork  is  delivered^ 

Mr.  CoBBS.  The  final  charge  is  not  nuide  until  delivery. 

Mr.  Anderson.  So  that  while  you  may  have  had  work  in  their 
office  which  would  have  absoi-bed  (hat  entire  a])propriation  this  year, 
or  last  year,  yon  have  one  lumdicd  and  eighty  thousand  and  odd  dol- 
lars come  back  into  the  Treasury  because  the  work  was  not  delivered 
and  paid  for.  and  you  have  got  to  pay  for  that  $140,000  carry  over 
this  year  out  of  Ibis  approi)riation^ 

Mr.  CoBBS.  That  is  the  sil  iial  ion  exactly,  and  some  oi"  the  bureaus — 
1  think  Mr.  Marvin  particularly — had  a  number  of  expensive  publica- 
tions which  were  \^\\\  in  early  last  year  and  which  were  not  delivered 


AfjuK  rr/rrRAi.  appuophiation  bili^  He*.  41 

until  this  ynir,  s«»  llmf  tlu'  iillolnu'ut  this  y«Mir  is  piiiit;  to  l)o  inute- 
liiilly  i('»|iirt'«l  1)}  this  j-aiTV  ovrr. 

Ml-.  .Vndkhson.  Alt'  tln'iv  iiny  fpM'stions^ 

.Mr.  HrciiANAV.  \<>. 

Mr.  .Vndf.hson.  Dors  tliMt  tiiiisli  you.  .Mr.  Colili^f 

Ml.  Coims.   ^'('s,  sir:  I  think  that  hiii.shi's  iiif. 

.Assistant  Srcrt'tary  l'n;si,K.v.  Thoit' is  n  stat»'iiu'nt  that  .Mr.  CoIjIh 
has  of  thi'  work  done  hist  year.  I  woiuh'f  if  you  wonhl  lik»'  to  have 
tliat  in  thf  rt'coi'd, 

Mr.  .\  .M>KKs«»x.  Yt'S.     I'wt  ii  in. 

.Mr.  (^»lms.  It  hrin^  out  just  a  few  of  the  saliont  fcatmcs,  and  I 
wouhl  like  to  have  it  po  in  as  an  c.xliibit. 

.\('TtVITir>    dV     ntVI^ION    OK    IMI:i  I(  ATIONS. 
llu-    l>i\i^M>ii    III     rillilioii  iiiliv    ;i>    I  iill>l  il  lllcil    ;ii     |ili— (III     i.>    iiiiil;.;«i|     Witll    tll«* 

duty  of  (Hlitiii^'.  illastratiuL'.  itiiiitiii;:.  aixl  distriliut  in;.'  nil  putillcatlons  of  tin* 
tU'partnu'iit  cxct'iit  iHTindicjils.  .\  liir;.'<'  duplii -af in;;  soctlori  l.s  also  iiiaintainod 
for  tlio  nso  of  till'  v)irion>;  Itiirt'iius  of  tlio  drpartiiiciit. 

.Ml  pul)li<-Mtions,  witll  the  oxcoption  of  llio  iM-rioditiiis,  after  ltein;r  appnived  by 
file  .Kssi.st.int  Se<TPtary  in  char^io  of  publication  activities,  are  sent  to  this  divi- 
sion for  (Mlltin;:.  Here  they  are  read  for  <'orrectness  of  fart,  <lepartni«'ntal 
policy,  and  proper  diction  and  style.  The  necessity  for  such  a  careful  and  eon- 
sfiiK'tive  editin;:  is  sliown  by  a  nunilier  of  eases  in  winch  more  or  less  s«'rious 
<liscn>pancies  of  fact  as  well  as  policy  have  been  ih'teeted  during  the  i)ast  .vear. 
Kxaniination  of  this  sort  prevents  the  <lepartnieut  from  beeomini;  involved  In 
controversies  or  in  Issuin;.'  statements  which  can  not  be  sustaineil.  The  illiis- 
rrations  are  also  examined  to  determine  their  suitability  for  the  particidar  «*on- 
dirionx  they  are  supposed  to  show,  and  tiie  photo;:ra|)hs  are  prepared  for  n-pro- 
duction.  The  manuscript  is  marked  fnr  the  printer,  attention  b«'in;r  pai«l  to  the 
possibility  of  slu>rteiiiii;:  or  condensiii;:  it  to  the  most  economical  form  of  printin;; 
consistent  with  the  re<piirenients  of  the  publication.  .Ml  contacts  with  the 
<;ovcrmnent  rrinlin;;  ofllci'  in  re;.:ard  to  priiitiii;:  and  fleliwry  of  publications 
arc  maile  thniUL'ii  this  division. 

\y  I  .!•  •       '"',  JlI-(  )K  M  HI)    w  '  '■ '  I     (   1- 1  •  \  11  ^  I     I  •(  I  ^  <  1 1 !  r  I  ■    I  r  I  »v  1 1  \i  >• 

.\n  imiu-rtant  aitnity  is  the  sciMitiiiy  di  an  icnns  pnnica  ny  liie  dei>aniiient 
in  an  etT(U-t  to  effect  economy.  .\  practical  i)riiiter.  who  is  an  exiM>rt  on  sto«-ks 
of  papi'i',  is  em|)loyed,  whose  duty  it  is  to  determine  whether  the  quality  of 
paper  called  for  by  re([uisitions  oriirimitin;:  in  tiie  various  bureaus  is  suitable 
for  the  pur|Hise  for  which  it  is  intended.  This  exam'nation  results  in  a  eon- 
-iderable  s:ivini,'  of  the  print ini,'  1'inid  each  y«';ir,  as  it  is  very  often  foiind  jm^s- 
sihle  to  substitute  for  hi;rli-quality,  expensive  jiajters  sptvitied  in  requisitions 
other  muili  less  expensive  pai>er  eipially  well  adapted  for  the  intended  use. 

I'l'IU.UATH)NS    KKCKIVKI)    AM)    DKLIVEKKO. 

\A'hen  the  publications  are  delivered  !iy  the  (Sovermnent  Printing.'  otliee  the 
dillicul:  and  inqiortaii't  task  of  seeing'  that  they  jjet  into  the  hands  of  those 
per.>!ons  who  neiil  .and  can  use  them  to  (he  b(>st  advaiita^re  is  earriiil  on  by  the 
distribution  .se<Mion  of  the  division.  I>urin«  the  i)ast  tiseal  year  more  tlian 
j:{.(KK>.(MM»  copies  of  publications.  indudiiiL'  ]ierio<lic;ils.  w<'re  dislribute<l.  This 
lejircsented  an  increase  of  about  .'50  per  ceut  over  the  fiscal  year  1021.  Many 
of  the  jiublications  were  sent  out  to  the  names  on  mailin;:  lists  maintaiiu'd  by 
the  various  bureaus  of  the  department,  lait  a  much  lar;rer  number  wen*  di.s- 
iributed  to  individual  applicants  who  wrote  to  the  division  fi»r  bulletins  in 
which  they  were  intercste«l.  The  ilivi<iou  likewise  assisted  Members  of  Con- 
■_'ress  in  distribuf ini:  more  than  1  K<HKt.(MM»  f.irmers'  bulleiins  of  the  ronirn>s- 
>ional  quotas.  .Ml  told.  (U.I.^tJf)  conununications  in  retrard  to  the  publications 
of  the  department  were  rtn-eived  and  handled  duriu".:  the  fiscal  year.  These 
lijiures  ;rive  some  ideal  of  the  enormous  volume  of  the  work  involvwl  in  the 
•  listribution  of  department  publi<ations.  Indeed  the  distribution  worl<  is  one 
of  ilie  most  important  meth<Hls  of  contact  with  tlu'  jiublic  which  the  depart- 
ment has. 


42  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOX   BILL,   1924. 

MAir.ING   LISTS. 

One  iiniMiiiani  part  of  the  distrihutioii  work  is  tlie  luaiiiteuaiice  i>f  the  mail- 
iiifr  lists  of  the  (h'liartiiieiil.  As  a  result  of  the  (llvisimi's  efforts  in  revisiiij: 
and  liiintrini:  these  lists  up  to  date  last  year  the  nunilier  of  steneils  at  the 
Government  I'rintinjr  Otiice  was  reduce<l  hy  i)ri,4U(;,  and  those  maintained  in 
the  department  hy  20.(KH)  names.  The  diseontinuance  in  Octoher.  1021.  of  one 
li.st  to  which  all  farmers"  huHetins  had  lieen  sent  as  issued  resulted  in  savin:.' 
344,(KK)  coi)ies  of  farmers'  hulletins,  (»r  at  least  in  makinj:  that  many  more 
availai)le  to  meet  tlie  demiinds  niaile  uiion  this  division. 

The  .sectioi>  of  illustrations,  in  addition  to  performing;  a  eonsulerahle  amount 
of  i)hoto{;raphic  field  and  lai)oratory  work  f<»r  the  various  hureaus  of  the 
department,  prepares  the  illustrations  for  department  publications. 

CONSOLIDATIO.X    OF    .M)I)HKSSI  NO.    DIPI.ICATINO.     AND    XIAII.lN(i     WORK. 

As  was  reported  to  the  connnitteo  at  the  hearings  on  the  ajiricultural  api>ro- 
jtriation  hill  last  year,  the  addressin?,',  duplicatiiifr.  and  mailing  work  of  tln' 
department  was  consoMdated  in  this  division  last  winter.  .Vs  a  result  or  the 
con.solidation,  surplus  materiiil  valued  at  more  than  .$2.».0(Hl  was  turned  ovt-r 
to  the  General  Supply  Conniiittee  after  i»rovision  had  heen  niMde  for  the  needs 
of  this  divison  as  far  ahead  as  could  he  foreseen.  The  dufdicatinj;  .section  is 
equipped  with  up-to-date  machinery  and  is  prepared  to  perform  duplicatinfi 
work  in  lar^e  quantities  on  short  notice.  Material  savinj,'s  have  l»een  effe;.-tiMl 
hy  the  application  of  basic  principles  of  shop  manajiement  hy  which  the  output 
per  man  and  per  machine  has  l)een  increiused.  Careful  manajrement  has  like- 
w'se  rcsv.lted  in  cuttin.u'  the  pai)er  Vv-iista^e  fi'om  ai)))ri>xihiately  4  jier  cent  to 
about  1  per  cent,  while  the  quality  of  the  work  has  been  materially  improved. 

At  the  hefrinnin.ii"  of  the  fiscal  year  1921  all  the  information  and  pid)licity 
■activities  of  tlie  department,  inciudin.n  exhibits  and  the  i)ress  service,  were 
consolidatwl  in  the  division.  The  motion-picture  work  hud  since  its  be^iiniinjr 
been  in  tlie  division.  The  proi)o.sed  reorpinization  of  the  extension  and  pub- 
lication work  contemi)lates  a  different  line-up.  IHirins  the  i»ast  year  the  office 
of  exhibits  and  the  press  service  have  been  detached  from  the  division  and 
placed,  respectively,  in  the  otlices  of  the  Assistant  Secretary  and  Secretary. 
More  recently  tlie  motion-pictui'e  work  has  been  attached  to  the  otlict'  of  tlie 
Assistant  Secretary.  The  proi)osed  i)lan  of  reorganisation  as  subnutted  in  the 
e.stimates  for  the  hscal  year  1924  provides  for  the  complete  elimination  of  the 
division.  The  othces  of  exhibits  and  motion  pictures  are  included  in  the  pro- 
posed extension  service,  and  the  press  .service  'is  attached  to  the  office  of  the 
Secretary.  The  other  activities  now  conducted  by  the  division  are  tti  be 
placed  in  offices  of  editorial  and  distribution  wiu'k  and  attached  to  the  office 
of  the  Secretary.  The  personnel  formerly  allotted  to  motion  pictures  and 
exhibits  have  been  added  to  the  projiosed  appro]n-iation  for  the  extension  service 
and  the  estimates  for  the  jiroposed  offices  of  editorial  and  distribution  work  now 
includes  (mly  those  places  connected  with  this  work  and  the  ch>rical  force  of 
the  press  service. 

A  new  positicm.  at  ^.'.((OO.  as  assistant  in  charjj;e  of  the  editorial  antl  distribu- 
tion work  by  transfer  from  a  lump  fund  of  the  extension  s.'rvice  is  requesteil 
to  i)r()vide  someone  to  take  charj;e  of  these  activities.  Tiie  i)osition  of  the 
chief  of  the  Division  of  Publications  is  abolisheil.  and  there  is  submitted  in  lieu 
thereof  a  position  as  assistant  in  charjie  of  the  oflice  cd'  distribution  at  the  s:inK* 
salary,  $3,r)(X>.  The  position  of  chief  editor  is  changed  to  editor  with  no  chanjie 
in  salary.  These  other  chanf,'es  in  title  are  coMtemi»hiled.  as  «;h<iwii  by  the 
detailed  estimates. 

OFFKl^:  OF  KXPFKIMFXT  STATIONS. 

STATEMENT  OF  DR.  E.  W.  ALLEN,  CHIEF  OFFICE  OF  EXPERIMENT 
STATIONS,  AND  DR.  W.  N.  EVANS.  CHIEF  DIVISION  OF  INSULAR 
EXPERIMENT  STATIONS,  STATES  RELATIONS  SERVICE. 

m  Tii'S. 

Ml'.  Andkrson.  Doctor,  this  jippears  to  he  a  new  item :  will  yoii  tell 
u.s  about  it? 

Doctor  Ai.i.KN.  ""I'he  Odice  of  Ivxperiim-iit  Stations  has  Ween  in  e.\- 
istence  in  the  Department  of  .V^n-icnUnre  for  many  year.s,  rei)r«>sent- 


AdRICULTL'KAL   ArPI»>IM!l.\TI()N    BILL,    I'^KH,  43 

iii;i  ilii'  S»Mivtarv  of  Aj:rirnltiin'  in  lii>  irl;itiitns  with  tin*  t'xpprinipnt 
.stations  aiitl  <an  viii;;  out  tin*  provisions  tjmt  tin*  Srmturv  shall  pn-- 
sci'IIh'  the  form  of  the  annual  tinanriul  statrnicnt  under  th<>  lialch 
and  Ailanis  Ads.  and  shall  ascviijiin  (hat  tin-  cxiM-nditun's  ait*  in 
accordanrc  witji  the  trrnis  of  thi»  appro|)riat ioti.  U'c  have  made  nn 
annual  inspcttion  of  the  cxpcrinifnt  stations  in  each  State  an<l  puh- 
lishetl  a  re|)ort  to  ("(»n<ri*ess  as  is  provided,  ^^'e  have  also  ivndered 
various  aissistances  to  the  e.\p«M'inient  stations  in  the  way  of  ^'ettiiij; 
to;rethei'  the  status  of  infoi'uuition  on  dilferent  suhjects  that  they  were 
itnestij^atin^'.  \\  v  Uaw  heen  puldishin;:  the  Kxi)erinient  .^taition 
Uecord.  wliich  is  a  record  of  research  work  in  a<rri<'ulture  in  this 
coiintiy  and  ahroad. 

Now.  when  the  States  litdations  .Sfrvi<-e  was  estahlished  tlu-  ( )l!i«e 
of  Kxperiinent  Stations  v  as  l)i-ou;:lit  into  that  States  Relations 
Service  as  represent in«r  <>ih*  luanch  (»f  the  department's  State  rela- 
tions. Wr  liMNe  h:nl  a  fairly  distinct  |)ersoi;:iel  a.ssi^neil  to  the  (  Xlicc 
of  K.\j)erinient  Stations,  larireiy  te«hnical  peoph*  selected  l»«'canse  of 
their  <|ualitications.  and  t«>  assist  tliem  a  small  corps  of  clerks. 

Mi-.  Andkuson.  Let  me  ask  you.  in  oidci-  to  «ret  this  ri«fht  in  my 
mind.  1  undi'rsta:id  that  this  is  the  oveihead  for  the  supervisory 
force  in  charire  <d'  the  allotments  under  the  Hatch  and  Adams  Acts 
appropriatinir  ^7if<  •.(>()<». 

Doctor  Ai.LKN.  Tiiat  is  it;  and  also  the  funds  which  Contrie-^s  jrives 
to  maintain  ex|nMiment  stations  in  the  insular  |)ossessions. 

Mi-.  .Vxdkuson.  'J'his  has  n()thin<r  tt)  do  with  the  funds  under  the 
Smith-lA»ver*Act  i 

Doctor  Ai.LKN.  Xothinjr  sit  all.  It  is  entirely  a  matter  of  research, 
and  therefoi-e  in  the  reor<ranization  it  is  proposed  to  a.ssijrn  this 
olHce  to  tile  director  of  scientific  work. 

S.VLARIES. 

In  the  appropriation  asked  for  there  are  no  increases  and  no  de- 
crea.ses.  There  are  transfers  of  three  clerks,  totalinfr  $4,400.  which 
decreases  the  lump-sum  aj^propriation  and  increases  the  .statutoi'v 
roll  hy  a  correspondinp  amount,  laisinfr  the  statutory  roll  from 
>"'J0.:>()(I  the  current  year  to  S:'4.;^<I0  for  the  cominir  yeai-. 

(;kxerai>  kxpknses, 

Mr.  .VxDKitsoN.  All  ri<:ht.  Any  (|uestions  cm  that  ^  If  not,  we  will 
take  uj)  the  matter  on  pa^e  19.  ireneral  expenses.  This  is  tiie  Hatch 
Act^ 

Doctor  Ai.LKX.  This  is  the  Hatch  and  Aflams  Acts — the  same  for 
each  State  and  Territory  each  year. 

Mr.  AxDKitsox.  The  conditions  under  which  this  is  made  is  pro- 
vided hy  the  act  itself? 

Doctor  Ai.LKX.  Yes.  In  complyinjjr  with  the  terms  of  the  law  wc 
have  to 

Mr.  .VxDK.ifsox  (interposinrr).  »Iiist  a  minute.  I  notice  you  take 
out  (d"  this  item  here  tlie  words  "and  Tenitories."  I  assume  that  is 
due  to  the  sultse(|uent  assignment  of  the  apj)ropriation  to  the  insular 
possessions — Territoiies  and  insular  possessions? 


44  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Doctor  Allen.  No,  sir :  ^hen  the  Hatch  Act  was  passed  there  Avere 
quite  a  number  of  Territories — Arizona  and  others.  Those  have  all 
become  States,  so  that  this  only  provides  for  continental  United 
States, 

Mr.  Anderson.  So  that  that  lannfuage  is  not  applicable  any  more. 

Doctor  Allen.  It  is  superfluous. 

Mr.  Anderson.  And  the  same  thing  is  true  of  the  item  on  page  '20  ? 

Doctor  Allen.  Yes,  sir;  and  that  second  limitation,  provitling 
that  not  more  than  $15,000  should  not  be  paid  to  eacli  State  and 
Territor}',  was  deemed  superfluous,  because  it  is  carried  in  the  Adams 
Act  itself. 

AGRICULTITKAL    CX3LLEGE    EXTENSION    WORK,    ETC. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  item  is  the  one  on  page  21. 

Doctor  Allen.  That  provides  for  supervision  by  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  of  these  funds  under  these  two  appropriations  and  the 
supervision  also  of  the  insular  experiment  stations. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  see  you  have  some  language  eliminated  here.  It 
apparently  eliminates  reference  to  the  acts  of  May  8.  1914,  and  the 
act  approved  July  2,  1862. 

Doctor  Allen.  That  was  the  original  Morrill  Act.  This  May 
8,  1914,  is  the  Smith-Lever  Act :  that  has  been  taken  out  and  put 
under  the  extension  office. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Oh.  I  see.  This  is  all  one  proposition  and  takes 
out  of  the  operation  of  this  particular  appropriation  the  Vork  under 
the  Smith-Lever  Act? 

Doctor  Allex.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Anders4)N.  I  see.  Evidently  you  are. not  spending  much 
money  under  this  appropriation  for  supervision  of  that  act. 

AGRICULTURAL    EXPERIMENT     STATIONS    OUTSIDE     CONTINENTAL     UNITED 

STATES. 

The  next  item  is  on  page  23,  "  *  *  *  to  establish  agricultural 
stations  in  Alaska,"  etc.  There  you  nudve  a  reduction  of  S."),000. 
If  my  recollection  is  correct,  last  year  tiiere  was  a  i)roi)osition  which 
involved  the  construction  of  some  buildings  in  Alaska.  Can  you 
tell  us  wdiat  happened  to  that  ? 

Doctor  Allen.  Doctor  Evans  will  explain  that. 

ALASKA    EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

Doctor  Evans.  The  situation,  Mr.  Chairman,  so  far  as  the  build- 
ings in  Alaska  are  concerned,  is  practically  the  same  as  it  was.  We 
did  not  get  the  approjiriation  we  asked  for  1923.  The  oidy  building 
work  that  has  been  done  was  sonu'  repair  work  at  the  Fairbanks 
Station  to  render  the  old  log  building  luibitable  and  to  replace  the 
root  cellar  at  the  Fairbanks  Staticm,  and  one  at  the  Sitka  Station, 
both  of  which  had  fallen  in,  and  it  had  become  necessary  to  replace 
them  to  take  care  of  the  root  crops  and  othei-  tilings  that  luul  to  lie 
kept  from  freezing  during  the  winter. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Well,  this  item  foi-  Alaska,  tlu'n.  doesn't  cover  any 
new  construction  for  this  year? 


ACHICULTiniAI.   APPKOPHIATION    BILL,    U»24.  45 

Dnctnr  KvANH.  No,  sir.  lUr  ji|)|ii«>|iri!i(ion  r«'«(>iniii«'inl<'<l  for 
Alaska  for  11>'J4  is  $r>,(M)()  h-ss  than  tin*  amoimt  has  Imm-ii  for  the 
previous  four  years. 

Mr.  .Vndkh.son.  What  was  the  iiU'a  of  iMakiM<.'  Sll.siHt  inmuMliatrly 
availahlc  ( 

Doctor  P'vANs.  That  was  put  in  as  a  coniproiuisf  fi<;iir»'  ln'twtM'n 
thi'  $ir),<)(H)  asked  for  and  the  ainotiiit  artually  exiM-iided  in  dcveh>p- 
in;r  a  new  station  at  Mataniiska.  The  stati«»n  at  the  latter  phwc  wns 
eslal)lishiMl  after  the  railroad  had  ;.^otten  ah»n<;  jiretty  well  toward  the 
inteiioi*.  and  it  was  asked  that  $ir),()00  Iw  made  itnrne(liately  avail- 
ahle.  and  it  was  afterwards  made  Sll.HOO.  which  was  praetically 
the  amount  spent  at  .M.-itaiinska  diiri!i;Lr  the  first  year  of  constniction 
and  develoi)ment  woj-k.  That  item  has  Keen  in  the  ap|)ropriation  hill 
foi*  a  nnmher  of  years  in  order  to  take  care  of  a  situation  which 
sometimes  arist»s  in  Alaska,  wiiere  the  work  would  he  very  materially 
ham|)e!-('(I  if  wc  didn't  have  a\ail:d)h'  funds  for  the  sprin;.'  wr)i-k.  and 
althou^di  the  funds  ha\i'  hei'ii  allotted  l)y  (piarters  the  ;;reatest  ex- 
penditures come  in  the  first  and  fourth  (|iia!ters.  Conditions  have 
arisen  in  emerfjencies  where  it  has  Ihhmi  <|uite  necessary  to  have  it 
immediately  availahle.  That  matter  has  Iteen  taken  out  this  year. 
althou;rh  it  was  requested  it  he  kv\A  in.  This  last  yeai*  (heiv  has  heen 
practically  none  of  the  immediately  availahle  portion  spent  hecause 
It  was  a  very  late  spiMn<r  and  the  field  work  did  not  he^in  until  ahout 
a  month  latei-  than  usual. 

•Mi-.  Andkijson.  "^'our  weather  hasn't  t-han^ed  up  there  any,  and 
since  it  hasn't  I  can't  see  any  reason  for  takin«r  this  thin*;  out,  if  it 
was  a  <;ood  thin<r  in  the  l)e<rinnin<r. 

Doctor  Evans.  Doctor  (Jeoi-p'son  has  always  maintained  that  was 
a  proo<l  thin«x,  so  that  the  work  would  not  he  retarded  in  the  sprin<;. 

Mr.  BrcHANAX.  When  does  sprin*!:  ()i)en  up  up  there? 

Doctor  EvAXs.  It  depends  on  the  part  of  Alaska.  Oidinai-ily  in 
.southern  and  southeastern  Alaska  ahout  the  lOth  of  .Nfay :  in  the 
interior  ahout  the  •JOth;  hut  this  year  it  was  much  later  than  usual — 
almost  a  month  later  than  usual,  and  that  was  also  true  of  a  «rreat 
deal  of  the  northern  part  of  the  country.    The  sprin^r  was  very  late. 

Mr.  Jimp.  1  think  1  can  clear  uj)  the  reason  why  that  was  left 
out.  AA'hen  wc  ^rot  these  estimates  all  together  we  disi'overed  that  for 
the  first  time  in  numy  years  we  had  a  set  of  e.stimates  that  did  not 
ie<|uire  some  money  to  be  made  immediately  availahle.  We  thoujrht 
it  would  he  a  <rood  thin<r.  in  the  interest  of  sim|)licity.  to  let  this 
Alaska  {provision  stay  out.  The  same  ar<rument  for  having  it  left 
in  could  he  applied  to  any  number  of  lines  of  work  in  the  depart- 
ment— the  <rreater  part  of  the  work  comin*r  in  the  first  and  fourth 
(juarters.     That  is  true  of  a  numlier  of  different  projects. 

As  we  unders-tand  it,  this  man  will  not  have  to  use  his  money  this 
year,  and  we  thoufrht  if  he  could  start  anew  one  year,  he  would 
always  have,  presumably,  in  his  fourth  (puirter  mcmey  enoujjh  to  do 
his  work  for  that  year,  and  we  could  thus  avoid  clutterin<r  up  the 
b(H)kkee[)in<r  with  this  thin<rof  haviufr  money  immediately  available 
every  year.  The  dei)artnjent  wants  to  avoid  that  as  far  as  possible, 
and  we  have  understood  that  to  be  the  policv  of  (^)nirress. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  I  think  it  is  verv  desirable. 


46  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Jump.  If  a  vital  emergency  should  arise  and  the  money  woidd 
need  to  be  expended  to  protect  (iovernment  property  we  woukl  be 
authorized  to  deal  with  it  as  an  emergency,  and  we  would  also  have 
the  benefit  of  the  10  per  cent  transfer  provision.  • 

ACCOMPLISHMENTS  IN   ALASKA. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  AVhat  are  you  doing  in  Alaska:  are  you  getting 
any  results  from  these  experiment  stations^  I  have  heard  various 
things  about  them. 

Mr.  Evans.  The  work  at  the  Alaska  stations  divides  itself  up  into 
the  work  at  different  stations,  where  we  have  been  carrying  on  in- 
vestigations— at  Sitka,  which  represents  southeastern  Alaska,  hoiti- 
cultural  work  prevails;  at  Kodiak,  where  live-stock  experiments  are 
carried  on;  at  Fairbanks.  Avliich  is  in  the  interior  of  Alaska,  grain 
growing;  at  Kampart.  on  the  Yukon. Kiver,  where  we  have  found  a 
place  exceedingly  well  adapted  to  grain  breeding  investigations;  and 
at  Matanuska,  which  represents  the  transition  point  between  in- 
terior Alaska,  with  its  intense  winter  cold,  and  the  coast  region  where 
the  temperatures  are  not  so  low  and  where  the  rainfall  is  much 
heavier  and  foggy  weather  prevails.  At  the  interior  stations  I  am 
very  sorry  to  have  to  report  to  the  committee  this  year  that  in  spite 
of  the  fact  that  there  was  a  larger  acreage  planted  to  wheat  and 
other  cereals  than  ever  before,  there  will  be  but  little  grain,  as  a 
severe  frost  on  the  27th  of  August  practically  dehftroyed  it  all.  The 
year  before — that  is,  the  summer  of  1921 — there  were  6,000  bushels  of 
grain  grown  in  the  vicinity  of  ^Matanuska. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  What  yield  per  acre? 

Mr.  Evans.  Various  ranges  are  reported — in  some  places  as  high 
as  35  bushels  i)er  acre,  dei)ending  upon  the  location,  the  soil.  etc. 
The  average  ranged  fi-oni  25  to  35  bushels  per  acre.  But  the  3.500 
bushels  of  wheat  grown  near  Fairbanks  in  1U2I  was  grown  by  the 
farmers  and  not  by  the  station.  At  the  Matanuska  station  about 
1,000  bushels  of  wheat  was  grown  in  1921.  The  latest  advice  I  had 
from  those  stations  was  that  they  thought  they  would  save  enough 
for  seed  purposes  this  next  year,  but  that  there  would  be  very  little 
for  milling. 

Mr.  BiTCHANAN.  Is  that  the  first  time  you  noted  frost  in  August  i 

Mr.  Evans.  That  is  the  first  time  we  have  had  anything  like  a 
great  failure  of  crops  since  we  began  work  in  the  interior  of  Alaska 
in  1907.  There  is  an  ordiiuiry  annual  average  of  lOS  days  without 
frost.    This  year  it  was  less  than  100. 

Another  thing  that  made  the  thing  worse  was  the  late  spi'ing, 
which  was  followed  by  an  unusually  rainy  'hdy,  whii-h  kept  the 
grain  growing  late  into  the  season  instead  of  letting  it  mature  eai'ly, 
as  commonly. 

The  other  work  we  are  i)utting  in  at  Matanuska  and  Fairbanks  is 
prosi)ering  very  well.  The  development  t)f  our  live-stock  herds  is 
making  it  very  essential  that  we  shall  have  more  nu)ney  for  con- 
struction of  l)uildings  and  for  <'learing  and  fencing  land  for  pastiu'- 
a<ie  and  <rr<)\vin<j;  forests. 


AGRKT'LTl'RAL   AriMlOPKIATION    UILU    1'J24.  47 

HAWAIIAN    KXPKKIMKNT    HTATIO.N. 

Mr.  AM>Kits<»N.  I  s(ip|><)S<>  the  work  is  •roin^  du  in  tln's««  othor  sta- 
tions a.s  usual? 

Mr.  KvANs.  TIm'V  hi-*'  ;,'oin;_''  aloii^r  as  iiMial.  In  lia\\aii  llii* 
hoard  of  health  in  llonohihi  is  still  insistin«i:  on  oiii-  foiuu-ctin;;  with 
their  seweraije  system  there  instead  of  havin;;  open  privies.  That 
womM  cost  about  $;i.(MM).  1  would  lik«'  to  ap|)en<l  a  suinnuiry  of  the 
woik  for  the  past  year  at  all  the  insular  stations. 

8TATEMKNT  K>:()AKItINU  THK   WUKK   (IK  THK   liN8l'l^\K   K.M'KUIMK.NT   BTATIU.NH. 

AI.AHKA    KTATIONH. 

There  are  five  iiKrieiiltnnil  exiK»rlnieut  statUm.s  iiiaintaine<l  in  Alaska.  This 
iiiiiiibcr  i.s  (MinsIdertMi  lUKi'.ssjir.v  nii  art-ouiit  «>f  tlu'  meat  ditTereiui?  in  rliiuate 
anil  «»iiiK  iu  lar^ie  reitrf-srutativf  reninus.  Il(>ad(|uart«'rs  are  niaintaini'd  at 
.Sitlva.  in  .soutliea.'Jtern  Aiaslva,  au<l  much  of  the  worlv  with  veKetables  and 
.small  fniifs  is  carriiMl  on  at  that  station.  St«M-k  ltree<iiii«  work  i.s  carrle<l  on 
at  tlH'  KiHliak  .Station,  wliich  rei»n'.s«'nts  the  .soutlnvt'sttTii  trivless  region,  and 
urain  trowin;:  at  tlu'  Kairliauks  ami  K.impart  .Stations  in  th»'  inti'ri«>r  of  tlie 
Territory  wlicre  there  is  a  liulit  rainfall  and  comparatively  hi;:h  summer  teiu- 
IK>ratur«'s.  Mixed  fanning  is  believed  i>ossihle  in  tiie  Snsitna  Valley  re>?ion 
eontiuruous  to  the  new  (Jovernment  railroad.  an<l  as  a  eon.se<|uen<-e,  inve.stiua- 
tions  with  liehl  crops,  veiretaliles.  small  fruit,  and  animal  liushandry  liave 
Ikh'u  he;,'un  at  the  Matanuska  .Station. 

The  .sea.«^on  throuu'liout  .Vlasku  was  extremely  hackward  in  the  spring  of 
1U'2'2  and  jrrowth  was  slow  in  be;,'innin^  and  was  further  prolonKe<l  in  the 
interior  by  an  unusual  amount  of  rain  ami  a  irre.it  lunuber  of  cloiuly  days. 
1  li<-e  (onditions  letardiMl  the  ripening'  of  ;:rain  at  the  Fairbanks  an<l  Uami)art 
Stations  to  such  an  extent  that  most  of  it  was  destroyed  by  frosts  tliat  occurreil 
tlie  last  of  Aujrust.  This  is  llie  lirst  time  since  the  stations  were  established 
in  1IXJ7  that  the  majority  of  the  varieties  of  cereals  failed  to  mature.  At  the 
Fairbanks  Station,  from  ilata  collected  since  11H)4.  there  is  usually  a  frost-fre»' 
j)erio(l  of  lUS  days. 

The  vejretable  and  small  fruit  work  at  Sitka  is  pro;rressiu;r  ."satisfactorily. 
Tile  work  with  hybrid  strawberries  is  making  good  pro^rress  aud  about  2.000 
hybrid  plants  were  jrroNMi  in  the  field  during;  the  past  season.  A  large  uuniber 
of  i»pdigreed  plants  from  previous  seasims'  plantings  have  been  tested  further, 
and  the  best  have  been  allowed  to  form  runners  and  thus  increa.se  the  stocks 
for  cooperative  trial  elsewhere.  The  experiment  of  producing  new  see<lling 
potatoes  adapte<J  to  Alaska  conditions  is  progressing  ami  about  ITu  additional 
seedlings  were  grown  this  year.  The  best  of  the  seedlings  grown  in  IDlIl  were 
planti'd  in  increase  plats  this  year  and  they  will  sf>oii  be  ready  for  testing  in 
other  parts  of  the  Territory.  An  opjiortunity  was  atTorded  the  chief  of  the 
insular  stations  to  observe,  in  .Inly  of  this  year,  the  reaction  that  has  taken 
plac-e  in  southeastern  Alaska  since  the  station  was  established.  In  1SI)7  there 
were  seen  but  two  creditable  gardens  in  the  whole  region.  In  1922  good  gar- 
dens were  observe^l  at  every  village  and  town  at  whicli  steamer  landings  were 
made,  and  many  others  were  reporte«l  at  i)laces  olT  the  steamer  route.  In 
all  the  towns  local  suiiplies  of  vegetables  of  excellent  quality  were  found  in 
the  stores,  and  locally  grown  strawberries  were  just  <'oming  into  tlie  nuirket 
in  some  places,  while  raspberries,  currants,  and  gooseberries  were  pronnsing 
large  crops. 

Livestock  work  has  been  taken  up  and  made  an  important  feature  at  the 
Matanuska  and  Fairbanks  Stations  in  or<ler  to  develop  dairying  and  meet  pro- 
duction in  tho.se  regions.  At  the  Matanuska  Station  there  were  7  milking 
Shorthorn  cattle,  G  (ialloways,  and  H5  shee])  at  the  beginning  of  the  year.  At 
the  Fairbanks  Station  there  were  3  milking  Shorthorns,  r?  Hampshire  pigs.  4 
milk  goats  mid  a  pair  of  yak.  The  female  yak  <lied  during  the  sununer  and 
this  will  temporarily  interfere  with  the  ex|H'riment  of  making  reciprcK-al  cri>.s.ses 
with  (Jalloway  cattle.  The  presence  of  these  breeding  animals  has  called 
attention  to  the  necessity  for  more  adequate  barns  to  shelter  them  and  more 

2202.S 22 4 


48  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

cleared  and  fence<l  land  for  postures  and  forajre  production.  At  none  of  the 
stations  is  the  area  of  cleared  land  under  fence  adeciuate  for  the  supi)ort  of 
the  stock  now  on  hand  and  to  continue  the  crop  work  under  the  conditions 
pertaining  in  that  country. 

One  of  the  great  needs  of  Alaska  is  extension  work  in  agriculture.  M«»st  of 
the  honie.steaders  were  formerly  miners,  fishermen,  or  hunhemien,  and  when 
funds  are  aviilahle  it  is  desired  to  have  an  agent  who  will  visit  the  vjirious 
agricultural  valleys  and  instruct  the  settlers  regarding  the  hest  method  and 
crops  found  hy  the  stations. 

HAWAII   STATION. 

The  Hawaii  station  reports  progress  in  its  efforts  to  diversify  the  agriculture 
of  that  Territory.  New  forage  crops,  fruits,  and  vegetables  have  been  success- 
fully introduced,  establish,  and  distributed  throughout  the  various  islands.  The 
value  of  the  Kusaie  1  me  and  the  Macadam  a  nut  has  i)een  siiown.  ami  they  are 
being  widely  planted.  The  \ariety  of  tomato  or. ginati'd  by  the  station  continues 
to  be  resistant  to  the  Mediterranean  fruit  tly.  and  large  numbers  of  plants  have 
been  distr  buted  for  extensive  trial.  The  demand  for  the  station's  improved 
fruits  and  vegetables  can  not  be  met  with  the  present  facilities  for  the  proi)aga- 
ti(in  of  planting  and  budding  materials. 

The  selection  made  from  Guam  corn  has  proved  to  be  adapted  to  cultivafon 
at  low  elevat  ons  and  it  has  ahso  been  found  to  be  an  acceptable  table  corn,  a 
dist  net  acquisition  in  the  Tropics.  Breeding  experiments  with  sweet  potatoes 
have  resulted  in  the  development  of  new  variefes  of  great  merit. 

Owing  to  quarantine  regulations  only  a  few  kinds  of  fruits  can  l»e  shipped 
from  Hawaii  and  there  are  often  supplies  in  excess  of  h)cal  demands.  The 
chemist  has  recently  developed  imja-oved  methods  for  the  utilizati(m  of  surplus 
fruits  and  ve.geta])les  by  which  nuich  material  that  is  now  wasted  can  be  used 
to  a  profit.  There  is  said  to  be  a  rather  conmion  belief  that  locally  grown 
vegetables  are  deficient  in  certain  con.stituents.  particularly  lackiig  lime  and 
iron.  A  preliminary  test  indicated  there  was  little  basis  for  this  belief,  but  to 
determine  it  more  definitely  an  experiment  is  in  i)rogress  in  which  vegetables 
from  the  same  lots  of  seed  have  been  grown  in  two  places  in  Hawaii.  ;it  the 
Arlington  Farm,  near  Washington,  D.  C,  and  at  Bellingham  Wash.  The 
products  will  be  subjected  to  analysis  to  determine  whether  there  is  any  real 
inferiority  on  the  part  of  Hawaiian  grown  vegetables.  If  no  inferiority  is 
shown  there  should  be  enlarged  demands  for  locally  .grown  produce.  A  sinn-ial 
study  is  in  progress  of  the  salt  content  of  irrigation  wati'rs  and  the  limits  of 
tolerance  by  crops  in  an  effort  to  extend  the  irrigation  supplies  now.  available. 
In  some  places  slightly  brackish  waters  are  found  that  it  is  hojied  to  use  to  a 
profit. 

The  a.gronomist  in  charge  of  the  station  has  been  repeatedly  called  upon  for 
advice  regarding  the  agricultural  problems  connected  with  the  Hawaiian  Homes 
Conunission,  wliich  is  seeking  to  locate  native  Hawaiians  on  farms  on  the 
island  of  Molokai. 

The  station  is  conducting  experiments  on  the  slopes  of  Haleakala  on  the 
island  of  Maui,  where  a  homestead  tract  has  been  ojiened.  and  it  has  alreatly 
found  some  crops  that  api>ear  promising  for  that  elevated  region,  wliich  is  sub- 
.ject  to  high  winds. 

The  extension  work  authorized  by  Congress  is  progressing  satisfactorily. 
On  the  island  of  Hawaii  <me  man  gives  all  his  time  to  this  work.  Kecently 
the  manager  of  a  large  ranch  has  set  aside  a  lO-acre  tract  and  furnishes  all 
the  labor  necessary  to  conduct  demonstrations  of  agricult\ir«'  suited  to  the 
region.  Some  home  demonstration  work  has  been  begiui  on  a  part-time  iaisis. 
This  work  has  reached  a  consi<lerable  number  of  people  reiu-esenting  many 
races,  all  of  whom  apiwar  interested  in  the  effort  to  im|u-ove  the  home  life 
of  the  iK'ople  and  many  re(pi(>sfs  have  been  received  asking  that  the  woman 
who  is  carrying  on  (he  work  be  employed  on  a  full-time  basis  instead  of  only 
two  days  a  week. 

I'OUTO    ItlCO    STATION. 

The  I'orfo  lUco  sfa1i<»n  is  continuing  its  i)olicy  of  agricultural  diversification 
for  the  island.  .Much  attention  has  been  given  the  live-stock  industry,  and 
through  the  example  of  the  station  the  possibility  of  the  eradication  of  the  cattle 
tick  has  lieen  demonstrated,  and  it  is  believed  probalde  that  an  eradication  cam- 
paign can  be  put  on  in  a  few  yeais  and  the  menace  of  tick  li>\er  removed  from 


AGRICULTLTRAL  iU'PKUl'RIATION    BILL,    1U24.  49 

(he  Islnnd.     Tlie  htatlmi  built    llii-   first   tlippitm  tiiuk   iii   I'lirtu   Kko  .  •!«* 

its  1IS4-  fn-i-  to  all  wli<»  \v<iui<i  liriim  ili«ir  nitti)'.     S«»  >»»<(•«•>»« fill   wtt^  •■  'ft 

ill  iiiipnisiiiK  the  (-«iiiiliti(>ii  of  the  tattli*  tliai  llu*r<>  ur«'  now  iimn-  ttiuii  1<A> 
|>ulilt«-  uml  iirlvati'  ilipplim  tiiiikH  in  llit-  l8laii(i.  t-'nllnwIiiK  thi-  «-U*HiiiiiK  iiii  uf 
tirks  oil  lilt'  Ktalioii.  (lair.v  iiiM'stlKiiHoiis  iiHV«>  liifii  liiki'ii  up  ami  by  tli«-  um* 
ol  put-)' bitnl  <;ii«>nis4',v  sii'i-s  till'  milk  pi-oilm  tion  uf  tin*  Htalion  bt-nl  liii>  Imi'Ii 
;;n'atl\  iiitims*-)!.  Similar  work  i>  iif«'<l«'ii  liitou^'lioiit  tin*  ivlnml  to  pnMlu<-f 
lar;;ci-  ami  bett«*r  milk  siipplit'M.  'i'li<*  I'litomolo^iMt  Ih  i-ontliiuiiii;  Htii<li«>s  on  tli«> 
llfi'  history  t>f  tlu*  tick  umlcr  I'orto  Uico  coutlitloiiM,  ami  lh«*  .M-arM'  data  have 
Ikh'ii  t-olliH-tiMl  oil  tlii'ir  beliavior  uudt'r  varlouH  conilltloiiH.  \iv  Ik  also  luukliiK 
II  study  of  iIh'  iuMTt   t raiismissioii  of  tin-  yellow  striiK-  disease  of  sn;;.ir  ijiim*. 

Tlu"  clu'iiiists  liiivc  found.  s<»  fur  as  a  siimlt'  si-asons  work  Is  i-oiKt-riifd.  ilmt 
amiiionium  siilphatt'  iisiil  as  a  fi'rtlli/.«M-  ri'dtKcd  tlit>  sui-ros*-  and  purity  of 
sumir  I'auf :  also,  that  tin*  so-raU»*d  straight  lu-ad  dlsruw  of  rkv  .s  diu*  to 
«'X«n«sslve  list'  of  iiitro;:i'iious  fiTtlllzfrs  ou  iMK^rly  «lraim'«l  s<»il.s.  TU«* 
horti4-iilturist  and  plant  bri't'dcrs  an*  iictivcly  cnpipMl  In  the  production  of 
iii'U  strains  and  varii'tM's  of  i'<-«iiiomi<-  pliints,  and  s<iiik'  v»'ry  liiiiKtit;iiit  results 
liav«'  Itffii  stM'iirt'<l.  TIh'  i-xiK-rlnu'iit  with  vanilla,  wldih  seeiiuil  s«i  proiiiisiuK. 
has  b«H>n  ^:lven  up  on  account  of  the  presence  of  a  root  ijlsc-ase  that  destroyetl 
nearly  all  the  plant iii>;s  at  the  station.  This  diseast*  and  seal*  of  citrus  frultH 
iitH'd  invest iirat. on.  but  the  station  has  no  plant  path<do;.'ist  to  mnke  the  studies. 
.\s  a  result  of  the  station's  work  with  vaiiilhi.  three  coiiiiiiercial  phintinys 
have  b«»en  made  in  I'orto  Kico.  I'orto  Klcu  shijis  to  the  mainland  L,'ra|»«fruit 
and  oran;:es  to  the  value  id"  more  than  .S"_'.(HH».(KMI  annually,  but  re<-ently  large 
los.ses  have  been  exiH>rlenced  and  consiilerable  atteutiou  is  hpii^  niven  to  some 
of  the  problems  connected  with  the  packing'  and  shiiipinn  of  litrus  fruit,  data 
having  be4'ii  collected  locally,  on  the  vcs.sels,  and  in  the  New  York  markets. 
It  is  believed  that  means  fiu'  avoidinir  some  of  the  los.s*>s  have  been  found  and 
a  bullet  n  on  the  subject  is  in  course  of  publication. 

With  the  fall  In  the  price  of  sii^nr  an  Interest  has  become  manifest  In  rice, 
and  the  station  has  resumed  and  exteiiU'^l  its  investlpitions  with  this  crop, 
rnfortunately  the  station  .s  not  e(iu  pped  with  a<hM|uatt'  irri;:ation  ta<'ilitie."* 
for  proper  work  witli  lowland  ri<e.  .\  test  was  made  of  a  number  of  varieties 
and  sati.sfact«)ry  yields  were  indicated  for  some  of  them.  A  strain  "f  Ib'tidnras 
ritv  ^owu  as  an  upland  cn>p  ylelde*!  1.8(.H)  pounds  i»er  acre. 

GV.\M    ST.VTION. 

The  «Juam  station,  with  its  reduced  income,  has  had  to  jireatly  contract  some 
of  its  lines  of  work.  The  a^onomist  and  horticulturist  and  the  extenshai  agent 
r<'si;:iied.  and  their  places  can  not  be  tilletl  because  of  a  lack  of  funds.  This 
leaves  but  one  .scientifically  trained  man  at  the  station.  He  acts  as  tllrei'tor 
of  ilie  station,  disbur.ses  the  funds,  and  keeps  the  expi-rimeiits  ;:oiii^.  so  far  as 
he  is  able  t(»  do  so.  The  stati<»u  is  poorly  etjuipped  for  economical  management 
on  account  of  a  lack  of  implements  machinery,  and  work  animals,  and  this 
entails  a  large  amount  of  h:ind  labor  whi«h  must  be  employed  throughout  the 
year.  Again,  on  account  of  tlie  limited  area  of  the  station  at  I'iti  and  the 
impossibility  of  .securing  suitabN'  land  near  by.  much  of  the  work  with  live 
stock  is  carried  on  at  <'otot.  some  S  or  !<•  miles  away.  Tlie  statii>n  has  made 
an  etTort  to  Improve  the  live  st«K-k  of  the  Island,  and  at  the  b»'glniiiiig  of  the 
year  it  liiul  S  Ayrshire.  1  .lerse.v.  .">;{  graile.  and  17  native  cattle  in  Its  herds.  It 
also  hail  .'io  grade  goats  and  s  imre-bred  and  grade  Herkshire  pigs,  and  it 
iiijuntaiiis  a  fitK-k  of  about  l<Mi  clii<  kens  for  breeding  purposes.  A  new  breetl  of 
poultry  has  been  matle  by  crossing  the  Ithode  Island  on  a  native  strain,  and  a 
liardy  ratv  of  bird  has  be«"n  obtained  that  is  greatly  superior  to  tl;e  native  ones. 
It  also  has  some  pure-bre«l  Morgan  horses.  These  auiiuals  are  all  use.l  to 
grade  up  the  island's  live  stock,  and  there  is  a  growini;  demand  throughout  the 
island  for  better  stock.  <>n  account  of  transportation  dithculties  this  is  the 
only  available  source  of  brttHling  stoik.  and  grade  animals  are  dispo>ed  of  for 
bre«'ding  purpo.ses  the  station  keepiiit:  the  pure-bred  ones.  With  .so  many 
animals  a  lar^'e  ainotint  of  time  and  labor  is  required  for  providing  pa.stures 
ami  forage.  In  addition  to  the  breeding  work,  some  feeding  experiments  are 
in  progress  to  determine  the  value  of  available  feeils.  such  as  copra  meal, 
beaus.  etc. 

.Sin*-!'  till'  departure  of  the  agronomist  and  horticulturist  the  work  alonir  ihosi' 
lines  has  been  greatly  reduced,  and  it  now  ctmsi.sts  of  small-plat  experiments 
with    various    tropical    crops   and    the   maintenance   of    the   «»rchards    already 


50 


AGEICULTUKAL.  APPROPRIATIOX  BILL,,   1924. 


planted.  Xo  C()Uii»rehensive  experiments  are  possible  without  a  trained  agrono- 
Jiiist  and  hurticulturist. 

The  extension  worlv,  begun  so  auspiciously,  has  suffered  on  account  of  tfce 
reduction  in  the  appropriations.  The  work  is  maintained  as  well  as  possible, 
but  the  numbers  now  in  the  boys'  and  girls'  club  have  diminished  greatly  ami 
the  value  of  last  year's  pntducts  is  less  than  half  tlie  amount  earne<I  in  I'Jil. 

The  building  situation  at  the  station  is  unsatisfactory  and  new  Ituildings.  as 
well  as  extensive  repairs  to  tiie  old  (mes.  are  urgently  needed.  Buildings  in  the 
Tropics,  unless  of  concrete,  deteriorate  very  rapidly,  and  the  agent  in  charge 
i"ei)orts  .several  hundreds  of  dollars  of  repairs  as  urgent. 

VIKGIX     ISLANDS    STATION. 

The  Virgin  Islands  have  just  gone  through  a  period  of  two  years  of  deficient 
rainfall.  This  has  had  a  depressing  effect  on  the  agriculture  of  the  islands,  and 
it  has  most  seriously  interfere<l  with  the  experimental  work  of  the  statittn,  as 
there  are  no  facilities  for  irrigation,  and  only  meager  supplies  for  the  post  and 
other  experimental  work  and  for  the  live  stock.  The  rainfall  for  1920  was 
only  about  71  per  cent  of  the  normal,  for  1921  about  65  per  cent,  and  for  the 
first  half  of  1922  less  than  .lO  per  cent.  There  are  no  streams  of  consetjuence 
in  St.  Croix,  and  rain  water  is  almost  the  only  source  of  supplies.  The  station 
desires  to  concrete  an  area  of  about  10,0(X)  square  feet  on  a  hillside  of  gradual 
slope  to  .serve  as  a  catchment  basin  to  aid  in  filling  a  reservoir  from  which  an 
adequate  water  supply  could  be  obtained  for  experimental  work  and  for  fire 
protection.  It  is  now  catching  rain  water  from  a  combined  area  of  about  o.CXX) 
square  feet,  )>ut  this  is  not  sufficient  in  periods  of  light  rainfall. 

A  change  in  the  officer  In  charge  of  the  station  was  made  during  the  past  year 
and  .T.  B.  Thompson,  formerly  of  the  (Juam  Station,  is  now  in  charge.  The 
work  formerly  conducted  <<n  an  extensive  .scale  is  being  systematically  reduced 
and  put  (in  a  more  definite  experimental  l>asis.  Field  work  for  crop  i)roduction 
is  no  longer  attempted.  r>efore  the  station  was  taken  over,  its  main  supixirt 
was  secui'ed  in  this  manner,  and  it  was  ilifficult  for  the  former  agronomist  to 
change  his  methods. 

Crop  improvement  is  an  important  part  of  the  station's  work,  .sugar  cane, 
corn,  and  sweet  potatoes  being  extensively  experimented  with.  A  variety  of 
sugar  cane,  C.  S.  12/4,  originated  at  the  station,  continues  to  be  the  best  for 
planting  on  certain  types  of  soil.  "With  the  arrival  of  the  new  head  of  the 
station,  experiments  in  vegetable  production  were  taken  up.  As  has  been 
repeatedly  pointed  out,  there  is  a  scarcity  of  fruits  and  vegetabU'S  in  the 
Virgin  Islands.  Plantings  were  made  from  September  to  Dei^'ember  of  a 
large  number  of  vegetables,  and  satisfactory  results  were  obtained  with  «iuite 
a  large  number  of  kinds  and  varieties.  Insect  pests  wei'e  trouble.some  and 
plant  diseases  caused  loss,  l)ut  experiments  are  in  progress  to  control  these 
sources  of  trouble.  Some  of  the  experiments  wore  carried  through  the  summer, 
)>ut  the  entire  experiment  is  to  be  repeated  this  fall  in  the  hope  that  definite 
.suggestions  for  planting  can  lie  made. 

The  entomologist  has  made  a  study  of  the  insect  pests  of  cotton  and  truck 
crops  and  has  prepared  bulletins  on  the  principal  pests  and  their  control.  Ou 
accomit  of  the  presence  of  the  pink  boUwmm  in  St.  Croix,  the  growing  of  cotton 
has  been  abandoned  temporarily  and  all  cotton  jdiuits  on  the  island  have  bcH'ii 
destroyed.  It  is  exitected  that  no  cotton  will  be  grown  for  at  least  two  years, 
by  which  time  it  is  hoped  the  insect  will  have  been  starvetl  out. 

Next  to  the  production  of  sugar,  stock  raising  is  the  most  important  agricul- 
tural industry  of  the  Virgin  Islands.  The  present  race  of  cattle  is  a  mixed  type 
bred  maiidy  for  work  jturiioses.  .V  study  has  lieen  begun  of  the  station  ani- 
mals with  a  view  to  their  imi)rovement.  Attention  will  be  given  not  oidy  to 
the  production  of  work  animals,  but  an  attempt  will  be  made  to  impn>ve  the 
dairy  (pialittics  of  ctutain  promising  strains  now  jiresent. 

There  is  great  need  for  some  kind  of  extension  work  on  the  islands.  The 
former  glory  and  importance  of  the  harbor  of  St.  Thonms  has  passi«d,  and 
transshiiiping  and  supplying  vessels  no  longer  furni.sh  as  uuich  employment  as 
in  the  jiast.  Aside  from  tho.se  working  In  the  cane  fiehls,  tln>  p(>ople  aiM>car 
quite  ignorant  of  agriculture  and  ganlening,  and  they  need  instruction  In  the 
elements  of  food  jiroduction.  Some  pn-lindmiry  work  in  pirden  demonstration 
was  begun  on  St.  Thomas  last  season.  l)Ut  as  the  agronomist  was  compelled  to 
return  to  St.  Croix  and  <-(Hdd  not  revisit  St.  Thomas  for  several  wm>ks  the 
experiment  was  a  failure  through  a  lack  of  understan<llng  of  the  necessity  of 
further  work  in  the  i-ultivation  of  the  sfM-i-.d  crops. 


I 


AfJRirULTrilAI,   AF'PnopiUATION    lUl.K,    11'24.  51 

KXTKN'SION    SKia  I(  i:. 

STATEMENTS  OF  DR.  A.  C.  TRUE.  DIRECTOR  STATES  RELATIONS 
SERVICE.  AND  MR.  D.  M.  GREENE.  OFHCE  OF  EXHIBITS.  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  AGRICULTURE. 

>  AI.AItlK.S. 

Ml-.  .Vndmkson.  Doctor,  thi.s  stutut«»rv  roll  ol'  the  Kxtension  StTv- 
ifc  u|)|)t'ars  to  !••'  \\v\\ .  Pi'ihaps  you  had  lu'tt**!-  tell  us  how  it  is 
made  up. 

Doctor  'I'ltiK.  Thai  i>  iiiailc  iij)  jiiiiit  ipally  \>\  liaiisfcr  froiu  th« 
loll  of  till'  States  lu'lation.s  .S»'r\  ice,  hut  it  iiichi<l('.-«  al.s(»  provision 
for  soiuc  j»Ia<'i's  taken  iVom  the  Divi.sion  of  I'uhlications.  That  is 
e\plain»'tl  hy  some  notes,  copy  of  which  you  have. 

Mr.  Andkk.son.  That  does  not  lii-lp  the  rest  of  the  uiendier.s  i>\'  the 
House.  I  think  you  had  hetter  "rive  us  a  <;eneral  statement  at  least 
in  the  hearing  of  how  the  li.st  is  nuide  u|). 

Doctor  Tia  K.  There  is  in  this  also  an  ajjparent  increase  of  Jr2-'{,7<M), 
hut  an  actual  deci-ease  of  $.")."2(')().  coveiin<r  -^evei-al  places  dropped 
from  the  statutory  roll  of  the  States  Kelations  Service.  Those,  as  I 
understand  it.  are  these:  There  are  three  clerks  at  >?1,1()0  each;  total 
s:?..''<)(l;  one  at  $1. ()()():  one  messen<rer  hoy  at  ShSO.  transferred  to  the 
editdiial  otlice.  and  then  one  messeuL'er  hoy  dropped. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  Suj)pose  you  just  i)ut  tliat  statement  in  the  record 
and  we  will  let  it  «ro  at  that. 

Doctor  Thut:.  AVell.  we  can  do  that. 

ETtcusioii  Scrrirc  yformvrly  part  of  States  Relations  Service)  xtaliitor}/  nalaries. 

Appiirent  luereasf.  $2.S.7(Mi;  actiiiil  decrease,  !?.'S.880.  as  follows: 

Places  ilroppetl : 

4  cU-rks  at  $1,100  each .S4.  40O 

('l«Mk 1.000 

Me.s.st«n;rer  l»oy . 4S0 

Actual  ilt'crease 5,  880 

Transfers  froin  statutory  roll,  oflice  of  I-Mitorial  and  Distri- 
tion  Work  (Plvision  of  ruI>lications).  wldcli  Inis  lu-cn  cor- 
rt'spondiii^rly  reduced  : 

Assistiint    in    cliar^'e    of   odice    of    motion    pictures,    with 
chanw    of   title    from    assistant    in    charge   of    niotinn- 

I>icture   activities .^.S.  000 

Chief   cinematof^rapher 2.  ."tOO 

Assistant    editor : __- 1,S.^)^^ 

•J  clerks,  class  4 'A.CAn) 

.{  clerks,  class  2 4.200 

8  clerks,  class  1 3.  Ooo 

Clerk 1.  HM» 

2  draftsmen  or  i>lioto';rn|)hers  at  SI.OOO  each .'^.200 

One  draftsman   or   |ihoto;:rai)her 1,.">(M1 

2  clerks  at  .$!M50  each,  with  change  of  title 1.  {>20 

I.ahoratory    aid 0<T<1 

.Assistant  photographer 000 

Messenger    or    lahorer 840 

Do 720 

Messenger  hoy 720 

no G(K) 

31.160 


52 


AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 


Transfers   Iroiii    luinp-fuiid.   Extension    Service    (States  Rela- 
tions Service),  wiiidi  liave  been  correspondingly  re<lu('e«l : 
Executive  clerl<  (from  fanners'  cooi)erative  demonstration 

work> $2,000 

< Merle,  class  2   (from  farmers'  cooperative  demonstration 
work) 1,400 

$3. 400 

34.560 

Transfer  to  statutory  roll,  office  of  the  Secretary, 
and  the  roll  reduced  accordingly: 

Director,  with  clian>:e  of  titlel $4,  5(X) 

Transfer  to  statutory  roll.  ( KHce  of  lOditorial  and 
Distribution  Work,  and  the  roll  reduced  accord- 
ingly : 

!Mes.senf:er  boy 480 

4. 9S0 

29.  -.80 

Apparent    increase 23.  700 

Places  substituted:  Mcssenjrer  boy  or  laborer,  at  $480,  substituted  for  mes- 
f?enuer  bov.  at  $480 :  2  charwomen,  at  $240  each,  substituted  for  messenjrer  hov. 
at  $480. 

Chauiie  of  title :  Assistant  in  charge  of  motion-picture  activities.  $3,000. 
chan.ired  to  assistant  in  chartie  of  otlice  of  motion  ])  ctures.  $3,0lM»;  2  clerks,  at 
$9(i0  each,  changed  to  2  laboratory  aids,  at  $9(!0  each. 

INIr.   BrcHANAX.  There  is   no  increase  of  salaries,  is  there? 

Doctor  True.  Xo  increase  of  salaries. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Xo  increase  of  personnel  or  salary? 

Doctor  True.  Xo.  sir. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  There  has  been  quite  a  decrease  in  personnel  that 
happened  this  year.  Yon  do  not  mean  to  say  that  decrease  has  been 
broufrht  about  by  this  arran«rement.  do  you? 

Assistant  Seci'etary  Pugsley.  Yes;  by  the  consolidation  of  the 
offices  of  the  Xorth  and  South. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  mean  to  say,  under  this  new  arranojement  ? 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugsley.  Xo;  that  has  not  been  possible,  be- 
cause it    has  not  oone  into  effect  vet. 


farmers      cooperative    DEMONSTRATION     WORK. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  item  is  on  pa«re  80,  for  farmers'  cooi^era- 
tive  demonstration  work,  whicli  includes  special  investiirations  of 
plans  and  methods  for  more  effective  dissemination  of  the  results 
of  the  work  of  the  Department  of  Ao;i-iculture  and  the  a<rricuhural 
experiment  stations,  etc.     Your  estimate   is  for  $l,'2S4..'5r)(». 

Doctor  True.  Yes,  sir.  That  is  a  decrease  of  $15,050  in  that 
item. 

Mr.  Anderson,  ^^'llat  becomes  of  that  $15,000  reduction^  Is  it 
saved  i 

Mr.  Jump.  These  are  some  of  the  transfers  to  the  Secretary's  roll 
about  which  you  have  been  told  by  Mr.  Keese.  Tliei'c  were  tw«)  of  the 
iletaiU'd  clerks  ti-ansferred  from  that  roll.  A  reduction  of  $5,000  is 
also  made  in  that  I'oll  in  order  to  provide  for  the  new  place  of 
assistant  in  char<re  of  tiie  office  of  editorial  and  distribution  work  at 
a  salarv  of  $5,000.  This  fund  !•-  icduced  in  onler  to  provide  tlu' 
$5,000  ior  that. 


AURICITLTURAL   AriMUiFUIATlON    IJll.U    liKli. 


53 


Ml-.  15i(  MANAS.  \  nil  (iratnl  that  im'W  posilimi  al  ihr  i\|h'Ii.-»-  «»I 
soriit'  otiu'i-  fund  in  aii(»tlu'r  jilacr.      Is  that  tnu'^ 

Ml.  .Ii  Ml-.  Vi's;  tliat  is  it;  so  we  wouhl  not  huvo  to  Ix'  uskinjf  for 
any  incivasf  ()utri<;ht. 

(•<M)|'KnATIVK  A<Jl{I("lI,TrHAI<  KXTKN.SION   \V<il(K. 

Ml-.  Andkksun,  The  nt'.xt  itrin  is  on  \m}H'  H2,  for  <-<M»|M'rativ«'  uj;ii- 
riiltiiral  •'xtt'nsion  work. 

Doctor  I'lciK.  That  is  thr  so-calU-d  sii|)|)li-iiit'ntarv  Smit h-Lt-vtT 
(•.\t«'nsion  work,  and  that  ha>  1)4tii  dt-(  ri":isi-d  l>y  S.Mi.imio.  It  \< 
$1.2r)0,( )()(). 

Mr.    .Vndkhso.n.   Wdiihl    voii   mind   tt-llin^   us   wIjv   V<»u   took  that 

^.Mt.oiiii  otr  ^ 

Doctor  Tia  K.   It  was  ih»nc  hy  thi'  Bud^t't  liureuu. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  Ls  tliis  inonev  useil  for  payment  of  county  atrcnts' 
sahii'U's '. 

Doi-toi' Tm  K.  \cs,  sir:  ahnost  entirely.  ^Oii  will  noti(-e  a  proviso 
in  it  that  of  the  al)ove  api)roi)riation  not  more  tiian  ^;U)0,immi  >hall 
lie  e.\|H*nded  for  purposes  other  than  the  salaries  of  county  ajrents. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  appropriation  last  year  of  !t^l,;J()( ».()()(),  accord- 
in;:  to  the  hud^ets  siil>mittctl  to  us  hy  the  States  for  the  |)resent  fi.scal 
year,  has  Sl.lOS.lT^i  allotted  to  c(»unty  agents. 

Al.l.oTilKNT   OF    MONKY    FROM    ALL    SOl'RCFS. 

Mr.  ANDKitsoN.  Last  year,  if  T  rememher  ri^ht,  you  furnished  us 
with  a  statement  showing  the  disi)osition  of  this  fund,  the  fuml  ap 
propriated  under  the  preceding  item  and  the  funds  under  the  Smith- 
Lever  A(-t.  amounting'  to  some  ei^dit  or  nine  million  dollars  alto- 
gether, as  hetween  county  aiffnts,  home  economics,  s[)e(-ialists.  etc. 
Have  you  sU(-h  a  statement  for  the  next  fiscal  year? 

Doctor  TiUE.  We  woidd  not  have  that  for  the  next  fiscal  year,  but 
for  the  i^resent  fis(-al  year  I  have  a  statement  here,  which,  however, 
does  not  go  so  nnuh  into  detail. 

Allotnu  ntK  of  Sniitli-L<  r<  r  (iiiriciiltiinil  (.rtrn.<ii(ni  uitiiroiiriatiouH  hjf  sotircen  of 

fundu   (iinl   lines   of   irork. 


Items. 


Total: 

19-22-2:1 

1921-22 

1920-21 

.Vflministration: 

1922-23 

1921-22 

1920-21 ...........[. 

State-wide  fleld  a^euts: 

1922-23 

1921-22 

192(V  21 

Count  V  workers: 

19i»2-23 

1921-22 

I920-2I 

PiiMitiitions: 

19-22-23 

1921-22 

1<»'20-21 


AU  sources. 


S18,S19,ff94 
IS,497..3fiO 
IB,  XMa,  74.J 

1,014, o60 

1.009,.'«7 

951, 1S.5 

.".,573,944 
5, 437, 573 
9, 259, 430 

11,S73,670 
ll,740,f..'i7 
10,.3,SO,338 

.357,711 
.309, 2K3 
245,802 


Federal, 
Smith- 
Lever. 


State, 
Smith- 
Lever. 


$4.  .580, 000  S4. 100.000 
4,080.000  .3,ii(X),  000 
3,580,000  I     3,  100,000 


519,090 
478,807 
464.337 


321, 17S 
301,448 
277,326 


2,481,  srt<>  i  |,,'W4,036 

2,221,Mi6  1,647,525 

1,937,935  I  1,493,099 

1, 442.  .102  2, 099,  .173 

l,2f>l..34l   '  I.. V* i.e. II 

l.OOti.Syt}  ,  1,24.S,090 


138,542  • 

114,9.s.i 

lll,.^-i6 


95.213 

ia'),416 

81,486 


Supple-  I    Supple-  Farmers* 

mentary        montary  coof>erative 

Folpral,  j      State,  deinonstra- 

Smith-          Smith-  tion  work. 

l-ever.  j      Lever,  i 


$1,300,000  $1,300,000       $1,027,981 
1,500,000  !     1,500.000  i       l.ftTO.754 

i,."iOo,ooo  i,,joo,oai  ,     i,ir2a.83o 

3,007  608  ,            10,350 

5, 7-29  3.  4.i6               16, 9-20 

3,551  89  I            14,»ll 

128,127  .V>,a6l               —    ;i4 

46,040  S8,86»               ..      .•'.r2 

58.697  40.690             3'J-J,ri3I 

I.ICH.  173  l,242.fi61             709,297 

l.4:«t.S43  1,44)7,249             6.57,  .'V42 

l,*i6,7-2.5  l,4."iS,tv4S             619,278 

fm  1,380    

8,3-SS  4;U    

1.0-27  373  I 


54  AGRICUL.TURAL,  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  notice  under  one  item  here  that  you  have  state- 
wide field  agents  for  which  you  made  an  allotment  of  $5,573,944. 
What  are  these  state-wide  field  agents? 

Doctor  True.  Thej'^  are  people  who  work  a  large  share  of  the  time 
in  the  counties  but  who  have  their  headquarters  either  at  the  college 
or  some  point  in  the  State. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  they  specialists,  commodity  experts,  or  organ- 
izers, or  what  are  they? 

Doctor  True.  Two  kinds  of  agents  are  included  in  this  statement. 
(1)  a  considerable  number  representing  different  subject  matters, 
such  as  dairying  and  food  and  nutrition,  and  (2)  others  who  go  out 
to  assist  the  county  agents  in  the  organization  of  the  Avork,  methods 
of  instruction,  etc. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  part  of  the  salary'  of  these  state-wide  agents 
paid  by  the  State  as  Avell  as  by  the  county? 

Doctor  True.  The  state-wide  agents  are  paid  either  bj^  the  college 
or  in  part  by  the  department  out  of  the  farmers*  cooperative  demon- 
stration appropriation. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  The  county  is  paying  M'hat  part  of  the  salary? 

Doctor  True.  The  county  is  paying  no  part  of  their  salaries. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Can  you  give  me  any  idea  of  the  division  of  the 
$11,873,670  which  goes  to  county  workers,  as  between  county  agents, 
home  demonstration  agents,  and  other  people? 

Doctor  True.  Yes,  sir;  for  the  county  agricultural  agents,  $8,974,- 
806;  for  the  home-de..  istration  agents,  $2,347,761;  and  for  boys' 
club  leaders,  some  of  who.^i  are  men  and  other  women,  ^' •">•'>  1.103. 

NUMBEB  OF  AGRICULTUBAL  COUNTIES   AND  AGENTS. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  How  many  counties  have  you  county  agents  in 
now  ? 

Doctor  True.  About  2,100. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  How  many  agricultural  counties  are  there  in  the 
country  ? 

Doctor  True.  We  count  about  2,650. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Two  thousand  six  hundred  and  fifty  agricultural 
counties,  and  you  have  about  2,100  counties  Avith  extension  agents. 

Doctor  True.  We  have  about  2,100. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Are  there  many  that  have  more  than  one  agent  ? 

Doctor  True.  Only  a  few  counties. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  How  many? 

Doctor  True.  Do  you  mean  by  one  agent  agricultural  agent? 

Mr.  Buchanan.  1  es. 

Doctor  Tri-e.  Probably  not  more  tluui  100  in  the  I  nited  States, 
Most  of  them  are  in  some  New  England  States  or  in  counties  where 
they  have  plenty  of  money  for  extension  work. 

Mr,  BrcHANAN.  And  they  are,  I  suppose,  in  the  diversified  areas 
where  you  have  a  county  agent  that  devotes  himself  to  a  i)articuhir 
crop? 

Doctoi-  Tri'k.  Yes,  sii-.  In  New  "^'ork,  for  exanipk\  in  the  T.(ake 
region  they  have  agents  who  deal  with  fruit  growing. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  How  many  regular  home  economic  workers  have 
you  doing  work  in  the  county  as  agents? 

Doctor  Truk.  Eight  hundred  aiul  one. 


AGRICULTURAL   AI»PIU)PRIATI()N    BILL,    1J>24.  55 

Mr.  BurnxNAN.  Dot's  that  cover  nil  the  counties  that  want  this 
kind  of  work  and  are  willin;;  to  pay  for  it  { 

Doctor  1  in  K.   I  woidd  say  practically  so,  under  pre.MMit  coiuiitions. 

Mr.  Anokhson.  I  had  a  letter  a  few  days  a;x<»  ir«»ni  a  lady  down 
in  Kloiida  who  coni|tl:iiiie<|  veiy  Ititteily  hetau.se  slu*  said  that  th« 
home  economics  end  of  the  j)ro|)osit ion  was  not  receiving:'  the  atten- 
tion which  the  county  a;rricultural  a;r*'»its  are.  She  th<»u<;lit  there 
should  he  as  much  money  appropriated  for  home  economic  workers 
as  for  county  a<::ents.     \\  hat  do  you  think  ahout  it  { 

Doctor  J  RUK.  I  do  not  think  that  is  a  practical  prop<»sition.  The 
counties  do  not  feel  that  thev  are  ahle  to  i-ontriltute  heyond  what 
they  are  contrihutinj;  now.  I'here  is  a  con.stant  effort  on  the  part 
of  the  colle<xes  and  oursehcs  to  sti!nul;ite  the  women's  work,  and 
wherever  there  is  a  favoral)le  opportunity  to  put  in  a  home  demon- 
stration a^ent  it  is  done. 

DISTRinUTTON     OK    FIKI.I)    .\<;KNTS. 

Mr.  Anuersox.  How  many  of  the  state-wide  Held  ajrents  con- 
tribute directly  to  the  home  economic  work  ? 

A.ssistant  Secretary  Puoslky.  All  of  them  who  are  women 

Mr.  AxuF.Rsox.  That  does  not  answer  the  (|uestion. 

Assistant  Secretary  Picsi.ky.  And  many  of  the  men. 

Mr.  Axi)KR.s<)X'.  Tluit  .still  does  not  answer  the  <|uestion. 

Assistant  Secretary  Pr(;sLKY.  We  have  not  those  lijiures.  AVe  can 
insert  that  in  the  record. 

Doctor  Trik.  There  are  ahout  lii")  women  field  afjents  de;ilin«j 
with  food  and  diet,  clothinpf,  household  ecpiipment,  etc. 

Mr.  Anokrsox.  Doctor  True,  will  you  put  into  the  record  or  fur- 
nish me  with  a  statement — T  do  not  care  which — that  will  show  the 
distribution  or  classilication  of  the  workers  employed  under  tliis  as 
state-wide  field  agents  ^  I  supposed  these  county  workers  included 
only  county  units. 

Number  of  e.r tension  emi)loyees,  Xorcmber,  liU2. 

CouMt.v-aKent  work  (men): 

IMrecfors  and   State   leailcrs TA 

.\s.sist:int   Sliite  Itadcis  and  (li.sflot  agents 108 

Count.v   a;reiits   and    assi.«tants "J.  112 

Local  ajreiits  (colored) 172 


Total 2.443 


Homo  deiiioiistratioii  work   (women): 

State  leaders 44 

.V.ssistaiU  State  leaders  and  district  ajrents ©> 

Coiiut.v  ajrents  and  assistants 77(5 

Local  a;renls   (colored) 114 

Cit.v   awnts 

City  agents   Teoloredt _ 


Total i ^ 1.(100 


l?o.vs"  and  girls'  clnl*  work  (men  and  women)  : 

State   loaders.      42 

.Vssistant  State  leaders 58 

County    leatle"S 181 


Total  —  .. 281 


56  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRLVTION   BILL,   1924. 


St!ite-\vi(le  .subjwt-matter  agents: 
Agriculture — 

Full    time ."47 

Part   time 1<|"' 

Total 'r,-2 

Homo  economics — 

Full    time 120 

Part   time 8 

Total V2S 

Grand    total 4,  ri(i4 

Doctor  True.  County  Avorkers  inchide  both  ir.en  and  women. 

Mr.  Anderson.  TIk^v  are  divided  into  home  and  chib  and  other 
Avorkers  ? 

Doctor  True.  Yes. 

Mr.  Anderson.  This  statement  for  which  $1,014,509  is  appropri- 
ated for  administration  shows  what?  That  inchides.  I  take  it, 
only  the  Federal  end  of  the  administration  of  it  ? 

Doctor  True.  That  is  the  State  end.  All  those  figures  you  have 
represent  the  moneys  that  are  spent  in  the  States.  They  do  not 
include  the  amounts  spent  in  maintenance  of  our  Washington  office. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Of  what  does  this  administration  in  the  States 
consists? 

Doctor  True.  That  includes  the  expenditures  for  what  is  known 
as  the  extension  director's  office,  his  own  salary  and  that  of  his 
clerical  assistants,  accountants,  people  who  are  preparing  charts 
and  illustrative  material,  or  who  are  en<rafred  in  hnndlin<jf  the  manu- 
scrij^t  work.  etc.  Of  course  a  o^reat  many  publications  are  issue*  1  and 
it  involves  a  lar^re  amount  of  prei)aration  done  by  routine  workers 
ofettin<i:  the  manuscripts  in  shape  and  seeino^  them  throujrh  the  press. 

DUPLICATION   IN    PUBLICATIONS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  is  the  distinction  between  the  publications 
issued  under  this  fund  here  and  the  ordinary,  rejjular  publications 
o.f  the  de])artment? 

Doctor  True.  The  publications  issued  under  the  Smith-Lever  Act 
by  the  collefjes  are  distinct  from  the  department  publications. 
There  is  a  special  provision  for  puljlications  in  the  Lever  Act  up  to 
an  amount  not  to  exceed  five  per  cent  of  the  ai>pr()i)riati()n. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  understand  the  financial  distinction  but  what  I 
want  to  know  is  the  distinction  in  the  character  of  the  i)ublicati()ns 
if  there  is  any. 

Doctor  True.  The  States  «j:et  out  a  laro;er  number  of  special  sub- 
ject nuitter  ])ublicati()ns  for  use  in  extension  work. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  there  any  ell'oit  made  in  this  publication  matter 
to  avoid  duplication  of  publications  as  between  those  isvsued  by  tlie 
State  and  tliose  issued  ])y  the  Federal  (iroverumeut  ? 

Doctor-  TiiiE.   I  do  not  tiiink  tbere  is  any  duplication. 

Mr.  Anderson.  1  thiid<  tlicre  is  <|uite  a  lot. 

Doctor  TitiE.  The  dei)aitment  issJies  only  a  few  publications 
especially  desij^ncMl  I'oi-  use  in  extension  work. 


Acnnri/muL  ArpuopuiATHiN  liii.i.,  1924.  57 

Mr.  Andkkson  (interposing).  Tliiit  is  wimt  I  am  trying;  to  jr«'t  ut. 
If  tlu'sf  piililications  arc  <litr«'n'ii(  and  writtrn  for  tin*  piirpoS4>  of 
tlio  Statt's  1^'lations  Simx  i«T  only,  that   is  a  ilistinction. 

Ddctoi-  Ti.t  K.  W'r  do  not  all(»\v  piildications  iind»'r  tlii'  Sniith- 
Iy«'\»'i-  Act  unli'ss  tln'V  arc  distinctly  piilijications  prepared  for  nse 
ill  i'xtcnsion  work. 

Mr.  ANDKitsjiN.   Mow  aiv  they  nscd  in  i-xti-nsion  \v(trk  ^ 

Doctor  TiMK.  Tlu'V  arc  disti-ilmtcd  vcrv  lar^^clv  tliron^li  the 
connty  a<;cnts  and  th»'V  arc  also  sent  ont  from  the  collc^res  by  re- 
(]ncst  of  th»'  peoi)Ic  in  the  State,  and  they  are  ii.sod  in  connection 
with  the  extension  schools,  farmers'  institutes,  etc. 

Ml-.  Andk.k.son.  Arc  thev  sent  out  to  individuals  hv  the  collejre 
the  same  us  farmers*  hidletins  arc  sent  out  hy  the  I)ei)artment  of 
AL'ricultine  i 

Doctor  Tkik.  Yes.  Thev  are  also  distrihutcd  to  individuals  l>y 
each  c(»unty  a<icnt.  to  |)eople  who  come  to  \isit  him  or  at  nu'ctin^rs. 
.Vny  extension  puhlication  that  is  applicahle  to  any  problem  I)rou<.dit 
to  the  comity  a«rent  is  ^iven  to  the  individual  who  l)rin«rs  up  tlic 
suliject. 

Mr.  .Vmikh.-^on.  ^^'hat  supervision  do  you  exercise  over  the  publi- 
cation of  these  publications  to  make  certain  that  they  do  not  dupli- 
cate the  publications  which  are  already  issued  or  about  to  be  issue(i 
by  the  Department  of  A<_niculture  ^ 

Doctor  TiuK.  The  Depai-tment  of  Ajrrieulture  frets  out  very  few 
subject-matter  publications  especially  for  extension  work.  Such 
pul)lications  as  farim'rs*  bulletins  are  for  freneral  distribution.  Rut 
the  number  of  new  farmers'  bulletins  issued  (>ach  year  by  the  de- 
l)artment  is  very  limited.  The  States  are  iiettin<r  out  many  publica- 
tions suited  to  local  conditions. 

Mr.  Anhkrsox.  They  sjiend  ]netty  iieaily  as  much  money  a^^  you 
do.     They  ouL'ht  to  jzet  out  some  fanner.s'  bulletins  for  that  amount. 

Doctor  Trik.  The  extension  publications  they  <ret  out  are  es- 
pecially intended  for  use  in  extension  work. 

Mr.  .Vndkkson.  I'erhaps  T  am  dense,  but  I  would  like  to  <ret  a  dis- 
tinction between  extension  bulletins  and  farmers'  bulletins. 

Assistant  Secretary  Prts.sLEV.  IVrhups  I  can  make  a  statement  on 
that,  drawn  from  my  own  experience  in  the  States  as  well  as  in  the 
deiiartment.  The  publications  of  the  State  a^-ricultural  colleires. 
iiuliidin^r  the  exten.-ion  ser\  ice  and  experimental  service,  are  clearly 
State  publications  written  for  the  most  ])art  by  State  people;  cov- 
ering, if  they  are  research  bulletins,  woik  that  is  done  within  the 
State  by  the  State  workers:  (•over:n<r.  if  thev  are  extension  bulletins, 
work  which  may  be  done  there,  and  if  not  done  there,  they  are  pub- 
lications very  valuable  to  the  work  that  is  done  within  the  State. 
These  have  the  local  point  of  view  much  more  dominant  than  the 
Federal  i>ublications.  There  is  no  eff(»rt  on  the  pai-t  of  the  Federal 
(lovernment  to  say  to  a  State,  "  ^ On  can  not  publish  a  bulletin  on 
sprin<r  wheat  in  Nebraska  for  the  u.se  of  your  extension  worker,  be- 
cause the  Federal  (lovernment  at  AVashin^ton  has  a  bulletin  on  that 
subject."  There  is  undoubtedly  some  diiplication  in  the  i)ublications 
in  the  department  and  the  States,  just  the  same  as  there  is  undoubt- 
edly duplication  in  the  experimental  work,  but  most  of  the  money 
which  is  put  into  the  extension  pul)rn'ations  in  the  State  is  State 
nionev  rather  than    Federal   nionev.      There  is  shown   in  this  state- 


58  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

ment  not  anj^  of  the  State  money  that  is  put  into  the  State  publica- 
tions other  than  Smith-Lever  offset.  The  State  sjiends  much  more 
for  its  publications  than  is  shown  on  this  li.~t:  many  of  tlie  collejre 
publications  are  extension  publications. 

Now,  if  you  are  directin<r  your  (juestion  to  whether  or  not  there  is 
effort  on  the  part  of  the  I)ei)artiiient  of  A<rriculture  to  avoid  tlupli- 
cation  of  publications,  the  auswei-  to  that  is  that  there  is  not  any  con- 
scious effort  at  the  present  time.  But  I  would  like  to  add  the 
tliouirht  that  I  think  there  is  little  serious  duplication,  and  that  it 
miirht  be  well  to  take  the  matter  up  with  the  State  colletres  to  see 
if  duplication  can  be  avoided. 

Mr.  Andersox.  Of  course,  I  do  not  believe  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment ou<rht  to  undertake  to  censor  the  pul)lications  wliich  may  be 
issued  by  the  State  for  the  education  of  its  own  citizens.  But  I  do 
think  where  Federal  money  is  spent  in  publishin«r  documents  for 
citizens  of  a  State  that  it  miojht  be  wise  to  see  that  that  money  is 
spent  in  such  a  wa\  that  it  does  not  duplicate  exi)enditures  already 
being  made  for  Federal  puri)oses.  I  think  that  is  as  fai-  as  we  can  iro. 
but  it  seems  to  me  we  can  legitimately  go  that  far. 

Assistant  Secretary  Pugslky,  The  way  it  works  out  is  practically 
like  this:  An  extension  director  in  a  State  finds  a  need  for  bulletins 
on  a  certain  subject  for  use  of  county  workers.  He  scans  not  only 
the  State  bulletin  list  but  the  Federal  bulletin  list  available  for 
that  purpose;  he  may  find  the  Federal  bulletin  on  that  subject  is 
not  local  enough  and  then  he  asks  for  the  i)ublication  of  a  bulletin 
to  cover  his  territory.  Or  he  nui}'  find  that  the  supi)ly  of  Federal 
bulletins  is  not  sufficient  to  meet  the  need  of  his  county  workei-s 
and  he  publishes  a  bulletin  written  by  the  workei"S  of  the  same 
State,  in  Avliich  they  incorporate  many  of  the  things  contained  in 
the  Federal  bulletins. 

Mr.  Anderson.  There  is  no  increase  in  the  total  amount  avaihible 
for  publication  w'ork  under  the  Smith-Lever  Act  for  the  next  fiscal 
year,  is  there? 

Doctor  True.  No,  sir. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  act  is  entirely  matured,  is  it  not? 

Doctor  True.  Yes,  sir. 

STATEMENTS  OF  MR.  G.  I.  CHRISTIE,  DIRECTOR  OF  EXTENSION. 
PURDUE  UNIVERSITY,  LA  FAYETTE,  IND.;  MR.  B.  H.  CROCH- 
ERON,  DIRECTOR  OF  AGRICULTURAL  EXTENSION.  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA  COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE;  MR.  T.  0.  WALTON, 
DIRECTOR  OF  EXTENSION  SERVICE,  STATE  COLLEGE  OF  AGRI- 
CULTURE, TEXAS ;  AND  MR.  W.  M.  JARDINE.  PRESIDENT  KANSAS 
STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 

FOR  COOPERATIVE  A(JRICULTURAL  EXTENSU>X  WOUK,  ETC. 

Mr.  Andeuson.  The  ccjmmitlee  will  returu  (his  moruing  to  the 
items  on  pages  30  and  82  for  farmers'  cooperative  demonstration 
work  and  for  cooperative  agricultural  extension  work,  which  were 
formerly  imder  the  States  Relations  Sci'vicc  :ind  which  are  pro- 
posed in  this  estiiuiite  to  be  placed  under  llu'  oHit'e  of  extensions. 
We  will  hear  the  representatives  of  the  land-grant  colleges  this 
morning. 


b 


I 


AORUTLTl'ItAI.    AIMM'.OPIMA  riOV    FUI.I..    11)24.  59 

Mr.  CiiiiisTii:.  Mi-.  ('Iiainiiiin,  \vi«  seek  iin  onjxirt unity  this  inorn- 
iii<;  to  SUV  a  word  with  H't'ricncc  to  thf  sii|)p)(Mii«'iilal  Sinitli-Ii«'Vor 
:i|)l)ro[>riat  ion. 

I'his  appropriation,  as  is  p»'rha|>s  wrll  nii(h'rst<MMl,  is  tlu-  rt»Hult 
of  an  attempt  to  siiitplcniciit  the  appropriation  provi<|(>(|  in  th(> 
M'«;nlar  Sniitn-Lcvrr  Act.  W'v  rrcrivfd  a  year  a^^o  Sl,.*>iK>.U()<).  and 
this  riirrml  year  wc  arc  rcccivin^^  Sl,;>(»i),()uo. 

^^'l'  nndiMstjind  that  the  Director  of  the  Iiu<l^et  luis  reconiinen<h'<l 
a  cut  of  $.">(l,tK)().  In  view  of  tlie  fact  that  the  Sinitli-I.«i'Ver  appro- 
priation has  reached  its  niaxiiuuni,  that  the  extension  work  in  the 
States  is  not  <h'\eloped  to  its  niaxiiniini,  and  that  the  (h-niand  is 
«;reater  than  ever  he  fore  we  feel  that  (he  re<'oninien(hiti«)n  of  the 
Secretary  of  A;;ri(  idt  iiri'  that  the  siip[)leniental  appropriation  ho 
fixed  at  Sl.."»()0,(ii)()  shonM  rei-eive  serious  consideration. 

INtUKASKH    KXPKNSKS    DK.MANU    I-AIMiKK    AIM'ROIMUATIONS. 

The  unusual  conditions  which  now  [n-evail,  with  hijrher  raiU'oad 
fares,  higher  costs  of  living,  and  hi<^iu»r  cost  of  operation  of  auto- 
niohiles  have  causeil  the  cost  of  extension  work  to  more  than  df)nble 
since  we  st;irteil.  It  is  impossihie  with  present  linances  to  carry  out 
the  phms  (hat  were  in  mind  at  the  lime  the  Smith-Lever  Act  was 
])asse(l. 

This  sup})leniental  appropriation  is  used  to  make  up  for  .some  of 
those  unusual  factors  and  conditions  and  to  help  out  the  States  in 
iloini;  the  l)ig  thinii:s  that  are  needetl  to  he  done. 

Anyone  acipiainted  with  the  extension  work  in  the  States  knows 
that  the  farmers  are  demandinj;  more  help  to-day  than  ever  Ix^fore. 
The  unusual  ec(»nomic  situation  causes  these  farmers  to  seek  delinite 
helj).  The  a<;ric(dtural  colle<j;es  are  attempting  to  do  everything 
possible  throuj^h  the  county  ajjents  and  through  the  extension  service 
to  remler  assistance  to  the  farmers,  and  we  know  that  a  great  work 
has  l)een  accomplished. 

Congress  decided  upon  the  Smith-LeviT  Act  not  in  the  heat  of 
war,  not  when  an  emergency  was  pressing  upon  the  country,  hut 
when  this  whole  situation  was  more  or  less  normal.  We  are  trving 
to  carry  out  a  work  outlined  by  Congress.  We  sincerely  hope  that 
Congress  will  give  us  support  at  this  time  to  develop  the  program. 
During  the  past  three  years  farmers  have  been  going  througii  a  very 
unsatisfactory  situation.  As  a  result  of  the  depression  following  the 
war  it  has  been  necessary  to  modify  our  whole  organization.  But 
it  is  impossible  to  maintain  an  educational  working  force  if  appro- 
})riations  are  witlulrawn.  The  work  demands  larger  appropriations 
rather  than  less. 

•Mr.  Andkkson.  When  this  supplemental  fund  was  originally  pro- 
\  ided  the  SniithTjcver  Act  was  three  years  behind  in  maturity,  and 
the  idea  at  that  time,  as  I  recall  it,  was  to  mature  immediately  instead 
of  year  by  year,  and  the  expectation  of  some  members  of  the  com- 
mittee was  that  as  the  Smith-Lever  funds  matured  the  supplemental 
fund  t'ould  be  reduced  correspondingly.  I  recognize  the  fact — and 
1  suppose  the  other  members  of  the  committee  do.  generally — that 
there  have  been  increases  in  operating  expenses,  which  probai>ly 
make  the  course  originally  intended  imi)ossible.     r>ut  I  do  not  think 


60  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

it  is  quite  accurate  to  assume  that  at  the  time  this  supplemental  fund 
was  established  anybody  supi>osed  that  it  was  to  be  a  i)ernuinent  ap- 
propriation. 

Mr.  Christie.  I  think  you  are  ri^ht,  Mr.  Chairman.  But  it  was 
hoped — and  it  surely  has  been  the  hope  of  everybody — that  we  would 
return  to  a  more  or  less  normal  ba<is.  Cnfoi tunately.  wt-  have  not 
returned  to  that  basis. 

fOrXTV    AGENTS   AN    IMPORTANT    FACTOI!. 

Then,  there  is  another  factor.  When  the  Smith-Lever  Act  was 
passed  we  had  the  county  a<^ent  only.  In  addition  has  come  the 
greatest  demand  for  home  demon^^tration  work  and  boys'  and  jiirls' 
club  work.  It  has  been  necessary  to  advance  those  interests  and 
develoj)  that  side  of  the  work.  Naturally  the  cost  has  increased  and 
has  placed  a  burden  on  the  institutions  on  that  account.  Takin*: 
these  factors  all  into  consideration  we  can  not  luuulle  all  the  work 
with  only  Smith-Lever  funds.  AMiile  I  understand  that  Conjiress 
hoped  that  the  Smith-Lever  fund  would  meet  the  needs  of  exten- 
tion  work,  conditions  have  chanfjed  since  the  passajie  of  that  act. 
If  we  could  go  back  to  the  previous  situation,  with  railroad  fares  at 
2  cents  a  mile,  gasoline  at  11  cents,  with  meals  from  85  to  50  cents, 
as  they  were  when  we  began  this  Avork;  if  we  could  go  back  to  a 
basis  of  a  lower  cost  of  printing  and  other  reasonable  expenses,  then 
we  could  do  as  nnich  work  with  the  Smith-Lever  fund  as  we  aiv 
doing  with  the  Smith-Lever  fund  and  the  supplemental  fund. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  do  not  fool  myself  with  the  idea  that  tiiat  time 
is  coming. 

Mr.  Christie.  That  is  the  unfortunate  condition  we  aie  expi-rienc- 
ing  at  this  time.  I  do  wish  to  impress  this  fact,  that  the  agricul- 
tural colleges,  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  himself  have  all  given  this  whole  matter 
very  serious  consideration.  It  is  not  a  matter  of  supi)orting  the  de- 
partment in  connection  with  the  i^erfornuince  of  this  work,  or  of 
supporting  the  agricultural  colleges,  but  it  is  a  uuitter  of  trying  to 
render  service  to  the  farmers  at  this  time — service  which  1  think  is 
greatly  needed. 

PROBLEM    OK    ORGANIZINC    ACiHICll.TrKAl.    IMidDli HON. 

Ml".  Anderson.  I  would  like  to  ask  you  one  (piestion.  if  1  can 
express  myself  so  our  minds  will  meet  on  it.  To  what  extent  is  the 
extension  service  giving  its  attention  to  the  j)robU'iM  of  organizing 
agricultural  jjroduction  i 

Mr.  Christie.  I  wontler  if  you  would  mind  just  developing  that 
a  moment. 

Ml'.  Anderson.  AMiat  I  have  in  mind  is  this:  1  am  pii'tty  thor- 
oughly <-onvinced  in  my  own  mind  that  one  of  the  very  lai'ge  factors 
which  influence  the  cost  of  distribution,  particularly,  is  the  fact 
that  the  farmer  sells  in  small  (|uantities  and  sells  an  uustandardi/.etl 
])ro(liict  \ery  lai'gely.  Ihere  is  no  substantial  ell'ort  made  to  stand- 
ardize the  production  in  areas  so  that  the  buk  of  the  pi-oduct  goes 
into  jirimary  or  teiuiinal  markets  and  thus  makes  the  cost  of  han- 
dling less. 


Ar.RIcri.Tl'RAI.   APPUOPRIATION    Mil. I,,    ll»lU,  Gl 

I  Iiml  in  mind  als«>  what  I  think  is  tlio  ncpd,  ui>t  only  in  nj^ricul- 
liir.il  (li^ti-iliiition  Init  in  «list ?-il»iit ion  «r«'ni'r;illy.  thi*  intmsifiiMl  uso, 
of  niiirkcts  ('los4>  at  lian<l  instrad  of  an  attciiipt  to  sprrad  tlu>  distril)n- 
tion  all  ovvv  the  I'nitcd  States.  l>oranse  it  is  cJu'aiH'r  to  i-eil  to  a  Imn- 
dird  (iistorncis  who  livo  within  a  radius  of  l(M)  or  'joo  miles  than  t«> 
sell  to  a  himdi'ed  <iistoin»'i's  scattn-rd  all  over  the  I'nitcd  States.  T 
ilo  not  know  that  this  |>ro|)osition  is  an  extension  proposition  par- 
ticularly: I  do  not  know  that  we  iu»ve  a  hasis  ufxni  which  it  could 
he  made  part  of  the  extension  work,  hut  I  think  that  is  the  real 
a«i'ii(idtural  pi'»>l>lcni  t«»-day.  If  we  could  a|>ply  onedniiuli'edth  |)art 
of  what  the  department  of  .Vj^ricuitui'c  now  knows  aiiout  produc- 
tion to  that  piohlem,  we  would  not  ne»'d  to  make  much  research 
for  some  time  to  come. 

Not  that  I  think  we  (Mi^dit  (<>  sii:p  iln'  nscaich  unrU.  l»ul  I  think 
oui"  piohleni  tiiei'e  is  one  of  the  ajjplication  of  known  methods  to  a 
far  «rreater  extent  than  it  is  the  development  of  new  methods.  That. 
1  think,  is  the  joh  which  the  extension  service  has.  Hut  heyond 
tiiat  I  thiid\  our  problem  is  lar«rely  one  of  orpiniz»'<l  pr(»ductifin. 
la'cause  I  can  not  see  very  much  hope  of  improxin^  I'ither  produc- 
tion or  di.striltution  methods  without  a  sounder  or<rani/.ation  of 
prcMJuction  itself.  In  other  words,  with  the  unor^^anized  character 
of  the  industry  all  that,  you  "rentlemen  can  do  to  a  larjre  extent  is 
to  send  \\\)  a  general  harra^e.  in  the  hope  that  sonu»  of  it  is  «roing 
to  hit  .some  part  of  the  problem,  ^'ou  (an  handle  a  *rno(I  many  in- 
di\  idual  cases.  an<l  doubtless  you  do.  but  yet  a  lar<re  part  of  our  etfoit. 
I  tliiidv,  is  wasted,  because  we  Inne  not  the  or<jani/,ation  of  pro<Iuc- 
tion  to  make  it  efrecti\-e.    That  is  what  is  in  my  mind. 

Mr.  C'hui.stik.  Mr.  Chairman,  that  is  an  excellent  idea,  and  one 
that  I  think  e\ery  man  in  the  a<rricultural  collejres  will  a<:ree  to. 

Our  a<rrieultural  colle^'es  are  doin^  somethin«r  al()n<r  tliat  line. 
'\Ve  have  been  handitapi)ed  during  the  war,  due  to  the  extremely 
]ii<;h  |)rices  and  the  wiHin<iness  of  the  trade  to  receive  almost  any- 
thin<j:.  VCv  do  find  in  our  di.stricts.  for  instance,  many  varieties  of 
wheat,  numy  of  them  of  |)ooi-  (|uality.  because  the  millers  have  not 
been  willin«r  to  stand  by  the  <;ra(le  and  reimburse  a  fellow  a  little 
extra  for  the  pood  quality.  But  to-day  the  millers  are  realizinjr  that 
they  can  cut  down  the  hijrh  frei<rht  rate  if  they  will  use  the  «rrain 
!it  home.  If  they  are  ;roin«r  to  use  the  wheat  j^rown  near  the  local 
mills,  it  must  be  wheat  of  one  (puility.  The  reason  why  nniny  of 
the  hnjre  flour  mills  have  been  able  to  .sell  their  Hour  in  the  Middle 
AA'est  is  because  they  have  been  able  to  standardize  their  flour — one 
sack  is  very  much  the  same  as  the  other.  But  where  the  local  mills 
use  one  variety  of  one  ijuality  to-dav  and  another  variety  of  another 
(|uality  to-morrow  one  .sack  is  absolutely  ditferent  from  the  other — 
{]\v  bakers  can  not  u.se  it. 

In  our  State  we  have  developed  a  new  \ariety  of  wheat,  known 
as  the  MichakofT.  by  crossing  a  local  variety  of  <;ood  (juality  with 
a  Russian  variety,  «xettinp  a  hard,  red  winter  wheat  which  is  as  hard 
a.s  the  Kanred  wheat  of  Kan.sas.  which  is  one  of  our  standard  jxood 
winter  wheats. 

Our  millers  to-day  are  wiHin«r  to  contract  with  our  farmers,  offer - 
in«r  10  to  25  cents  a  bushel  above  the  market  price  for  a  period  of 
five  years  foi-  this  variety  of  wheat.     Thev  would  be  able  to  save 


62  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

about  25  cents  a^  bushel  on  freight  on  hard  wheat  imported  into 
Indiana.  The  Kansas  institution  has  done  a  Avonderful  work  in 
developing  the  Kan  Red  Avheat.  Michi<;an  has  done  the  same  with 
the  Red  Rock  wheat,  and  Wisconsin  and  other  States  have  put  out 
many  varieties  of  excellent  <^rains. 

We  are  in  a  position  now  to  do  bi«r  work,  Mr.  Chairman.  l)ecause 
the  farmers  are  realizin^^  they  must  do  something  to  help  them- 
selves. There  is  a  spirit  to-day  wliich  has  not  been  present  in  any 
large  measure  heretofore.  California  has  had  that  idea  in  their 
cooperative  marketing.  They  recognized  the  need  for  good  vari- 
eties of  apples  and  grapes  in  large  enough  quantities  to  warrant 
carload  lots.  They  have  given  a  demonstration  of  what  can  be 
done.  You  have  emphasized  one  big  point,  which  must  have  con- 
sideration. 

Mr.  Anderson.    We  will  be  verv  ulad  to  hear  the  other  gentlemen. 

AGRICULTURAL  EXTENSION    WORK  IN    CALIFORNIA. 

Mr.  Crocherox.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  am  here  primarily  in  the  in- 
terest of  the  AVestern  States  in  this  supplemental  ^mith-Tvever 
item,  which  we  believe  should  be  $l,oOO,0()().  The  State  of  Cali- 
fornia is  putting  $3  into  agricultural  extension  work  for  ever}' 
dollar  from  the  Federal  Government.  Even  the  little  State 
of  Xevada,  with  90  per  cent  of  its  land  in  the  hands  of  the  Federal 
Government  and  10  per  cent  of  the  land  paying  the  entire  taxes  of 
the  State,  is  putting  up  $3  to  eveiy  dollar  from  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment. NcAv  Mexico,  with  all  its  difficulties,  is  still  i)utting  up  $2 
to  every  dolhir  from  tlie  Federal  Government.  I  think  it  speaks 
well  for  the  appreciation  of  the  legislative  bodies  of  the  States  and 
counties  involved  in  the  West.  The  Smith-Lever  Act  has  always 
been  manifestly  inadequate  for  the  needs  of  the  States  which  had 
;i  relative^  small  rural  population.  It  is  true  that  our  pojiulations 
are  growing  and  tluit  the  ninnber  of  farms  is  increasing.  One-third 
of  the  new  farms  in  the  United  States  between  1910  ami  1920  are  in 
California.  Our  farms  increased  from  87.000  to  110,000  in  that 
decade.  That  makes  a  great  burdeh  upon  our  agricultural  exten- 
sion service. 

Of  the  eight  leading  counties  in  the  United  States  in  agricultural 
production,  according  to  the  last  census,  five  of  them  are  in  Cali- 
fornia; of  the  50  leading  counties  in  the  {"^nited  States,  IG  are  in 
California;  and  yet  our  proportion  of  the  Smith-Lever  appropria- 
tion and  of  the  supplemental  appropriation,  divided  in  the  siamc 
ratio,  is  relatively  small.  Our  States  have  recognized  that  and  have 
clone  M'h at  they  could  to  help  con-ect  it.  but  the  fund  is  still  inade- 
quate. 

The  State  of  California  is  putting  altogether  this  year  a  total  of 
$609,000,  from   Federal,  State,  and  county  sources,  'into  the   work 
and  is  reaching  90  i)er  cent  of  the  farmers  in  an  organized  way.    Tlu'        I 
other  10  per  cent  are  so  difFused  that  we  can  not  reach  them. 

KKSUI.T    OK    KKDCCTION     IN     Al'lMtOlMM ATION. 

The  amount  of  money  involved  by  a  reduction  from  $1,500,000  to 
$1,250,000  is  serious,  but  not  pei-hai)s  so  .serious,  to  my  mind  at  least, 
as  is  the  ('act  that  the  Fedeial  ( Jo^eI•nment,  seemingly  at  least,  might 


AORKlLTrRAl^  APPROPRIATIOX    BILL,    IW4.  08 

he  sii|)|)cis(m1  t<»  Ik'  Icssriiiii^  its  suppott  of  tliih  I'lit^Tpri.^*',  which  tht* 
States  have  so  well  supported. 

The  (list'oiini^rin^  conditioMs  in  tlillerent  parts  ()f  the  West  wliicli 
have  Iwen  hadly  atle<'te<l  hy  the  drought  for  several  ye«»*s;  the  con- 
ditions ill  Montana  of  iinroHerted  coiintA'  taxes;  the  conditions  in 
Ne\a«la,  with  <:ieat  counties  witli  (jnly  a  lew  farms,  and  the  alteinpl 
to  make  farininjr  there  successful,  and  the  <attle  conditions,  which 
have  been  no  serious,  make  it  a|>pear  that  the  |)rol)leiii  is  one  perhaps 
quite  as  much  of  moral  a>  financial  support  to  this  entcr|)risc. 

The  \N'cstern  States  have  met  their  |)rol»lem  as  West  they  can.  1 
do  not  know  whether  one  always  appreciates  how  ditlicult  it  is  to 
carry  this  assistance  to  these  people  who  are  settling  on  the  land  ami 
who  need  help  in  all  phases  of  irripited  farniinjr.  They  do  n<»t 
know  how  to  apply  the  water  to  the  land.  They  come  from  the 
Middle  West  aiul  Eastern  States,  and  they  need  help  at  all  sta;;es 
of  the  enterprise.  I  do  not  know  whether  it  is  fully  appreciated 
here  how  ditlicult  it  is  to  make  this  work  successful  and  how  much 
service  they  need  and  what  an  expensive  thin;;  it  becomes.  Take  the 
fact  of  the  increased  cost  of  transportation.  If  it  is  true  in  the  rela- 
tively small  counties  of  the  highly  develoj)ed  States,  it  is  certainly 
far  more  largely  true  in  the  bi^  counties  of  the  West.  In  my  own 
State  of  California  one  county  is  as  larpe  as  the  States  of  Ma.s>achu- 
setts  and  Connecticut  put  together,  and  to  attempt  to  have  one  county 
a^ent  cover  that  territory  is  manifestly  imjxjssible.  We  have  had 
to  put  three  men  in  there,  and  even  then  we  are  only  scratching  the 
surface. 

EXTKNSI(»N     WORK     IN     KANSAS. 

Mr.  Jaudixe.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  am  interested  in  this  item  because 
the  farmers  in  Kansas — and  I  have  ^one  over  the  situati(m  with  the 
Representatives  of  Nebraska — are  in  a  serious  need  of  li^ht.  They 
are  in  trouble.  The  farmers  of  Kansas  are  looking  to  the  a<rri(Ul- 
tural  colleges  for  helj)  as  they  ne\er  ha\e  looked  to  them  before. 
Many  of  the  farm  orpmizations  that  have  endeavored  to  function 
in  the  last  four  years  have  had  difficulties,  and  they  are  coming 
back  to  the  colleges  for  ^ood,  sound.  ad\i<e.  ^^'e  did  not  stampede 
them;  we  tried  to  state  the  difiiculties  aiul  to  present  the  funda- 
mentals, and  they  are  coming  to  believe  that  the  suggestions  they 
are  ^ettinu  from  us  are  the  ones  that  they  neeil  and  should  i)ut 
into  use  in  tiie  development  of  their  a^i'iculture. 

llefciriiio;  to  the  supplemental  fund  1  had  the  understanding  you 
have  ex|)ressed,  that  it  was  merely  to  tide  over  the  jjeriod  until 
we  could  ^et  bark  to  reasonable  prices  a^'ain.  But  howe\er  that 
may  be.  the  costs  of  oj)eration  are  very  e.xpenesive,  and  we  have  not 
been  able  to  develop  the  provisi(»ns  of  this  act  as  it  was  intended 
thev  should  be  developed  uniler  the  original  att. 

\\'e  have  108  counties  in  Kansas.  We  are  now  servini;  <)')  of  them, 
and  there  is  a  demand  from  tlu'  other  counties  for  help.  We  have 
only  been  able  to  reach  the  (K'uiand  of  a  few  of  our  farmers.  We 
ou^dit  to  be  able  to  reach  all  of  our  farmers.  If  it  is  ^ood  for  sonic 
of  our  farmers,  for  those  wc  have  been  reachin^^  the  ones  who  were 
.seeking  li^bt,  we  oii^ht  to  push  this  out  to  the  others,  now  that  they 


64  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,    1924, 

are  in  trouble.  When  an  individual  is  in  troul)le  he  is  more  likely 
to  conie  and  ask  for  helj).  Tiiat  is  the  case  in  Kansas,  where  we  are 
practicallv  at  a  standstill  this  year.  If  this  item  is  iroinir  to  be  re- 
duced  for  next  year  we  must  curtail  our  work,  and  it  will  not  be 
a  <rood  thinj;  to  do.  If  we  are  ^oin«r  to  pull  ourselves  out  of  the 
mire,  it  will  be  done  by  placing  the  facts  in  reference  to  their  busi- 
ness in  the  hands  of  the  farmers.  I  think  you  hit  the  nail  on  the 
head,  Mr.  Chairman,  when  you  mentioned  orjranization  of  a«;ri- 
cultural  production.  I  think  if  we  could  teach  the  men  who  are 
producin<r  e^ifis.  how  to  pack  their  e<rjrs  properly  and  brin*;  them 
into  the  market  in  attractive  containers,  we  would  be  doin<r  a  jrood 
service.  Then.  I  think,  we  have  to  ^o  to  the  business  men  in  the 
cities  and  get  them  to  see  the  li<rht.  They  must  be  willing  to  pay  a 
premium  on  these  particular  eggs. 

We  must  educate  the  retail  men.  I  am  spending  some  time  in 
talking  to  chambers  of  commerce  and  rotary  clubs.  Members  of 
those  organizations  are  inviting  the  farmers  in  to  have  dinner,  with 
the  idea  of  talking  these  problems  over,  and  they  are  getting  to 
understand  each  other  better  than  ever  before.  We  should  have  a 
common  understanding  between  the  business  men  of  the  cities  and 
the  farmers  before  we  can  get  what  you  have  suggested.  It  has  to 
be  done  through  the  business  men  and  the  farmers  themselves.  The 
farmers  are  not  going  to  do  it  alone.  They  do  not  know  how.  We 
must  have  men  who  can  come  in  and  help  us.  who  know  how  to 
organize,  who  know  how  to  get  the  products  to  the  markets,  so  that 
thev  can  be  readily  sold.  We  have  to  get  at  the  advertisintr  men. 
I  am  talking  to  the  advertising  men  here  at  noon  to-day  along  this 
particular  line.  They  have  never  taken  that  proposition  into  ac- 
count. They  have  forgotten  that  agi'iculture  is  producing  from 
twenty-two  to  twenty- four  billion  dollars  worth  of  ])roducts.  No  one 
has  ^et  thought  about  trying  to  sell  the  farmers"  goods,  yet  the  ad- 
vertising men  have  sold  the  manufacturers'  goods,  which  are  sold  to 
the  farmers.  I  am  trying  to  interest  big  business  men — bankers  and 
men  of  that  type — in  this  problem  as  well  as  the  farmers.  It  is 
more  than  a  mere  farmers'  problem. 

We  are  at  a  standstill.  I  hoj^e  and  believe  you  will  do  anything 
you  can  to  strengthen  this  apj^ropriation  and  bring  it  back  to  a 
million  and  a  half.  We  need  to  serve  more  farmers  than  we  are  able 
to  serA'e  now.  They  have  come  to  regard  us  in  a  much  more  favor- 
able light  than  they  did  five  years  ago.  They  are  relying  on  us.  l»ut 
we  can  not  meet  the  demands  on  us.  We  are  sending  out  our  teach- 
ers instead  of  having  them  give  their  entire  time  to  tlie  instruction 
of  students.  We  are  carrying  the  instructions  to  the  farmei-s.  and 
we  are  iriving  the  students  the  work  only  in  a  condensed  form  as 
they  need  it.  If  we  can  not  furnish  more  light  on  agi-iculture  to 
the  individual  farmers,  then  I  do  not  see  any  salvation.  It  is  through 
education  that  we  will  have  to  do  it,  and  the  extension  work  is  an 
educational  program.  There  is  too  much  propaganda  going  on.  too 
much  stull  being  |)rearlu'd  by  demagogues.  A\'c'  need  to  give  the 
farmers  sound  advice  now,  and  we  need  all  the  money  we  can  get 
for  this  extension  service  to  carrv  on  the  kind  of  work  we  have  In'en 
dointr  ill  the  last  18  months. 


AGRrf'ff.Tfnvi,  AprnfiniiATinv  nti,i .  vrn.  Go 

Mr.  AxDKHsdN,  Ia'I  uw  ask  vou  or  Mr.  Christie,  or  both  of  voii, 
this  oJM"  (HU'stioii:  lins  thrn-  \)vvu  any  milicntion  of  u  (liMMclinatioii 
on  tht'  |)art  of  thr  fui'iiii'is  in  coiuifclion  \\itli  this  work  on  mconnt 
of  the  ^'cnt'ral  desire  for  rechiction  in  taxation — any  indication  of  an 
intention  to  tut  «h>wn  the  sahiries  or  the  aniount.s  they  are  appro- 
|)riatin;r  forconnty  a^rents^ 

Mr.  .Iaimmnk.  Speaking  for  Kansas,  we  have  had  i-crtain  lounty 
connni.ssioners  who  luive  always  wanted  to  cut  down  and  nevei*  raise. 
Hut  speaking'  for  this  yeai'.  I  think'  tlieie  is  a  more  generous  response 
tlu»n  evei"  Ix'forc  in  omi*  State.  I  know  of  several  counties  whicli  in 
thi'  hist  two  niontlis  have  inci'«'ased  the  amount  appro|)riated  more 
than  wo  even  asked  for  these  eonnties.  I  want  to  call  your  attention 
to  this  fact,  that  eveiywlieie  we  are  puttinfr  into  tlie  counties  from 
Fe(hMal  and  Stati'  funds  the  hii'^esf  a|)pioj)riations  wi-  have  ever 
recei\»>d  in  our  v^tate.  'Flu*  county  commissioners  wei'e  oppos4'd  to 
this  proposition  two  or  three  years  a<ro,  hut  they  are  coming  hack  to 
it  now.  They  see  the  li<rlit  and  they  see  where  we  have  save  crops — 
for  instance,  throuufh  the  eHminalioji  of  <rrasshf)p|)ers.  "We  distrih- 
uted  S4  carloads  of  poison  in  'M  ditl'eicnt  counties,  and  we  ch'aned  up 
the  <;rasshoppers  throu«>:h  the  county  or<j:a nidations.  AVe  liave  also 
^one  into  counties  where  we  have  eliminated  the  chinch  l>u<r,  and  we 
are  workin^r  to  jxether  as  never  before.  The  county  couunissionei"S 
I'ealize  the  l»enetits  of  it  now.  They  are  tryin^j;  to  cut  down  taxes,  l)uf 
I  do  not  see  any  evidence  of  it  in  this  work.  We  have  more  sup- 
porters for  tlie  farm  bureau  tlian  we  liave  ever  had  before. 

Mr.  CiiiMSTiK.  Of  coursi',  Mr.  Chairman,  in  some  of  the  Stales  w.' 
have  some  people  who  feel  that  the  way  to  economize  is  to  cut  down 
on  the  county  ajjents,  but  when  the  matter  pets  to  a  vote  on  the  part 
of  the  county  commissioners  and  on  the  part  of  the  farmers  them- 
selves the  appropriations  in  most  counties  aiv  sustained.  To-day  wt' 
have  in  the  nei<iliborh()od  of  SO  county  a<x('uts  in  tlie  State  of  Indiana, 
and  we  have  appropriations  of  money  available  in  the  other  6  coun- 
ties, makinp:  the  '.)'2  counties,  complete.  AVhile  there  has  been  some 
opposition,  as  naturally  would  be  expected  with  the  unrest  which 
has  prevailed,  a  majority  of  the  people  have  come  forward  and  said 
that  we  must  sustain  this  extension  work,  and  it  stands  in  <r<)od  favor. 

If  that  answers  your  (|uestion,  Mr.  Chairman,  1  would  like  to  have 
Mr.  A\'alt()n  say  a  word  to  you. 

PKoni.EM.S  THAT  CONKKONT  TKXAS. 

Mr.  AValton.  Mr.  (Miairman,  I  simj)ly  want  to  point  out  very 
I'riefly  some  of  the  problems  we  have  in  Texas,  and  to  speak  also  for 
the  whole  southern  <rroup  of  directors. 

If  T  understand  the  purpose  of  the  Smith-Tjcver  Act,  it  was  the 
oii<rinal  intention  whi'n  it  rt'ached  its  maturity  there  would  be  sulli- 
cient  funds,  if  the  States  would  otl'set  those  Federal  funds,  to  have 
a  county  a;rent  for  each  of  the  ap;ricultural  counties  of  the  United 
States.  We  have  in  Texas  '2^)i^  counties.  We  have  Hui  countv  agents 
and  To  or  71  home-di'Uionst ration  a<;ents,  antl  about  .')()  ne<rro  exten- 
sion workers  who  are  local  assistants  to  the  i-ounty  apMits.  That 
leaves  a  considei'able  nmnber  of  Texas  counties  in  which  we  do  not 
have  suflicient  funds  to  meet  the  appr()i)riations  of  the  local  boards 
of  county  conunissioners  to  provide  agents  where  they  are  actually 


66  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TTOX   BILL,   1924. 

needed  and  where  there  is  a  demand  for  them.  I  tliink  that  the 
same  situation  applies,  perhaps,  in  other  Southern  States  in  about 
the  same  j^ercentage  on  the  basis  of  the  counties  tliat  we  have  in 
Texas. 

I  think  also  there  is  a  growing  demand — I  know  it  is  true  in 
Texas — on  the  part  of  the  people  of  the  counties  for  assistance  from 
the  department  in  establishing  these  agents  to  render  service  to  the 
homes  of  the  counties.  I  know  that  demand  has  increased  substan- 
tially in  our  State  in  the  last  12  months.  "We  are  having  now  more 
requests  for  the  establishment  of  the  county  home-demonstration 
work  in  the  counties  on  the  part  of  the  local  people,  without  anj* 
effort  at  all  on  the  part  of  the  institution,  than  we  have  ever  had. 

ECONOMIC  SITUATION   OF  FARMER   IN    SOUTH. 

Moreover,  the  agricultural  situation  in  many  respects  in  the  South, 
the  economic  situation  of  the  farmer,  is  a  very  depressing  one.  Of 
the  1,500.000  women  who  work  in  the  fields  of  the  United  States, 
about  1,250,000  work  in  the  cotton  fields  of  the  South.  Somebody 
says  that  is  largely  a  problem  of  the  southern  negro.  I  am  a 
southerner  and  have  all  the  prejudices  and  opinions  of  the  average 
Texan  on  that  question,  but  that  is  a  substantial  ])art  of  our  agricul- 
tural citizenry,  and  any  work  we  may  do  in  rural  places  that  helps 
to  improve  that  situation  certainly  helps  to  raise  the  standard  of  the 
whole  citizenship  of  our  section. 

Regardless  of  what  the  intent  of  the  Congress  might  have  been  or 
those  responsible  for  the  appropriation  of  the  sui)plemental  fund 
hreetofore  as  to  its  j^ermanency  or  as  to  its  being  a  temporary  fund, 
there  is  no  doubt  that  we  are  faced  with  situations  now  that  could 
not  have  been  contemplated  or  known  by  those  who  were  responsible 
for  the  passage  of  the  Smith-Lever  Act  in  its  original  form.  Condi- 
tions have  come  about  that  make  it  inadequate  to  meet  the  situation 
if  we  are  to  put  county  workers  with  a  properly  balanced  extension 
staff  in  all  the  agricultural  counties  of  tlie  United  States.  That  is 
certainly  true  in  Texas,  and  I  think  it  is  true  the  country  over. 

VALIE   OF   EXTENSION    WORK    TO   FARMERS. 

I  understand  it  is  not  necessary  to  argue  with  this  committee  on  the 
importance  of  the  service  these  people  rendei-.  I  am  sure  you  gentle- 
men realize  that  tlie  farmers'  situation  now  is  perhaps  as  unsatis- 
factory as  it  has  been  at  any  time  for  a  decade  or  more,  and  1  believe 
this  service  offers  the  best  opportunity  of  reiulering  constructive 
service  to  the  agricultural  people,  and  tliat  it  is  a  service  that  helps 
to  make  the  whole  situation  on  the  farms  very  much  better. 

That  is  all  I  caiv  to  say  unless  there  are  some  (luc-tions  you  axw 
to  ask  about  the  situation  in  the  South. 

Mr.  AxmcRSON.  Is  there  anything  further.  Mr.  Christie^ 

Mr.  CiMMSTiK.  T  do  not  believe  we  should  talvi>  much  niori>  of  your 
time.  We  want  to  emphasize  the  fact  that  in  the  2.S0()  counties  in  (he 
TTnited  States  we  have  agents  in  about  2,100  of  them.  We  niight 
agree  that  we  do  not  need  agents  in  all  of  these,  but  we  do  know  it 
to  be  a  fact  that  a  large  numbei'  of  counties  not  yet  tu-gani/.ed  must 
have  hel])  if  we  are  going  to  carry  out  the  program  which  has  been 


A(iiat;i'LTURAL  ArPIU)l»UlATI()N    BILL,    \VH.  07 

set  hi'foie  u>.  riii^  wimK'  (jiu-stiuii  lius  Imm-ii  nirrfully  ••«»ii.sii|»'r»-tl  liy 
thi'  Sfc'it'taiv  of  A^rritiiltuiv  iiikI  lii.s  (•«>llfu«:iu's  in  tin.'  *lr|mrtiiu'nt. 
uiul  it  has  Ih'oti  <-aivfiillv  consitU'itMl  l)y  tin*  u^rictilturul  «olh'a»;iH'.s 
ainl  l»y  tlu'  fount v  pt'opU-.  aii<l  wf  frcl  that  th^Tc  is  a  nood  for  an 
a|>|>ioj)riat ion  of  SI ..")()().()()()  this  year.  Tht-  work  will  U'  lirii»'(it«M|  hy 
ivci'ivin;:  that  iiiorH'y,  wiiiif,  on  the  othrr  haihi.  if  thf  appropiiatioii 
is  cut  tht*  work  is  «;<>in^  to  bo  soriotisly  hanip«'r«'(l.  In  vit'w  of  the 
meat  (h'luautls  of  a^jriculturc  I  am  sinciToly  hopiufx  that  this  <ut 
it)  tln>  ap|)ropiiation  will  not  he  made,  hut  that  you  will  ^ivi*  us  the 
full  amount. 

Mr.  AxDKiLsox.  Of  course,  this  is  the  first  vear  when  there  has  Ihmmi 
anv  reduction  of  the  total  fund  available,  i:?  it  not  ^ 

Nir.  CniMSTiK.  Ves.  Last  year  the  funds  were  redistrilnitcd  on 
the  basis  of  the  last  census.  The  result  was  that  in  Indiana  we  went 
down  on  our  percentajre  of  rural  population,  and  therefore  we  ^ot  a 
less  amount  from  the  Smith-Ix'ver  fund  and  the  supplemental  fund, 
niakin«^  the  total  amount  received  fi'om  both  funds  a  fi'w  hundicd 
dollars  less  than  the  previt>us  yeai',  even  thou^di  the  Smith-Lever 
fund  had  increased. 

Mi-.  -Vnukksox,  The  converse  mi^dit  be  true  in  other  places. 

Mr.  CiiKisTiK,  That  is  true.  When  you  take  States  like  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Iowa,  and  Illinois,  some  of  the  bi<r  States  that  are  con- 
tributinjr  in  a  lar^re  way  to  the  agricultural  pioducts  of  the  country, 
we  have  leceived  for  this  year  but  little  more  money  that  we  received 
the  year  before.  So  if  any  cut  is  made  in  the  supplemental  funds  the 
work  will  be  seriously  impaired.  If  the  supplemental  funtl  is  placed 
at  $l,r>(M),000.  these  States  will  receive  practically  the  same  amount 
of  money  they  had  last  year.  In  some  of  the  Western  States  they 
have  received  a  little  more  money,  but  they  need  it.  They  have 
been  <rettin«r  a  few  hundred  dollars  out  of  the  supplemental  fund 
because  of  the  small  rural  population,  and  yet  they  have  a  tremen- 
dous j)roblem  in  their  development  work,  whicli  is  makinjr  for  better 
a«:riculture  in  the  country.  We  are  not  c()mj)lainin<r  bwause  they 
have  <iotten  that  money.  We  hope  they  can  «j:et  more.  They  should 
have  all  possible  consideration. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  D.  M.  GREEN.  OF  THE  EXHIBIT  SECTION. 

AGRICULTl  KAL    EXHIBITS    AT    FAIRS. 

Mr.  AxnERsox.  The  next  item  is  on  pa«re  33.  to  enable  the  Secre- 
tary of  A«rriculture  to  make  suitable  a<rricultural  exhibits  at  State, 
interstate,  and  international  fairs  held  within  the  United  States, 
for  which  you  have  estimated  $>^r),()S(). 

Mr.  (tukex.  I  have  here  a  list  of  all  the  places  at  which  exhibits 
were  made  durinji  the  fiscal  vear  102'2. 

KAIKS    AT    WMM  ir    KXHIItlTS    WKKK    MADK    1)11U.N(;    KISfAl.    VKAK     11»2.;. 

r.illiinrs.  Mniit.,  MiMlaiHl  Kiiii>ie  Fair.  Septt  inl)er  T.l  t<»  -'2. 
I>iniiin;.'liiiiii,  .\la.,  Alal>aiiia  State  Fair.  October  2  t<»  7. 
I'.idse.  Idaiii).  Malio  State  I-'air.  SepteiiilM'r  ^.'i  to  .SO. 
I'.nukton.  Mm>.s.,  r.ruckton  Fair,  <»(tol>er  .'l  to  7. 

Chelialis.  Wash.,  SoiMliwest    \Va><liiii.irt«>n   I-'a'r,  .Vu^rust  '2H  to  Septetiilvr  2. 
Chica^ro,  III..  rajreniU  of  I'roiiress.  .Inly  L'O  to  .\u^ust  20. 

riiicairo.   111.,    International   IJve  Stotk   Fx|tosition    ( tloor  spaee  S.74S  s<|uare 
feet),  Deeember  2  to  0. 


68  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Cleveland.  Giro..  Association  of  Ice  Cream  Supply  Men.  October  17  to  21. 

C'olunihia,  S.  C..  South  Carolina  State  P\iir.  October  23  to  28. 

Danville,  111.,  Illinoi.s  and  In<liana  F'air,  August  27  to  September  2. 

Detroit.  Mich.,  Mi<liif.'an  State  Fair.  Se|ttemi)er  .*{  to  10. 

Doufila.s.  Wyo..  Wyoniiiif^  Free  State  Fair,  Septend»er  12  to  15. 

Elko,  Xev.,  Elko  Fair,  September  l."»  to  17. 

Erie,  Pa.,  Erie'.s  Bijr  Exjiosition.  Aufiust  21  to  26. 

Frederick.  Md.,  Frederick  Fair,  Oct()ber  17  to  20. 

Fresno.  Calif.,  Fresno  District  Fair,  September  25  to  30. 

Orand  Forks,  N.  Dak.,  tlie  (irand  Forks  Fair.  July  24  to  29. 

Hafcerstown,  Md..  the  Haf,'ersto\vn  Fair,  October  10  to  14. 

Helena,  Mont.,  Montajia  State  Fair.  September  2."i  to  TO. 

Honolulu.  Hawaii,  Pan-American  Counnercial  Conference,  October  25  to  31. 

Huron.  S.  Dak..  South  Dakohi  State  Fair,  September  11  to  l-">. 

Jacksonville,  Fla.,  Florida  State  Fair  and  Exixtsition.  November  17  to  25. 

Kansas  City.  Mo.,  Heart  of  America  Dairy  Show.  June  .">  t<>  10. 

Kansas  City,  Mo.,  American  Royal  Live  Stock  Show.  November  18  to  l.l. 

I.,ewiston,  Idaho,  Northwest  Live  Stock  Show.  September  12  to  16. 

Little  Kock,  Ark.,  Aik;uisas  State  Fair,  October  0  to  1."). 

Mandan,   N.   Dak..    Missouri    Slope   A.i::ricidtural   &    Fair   Association.   -\uRUSt 

29  to  ;n. 

Memphis,  Tenn.,  Memphis  Tri-State  Fair,  September  23  to  .'lo. 

Meridian,  Miss.,  Mississippi-Alabama  Fair.  October  9  to  14. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.,  Wisconsin  State  Fair.  Auisust  28  to  September  2. 

Muskogee.  Okla..  Oklahoma  Free  State  Fair.  October  2  to  7. 

Omaha.  Nebr.,  Ak-Sar-Keu  Fall  Festival.  September  12  to  23. 

I'hoenix.  Ariz.,  Arizona  Fair.  October  30  to  November  4. 

Portland,  Ores.,  Pacific  International  Live  Stock  Exi)osition.  November  4 
to  11. 

Prescott.  Ariz.,  North  Arizona  State  Fa'r.  October  19  to  21. 

Puel)!i)   Colo.,  Colorado  State  Fair,  Septembei-  2."»  to  30. 

Puyallup.  Wash..  Western  Washin,irt(»n  Fair.  October  2  to  7. 

Katon,  N.  Mex.,  Northern  New  Mexico  Fair.  Septeml)er  12  to  1.5. 

Riverside,  Calif.,  Southern  California  Fair,  October  10  to  15. 

Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Rochester  Exposition.  September  4  to  9. 

Rome.  (Ja..  Rome  County  Fair.  October  3  to  7. 

Sacramento,  Calif.,  Califonna  State  Fair.  September  2  to  10. 

Salem,  Ores;.,  Oregon  State  Fa:r,  Sei)teml)er  2."i  to  30. 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  Utah  State  Fair,  October  2  to  7. 

Savannah,  Ga.,  Savannah  Tri-State  Expositicm,  October  23  to  28. 

Sioux  City,  Iowa,  Interstate  Fair.  Sei)tember  17  to  2;>. 

Si)okane,  Wash..  Spokane  Interstate  Fair,  September  4  to  9. 

Spriufiheld,  Mass..  Eastern  States  Exposition.  September  17  to  23. 

St.  Paul,  M'nn.,  National  Dairy  Exposition  (tloor  space  (?..").34  stpiare  feet), 
October  7  to  14. 

Stutt;iart.  Ark..  Arkansas  Rice  Carnival.  Nov(Muber  15  to  17. 

Tampa,  Fla..  South  Florida  Fair,  February  1  to  10. 

Timonium.  Md.,  ^Maryland  State  Fair,  Sei>tember  4  to  9. 

Toledo,  Ohio,  National  Farmers'  Exposition.  December  7  to  l.">. 

Topeka,  Kans.,  the  Kansas  Free  Fair,  September  11  to  10. 

Trenton.  N.  J.,  Trenton  Far,  Sei)tembi'r  20  to  30. 

Waco,  Tex..  Texas  Cotton  Palace,  October  21   to  November  .">. 

AVaterloo,   Iowa.   Dairy  Cattle  Con;'ress,  Sejitember  25  to  October  1. 

Wlu'clin;;.  W.  Va..  West  Virf^iiua  State  Fair,  Seiitember  4  to  9. 

Worcester,  Mass..  New  En>;land  Fair,  September  2  to  0. 

Yakima.  Wash..  Wa.shin.u:t(Ui  State  Fair.  September  18  t,,  123. 

Total  number  of  showiiif;  points.  00. 

Ml',  AxDF.nsox.  TTow  inaiiy  ar(>  tluM'o? 

Mv.  (iin:i;N.  Si.xty. 

Ml-.  Andehson.  »tiist  have  thoin  included  in  the  ret'ord.  That  will 
be  siirticient.     Wvvv  tlieso  all  lar^o  show.s? 

Mr.  (iuEKN.  Yes.  sir:  Init  most  of  thciii  were  State  fairs.  There 
wvvv  .several  special  shows  like  the  International  Live-stock  lv\[)osi- 


AC;ilI(L'LTUUAL   APPROPRIATION    lUU^    I'JU.  69 

tion  and  tin'  National  Dairy  Kxposition.  Imt  tlu-  majority  of  them 
wcrt'  Statr  fairs. 

Mr.  .V.shKHsoN.  riii."-;  apitropriation  a|)|)an'ntly  rarrii's  an  increase 
of  >;i.'».(iM(».     \\n\  had  hi'ttt-r  <.'iv«>  us  some  n-ason  for  that. 

.Mr.  (iHK.KX.  The  $l.').().s().  as  it  appears  in  the  estimat**.  while  ap- 
l)arentlv  an  increa.s*'  is  actually  not  >o.  The  $1().Oho  is  the  cxhihits 
portion  Of  th»'  aj»propriation  "(Jciu'ral  exjK'nscs  Division  of  Publi- 
cations— extra  hiiior  roll."  while  $.">.(MK»  of  Uie  amount  represents  tw(» 
statutory  position.s — one  at  $2,(KM)  and  one  at  $.'1,000.  The.se  items 
added  tojrether  jjive  $l.*»,O.S(),  hut  make  no  actual  inci*ea.se  ov«'r  the 
lJ>*J.'t  aj)propriation. 

Mr.  .\M)KitsoN.  Are  you  |)lannin<r  to  make  any  exhihit  at  the  Na- 
tional Dairy  Show  next  year^ 

.Mr.  (JitK.KN.  Yes,  sir:  hut  just  what  it  will  he  next  year  has  not  heen 
determined.  It  may  vary  somewhat  in  type  and  desi^rn  from  this 
year's  exhihit  at  St.  Paid,  hut  that  will  he  decidecl  later.  As  Mr. 
VuL'slev  i)reviously  mentioned,  however,  we  could  not  huild  any 
lar^'er  exhihit  than  the  one  at  this  year's  Xational  Dairy  Show  with- 
out usin;r  more  funds  and  if  the.se  were  taken  from  our  present  ap- 
propriation it  would  seriously  hamper  the  exhihit  work  at  other 
points, 

PKOII.VULK   COST    I.NTKBN.KTIONAL   I.IVK-STXH^K    KXHIBIT. 

Mr.  AxnKKsox.  What  amount  of  the  appropriation  was  expended 
for  the  Xational  Dairy  Show  this  year? 

Mr.  (tkkkx.  Do  vou  mean  hv  that  the  total  cost  in  makinp  the  ex- 
hihit^ 

.Mr.  AxDKK.sox.  Yes:  at  the  daily  show. 

Mr.  (JiJEEX.  Approximately  $10.(M)().  That  includes  the  mechan- 
ical constructi(m  of  the  exhihit  and  salary  of  the  people  durinfr  the 
time  it  was  l)ein<r  huilt. 

.Mr.  AxDKK.sox.  Do  you  think  an  exhihit  which  would  ade<iuately 
represent  the  dairy  industry  of  the  United  States  at  an  international 
dairy  show  could  he  made  for  $10,000? 

Mr.  (lUKKX.  No.  sir:  1  do  not. 

Mr.  AxDKHsox.  Will  you  tell  us  what  it  could  he  made  for? 

Mr.  (iHKEX.  Perhaps  $ir).000.  hut  that  would  depend  upon  the 
definition  piven  "  ade<juate."'  T  do  not  know  how  nuich  of  an  exhihit 
Mr.  Skinner  has  in  mind.    I  do  not  think  it  coidd  he  huilt  for  less. 

Mr.  AxDKK.sox.  Well.  I  have  a  feelinfr  that  when  we  have  invited 
these  people  over  here  we  oupht  to  pive  them  somethinjr  for  their 
money.  The  exhihit  ou^dit  to  he  one  that  would  reflect  credit  not 
only  upon  the  industry  hut  upon  the  United  States.  I  would  not 
feci  myself  like  with  holdin<r  ^.'i.OOO  or  $10,000  on  a  propositi<m  of 
that  kind  if  it  meant  an  adequate  exhihit  rather  than  an  inadeipiate 
one  to  picture  the  industry  of  the  United  States. 

Mr.  (Jia:EX.  I  do  not  believe  $1.'').()00  would  build  such  an  exhibit 
as  you  refer  to  or  one  that  wouKl  l)e  in  keepin«r  with  other  thinps 
that  I  undei-stantl  they  will  have  here  at  this  world's  con«rress.  I 
would  say  that  such  an  exhibit  would  cost  $2.') ,000 .000,  because  the 
exhibit  we  put  on  at  the  National  Dairy  Show  this  year  cost  us 
between  $10,000  and  $11,000.  and  I  do  not  think  that  is  exactly  what 
they  want. 


70  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,    192-4. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  saw  that.  I  think  it  was  very  jrood  for  its  kind, 
but  I  do  not  think  that  is  what  they  want.  I  wouhl  not  think  that  it 
would  be  in  keepin<r  with  a  show  in  our  own  country  where  we  in- 
vite competition  from  all  tlie  other  <rreat  countries  of  the  world. 

Mr.  Jump.  You  will  remember  the  past  history  on  this  apjiropria- 
tion,  Mr.  Cliaii-man.  You  will  i-ecall  that  when  the  amount  was 
$100,000.  Avhich  is  the  way  they  started  out  with  this  when  it  was 
handled  by  the  other  committee,  there  was  a  proviso  in  it  that  $'2r).(X)0 
should  be  available  for  the  National  Dairy  Show.  That  year,  as  I 
recall  it,  the  department  spent  about  $23.0(M)  on  the  dairy -show  ex- 
hibit. It  was  next  to  the  last  year  the  show  was  held  in  Chicap:o. 
The  next  year  the  department  requested  not  to  tie  up  all  that  money 
in  one  show,  and  the  cost  of  the  department's  exhibit  was  reduced  to 
$10,000.  I  am  under  the  im])ression  that  this  year's  and  last  year's 
exhibit  cost  even  a  little  under  that  amount.  I  presume  what  you 
have  in  mind  now  would  he  an  exhibit  showin«r  modern  dairy  methods 
and  perhaps  some  of  the  laboratory  work,  like  the  makinjr  of  cheese 
and  such  as  that,  and  that  is  where  the  money  comes  in.  where  you  set 
up  those  temporary  laboratories  at  shows  like  we  had  last  year  at 
St.  Paul,  and  the  year  before  at  Chicafro.  Did  you  see  the  show  at 
St.  Paul  last  year,  which  included  the  small  bacteriolofrical  lal)ora- 
tory  ? 

Mr,  Anderson.  Xo,  sir. 

Mr.  Green.  Dairy  machinery,  laboratory,  and  similar  equi})ment 
is  very  expensive. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Somebody  oufrht  to  be  able  to  tell  us  what  it  would 
cost  to  ))ut  on  a  creditable  exhi])it  at  this  world's  con<rress. 

Mr.  Green.  It  will  cost  $25,000. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  cut  out  this  lan<rua<ze  "  in  connection  with 
the  other  dejjartments  of  the  Government."  That  is  for  show  |mr- 
poses  ? 

Mr.  (jRFJEN.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  never  cooperate  with  any  other  department? 

jSIi".  (iREEN.  Our  showin<rs  are  almost  entirely  of  an  airricultural 
nature. 

]\Ir.  Jump.  AVe  could  still  cooperate  with  other  departments  if  this  j 

lan<rua<re  were  cut  out,  and  would  do  so  wherever  economical  or  ad- 
vanta<reous.    I  never  did  know  why  that  proviso  was  put  in  there. 

KEASONS     FOU    DKSIRING    TO    HAVK    Al'PUOl'KI  ATION     AVAU.AWl.K     KOU     K .M  JM.O Y  M  K.NT     OF 

ASSISTANCE    IN    DISTUUT    OK    (OHM  111  A. 

c; 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  projiose  to  cut  out  tlie  lan<rua<re  "And  the  i>ay- 
nient  of  ivnts ''  and  insert  in  lieu  thereof  "in  or  outside  the  city  of 
AVasliin<;t<)n."     A\'hat  is  the  object  of  that? 

Mr.  Green.  Because  the  work  has  been  considerably  hampered  by 
havinjr  part  of  our  work  done  outside  of  the  District  of  (\)himbia 
and  tlie  othei-  ]iai"t  liere.  We  have  our  arts  looms  and  warehouse  in 
Alexandria  and  our  oflices  in  Washin<rton.  and  it  means  <;oin^  l>ack 
and  fortli  with  sketches  and  supjilies,  haulino:  material,  and  takinjx 
jx'ople  back  and  forth  there  wlio  wish  to  inspect  the  work. 

^Ir.  Andkkson.  As  tlie  hin<ruao'o  now  stands  you  can  not  pay  for 
rental  in  the  District? 

Mr.  Green.  No;  we  can  not  pay  rental  or  salaries  in  the  District. 


AGlUl'l'LTUKAh   APl'IUMMCIATION    BILL,    1W4.  71 

Mr.  ,U  MP.  ^  <»u  can  jisr  tin*  small  portion.  al>oiil  >ll.(»(Mi.  on  tin* 
extra  lalxn*  r«)ll  for  sularii's,  hnl  you  can  nol  hm-  tii«*  cxltiltil  fiintl 
I>ro|M'r,  rt)n.sn|n«'ntly  tlu«  work  has  to  U*  tlont*  at  Al('\an«lria.  We 
want  to  j;»'t  tin*  work  doiu'  herv  in  .sotni*  of  thrs*'  ti'niporurv  linil<lin^u, 
if  wt'  can.     If  wt'  cnn  not  (|«)  that,  wt'  will  jro  on  ut  Alc.xantlria. 

CFrNKKAI.  An.MIMSTWATIVK    KXI'KNHKH. 

Mr.  Anokkson.  Tlu'  next  item  is  on  |>a^e  '^'>.  for  ^^eneral  adminis- 
trative expenses  conm-cted  with  the  lines  of  work  of  the  States  Ke- 
latioiis  Service.  incln(lin«r  the  ofljces  of  the  director  and  the  chief 
clerk.  ^  <>u  i)roposc  to  cut  out  the  lan«rua<re  which  relates  to  the 
lines  of  work  of  the  States  Kelations  Service,  incliidin<^  the  ofljces 
of  the  director,  the  chief  clerk,  the  olliees  in  charge  of  pjihlication, 
lihrary,  acc<»imts.  supplies,  and  .  and  insert  '*  extension  serv- 
ice "  in  lieu  thereof^ 

Mi-.  Ai.i.kn.   ^  I's.  sir. 

Mr.  .Vndku.son.  There  is  no  change  in  the  amount  here? 

^fr.  Allen.  Xo,  sir. 


FRn)AY.  NoM':MnKR  H»,  11)22. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  W.  E.  SKINNER.  REPRESENTING  NATIONAL 

DAIRY  ASSOCIATION. 

•» 

AfJRK'l  LTl  UAI.     F.XIIIHITS     INTKKXATIOXAL    LIVK-STIXK     EXPOSITION. 

.Mr.  .\\i>KRsoN.   W'c  will  lic:ir  Mr.  Skinner.     Ynyi  ici)resont  whom? 

.Mr.  Skinner.  The  National  Dairy  Association. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  committee  will  take  up  this  morninj;  the  item 
on  pa^'e  8.'i.  to  enahle  the  Secretary  Of  Ajiriculture  to  make  suitahle 
a<rricultural  exhihits  at  State,  interstate,  and  international  fairs  held 
within  the  I'nited  States,  etc.  The  estimate  calls  for  >!s.").(is().  as  com- 
pared with  $70,000  last  year. 

Mr.  Skinner.  Our  interest  in  this  thin<r  this  yeai-  more  than  any 
other.  Mr.  Chairman,  is  that  in  11)2;^  the  Con^jress  of  the  United 
other.  Mr.  Chairman,  is  that  the  Congress  of  the  United  States 
requested  the  President  to  invite  in  1028  the  dairy  interests  of  the 
world  to  assemhle  here  for  a  world's  dairy  con<rress.  And  at  that 
time  we  i)urpose  makin<r  our  national  show  international  in  charac- 
ter, so  as  to  encompass  the  world's  industry,  and  we  are  very  keenly 
concerned  over  the  j^resentation  of  the  industry  to  be  made  by  the 
Department  of  A<;riculture.  that  it  he  sufl^ciently  impressive  to  carry 
a  messajxe  of  si<jnificance  to  these  people  with  reference  to  our  size 
and  importance  and  as  to  our  ability  to  resist  any  intrusions  while 
we  are  developin<.r  our  own  industry.  So  that  T  am  seekin^r  a  lar<rer 
exhibit,  and  perhaps  one  that  will  carry  t()  .some  extent  a  different 
character  of  me.ssa«je  than  that  delivered  this  year  at  our  show  in 
Minnesota,  and  we  are  ur<;ino;  ui)on  the  department  the  necessity  for 
j;oin<T  into  (greater  detail  so  as  to  enhance  the  value  of  our  exhibit  to 
our  Own  consumin<r  j)opulation  as  well  as  the  |)ro<lucintr  interests  in 
other  sections  of  the  country  than  that  occupied  by  the  show  the  last 
two  years. 


72  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Therefore.  I  am  very  desirous  that  the  full  amount  of  this  ap- 
propriation ofoes  tliroufrh  for  that  ])urpose. 

^fr.  AM)f:i{S()X.  You  are  not  uskin<:  for  an  added  sum  above  that 
estimated  by  the  department? 

Mr.  Skinner.  $85,000,  without  any  reduction,  will  prol)alily  take 
care  of  this  work. 

Mr.    BrrHAx.vN.  You   say   the    President   invited   the   dairy    in- 
terests ? 

Mr.  Skinner.  Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Have  we  extended  that  invitation  yet? 

Mr.  Skinner.  Y"es,  sir. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Has  it  been  accepted? 

Mr.  Skinner.  Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Has  the  date  been  set  for  the  show? 

Mr.  Skinner.  Our  date  is  fixed  in  our  by-laws  at  the  same  time 
this  year  as  last — October  6  to  13,  in  1923. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Has  the  place  been  selected  yet? 

Mr.  Skinner.  Xot  jet.  sir,  no:  I  am  on  a  tour  of  inspection  now  of 
several  cities. 

Mr.  Anderson.  By  whom  is  the  place  selected? 

Mr.  Skinner.  By  the  board  of  directors  of  the  United  States  as- 
sociation. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  There  is  $15,000  extra  that  you  want  to  add  to 
these  exhibits? 

Mr.  Skinner.  I  did  not  know  that  there  was  anythinfr  extra. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  mean  over  the  other  appropriation  the  preced- 
in^r  year. 

Mr.  Skinner.  Over  the  other  appropriation:  yes. 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.  How  is  the  appropriation  this  year?  Have  you 
any  unexpected  balance,  or  are  you  ^oin<;  to  have  any? 

Mr.  Skinner.  That  I  do  not  know,  sir. 

Mr.  Jump.  Mr.  Chairman,  the  increase  in  the  exhibits  item  from 
$70,000  to  $85,000  is  an  api)arent  increase  only.  The  reason  for  tluit 
is  that  the  $15,080  is  from  the  extra  labor  roll  of  the  Division  of  Pub- 
lications and  several  statutory  ])laces  from  the  roll  of  the  same 
division,  and  that  is  how  j^ou  iret  the  $85,000  fi<rure  this  year.  It  does 
not  represent  any  increase.  It  just  brin<js  to«rether  all  of  the  money 
for  exhibits  at  fairs,  etc. 

Mr.  Skinner.  Will  this  give  us,  then,  wliat  we  want? 

Mr.  Jump.  That  is  something  I  am  not  able  to  answer.  Mr. 
Pugsley  and  Mr.  Green  have  more  to  do  with  the  exhibits.  I  do 
not  know  what  extra  exhibits  you  require,  aiul  how  much  they  would 
cost.  The  way  the  estimates  stand  now  the  amount  passed  by  the 
Bureau  of  the  Budget  is  just  the  same  as  the  amount  this  year.  If 
they  would  have  to  have  more  monev  than  they  have  this  year,  tluit 
is  something  that  Mr.  (Jreen  and  M^r.  Pugsley  .should  consider. 

Assistant  Secretary  Puosley.  I  think  that  could  be  answered  best 
in  this  way,  that  tliere  can  l)e  no  increase  in  the  amount  of  money 
put  into  dairy  interests  this  year  if  the  appiopriatit)!!  is  the  same 
aa  last  vear,  uidess  some  other  exhibit  work  is  U'ssened  in  (juantity 
or  quality.  In  other  words,  if  the  money  is  provided  as  last  year, 
there  will  be  about  as  much  put  into  the  dairy  exhiliit  next  year 
as  tliis.  But  tliere  can  be  no  increase  unless  some  other  exhibit  is 
robbed,  if  the  appropriation  is  the  same. 


I 


ACJRICTI/rrUAI.   AI'IMtolMUATION    BILL,    V-Kli.  73 

Mf.  Skinnkk.  May  1  iisk.  tlu'ii,  t<»  Imvr  soiiii*  other  exliiliit  ioIiIhmI^ 
In  otluT  words.  I  want  to  niak*'  sun*  altout  this. 

Mi-.  Andkhso.n.  That  $l.*).(M)(l,  I  muU'rstainl.  ri'pri'st'Hts,  as  Mi. 
flump  statt's,  a  transfor  (»f  niiothor  item  into  this  itnn.  So  it  does 
not  repri'.MMit  an  actual  incicasr  in  the  sum  avaihiltlc  for  this  |tMi- 
pose  this  year,  ^^'e  will  ^(»  into  the  a(le<|uafv  of  the  amount.  .Mr. 
Skiiniei'.  when  wc  ^«'t  tliese  ;renth'men  u|)  liere.  and  lind  out  uhout  it. 

WEATIIKW   HUKIvVr. 

STATEMENTS  OF  PROF.  C.  F.  MARVIN.  CHIEF  OF  BUREAU;  MESSRS. 
J.  WARREN  SMITH  AND  W.  R.  GREGG.  METEOROLOGISTS  OF 
WEATHER  BUREAU. 

OKXKRAL   STATKMENT   OK   WOIIK. 

Mr.  AxnKnsoN.  The  next  item  is  on  paire  .''7.  \\'eathei-  I'mieau. 

Mr.  Makmx.  Mr.  Anilerson,  I  think  the  connnittee  understands 
uheadv  verv  fullv  the  nature  of  the  work  of  the  Weather  Bureau, 
that  it  is  cliiefly  a  j)ro<;ram  of  daily  service  to  tlie  people  in  the 
collections  of  observations  and  furnishin<r  (hiily  forecasts  in  rcL^ard 
to  the  weathei'.  ^^'e  think  there  is  a  «;reat  economic  benefit  in  that 
service  and  I  would  like  to  read  a  couple  of  letters  here,  very  short 
ones,  in  support  of  that.  This  i.s  a  letter  from  the  Broadway  Niarket 
Co.,  Detroit.  Mich.,  to  tiie  local  oflicial  in  ciiarge  of  this  woilv.  .Mi-. 
Norman  li.  C'on<rer.  and  reads  as  follows: 

-NOKMAN   B.  CONGKK, 

Chief  of  riiitcd  States  Wcat/icr  Hiirrati, 

l.U'i  MnJcHfir  liKildiiiti.  Cifii. 

Mr  Dkar  Mk.  Conokk  :  1  want  to  itersonall.v,  also  in  lu'lialf  of  the  Hroadwa.v 
.Marki't  Co..  thank  .von  very  much  for  th«'  infoiniation  rriranlin;.'  weather  lon- 
«litions  recently  jiiven  u.s  hy  y(»u  while  installing:  a  new  roof  on  our  huildin;:. 

The   information   as  niveii  us  hy  you  ea<'h  day  governed  our  daily   work  of 
remi>vin;:  the  old  roof  and  installing:  the  new.      It  wa.s  worth   real  dollars  and 
<ents  to  us  and   we  wish   to  express  our  thanks  to  you  pers^mally   for  it. 
Very  triily  yours, 

Thk   Hroadway    Markkt. 
R.    S.    Whitk. 

General  Mannficr. 

That  expression.  "  was  worth  real  doHars  and  cents  to  us,"  is  a 
^ood  thin<r.  We  are  performinir  that  sort  of  service  every  day  all 
over  the  United  States.  This  other  letter  is  si<;nificant,  also.  This 
is  from  the  Standard  Oil  Co.,  New  York  City,  dated  Octoher  27, 
192*J,  addressed  to  the  Chief  of  the  Weather  Bureau,  and  is  as  fol- 
lows : 

•Mr.  Chaki.ks  F.  Marvin. 

Vliiif  I'liitctI  Slotcx  Wfatlirr  Bureau, 

WaMliiiiotou,  I).  C 
Dkar  Sir:   I)uriii;:  tlie  hurricane  in  the  Yucatan  Channel  and  Oidf  of  Mexico 
la.Mt   week  a   numher  of  our  steamers  were  in  i-lose  proximity  to  tlie  center  of 
this  disturhance. 

l>ue  largely  to  the  accurate  an<l  prompt  information  which  we  received  dally 
from  your  othce  and  .Mr.  Kimhall.  of  your  New  York  oflice.  we  were  ahle  to 
keej*  the   masters  of  our   vessels   fully   advi.sed   of  tlie  course   this  storm   was 


74  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

takinji,  thus  ennbliup  tluMii  it»  keep  dear  of  the  center  of  the  storm  and  per- 
haps saving  the  loss  of  hoth  lil'e  and  property. 

\\\'  wisli   to  take  tliis  opportunity   <(f  expressing'  to  you   our  thanks  for  the 
valued  services  rendered,  wliicli  are  jrreatly  appreciated. 
Yours  very  truly. 

Stanuakd  Oil.  Co.  (New  .TerskyK 
Marink  Dkpabtmknt. 
RoRKRT  L.   Hagve,  hfanayer. 

That  is  an  illustration  of  the  real  henefits  that  come  from  our  daily 
work,  and  every  dollar  of  money  in  our  appropriation.  I  feel,  is  pro- 
ductive of  immediate  economic  benefit  day  after  day. 

I  have  prepared  a  written  statement  here  shovvin<r  some  of  the 
work  of  the  bureau,  which  I  would  like  to  have  placed  in  the  record, 
if  you  please. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Without  objection,  it  <;oes  into  the  record. 

BRIKF   STATKMKNT  OF   WORK    ANI)   SERVICE  OF   THE    TNITED    STATES    WEATHER    BrREAU. 

The  daily  program  of  work  of  the  Weather  Bureau  coiuprises  a  very  far- 
reachn^  service  of  direct  and  inunediate  practical  and  economic  benetit  to  all 
the  people  and  all  the  activities  of  the  Nation.  This  work  is  i»ased  on  weather 
observations  taken  simultaneously  and  twice  daily  at  about  200  stations  in  the 
United  States,  so  placed  ireofrraphically  as  to  cover  all  sections  of  the  i-ountry, 
and  from  points  in  Canada,  the  West  Indies.  Mexico,  Ontral  America.  Alaska, 
Hawaiian  Islands.  P.ernuida,  Euroj)e.  the  Far  East,  and  a  few  other  points  in 
the  Northern  Hemisphere.  The  reports  are  received  by  tele;rrai)h.  by  telephone, 
and  by  radio,  and  are  charted  at  tlie  district  forecast  centers  which  are  located 
at  Washinjiton.  Cbicafi'*,  New  Orleans,  Denver,  and  San  Francisco.  The  fore- 
casts and  warning's  are  deduced  therefrom  and  are  innnediately  disseminated. 
The  time  consumed  between  the  takinji  of  the  oi)servations  and  the  issuiim  of 
the  forecasts  and  warniuj^s  is  aitout  one  and  one-half  hours.  Every  reasonal)le 
means  is  utilized  to  the  utmost  to  secure  the  inunediate  and  comi»lcte  dissemi- 
nat  on  of  forecasts,  warnings,  and  advices  of  all  kinds. 

TOPICAL    l.IST    OF    MORE    IMPORTANT    SERVICES. 

(c)    Daily  forecasts  and  weekly  outlook. 

(6)   Shii)iiers'  forecasts. 

(c)    Warnings  of  floods  and  advices  as  to  stajjes  of  important   rivers. 

(<7)    Storm  and  hurricane  warnin.'i:s. 

(c)   Cold-wave   warniufis. 

(/")   Frost  warnings  for  protec-tion  of  orchards  and  other  cn»ps. 

{(I)   Fruit  spray  and  harvest  weather  advices. 

{h)  Cotton  and  corn  and  wheat  region  service. 

(/)   Cattle  region  service. 

(j)   AVeekly  weather  and  crop  luilletin. 

(A)   Fire  weather  warning  for  protection  of  forests. 

(/)    Hearch  and   investigations. 

The  foregoing  services  are  briefly  described  in  what  follows: 

(o)  Dally  fonrastn  and  ircckli/  <nit](Kih-. — Forecasts,  covering  periods  of 
36  to  4S  hours  in  advance,  are  issued  twice  daily,  S  a.  m.  and  S  p.  m.,  seventy- 
fifth  meridian  time,  and  are  telegraphed  to  aitout  l.tiOO  distriiuiling  points  and 
thence  further  disseminated  by  telegrnlih.  telephone,  radio,  nnd  mail  to  seviTal 
thousand  <ities.  towns,  ami  conununities.  They  are  furnished  al.s<t  to  press 
associations  and  to  newsjmpers,  and  are  published  in  i)ractically  every  dally 
newspaper  in  the  United  States.  Printed  maps  ;iiid  bulletins  contaiidng 
weal  her  re|»orts  and  forcn-asts  are  mailed  or  deliviMcd  to  commercial,  marine, 
agricidtural.  imlusti-ial.  and  educational  institutions  in  less  than  tbri>e  hours 
after  the  observations  are  taken.  The  manifold  uses  to  which  the  weather 
forecasts  and  information  are  applied  are  iinpracticnble  of  enumeration.  The 
life  and  activity  of  the  wliole  iiopulation  are  affectcMl  by  tbt^  weather  and 
re<'eive  more  or  less  benetit  therefrom. 

A  Weekly  Outlook  is  issued  each  Salurd.iy  for  the  six  days  beginning  witii 
the  ensuing  .Monday,  and  <'overs  the  entire  liiited  Stifles,  which  is  divided  for 
the  purpose  Into  nine  zones.     The  forecasts  necessiuMly  are  couched  In  general 


AGRKM-I.TIHAI,    AI'lMKtlMUATfON    HILL,    l'J24.  75 

tcniis.  Tlit'y  lire  ti>let;i*iiplu>«l  to  tU>Mlcnnt<fl  (■<*nt«TH.  wliori'nn  !!»•>•  an*  furtlier 
«llsst'iniii)it<M|  liy  t<>l<>urii|>li.  tflt>p)i()ii«>.  mill  iiiiiil  nml  an-  piiIiIInIii>«1  In  Siiniliiy 
iiikI  .Mi>ii(Iii.\  pJiiK'is.  'I'lirsr  outlooks  orik'iiDilly  wero  Ititi'iiitt-^j  iiiurr  piirtlfii- 
liirly  for  a;:rl('Ultiiial  InttTcsts  l>nl  tlu'lr  vaiin"  was  soon  r4'<o'^'iil/.<-<|  liy  iiuitiii- 
faftiiriTS,  i-ullroa<ls,  sliip|i<T<.  niid  nfJirr  <  i>iimicn  i.il  tiitiii-tv  ntnl  nri-  ••Mm 
sivt'ly  iist'd  liy  tlu'iii. 

(h)      ShippCfx'       ftH'CfUstx.        I''ii|(tj|>l  n       "I        III  nil  liiiilM       i  ■•iiijMi  ,,  I  ill  i--<       ••\|>«-<  li-«l 

within  th**  nt-xt  'J4  to  \V\  liourH  iiri'  ina<li-  daily  tliiritiu  tin-  \viiit«*r  nionlliM  hy 
olllc  lals  in  ilmrirr  of  stations  l(M-Mt«>il  in  i-<iiiinn'n'lal  cfiitt'Cs  for  iIm*  L;ni>lan<f> 
(»f  sliipiKTs  oi  pfiislial'lf  |inMiu<'ts.  Tla-y  arc  also  issiifd  from  linn'  to  time  aw 
tH'ttision  (liMnanils  during  tli«>  Hiimni«>r  months  \vli«Mu>v«>r  tfm|N>ratiii'fs  In  cx- 
(■«'Hs  of  W^  ari'  »'\|H-<-t»il.  Shipna'nts  of  prrishahh'  iiriMpii-tH  an*  n-u'iHafinl 
Ity  th»>s»'  fonsasts  t(»  a  hirpi*  dc^'roi".  and  the  savings  in  I«»hm  of  fiMMlstnfTM 
an<l  in  rhiinis  for  damat:i's  in  transit  amoimr  to  s«*\«'ral  million  dollnrs  an- 
nually in  siK'li  shipping  ci-nttMs  as  New  Vori<,  Chitapt.  and  i'lillad<-l|>lila. 

(»•)  Wnniiixjs  f>/  /liioiiti  iitxl  rrpiHts  of  rinr  Mltii/rM. — Tin'  riv«T  ami  Hood 
sfrvlcc  of  tli«'  liurcau  siipj>lit's  \varnln;.'s  of  nncomlnK  ll<»<Mis  an<l  danp-roiis 
h  ;;h  \VHt«'r  an<l  also  pivos  advlci'S  of  river  sta;:es  for  mivipafion  imhI  oih»*r  pur- 
I>ost's  at  times  ordinary  <-onditions  prevail.  In  ilie  far  N\est  snow  measure- 
ments and  surveys  ;;ive  useful  advices  eon(i'niin.r  snmnier  water  s)ii>ply  for 
streani-tlow    irrigation,  etc. 

The  IIoimI  warnings  of  the  Weather  r.urean  have  resulted  in  the  saving  of 
thotisands  of  lives  and  millions  of  dollars  worth  <»f  projierty.  iMirini:  the  prent 
tlood  of  the  last  sprini.'  in  the  Mississijipi  Kiver  very  a<<uralf  warninsrs  we.e 
;:iven  from  one  to  four  weeks  in  advance.  It  is  estimated  that  th»»  value  <»f 
I>ro|H'rty  siivtsl  hy  Weather  lUireau  Mood  warninirs  durin;;  th  s  one  Hood  was 
ahour  .is.tXNt.tKMi.  The  total  losses  as  reiwu-ted  was  ahont  .S17.(HM».(MMi.  or  the 
Weather  Bureau  warninjis  deerensod  the  possible  loss  l)y  approximately  .'iO  [mm- 
c»'nt. 

The  following  aekuowiedjjn'.ents  of  the  efhcieney  of  our  flood  warninfT*  Indi- 
cate the  pulilie  reirard  in  whit-Ii  they  are  hehl : 

From  Davenport.   Iowa,  Times,  of  .\pril  2(>.  ^'.'^2'2: 

"The  ^^■eafher  Hureau  employees  stationed  n  tlie  territory  from  whi<-h  data 
come  on  whi<'h  to  base  forecasts  of  the  extent  of  floods  alonir  the  Mississipi>i 
Uiver  are  to  In*  con.i:ratulate<l  upon  the  precision  with  which  they  foretold  the 
extent  of  the  rise  of  the  river  in  the  last  10  days.  Considerinir  the  lar>:e 
volume  of  water  at  swtM'ps  southward  in  tlu'  channel  of  the  ndphty  Mississijipi, 
the  precision  <if  these  forecasts  is  worthy  of  commendation  as  evidence  of  eth- 
eiency  an<l  cooiieration  on  the  part  of  all  employees  of  the  Weather  Bureau." 

From  the  New  York  Herald  of  April  2!).  lO'J-j': 

■■  What  is  to  he  done  with  the  Mississ  ppi  is  one  of  the  endurin'.z  problems  of 
the  South.  The  \\(tvk  of  the  Federal  Weather  Bur«'au  n  forecastinir  tlie 
water  stape  at  various  jioints  between  Cairo  and  New  Orleans  is  helpful,  as  it 
trives  warniiif:  when  the  peak  may  be  expected.  The  de^'ree  of  accuracy  attained 
by  the  bureau  is  remarkable.  For  examiile.  between  41' .">  and  48  fj'et  was  fore- 
cast for  Memphis  by  the  end  of  .March.  (Mi  March  SI  and  April  1  tlie  stape  was 
4L'.(;  feet." 

From  II.  M.  ('asaels.  Kllenton.  S.  ('..  on  the  Savannah  Kiver: 

•■  Yon  can  not  iniairine  how  much  value  your  efforts  to  keei>  all  of  ns  i>os  ed 
relative  to  rivi-r  cond. lions  has  been  worth  to  all  of  us.  ( »n  several  occasions  I 
jHTsonally  know  where  it  has  saved  thousands  of  dollnrs  worth  of  timber  and 
stock." 

From  the  M«iline  Blow  Co.,  Illinois: 

"  AVe  wish  to  thank  you  for  the  cooperation  triven  us  iluriir.:  the  rect  nt  hiu'h 
waters  he.i"  in  the  Tricities.  We  apjueciate  very  mucli  the  service  renderd  and 
it  is  really  impossible  to  estimate  the  savinirs  in  da!ua:^tHl  stock  that  we  we  e 
able  to  jn-otect  due  to  waminjrs  issued  by  your  deiiavtmenl." 

(t1)  Storm  ami  liurriraiif  ironiinffx. — Shippin-.;  interests  on  the  Atlantic. 
Baciflc.  and  <?ulf  coasts  and  the  waters  ad.)acent  thereto  ;ind  in  the  fireat  Lakes 
are  always  fully  warned  of  the  ,Miii>roach  of  storms  dan^'erous  to  shippinir.  .V 
special  service  is  conducted  for  the  puriMise  of  L'ivin;;  warnings  of  hurricanes 
to  the  coa.st  re;,'ions  of  the  South  Atlantic  and  the  (Julf  of  Mexico  and  to  shi|is 
in  adjacent  waters  and  in  the  Caribbean  Sea.  These  advi<vs  are  an  important 
factor  in  the  naviiratinjr  of  a  u'reat  many  sliips  (Mi,L'a'.re<l  in  ocean  and  lake  tniirie. 
W.irninu's  of  ;i  sinirle  hurricane  are  known  to  have  detained  in  poi*t  vessel.s.  in- 
ciudinLT  their  carjroes.  valued  at  over  .^l^iKKKt.oiMX  With  tlie  wonderful  protec- 
tion alTorded  hy  radio  communication    siups  at  sea  art"  now  constantly  aware 


76  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924.  | 

of  storm  coiiditioiis  before  tlieni,  aiul  imiuy  instances  like  tlie  letter  from  the 
Standard  Oil  Co.  can  be  cited  of  the  threat  economic  benefits  resulting  from  the 
hurricane  warning  service  of  the  bureau. 

((•)  Cold-icarc  irarni)i[/.i. — Sudden  and  damaging  low  temi)eratures  which 
fretiuently  occur  and  sweep  across  this  country  during  the  winter  season  have 
acquired  the  name  of  cold  waves  and  lihzzards.  Forecasts  of  such  are  issued 
from  24  to  3(J  hours  in  advance  an<l  are  disseminated  throughout  the  threatened 
regions  \>y  means  of  Hag  disi)lays,  by  telegraph,  telephone,  radio,  and  mail. 
The.se  warnings  ai'e  valual)le  e.specially  to  railroads  in  tlie  making  up  of  trains 
and  in  the  maintenance  of  schedules,  to  slupiiers  of  perishalde  goods,  public 
utilities,  stock  raisers,  citrus  fruit  growers,  fiori.sts.  and  other  innumerable 
business  interests. 

(/)  Front  learnings  for  protection  of  orchards  and  other  crops. — Whenever 
conditions  indicate  the  occurrence  of  damaging  frosts,  detailed  and  specific 
warnings  and  advices  are  disseminated  Ity  tlie  bureau  to  all  localities  alTected, 
wliere  growers  are  prei)areil  to  protect  tiieir  crops  l)y  the  various  nie-ans  in 
vogue.  In  many  instances  indu.stries  would  be  too  liazardous  to  be  profitable 
without  the  Weather  Bureau  warnings.  This  is  true  especially  of  early  truck- 
ing in  the  South  Athintic  and  (iulf  States  and  of  citrus-  fruit  production 
in  sections  of  the  Pacific  coast.  This  work  has  l)ecome  .so  important  in  the 
latter  districts  that  a  trained  meteorologist  is  assigned  for  a  few  weeks  to 
certain  localities  during  the  danger  se-asou  to  give  warnings  of  the  minimum 
temperature  during  the  night  and  advise  as  to  the  extent  protective  measures 
must  be  taken.  The  frost  warnings  also  serve  for  the  protection  of  sugar  cane, 
alfalfa  seed  crops,  home  gardens,  flower  be<ls,  etc.  Alfalfa  seeds  are  very 
susceptible  to  damage,  and  frosts  are  frequent  about  the  time  the  crop  is  nui- 
turing.  It  is  estimated  that  the  crop  increases  in  value  at  the  rate  of  aliout  .$."> 
an  acre  each  24  hours  during  the  harvesting  period;  if  cut  too  early,  mucli 
loss  is  sustained,  but  heavier  los.ses  may  occur  from  frost  if  not  cut  soon 
enough.  The  growers  dei)end  on  the  Weather  B\ireau  in  keeping  them  advised 
and  vigoi-ously  push  harvesting  operations  when  a  warning  is  received. 

In  the  efficient  prosecuti(m  of  the  fruit  frost  work  extensive  temperature 
surveys  in  tlie  principal  citrus  and  deciduous  fruit  districts  of  the  West,  par- 
ticularly in  Arizona.  California.  Oregon,  and  Wasiungton.  are  being  made,  in 
cooperat.J<»n  with  organizations  of  fruit  growers,  as  an  aid  in  frost  protection. 
Severe  freezes  occurred  in  tlie  citrus  districts  of  southern  California  during 
the  winter  of  1921-22.  which  resulted  in  great  loss  to  fruit  growers,  but  damage 
would  have  been  nnich  greater  had  it  not  been  for  the  special  service  renderetl 
by  the  Weather  Bureau. 

In  regions  where  frost  protective  methods  have  been  mo.st  fully  developed 
and  where  growers  are  best  organized  to  profit  by  the  Weather  Bureau  service, 
the  work  is  held  in  very  higli  esteem,  and  local  organizations  not  only  write 
us  many  flattering  and  commendatory  letters  but  are  reaily  to  put  up  the  money 
of  their  organization  to  carry  the  work  beyond  that  possible  from  the  limitHl 
funds  of  the  Weather  Bureau.  For  example,  the  fruit  growers  of  soutiiern 
California,  wishing  a  more  extensive  temperature  survey  and  frost  service 
during  the  i)reseiit  winter  than  the  available  funds  of  the  bureau  permit  have 
made  a  sum  in  excess  of  .$S,tMK)  available  for  cooperative  work  with  the 
bureau,  which  in  fact  more  than  equals  the  expenditures  in  the  same  locality 
from  (Jovernment  funds. 

To  remove  any  doubt  as  to  the  real  economic  benefits  of  tiie  fruit  frost 
service  of  the  Wejithcr  Bureau  a  few  (luotations  may  be  given  from  letters 
from  the  citrus  growers  and  organizations  who  depemi  uixm  fliis  service. 

Letter  by  Mr.  II.  K.  Walcott,  si^-retarv  of  the  Pomona  tCalif.)  Fruit  (Jrowers" 
Fxciiange,  dated  January  31.  1922: 

"We  find  in  the  district  covered  by  tlie  Pomona  I  Weather  Bureau^  stations 
tlnit  there  are  approximately  7.(MK>  a<'res  equipped  for  tiring  and  making  us»> 
of  your  forecasts.  The  value  of  the  crop  in  this  acreagt>  is  fully  .$2.S(Hi.{H)0. 
There  are  witiiin  this  same  territory  about  9.(MKt  acres  not  i»repared  to  protect 
against  frost.  The  crop  in  the  unjirotected  acreagj'  is  practically  a  total  lo.ss. 
besides  severe  injury  to  the  trees  over  a  large  iiropoition  of  this  uniirotecfed 
aci'eage. 

" 'i'lie  growers  having  eqniiimeiit  and  using  your  .service  burned  about  1.."IS0.(M10 
gallons  of  oil.  and  we  consider  the  intormation  you  have  riiniished  Ii.ms  pre- 
vciuted  unnecessary  burning  of  a  much  larger  (piantity. 


AORK  TLTriUI.  AFI'UOIMUATIOX    BIM-,    11)24.  77 

"  W'v  f«'fl  Ihiil  Ihc  iiivi'MtiKatloii  of  fnisl  |in-vi>tiliuii  U-lim  nirr\f\  mi  Ity 
tilt'  Wi'iitlirr  HiMcaii  !■<  of  urciit  iiii|Mirtiiii«c,  iiinl  wt-  lii)|i«>  iIuti*  will  )•«•  imtlilnK 
to  Intt'i-fcn'  with  tilt'  <'<)iiiiiiiiiitii)|i  tif  ilif  work." 

Tilt*  lo.ssfH  of  Inst  si'tisoii  til  iiu|)r*iit><'t)-<l  fruit  in  California  will  iiniUniMtMlly 
ffrtiilt  in  tlit>  tt|Ui|i|>lnK  of  a  niiirli  liirutT  ut-rcaKt*  fiir  fro^t  iirottflltai.  ami  tin- 
(lata  Katlit'rt'<l  l>.v  tlif  WcatluT  iliiri-aii  In  itN  rt-mitly  iiiiiiiKnrati-<|  t-xtt'iiMlvf 
ttMiii>t>r)itiin'  siirvi'vs  will  Im>  in  uroit  ilfiniinil.  iinil  llic  looixMiitlon  \>\  tin- 
htirt'iiii  will  iini|iit>siionalily  \h-  n>s|iMiisil)l<>  for  tlif  Having  of  many  niillioiiM  of 
ttollars  worth  of  fruit.  This  .st'rvicc.  prior  to  Un  rft*t'nt  «>nlaru«Miifiil  nml 
i'Xtt'iiNloii,  l.s  «'Htiiiiatt>(i  to  liavt'  t'lYt'ctttl  .savhiKN  of  fruit  of  a  value  of  $|,.*i4M»,imni 
auniially  and  .should  l>t>  iiimli  K>'«>iitcr  In  the  futurt>. 

I  (/ 1  I'ritit  Mpiuii  ami  Imi  i  <  nt  n  i  ulhrr  fim  itixtx.  To  mcft  iiiufiil  rii|UfstH 
from  |>roKn'.s.«.ivf  liort  iniltiir  st.s  ii  .sptHJal  sfrvht-  has  lat'ii  (-ondiKit'd  (or  Mt»v- 
t'ral  st'astins  in  conm-i-tinn  with  t>i't-liaril-sprayinu  iMtivith-s  in  tin-  apple  ;:rovvin;.' 
HtM-tions  In  uortluTn  New  York  and  to  a  niori>  limited  extent  in  loi-al.tifs  in 
rennsylviiiiia  ami  VirKlnia.  The  work  has  lieen  carried  on  in  (-oo|M>rat  ion  witli 
State  extension  and  eoiint.v  and  tarm  Imreau  aueiieies  as  a  demonstration  oi° 
the  jiraet iealtiilty  and  value  of  fon-cn.-'fs  of  rain  on  which  the  siiccesH  of  the 
spraying  o|K'rations  largely  de|iend.  l>aiiia;;e  from  fro.st  is  not  a  s(>rlouH  menace 
to  apide  >:i"<>^vlnn  in  northern  New  York.  Serious  loss  from  this  cause  ocrur.< 
on  an  averai^e  of  less  th;iii  om  e  in  10  years.  Scah.  a  finiLrus  diseas*',  \n  the 
worst  enemy.  The  si.ali  reiiiahis  doimaiit  as  loim  as  tlie  wealiier  is  dr\ .  The 
iipon>8  come  into  act i\  ity  wiien  mo  stene<l,  and  unless  killtMl  |>y  s|)ray  the  trees 
may  hecoiiie  infected  within  "-M  htmrs.  The  prolilem  is  to  apply  the  spray  Just 
hefore  a  rain.  When  the  rains  (K-eur  the  funyl  heyin  tt)  jjrow  and  are  killed 
liy  the  jioison  in  the  s|»ray.  If  the  spray  is  applieil  and  the  raiis  do  not  occur 
within  three  days  thereafter  llie  etVect  of  tiie  poison  is  miiiiiidzed  or  lost  en- 
tirely. There  are  altoiit  iL'.tKMi  commercial  apple  jrrowers  in  .seven  counties  in 
New  York  who  are  itiui|>ped  for  spraying.  At  least  three  ajiplicat ions  are 
neee.s.sary  each  seastm.  It  is  estiniate<I  that  the  total  eost  of  apple-tree  si)ray- 
inir  for  one  .season  in  tlie  ^even  counties  is  ahout  .S.'?.."><Kt.(MM>.  Therefore,  accu- 
rate and  timely  forecasts  of  the  cominn  «)f  rains  in  tlie  sprayim;  season  are 
of  ^reat  imiiortance  to  the  oidiardists  in  determiiiiui.'  when''  and  when  the 
si>ray  shall  he  applietl.  In  some  of  the  larger  orchards  three  days  are  reipiired 
for  one  application.  Cou.se<|Uently  the  forecasts  must  he  for  a  lonirer  period 
than  is  covered  hy  the  re^rular  forecasts.  The  work  is  of  a  dilliciilt  character 
and  reipiires  the  special  study  and  attention  of  exjierts.  The  resixmsiliiiity 
placefl  on  the  Weallier  I'ureaii  in  ^rivin^  correct  information  is  apparent  :  if  the 
forecaster  fails  to  predict  rain  and  the  spray  is  not  applied,  the  trees  hecome 
ininit>diately  affected;  if  rain  is  forecast  and  the  spray  is  applietl.  hut  the  ra'n 
fails  to  materialize,  the  elTect  of  the  si»rayiiij;  is  lost  entirely  or  considerahly 
rediiceil  and  heavy  losses  are  sustained  liy  the  irrowers. 

The  fidlowinix  is  quoted  from  a  spe<ial  reiiort  on  this  work  iluriiiK  the  season 
of  WYl'l  hy  Professor  Croshy  and  I'lofessor  Horner.  <d'  the  New  York  State 
extension,  based  on  information  submitted  by  lield  assistants  and  county 
apents: 

"The  spe<'lal  forecasts  for  the  spray  service  were  sent  to  flie  following  eiplit 
counties:  Orleans,  .Monroe,  Wayne.  (Jenesee,  Onondapn.  ( 'liaiitauiiiia,  and  I'lster. 
They  were  u.sed  constantly  hy  the  field  assistants  in  timing  tlieir  recommenda- 
ti<»ns  for  .sprays.  In  the  case  of  sprays  involving  fundus  diseases  these  special 
forecasts  are  esi)e<'ially  imptirtant  .because  it  is  well  known  that  fiinpus  dis- 
ea.ses  are  vitally  affected  by  tlie  periods  of  wet  weather.  Four  of  the  most 
important  counties  harl  a  teleplioiie  relay  system  l»y  means  of  which  it  was 
possible  to  warn  the  growers  quickly  wlien  it  was  time  to  apply  the  spray. 
This  system  was  used  thrtuiphout  the  season  whenever  oeeas-'on  tlemanded. 
At  other  times  and  in  counties  where  the  relay  system  was  not  usetl  circular 
letters  and  jiostcards  wer(>  used  to  broadcast  the  information. 

"The  number  of  fruit  prowwis  reaihed  direitly  by  this  service  was  "J.."!!**). 
It  is  a  well-known  fact.  Imwever.  that  nearly  every  grower  who  receivetl  the 
service  has  at  least  one  neighbor  who  uets  the  information  frtaii  him.  This 
would  nearly  double  the  number  benelitinji  by  this  service. 

"  We  feel  stmn^rly  that  these  sprcinl  weather  fort^asts  are  «if  ;:reat  im- 
portance in  making  the  Weather  I'lireaii  of  real  .service  to  our  fruit  growers 
and  general  farmers,  and  that  detinite  provision  for  the  service  is  essential 
for  petting  the  full  value  out  of  the  Weather  Rureau." 


78  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

A  serviLe  for  the  specijil  ln'iiefit  i»f  fjirnnTs  in  tlio  liaivestin^  of  hay.  wheat, 
and  other  crops  is  c-oniUu  ted  in  New  York  State.  This  worli  als<»  is  of  a  ten- 
tative and  experimental  character,  and  its. development  in  New  York  and  its 
extension  to  <»ther  States  will  depend  on  funds  heinj;  provided  therefor.  These 
forecasts  are  issu«Ml  for  the  jruidance  of  farmers  in  liarvestin);  of  crops  lialtle 
to  damage  or  loss  if  unfavorable  weather  occurs  between  the  time  of  cutting: 
and  shockinjr.  The  predictions  are  not  for  a  tixetl  period,  as  is  the  ease  with 
the  KPneral  daily  f<trecasts.  but  for  just  as  long  a  period  as  the  forecaster  feels 
that  the  conditions  as  shown  on  the  current  weather  map  justities  a  reasonable 
<'Xi)ectatii>n  of  accurac.v.  Sometimes  this  i)eriod  is  only  for  124  iiours  and  at 
others  three  or  four  days.  The  i)rojinostications  are  worded  ti)  apply  to  the 
particular  purpose  and  to  convey  to  the  farmer  the  <lefrret*  <(f  c(»nfidence  that 
the  forecaster  has  in  his  forecasts.  Illustrations  of  these  forecasts  are:  "Con- 
ditions excellent  for  drying  weather  Wednesday  and  Thurs<lay ;  Friday,  mi- 
certain."  or  "Outlook  for  hiirvesting  next  two  days  uncertain:  rain  ver>- 
liki'ly."  This  work  also  is  condu<'ted  in  cooperation  with  county  and  farm 
bureau  agents,  who  disseminate  the  forecasts  by  telephone  to  the  individual 
farmers. 

(h)  Cotton  and  corn  onri  irJirat  rcf/ion  serrice. — More  than  3(10  special  tele- 
graphic stations  are  maintained  in  the  principal  corn  and  wheat  and  <'otton 
growing  States  fur  the  collection  and  dissemination,  in  the  form  of  daily  bul- 
letins, of  dail.v  weather  conditions  as  affecting  the  development  ttf  these  crops. 
The  information  is  given  wide  distribution,  the  annual  value  to  the  public  being 
estimated  at  about  $3,325,000. 

(i)  Cattle  repion  .ten-ice. — Weekly  reports  are  collecte<l  and  disseminated, 
showing  the  effect  of  weather  conditions  on  ranges  and  live  stock  over  the 
great  grazing  areas  of  the  West.     The  estimated  value  to  the  i»ublic  is  .S2.")0.(K)0. 

(j)  Weeklji  neatlier  and  crop  huUetinx. — Weekly  siinmiaries  of  weather  con- 
ditions and  their  effect  on  growing  crops  and  farming  operations  are  collected 
at  the  central  ofhce  and  i)ublished  in  the  department  i)ublication,  Weather. 
Crops,  anrl  Markets.  Similar  sunmiaries  are  issue<l  in  the  form  of  weekly 
bulletins  at  Chicago,  covering  the  princijial  corn  and  wheat  region,  and  at  New 
Orleans  for  the  Cotton  Belt,  both  issued  only  during  the  growing  season.  In 
addition,  weekly  summaries  are  issued  at  the  section  center  i>f  each  State.  The 
estimated  value  of  this  service  to  the  public  is  ipi,.'i(X).(M)0. 

ik)  Fire  weather  irarni)if/s. — These  warnings  are  issued  whenever  conditions 
indicjite  hot.  dry  winds  which  are  favorable  to  the  inception  and  siiread  of  tires 
in  national  forests  and  other  forested  regions.  They  are  distributed  i>rincipally 
to  Forest  Service  officials  and  others  charged  with  forest  i)rotection.  and  enable 
them  to  assemble  crews  and  apparatus  ready  for  action.  The  Forest  Service, 
tire  wardens,  and  F(u-estry  Association  testify  to  the  great  value  of  these 
warnings. 

ForeenttH  in  aid  of  ariation. — AN'eather  is  an  ever  i)resent  and  important 
factor  in  successftd  navigation  of  the  air.  A  knowledge  of  exi.sting  weather 
conditions  and  those  to  l>e  encountere<l  in  flight  is  essential  to  aviators  in  the 
ac<-omi»lishmeiit  of  the  .iourney  and  in  the  protection  of  tlu>  life  of  the  flier 
and  the  machine  he  is  operating.  The  Wealber  Hureau  furnishes  this  infor- 
mation to  the  fullest  extent  possible  with  the  funds  at  its  conun.Mnd.  Flying 
weather  forecasts  of  conditions  to  be  exjiectwl  at  H.ving  levels  and  at  the 
surfiice  are  issued  twice  dail.v  for  14  zones  into  which  tlie  country  is  divideil 
for  this  iturpose.  In  addition,  more  detailed  forecasts  are  made  for  the 
three  model  airways  radiating  from  Wjisliiiigton  and  having  termini  at  Long 
Island.  Norfolk,  and  Kayfnn.  Advices  also  are  given  directly  by  telephone 
and  telegraph  to  individual  Hyers  who  desire  information  i>er.sonally  before 
beginning  flights.  S))ecial  advices  also  ar«>  supplied  in  considerable  number 
in  connection  with  aviation  meets.  trjiMsconlincnfal  flights,  etc.  .\viat<irs  are 
demanding  more  and  more  d(>tailc<l  weather  iiit'ormation  and  forec.-ists.  and 
their  demands  already  are  in  excess  ot'  wli.Mt  tlit>  Weather  Htireau  is  able  to 
sujiply   with   its  present   approi»riations. 

The  need  for  extensi(»n  of  the  aer<»logi<'al  work  <d'  the  Weather  Bureau  Is 
most  urgent  and  should  be  promjjtly  met.  In  reality  years  of  tin\e  are  re- 
(|uired  before  s.\s|ems  of  nieti'orological  observations  aeciuire  their  full  value 
and  iisefiilness  in  f'ormulaliiig  practieal  beiielits  to  the  public  .\t  tlie  present 
time  the  number  cd'  stations  lor  securing  observations  in  tin-  free  air  is  lindted 
to  0  jjrimary  stations  an<l  about  14  supplem«'nlary  stations,  which  make  re- 
j)orts   oidy   of   pilot    balloon    llight.s.     These    fail    greatly   to   represent    tb(>   vast 


AfJRICULTrRAL  APPIU)PRIATION    lUU.,    11»24.  79 

urciiH  <'t)V«'nMl  l>y  i'v«mi  IIu-  coiitint'iilal  rnlltil  StiU«*s.  nml  Ihr  pn-fwiit  quota 
of  liash-  ri'iM'i'ts  availalil«>  to  tlu;  Woatlifr  IturiMiii  In  liiMiilllcU'iit  to  MaffKUunl 
the  llvi's  aiiil  iiroiKTty  of  tliow  now  ciiKaKi**!  ill  uvlatlon. 

'I'lii-  U'catlicr  Itiin-aii  Is  I  hi'  oni>  ap'iicy  of  tlu*  Covi^riiinriit  now  |in>pari*<l 
to  i>\t(>ii)l  ami  ili*v*-lo|>  tills  liii|M)rtanl  ailjiinct  to  iId-  .saf)*  iiaviuatlon  of  tlit* 
air,  hikI  In  its  report  to  ilu>  I't-fsltlcnt  Miilaiiittlnu  ftiiiilaiuciital  n*<'oiiiiii«<ii<lH- 
tlotiH  roiKvrniiiK  a  national  atTonaiitiral  |N»licy  lli(>  Niitlohal  A«iviMiry  <*oiii- 
niitti><>  for  Acronantii's  niakt's  tlu-  followini;  slal«>nirnt  : 

•'  Wlicn  traiiscotitliMMilal  airways  an*  otalillsln'*!  it  will  Ik'  nti'^'HMnry  for  tlii» 
WtMitlicr  Hnr«'au  to  provliU'  a«'ro|oi:i<iil  si-rvlc*-  iilonj;  sufli  airways  as  tlioy 
an*  I'staltlislicil.  'I'lu*  conMnilir*'  r«'<  onMnt'tnls.  tlwri'forr,  tiint  In  tla*  *'onsii!)-ra- 
tion  of  any  future  U'ulslation  f<ir  tla-  rnt'^anaui-na-nt  of  rivil  aviation  a<le- 
<|uatt'  provision  of  law  and  appropriation  Im-  niadr  for  tin-  extension  of  tli«* 
at'rolo^'ical  worl<  of  tin*  Wi-alln'r  nuieau,  without  wlilrh  tlien*  can  he  no  safety 
In  tlu'  air  n«»r  su<<"es8  in  ••ouiniercial  aviation." 

(1»  h'txtiirih  mill  ill!  rut  inulioii.'t.  -l'\trvviist\uK,  hyilrolojry,  the  inllueuee 
«»f  weather  on  crops  and  agricultural  operations,  <"liinatoloj;y  and  the  major 
phenonieua  of  tia'  circidation  nf  tlie  air  are  (-((ustantly  under  stu«ly  ity  the  lead- 
ers in  the  several  tlelds  and  |M)sslldy  slow,  luit  none  the  less  steady  ]iro>;ress 
has  ln'cn  matle. 

'I'he  l'ore<'astin;r  work  of  the  Imreau,  esptvially  is  at  a  Uiah  Htaue  «»f  efUciency 
and  no  frreut  storms  or  disturhanees  otrur  without  timely  warning  to  ail  in- 
terests. 

Intensive  studies  of  the  efT«'ct  of  weather  on  crops  seem  to  show  that  the 
prolileni  is  heiii;,'  solved,  and  that  it  will  he  possihle  to  pr«'<lict  the  yield  per 
acre  of  some  of  the  most  important  crops,  l»ased  up(Mi  a  knowled^re  of  the  pre- 
vailinj:  weatlier  conditions. 

In  addition  to  tlie  direct  aiiplicatlon  of  free  air  oi)S4'rvations  to  the  needs 
of  aviati«)n  spei-ial  studies  ami  summaries  of  the  data  ^ive  as  nearly  comiilete 
information  as  itossihle  of  the  conditions  prevailinu  at  various  heights,  at 
dllTerent  tinies  of  the  year  and  under  varyin;^  con<litioiis  of  surface  winds  and 
weather.  I>urin«  the  past  y«'ar  there  has  Iteen  piihlished  part  1  of  "An  Aero- 
loKical  Survey  *)f  the  I'nited  States."  In  It  are  ^'ivinj:,  by  m<inths.  seafJons, 
ami  the  year,  avera;:e  and  extreme  values  of  pressure,  temperature,  humidity 
and  wind  for  all  parts  of  the  country  east  of  the  Uocky  Slountaiiis  and  for 
all  altitudes  u|>  to  .'»  kilometers  (.'5  milesl.  Special  attention  has  heeii  uiven 
to  winds,  and  these  have  been  (•la.s.sitie<l  according  to  surface  directions  aiul 
their  characteristics  as  to  turning  with  altitude,  frequency  of  diflerent  <lirec'- 
tions  and  spwds,  etc.,  have  been  determined  and  presenteil  in  talmlar  and 
^'raphic  form.  This  i»uhlication  has  been  adopted  by  the  Army  as  th<'  standard 
work  on  frtH'-air  conditions.  Tlu're  is  urj;ent  need  fiu"  extending  this  survey 
to  the  west»'rn  jatrt  of  tlie  <-ountry  where  at  i)resent  tliere  are  no  upr»er  air 
ol»servinj;  stations. 

I>urinK  the  year  there  has  also  been  published  a  report  on  "  Standard  atmos- 
phere." ba.se<l  ui)on  the  data  tints  far  obtained  in  this  country.  This  has  been 
olhcially  adopted  by  the  National  Advisory  Conuuittee  for  Aeronautics  for  use 
in  aircraft  tests.  It  forms  the  l)asis  also  for  a  revision  of  tables  of  ballistic 
density,  temperature,  etc.,  now  used  by  the  Artillery  and  (>rdnan<-e  sections  of 
the  Army  and  Navy. 

A  study  of  all  available  data  has  been  made  duriui:  the  past  two  or  three 
years  with  a  view  to  iH'rfectiiiu  a  method  of  constructing;  upper  air-pressure 
maps.  This  study  has  progressed  to  the  extent  that  it  is  now  possible  to 
make  such  maps  for  the  eastern  i)art  of  the  country.  The  western  part  is 
still  unexplored.  In  s<»  far  as  the  maps  are  reliable  they  will  be  of  definite 
valtie  not  only  in  forecastintr  for  aviation  but  also  in  i>redictinir  the  tlire<'tion 
and  speKl  of  movement  of  storms  ami,  therefore,  in  forecasting;  surface  weather. 
Their  reliability  must  depend  in  larjie  part  upon  additional  and  more  closely 
distributed  data. 

SAI^VKIES. 

Mr.  Makvix.  The  statiitoi-v  roll  a|)pears  on  pa^e  .'>7  ami  coiitaiiis 

iKj  chun<re  in  appropriation  whatever.     There   is  a  change  of  title 

down  about  the  middle  of  the  page  where  one  skilled  mechanic  has 

been  added  in  lieu  of  an  electrician  formerly  carried  in  the  appro- 

2202^—22 G 


80  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION  BILL,   1924. 

priation  at  $1,200,  which  place  has  been  dropped.  The  luechjuiic 
was  appointed  with  the  consent  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission 
I^endin^  approval  of  this  change  in  title. 

Mr.  AxDEHSox.  ^Vhat  becomes  of  that  man  ? 

Mr.  Makvix.  What  has  happened  is  this:  A  mechanic  was  ap- 
pointed to  fill  the  vacancy  of  the  electrician.  He  was  appointed  to 
a  vacancy  in  the  current  year. 

Mr.  AxDKRSox.  You  do  not  have  an  electrician  as  such  ? 

Mr.  Mahvix.  No,  sir.  There  is  no  change  in  the  language  or 
amount  of  appropriations  until  you  come  to  the  bottom  of  page  39. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  Necessary  expenses  in  the  city  of  Washington,  etc.  ? 

GEXEKAL  EXPENSE. 
EXPENSES   IN   THE   CITY   OF   WASHINGTON. 

Mr.  Marvin.  There  is  a  change  there,  an  increase  amounting  to 
$8,000.  That  is  one  the  Director  of  the  Budget  authorized  in  the 
estimate  and  is  intended  to  cover  the  purcliase  of  additional  instru- 
ments and  equipment.  We  have  a  stock  of  instruments  and  supplies 
and  equipment  over  the  country  valued  at  over  $500,000.  The  cost 
of  instruments  has  gone  up  very  much  within  the  last  few  years,  and 
we  have  been  maintaining  these  supplies  at  the  bureau  for  diU'erent 
stations  by  making  a  great  many  repairs  and  alterations  and  remod- 
eling old  instruments  at  the  bureau.  In  some  cases  we  are  having 
the,  work  done  outside.  This  material  is  worn  out  and  no  longer 
callable  of  being  worked  over.  An  increase  for  the  purchase  of  new 
supplies  was  asked,  and  $3,000  was  granted.  That  is  the  only  thing 
in  the  "  In  AVashington  "  appropriation. 

Mr.  Anderson.  May  I  ask  you  one  question  i  The  language  indi- 
cates that  that  particular  item  relates  entirely  to  expenditures  in  the 
city  of  Washington.    Is  that  correct  ? 

Mr.  Marvin.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Andersox\  This  is  separate  from  your  field  work? 

Mr.  Marvin.  Yes,  sir. 

PIUNTING    OFFICE. 

Mr.  Anderson.  All  right. 

Mr.  Marvin.  The  item  for  printing  is  for  the  jii'inting  office  in 
the  city  of  Washington.  That  is  a  little  plant  we  have  at  the  bureau 
for  j)rinting  the  majjs  and  other  pul)lications  wliich  can  not  be 
l)ul>lished  at  the  (lovernment  Printing  Office  without  too  great  delay. 

Mr.  AxDEI^soN.  All  right. 

Mr.  AIarvin.  The  joint  committee  has  investigated  that  \ery  thor- 
oughly and  ap])rovetl  of  it. 

EXPENSES  OUTSIDE  CITY  OF  WASHIN(iTON. 

The  next  item  is  for  expenses  outside  tlie  city  of  Washington,  and 
carries  an  increase  of  $5,000.  I  have  prepared  a  chart  here  which 
I  would  like  you  to  look  over.  T^'^nder  this  field  aiijii-opriation  relat- 
ing to  the  work  of  the  bureau  in  forecasting  the  weathei",  etc..  we 
have  been  cariying  a  personnel  of  four  or  five  hundred,  and  btn-ause 


! 


AC.RU  rLTlRAL  APlMlol'RlATION    BILL,   r.'24.  81 

of  tlu'  loss  of  tniiiu'tl  iiu'ii  j^'oiii^'  ailtroiid  timing,'  tlu'  war  wi-  look  on 
nioii"  IIU'II  llu'ii  tliaii  tiistoiimix ,  l»ut  tlu-  miiiilK'r  of  iiu'ii  hus  now  l)C'fn 
iv(Iii(imI  to  till'  j)n'-\var  \v\v\. 

NKKI)   OK    INCHKASKI*    ri;H.H<  iN  N  Kl,. 

With  tlu'  ^Mowth  of  tlu'  Nation,  the  work  we  are  performing'  hav- 
iii<r  increastMl,  wi-  are  met  with  a  «l«Miiantl  for  increase  in  |M'rsonn»'l. 
The  niimher  of  men  in  the  lield  has  been  kept  down  to  tin-  mininiiim 
heeausi'  of  the  luiessity  of  keeping  the  salary  amount  within  the 
appropriatitm.  and  we  lire  also  ooinpellcd  to  krep  the  mimlHT  down 
in  order  to  maintain  an  a|)pi'oa(h  to  fair  salaries.  The  Director 
of  the  Biid<_'»'t  has  a|)pro\('d  an  incieast'  of  ^.'i.iXHt.  whicji  will  l)e 
used  in  increasin<.'  the  mimher  of  personnel  in  the  field. 

Mr.  Hi'cHANAN.  Is  there  any  increase  of  salary  in  it  ^ 

.Mr.  Makvin.   No,  sir.     It  is  an  increase  in  the  nnmlx'r  of  men. 

Mr.  Hi ciiANAX.  Are  you  spcndin^^  the  total  of  the  sum  of  s;'..")!».77() 
in  the  other  api)roi)riations  ^ 

Mr.  Maijmx.  The  fi;rures  you  cite  have  reference  to  the  funds  for 
statutory  salaries  carried  in  the  estimates  for  lt>'2;^  All  of  that 
money  is  never  fully  expended.  Une.\j)ende(l  amounts  arise  from 
lea\e  without  pay,  lai)ses  hetween  termination  of  appointments  and 
lillinjr  of  vacancies,  and  places  permanently  unfille(I.  which  occa- 
sionally arise.  Durin;!  war  times,  when  it  was  very  dillicult  to  kee]> 
places  Jilled.  amounts  of  $ir».(M)()  and  ^:2(),()()0  have  been  turned  hack 
into  the  Treasury.  More  than  $.'i.()()()  went  back  in  1922.  In  the 
case  of  this  i)articular  ap|)ropiiation  for  out  of  Washin<rton  expenses, 
in  addition  to  the  $7in.()S()  for  salaries.  $l'i().4T()  for  s|)ecial  oI»s(M'va- 
tions  antl  reports,  and  $2i)!).4r»()  for  tele^raphin<r  and  telephonin<i, 
there  is  a  balance  in  the  a|)pro])riation  which  provides  for  miscel- 
laneous expenditures  that  is  not  stated  in  amount,  and  that  bal- 
ance is  inadiMpiate  for  the  purchase  of  supj^lies.  payment  of  ivntals, 
and  ex[)enses  not  itemi/eil  in  the  api)ro|)riation.  ^^  e  iiudce  up  the 
ditference  out  of  the  surplus  in  these  other  funds.  The  final  unex- 
pended balance  at  the  end  of  the  year  <roes  back  into  the  Treasury. 

Mr.  HrciiANAX.  Is  that  a  considerable  amount^ 

Mr.  Makvin.  Last  year  we  had  a  Budjiet  reserve  set  up  which 
})ractically  set  aside  in  our  case  a  total  of  $20,000  and  that  was  ex- 
ceeded by  other  iinexpended  mar^rins  that  went  back  into  the  Treas- 
ury. But  it  meant  in  those  cases  withholdinir  the  doinu  of  thin<rs. 
Part  of  that,  for  example,  was  withholdin<j:  inspection  of  stations  in 
the  field.  We  curtailed  the  travelin<r  exj^enses  to  the  mininnim. 
We  curtailed  the  maintenance  and  repair  and  paintinfr  of  buildinjjs, 
which  we  own  and  which  need  i-epaii-.  We  put  rejiairs  off  for  a 
vear.  Wherever  we  could  save  anvthin;;  last  rear  the  ])ro<;ram  was 
to  save  it.  but  in  a  number  of  cases  the  necessity  for  expenditure  car- 
ries over  into  this  year.     Some  service  was  cut  out. 

There  is  always  a  little  uncertainty  as  to  the  exjienditure  for 
tele«rraphic  communications,  bei-ause  of  einer«rencies  arisinu:  from 
nnusual  storms,  etc. 

Mr.  AxDKRsox.  How  many  field  stations  are  you  maintaininn^ 
now? 


82  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOX   BILL,   1924. 


Mr.  Marvix.  We  have  practically  200  stations,  maybe  a  few  more. 
That  is.  reg:ular  (juarters  which  are  owned  or  rented  by  the  Gov- 
ernment and  manned  by  commissioned  employees;  V)ut  we  pet  nianj' 
reports  from  other  sources  than  the  rejzular  stations. 

Mr.  AxDERSOX.  Pajre  44.  next  item,  for  investi<rations.  observa- 
tions, and  reports,  forecasts,  warninjrs.  and  atlvices  for  the  protection 
of  horticultural  interests  from  frost  damajre.  That  appears  to  have 
been  eliminated.     The  amount  is  $12,000. 

FROST  WARNING  INA'ESTIGATIONS. 

Mr.  Marvin.  That  is  an  item  which  has  been  omitted  to  effect 
economy  in  Government  expenditures.  If  you  desire,  we  are  pre- 
pared to  show  you  some  features  of  the  work  we  did  with  that  money 
last  year.  Mr.  Smith,  who  has  charge  of  that  work,  has  a  few 
photographs. 

PHOTOGRAPHIC   ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Mr.  AxDERSOx.  Will  you  tell  the  committee  about  these  photo- 
graphs? 

Mr.  Smith.  Taking  them  up  in  their  order,  Xo.  1  was  taken  Feb- 
ruar}^  16,  1922,  It  shows  lemon  trees  in  a  large  grove  near  Whittier, 
Calif.,  being  removed  because  of  damage  by  frosts  of  January  10-2G, 
1922.  Some  cracks  in  trunks  and  large  branches  of  trees  can  be 
seen  in  the  photograph. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  Could  that  have  been  prevented  ? 

^Ir.  Smith.  This  (}uestion  is  answered  by  jihotograph  Xo.  i^,  which 
shows  a  navel  orange  grove,  near  Riverside.  Calif.,  indicating  the 
excellent  condition  of  trees  and  fruit  which  were  protected  with 
40  7-gallon  high  stack  oil  heaters  to  the  acre.  The  entire  crop  of 
oranges  from  this  orchard  was  graded  '"  Sunkist,"  a  grade  which 
must  show  practically  no  frost  damage. 

Xo.  5  indicates  the  damage  done  directly  across  the  road  from 
the  grove  shown  in  Xo.  3.  Practically  the  entire  crop  is  on  the 
ground  and  all  fruit  shows  frost  injury.  That  orchard  was  not 
protected. 

Xo.  7.  Date,  January  26,  1922:  View  in  orange  grove  near  Pomona, 
Calif.  Only  outside  fruit,  on  outside,  or  border  rows,  or  trees,  show 
any  damage  from  frost.  Trees  protected  with  HO  tall-stack  lieaters,^ 
5  to  9  gallon  capacit}',  to  the  acre.  Temperature  at  check  station 
was  18°  for  one  hour  on  one  cold  night.  Fruit  graded  4.5  per  cent 
loss  by  freezing  in  portion  of  grove  where  temperature  records  were 
kept.  The  work  of  firing  the  heaters  was  very  poorly  done,  and 
there  is  no  doubt  thei'e  would  have  been  no  danuigc  whatever  it'  the 
work  had  been  efficiently  carried  on, 

Xo.  8.  Date.  January  26,  1922 :  View  in  same  irrove  as  Xo.  7,  show- 
ing excellent  condition  of  trees  after  freeze.  Burning  reservoir  of 
heaters  is  of  cast  iron;  9-giillon  capacity  allows  long  burning  time, 
which  is  an  impoitant  ))oint  in  such  cold  perioils  as  during  the 
winter  of  1921-22,  when  dangerous  temperatures  continued  for  12 
horn's  and  even  longer. 

Xos.  10  and  11  show  the  dillVrence  between  heated  and  unheate>l 
groves.     Xo.  10  shows  clusters  of  oiange  blossoms,  fresii  and  unin- 


ACWUCl'LTrUAL   Ari'l»)iMllATl()N    HIM,,    I'.KlA.  83 

jnrtMl,  follow  iiij;  tin-  fit'<'/,r  of  .Iiimiiuv  T'  to  -J-i,  \'.i'2'J.  'l'\\v  othrr  wais 
just  across  fioiii  tlu'iv.  No.  11;  ito  fniit  was  pickrd  from  tin*  ^Tovf 
on  ai'coiint  of  frost  injury.     Tlir  }.M'o\t'  was  not  iiioircti'd  l»y  licateiH. 

l>.\MA(iF:     to     mils    hUllM     |lhA\\     MIOMTH. 

Mr.  .V.NDKK.sox.  Ait  tin's*'  fio.sts  heavy  t'nouj;li  to  «laiiia>j:«'  tlip  trees? 

.Ml'.  Smith.  Not  onlinarily.  I»iit  cvt'i y  few  years  hard  fre<'/,es  will 
destroy  a  whoU-  <rrove  <»f  trees.  However,  tlie  majority  of  times  they 
only  dama^i*  the  fruit. 

No.  2*J  shows  a  ^reat  deal  of  frost  dama^'e.  .Many  hMn<lreds  of 
acres  of  oran<:es  were  in  tills  condition.  No.  24  slunvh  the  elfect  of 
freeze. 

Nos.  20  and  27  sho^v  the  oran<res  damajied  near  Ontario,  Calif. 
The  team  at  the  U-ft  in  duni|)in^  a  fresh  load.  This  cull  fruit  is 
from  a  relatively  small  peicenta^^e  of  <rroves  in  this  section  where 
any  pickin*;  whate\er  was  done.  In  most  of  the  ^rroves  no  fruit  was 
picked,  as  an  e.xamination  showed  the  loss  at  100  por  cent. 

Mr.  .Vndkhson.  This  picture,  I  take  it,  means  the  fruit  that  was 
spoiled  out  of  that  j)icked  from  the  tives? 

Ml-.  S.Mrni.  No.  They  <ratlu'red  it  off  the  "iround  and  hauled  it 
off,  hecau.se  they  iliil  not  want  to  leave  it  on  the  ^roun<l  for  the  effect 
it  would  have  upon  the  soil. 

Nds.  ."U  and  •V2:  No.  81  shows  the  slittinjx  of  hark  i)ecause  of  the 
frost  ihuna^e,  and  .'J2  is  a  «jrove  across  the  road  clo.se  to  the  other 
where  it  was  protected  hy  heaters  and  was  in  <rood  condition. 


I'U.MTU  Al,    CSKfS    UK    UKATIMi    STACK. 


Mr.  BiciiANAN.  This  is  not  the  heatiuir  stack  up  there,  is  it? 

Ml".  S.MiTii.  Yes.  Those  ph()to^rai)hs  show  conclusively  that  heat- 
in«r  is  practical  and  w  ill  save  the  fruit,  and  the  value  of  i\\e  Weather 
Bureau's  work  comes  in  in  temperature  surveys  which  can  he  made, 
showing  the  <j()od  that  heatinj;:  can  do  under  these  conditions. 

Mr.  Andkkson.   How  much  territory  can  you  cover  with  $12,000? 

Mr.  Smith.  Do  you  mean  in  acreaiie  or  heatinp:^' 

Mr.  Andkhsox.  I  mean  in  your  general  way.  How  expensive  is 
the  protection  you  wouM  get? 

AMOT'NT    OF    TKRKITORY    COVKRKP. 

Mr.  Smith.  In  the  particular  territory  last  year  there  was  some- 
thing like  7,000  acres  equip]>ed  and  ])rotected  with  heaters.  Some- 
thing like  9,000  were  not  e(iuipped.  Of  course,  all  those  that  were 
e(|ui|)ped  with  heaters  got  the  warning  from  the  AVeather  Bureau. 
We  nad  in  there  last  year  three  special  field  agents,  who  had  special 
instruments  foi-  surveying  temperature  and  who  were  ahlc  to  ad\ise 
the  growers,  and  we  only  had  sj^O.OOO  a[)proprinted  last  year.  In  addi- 
tion to  those  three  men  there,  they  went  up  to  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington in  the  si)ring  .season,  and  we  had  several  others  in  smaller 
sections  of  the  country.  T  do  not  have  in  mind  how  much  money 
was  spent  in  California  to  ct)ver  those  7.000  acres.  l)ut  it  was  not  any 
considerahle  part  of  $9,000. 


84  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL-VTION   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Marvix.  This  $12,000  does  not  cover  sufficiently  districts  in 
southern  California  to  satisfy  the  enthusiasm  of  those  people  down 
there,  and  the}'^  are  willin<r  to  put  almost  an  equal  amount  to  co- 
oi)erato  with  us  in  extending  the  work  to  other  districts. 

Mr.  Axdp:rsox.  I  suppose  these  people,  when  they  have  these 
heaters,  get  the  weather  report  before  the  frost  as  well  as  they  can, 
do  they  not? 

Mr.  ^Iarvin.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr,  Buchanan.  Can  not  they  get  it  without  the  instrument  ? 

Mr.  Marvin.  They  can  get  the  general  forecast.  They  can  not  get 
the  mininuim-temi)erate  forecast  until  they  have  men  who  are 
capable  of  making  that  survey. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  say  temperature  survey.  Does  that  have  to 
be  made  every  year? 

Mr.  ]\L\RviN.  It  has  to  be  made  sufficiently  long  to  study  the  condi- 
tions, and  there  must  be  a  man  on  the  ground  with  special  training 
to  make  minimum-temperature  forecasts. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Each  year? 

Mr.  Marvin.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  have  made  surveys  in  this  section.  I  presume, 
in  which  you  have  saved  the  fruit? 

Mr.  Marvin.  Yes,  sir:  surveys  from  which  minimum-temperature 
forecasts  have  resulted  in  the  saving  of  fruit. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  it  required  that  a  man  be  kept  there  each  year 
to  take  the  temperature  or  to  get  any  information  with  reference  tn 
those  surveys  already  made  to  tell  Avhen  tlie  frost  is  coming? 

Mr.  Marvin.  The  forecaster  must  have  a  knowledge  of  the  current 
temperatures  reported  from  the  orchards  in  order  to  advise  about 
starting  fires. 

Mr.  Bi:cHANAN.  Current  temperature  each  day? 

Mr.  Marvin.  Yes,  sir;  whether  he  must  be  in  that  office  or  not  is 
another  question. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  mean  did  he  have  to  be  in  that  State  or  that 
community  to  take  the  current  temperature  each  day? 

Mr.  Marvin.  That  is  necessary,  Mr.  Buchanan.  The  Weather 
Bureau  man  must  be  there  to  interpret  the  general  information  he 
gets  in  the  form  of  current  tenij^eratures  from  all  the  orchards. 

]SIr.  Buchanan.  There  is  nothing  to  keep  tliese  gentlemen  in  this 
fruit  business  from  employing  a  man  and  in  that  way  cooperate 
with  you  is  there? 

Mr,  Marvin.  I  feel  that  would  be  a  very  unsuccessful  method  of 
carrying  it  out.     You  might  say  a  ship  company  would  pay  us 

Afr.  Bitchanan  (interposing).  No;  suppose  he  would  be  under 
your  men  ? 

Mr.  Mahvin.  Tie  Avould  be  under  our  men.  He  would  not  be  in 
close  touch  with  our  district  organization,  because  while  these  fi-osts 
are  local  in  many  of  their  features  they  are  part  of  a  great  atmos- 
])hei'ic  condition  over  a  large  area  of  the  country.  This  uum  would 
iuive  to  get  his  local  maps  from  our  reports,  etc.  The  orchardists 
are  eutlmsiastit-  gxcr  the  sei-\  ice  whii'li  sa\es  a  lot  of  money. 

Mr.  AxDKRsoN.  Peoi)le  are  always  enthusiastic  about  tilings  they 
get  foi'  nothing.  Suppose  we  give  you  this  $12.(V10  and  make  its 
continuance  contingent  upon  contributions  by  the  people  fiom  out 
there,  do  you  think  they  would  do  so? 


AdRKTLTI'HAL   ArPIU)PRlAT!ON    BIIJ^    1924.  85 

Mr.  Makvin.  TIu'v  lm\«'  iiln'ii<ly  rx  i«l«'ji<r.l  (licir  siiuvnty  this 
yviw  l>v  puttiiiir  iii>  alKtiit  lialf  tin*  rin>n»'V  tluMiisrlves. 

Mr.  Am>kh.s4»n'.  ()f  course'  I  tliii>k  tin*  mil  «lifli<iiltv  about  this 
item  is  it  is  a  siM»i'ijil  wrvue  whi«h  applies  to  oiie  inunstrv  ami  a 
rt'hitiM'ly  small  |)rop<)rf ion  of  that  iii<histrv.  I  hav«'  u  fi'iliriL''  that 
if  ail  appropriation  of  that  kind  shoiiM  Im'  tmi<l<'  if  \v<.iil<l  r!<>»  !.«• 
inappro{)riato. 

WONOMU"    BKNKKITH    I»KBIVEI>. 

Mr.  M AirviN.  I  tliink  that  is  .souikI.  I  want  to  say.  however,  tliat 
the  hiireau  was  created  for  this  economic  henelit.  'I'his  as  you  say 
is  local.  It  is  local  for  southerti  California  wheiv  they  are  lii«:hly 
orjraiii/ed  and  profit  by  it,  hut  as  tlu'  st*ason  advances  these  men 
move  ii|)  into  n(»rthcrn  (\ilif(U-nia.  ()re<r«»n,  and  Washin^'ton.  wln-re 
the  same  work  is  hein^  conducted,  and  in  (^tlorado.  We  are  jrivin^ 
the  .same  information  to  truck  jrarden  communities  of  the  South  in 
Florida,  and  while  it  is  local  in  one  particular  community,  we  are 
«rivin<r  similar  or  somewhat  local  service  all  over  the  country. 

Mr.  Hi CHAXAX.  You  are  <rivin<jr  p'neral  information  in  the  South, 
as  I  understand  it. 

Mr.  Mahvix.  We  are  «rivin^  jieneiul  information  about  huiTicanes, 
iM'caus'  a  hurricane  covei^s  a  lar^e  area — it  is  general. 

KRORT    (MCrRKF.NCES    AND    REMEDIE.S    T.\KEM    TO    PREVENT    D.\MAGEw 

Mr.  BrcHAXAX.  This  is  a  specirtc  locality.  When  the  frost  occurs 
they  had  better  put  out  their  heaters  and  prevent  the  frost  damajre. 
You  have  to  take  your  daily  temperatures,  and  it  requires  a  man  on 
the  frround  to  do  that. 

Mr.  Makvix.  That  taking  of  the  daily  temperature  is  done  by  the- 
orchardists.  They  furnisli  us  with  these  local  reports,  which  are 
used,  with  the  telegraphic  repoits  from  the  *2(X)  stations  I  sjK)ke  of, 
in  order  to  make  the  forecasts  and  minimum-temperature  predictions 
upon  which  successful  protection  dej)ends. 

Mr.  AxoKK.sox.  Perhaps  we  have  got  too  narrow  a  view  of  what 
these  people  do.  I  gather  from  what  you  said,  and  Mr.  Tiuchanan 
did,  too,  that  these  fellows  went  out  with  their  thermometers  and  on 
the  basis  of  that  they  make  a  forecast.  From  what  you  say.  they  <Zi^t 
these  reports  from  different  areas  and  other  points,  and  they  get  that 
and  put  them  together  on  a  certain  date  in  order  to  determine  what 
degi'ee  of  frost  there  is  going  to  Ik*  at  a  certain  time. 

Mr.  Makvix.  The  Weathei-  Bureau  man  examines  the  reports  and 
makes  the  forecast,  not  the  growei-s.  The  Weather  Bureau  man 
makes  the  interpretation. 

Mr.  AxDEHsox.  You  make  numerous  preliminary  surveys  in  order 
to  do  that  < 

Mr.  Makvix.  AVe  make  numerous  preliminary  surveys  of  local  con- 
ditions, and  it  is  from  the  meteorologist's  knowledge  of  atmospheric 
conditions  that  he  is  able  to  forecast. 

Mr.  AxuKR.sox.  How  often  does  that  frost  occur^ 

Mr.  Makvix.  This  vear  we  had  an  unusual  vear.  as  is  shown  bv 
these  photographs.    Frost  is  an  annual  occurrence  in  this  region. 


86  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

I  think  more  or  less  damage  is  done  every  year  in  the  most  im- 
portant fruit  districts  of  the  West.  Once  in  seven  or  eight  years  tliey 
get  a  frost  damage  like  this. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  I  am  getting  at  is  what  period  of  time,  as  a 
rule,  do  these  frosts  occur? 

Mr.  Marvin.  In  southern  California  in  the  wintertime,  in  the  frost 
season,  November  to  February. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  have  to  have  a  man  in  there,  then,  during  the 
entire  period  of  time  tliat  frosts  occur? 

Mr.  Marvin.  Yes,  sir;  and  then  up  in  the  northern  portions  it  is 
later  in  the  season.  They  go  up  there  about  the  1st  of  March.  Let 
me  make  one  point,  that  this  intensive  work  is  not  confined  to  the 
region  we  are  talking  about.  This  money  is  spent  partly  at  some  20 
or  25  other  points  in  the  United  States,  only  not  so  extensively  as  on 
the  Pacific  coast.  It  is  spent  in  California,  Arizona,  New  Mexico, 
New  Jersey,  New  England,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Missouri.  Kansas, 
Washington,  and  Oregon. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  this  amount  exclusive  of  the  salaries  of  the 
men? 

Mv.  Marvin.  No  ;  that  is  inclusive  of  salaries. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  this  $12,000  all  you  ask  for  instnmients? 

Mr.  Marvin.  Not  all  of  it.  There  are  some  instruments  and  some 
telegraphing  that  go  in  it.  The  fund  is  for  salaries  and  incidental 
costs  of  travel,  instruments,  and  things  of  that  kind  that  are  involved 
in  the  work. 

OFFICIAL    TRAVELING    EXPENSES. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Your  next  item  is  on  the  same  page,  for  official 
traveling  expenses.     Is  there  any  change  in  that? 

Mr.  Marvin.  No,  sir.     That  is  for  the  same  amount. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  item  is  on  page  45,  for  the  maintenance 
of  stations  for  observing,  measuring,  and  investigating  atmospheric 
phenomena,  etc. 

FOR    maintenance    OF    STATIONS   FOR   OBSERVING,    MEASURING,    AND 
INVESTIGATING  ATMOSPHERIC   PHENOMENA,  ETC. 

Mr.  Marvin.  That  carries  an  increase  and  covers  investigaticms 
the  bureau  makes  in  the  upper-air  conditions  as  distinguislied  from 
the  service  observations  about  which  we  have  been  speaking  hereto- 
fore. The  immediate  practical  use  made  of  tliis  is  for  flying- 
weather  forecasting  and  giving  information  to  aviators. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Upper-air  forecasting? 

AIDS    TO     W  AU     AND    POST    OFFICE    DEl'AKTMENTS     ATR     SERVICE. 

Mr.  Marvin.  Yes,  sir;  aerological  work,  as  we  call  it.  We  have 
been  before  (\)ngress  for  some  years  since  tlie  war  to  have  the 
amount  that  we  now  have  for  this  pur|)ose  inci'eased.  The  $25.()(l() 
included  in  the  Budget  is  but  a  small  part  of  that  really  needed  to 
give  us  all  the  information  we  need  concerning  upper-air  conditions, 
and  which  we  shoidd  have  in  order  to  make  a  thorough-going  serv- 
ice, but  with  the  $25,000  we  hope  to  be  able  io  increase  the  service 


A(;UI('ULTURAI.  Ari*IU)lMUATI()N    BUX,    1024.  87 

to  tlu'  Army  ;iii<l  Nii\y  ami  ihr  I'osI  (  )tlii('  1  )c|>ui'tiiH-iit  mmv  iiiaU-- 
riuUy.  I  have  Iuti'  rlmrt.s  wliicli  show  tin-  aiiwuy.s  o\rr  wliiili  the 
Wur  Di'partiiu'iit  is  now  operating  from  here  to  New  York,  to 
Ijan^K'V  Kit'ltl,  and  to  Dayton,  ()hio.  Tho  second  chart  sliows  the 
|)ost-ollic»'  loiitc  hrtwccn  Ni'W  York  and  San  F«'iancis<'o. 

The  \\«'athcr  Itiiicau  is  in  position  to  ^^ivc  information  untl  advice 
as  to  weather  conditions  ah)n;;  uir  routes  and  is  doin^  so  to  the  l>est 
of  its  uhiiity. 

MII.ITAKY     KOIUKS     IN     OKKAT     NKKI>    oK     MdKK     AKKOrXXlKAL     IN  KOKM  ATIO.N. 

Army  jx'oplc  arc  u\>  flying'  very  much  ol'  the  time,  as  you  know, 
and  they  need  more  inlormalion  than  we  arc  ahlc  to  ^iNc  them  at 
tlie  flvin<;  stations  and  at  posts  ut  which  operations  are  innu^r  on. 
Tliis  increase  will  enahle  us  to  <;ive  them  adtlitional  infornuition. 

In  a  re<'cnt  conversation  witli  (Jeneral  Patrick  1  was  tcHin<r  liim 
what  we  would  be  able  to  do  it'  we  could  ;:;ct  mort'  intensive  s«'rvice; 
that  is,  to  get  observation  al<)n<j:  this  Lan^dey  Field  and  Boiling 
Field  airway  and  to  <;o  to  New  York.  I  have  here  an  extract  from 
the  BulletinOf  the  Halloon  and  Aircraft  School.  Scott  Field.  Belle- 
ville. 111.,  for  November.  llt'J'J.  which  illustrates  the  value  of  our 
advices  to  aeronautics. 

IKxtiiiii    from    Hnllciiii   of   tli«>   nalloon   anil   Aln-riift  School,    Scolt    I'iild,    Hfllcvlllf,    III., 

November.  15)22.] 

AN    AIM'KECI.XTION    OF   THK   WKATHKK    lUUKAl'. 

.\(i  iieroniiut  ciin  fail  to  :i|)pre<Mnte  tlio  value  of  accunite  weather  informa- 
tinii.  particiilarly  wlicu  luMkiii).'  jinr.Mie.vs  of  practical  len^rtli.  Vet.  iiiifortu- 
iiately,  it  appt-ans  tliat  tiie  liunleii  <»f  c(M)peiiilion,  which  so  evidently  rests 
with  us,  is  heiiin  taken  up  i)y  the  Weather  Bureau. 

Oil  tiie  re<.'ent  trip  of  tiie  ('--,  as  we  have  heen  informed  in  a  lecture  hy 
.MaJ.  11.  .\.  ."Ntiauss,  tiie  ship's  comniandev,  the  aid  received  from  tlie  Weatlier 
I'lUieaii  was  not  only  iiivaluahle  l)Ut  was  jrivcn  whole-heartedly,  showiiiir  the 
iiureau's  interest  to  l)e  KKJ  per  cent.  Tlie  most  detailed  stateiiK'Hts.  the  hest 
maps,  and  the  most  careful  predictions  were  sent  to  the  crew  from  Wasliiii};- 
ton  days  in  advance  of  tlie  start,  and  tlie  tinal  reports  were  tele;rrai>iie«l  to  tliem 
at  the  Weatlier  Iiureau's  expense.  The  interest  thus  shown  hy  the  Weather 
I'.ureau  did  not  la;;  after  completion  of  the  westward  le;,'.  and  the  same  excel- 
lent service  was  rendered  on  the  return  trip  until  the  accident  which  oecurre<l 
at  San  Antonio  terminated  the  flight. 

.\n  api>eal  is  made  to  each  of  you  to  familiarize  yourselves  more  fully  with 
the  science  of  mefeorolo^ry  jind  to  keep  in  closer  touch  with  tlu>  publications  of 
the  Weather  Hiireau. 

In  addititin  to  this,  let's  do  ou'/  hcst  to  reciprocate. 

Mr.  Marvin.  I  felt  that  that  was  si«rnificant  of  the  appreciation  of 
the  service  which  the  aeronautical  people  feel  we  are  in  a  position  to 
furnish  them,  and  I  feci  it  is  work  which  means  dollars  and  cents 
returned  to  the  peo])lc. 

Mr.  BrciiANAN.  How  lon^'  in  advance  can  you  make  a  forecast  in 
the  upper  air? 

Mr.  aIarvix.  We  tlo  not  attempt  it  for  more  than  '24  hours,  and 
very  detailed  foreca.sts  can  not  lie  made  that  lonir  in  advance.  It  is 
for  that  reason  we  are  askini:  for  an  increase  in  tlu'  appropriation. 


88  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

WEEKLY    WEATHEK^KOKECASTS. 

Mr.  BucHAXAN.  You  are  never  able  to  make  advance  forecasts  of 
lonfrer  than  36  hours,  are  you  ? 

]Mr.  Mauvin.  We  are  makinjj  weekly  forecasts  for  a<rricultural 
interests  couched  in  wneral  terms.    They  are  <renerallv  satisfactory. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  How  often  do  you  make  them  ( 

Mr.  Marvin.  Once  a  week — every  Saturday — and  they  come  out 
in  the  papers  all  over  the  country  Saturihiy  and  Sunday.  We  are 
hopeful  with  continued  studies  to  be  al)le  to  extend  the  forecasts 
more  than  a  week  in  advance.  But  that  is  an  aml)ition  of  the 
meteorolojrist.  Here  is  an  aerolo<rical  survey  of  the  United  States. 
frivin<r  a  summary  of  what  we  have  done  within  the  i)ast  few  years. 
W^hen  you  think  of  the  immense  territory  of  the  Ignited  States  and  ■ 
that  we  have  only  six  of  these  upper-air  stations  you  can  realize 
what  it  means. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  have  only  six  of  these  upper-air  stations, 
have  you  ? 

Mr.  Marvin.  We  have  six  primary  stations  makinjr  observations 
with  kites  and  balloons,  etc.  In  addition  to  that  we  have  nine  bal- 
loon stations,  sending  up  little  pilot  balloons  into  the  upper  winds. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  do  you  propose  to  add  to  this  $25,000  ( 

Mr.  Marvin.  We  are  going:  to  put  in  some  additional  stations.  I 
have  Mr.  Gvegg  here,  who  is  in  charge  of  aerological  work,  and  I 
think,  perhaps,  he  can  answer  your  questions  best. 


ADDITIONAL   STATIONS   URGENTLY    NEEDED. 

Mr.  Gregg.  We  propose  to  put  in  about  six  stations.  The  actual 
number  will  depend  upon  where  they  are  located  and,  of  course,  that 
will  depend  upon  the  needs  of  the  Army.  Xavy.  and  mail  air  serv- 
ices. If  the  stations  can  be  established  at  regular  Weather  Bureau 
stations  now  in  operation,  the  cost  will  be  about  $4,000  each:  but  if 
the  stations  are  to  be  established  at  other  places  than  where  we  have 
regular  Weather  Bureau  stations,  we  shall  liave  to  put  in  fully 
equipped  new  stations  costing  about  $(),()00  each.  The  probability  is, 
however,  that  most  of  them  can  be  placed  at  Weather  Bureau 
stations. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Where  they  are.  do  you  have  to  emidoy  men  to  do 
this  particular  work  as  distinguished  from  the  ground  obscrx  :ition  ( 

Mr.  Gregg.  At  the  Weathei-  Bureau  stations? 

Mr.  Anderson.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Gre<;(;.  AVe  would  have  to  assign  one  extrn  uiau  with  ex- 
jx'rience  in  upper-air  work;  in  addition  one  (d'  the  jvgulur  men 
already  employed  at  a  station  would  be  re(juired  to  learn  the  work 
and  assist  in  the  observation.     Kach  obsci'vation  recpiires  two  men. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  long  aiv  they  in  taking  it  ^ 

Mr.  (lUEGG.  On  the  average  an  observation  takes  from  an  luuir  (o 
an  hour  and  a  half. 

Ml".  Anderson.  Wluit  do  (hey  do  the  i-j>st  of  the  time? 

Mr.  (ii{E(;<!.  At  tlie  reguhir  \\'eather  Hureau  stations  they  do  other  oljs 

work,  such  as  is  done  at  all  AVealiiei-  liureau  stations.     \t  the  |)ri-  tlie 

mary  stations  where  we  do  notlnng  but   acrological  work  we  make 


II 


AC.RKl'LTrRAL   APPFIOPKIATION    BIM>,    1024.  89 

oltsrrviit  ions  with  kit«'S  aiul  llial  takes  foiii-  to  liv«'  ln»iiis  «'atli  day. 
and  two  ohst'fvat  i<tiis  with  |iil<it  hnlNioiis  i-n  li  ihiv.  ;ih«iiif  ■.m  hmir 
and  11  hnlf  emit. 

I  may  sny,  as  to  the  tiiiu>  consiiiiird,  that  it  takrs  a  ;;ood  dral  of 
tiinr  to  coinpnto  or  fediicp  the  infofiiiation  to  a  point  whoiT  it  is 
llsahK'.  T\\v  Ihmii-  and  a  lialf  icft-iicd  to  is  consniiifd  in  tjdcinir  ti»o 
observations. 

Mr.  ANnKKsjix.  On  an  aN*'!"a;;»',  how  hi^h  (h)  tlit's*-  halloons  and 
kit»'s  <;o^ 

Mr.  (iHK«j<j.  On  an  av»'ra;;»'  kites  ascend  to  ahoiit  l\  or  '2  niih'.s: 
oecasionally  H  or  4  miles.  TiaIh>ons  <ro  up  on  an  avera;r«'  I  shouhl 
say  2\  or  .'?  mih's,  hut  occasiomillv  as  hi^rh  as  10  or  L")  miles.  Of 
e«)urse  the  hei<.rl»t  reached  de|)en(ls  entirely  npon  the  .state  of  the 
sky. 

KKHUI.TS    OK   OBSKKV.VTIONS. 

Mr.  .Vndkr.sox.  From  the.se  observations  are  yon  able  to  predict 
the  condition  of  the  atmosphere  with  respect  to  storms,  wind  vel<K'- 
ity  and  all  that  sort  of  thinir  in  the  upper  airf 

Mr.  (iRK<;f:.  That  is  the  primary  pnrpf)se  of  the  observation.  I 
mi<rht  sav  that  all  these  observations  are  sent  to  forecastin<r  centers 
at  Washin«rton.  Chica<r<)  and  San  F'rancisro.  and  forecasts  for  the 
14  zones  into  whicji  the  country  is  divided  are  made  and  sent  out 
twice   daily   i)y   radio. 

Mr.  ANnKu.sox,  Apparently  all  this  has  direct  relationship  to 
your  daily  forecastinjr.  What  relation  has  it  to  research  and  in- 
vestijrJition  and  ]>ro<rress  in  meteorolojjical  science  in  <reneraH 

Mr.  Marvin.  Tliat  is  a  matter  I  wanted  to  emphasize  just  before 
I  asked  Mr.  (xreofjr  to  tell  ai)out  the  stations.  The  free  air  observa- 
tions have  <rreat  value  and  these  publications  are  e.\anii)les  of  the 
uses  made  of  them  in  the  study  of  upper  air  problems.  This  service 
for  aviation  is  only  one  of  the  uses  of  the  aerolojrical  work.  The 
data  have  a  very  important  bearinjr  upon  the  phenomena  of  the  cir- 
culation of  the  air  out  of  which  knowledo:e  we  hope  to  be  able  to 
improve  our  knowledjre  of  tlie  laws  of  forecastinff. 

Mr.  Hi  ciiANAX.    Mow  deep  is  the  atmosphere^     How  hi«rh  ^ 

Mr.  ^^ARVI^^  The  hiofhest  points  are  perhaps  three  or  four  hun- 
dred miles  in  the  atmosphere  where  meteors  become  luminous,  when 
they  penetrate  the  outermost  j>ortions  of  the  atmospiiere. 

^Ir.  Hi  ciiANAN.  1  thoiijrht  they  knew  ai)S()lutelv  the  hei«;ht  of 
the   atmosphere. 

.Mr.  Marvin.  Well,  no:  it  goes  on  and  on.  more  and  more  attenu- 
ate<l. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  not  there  any  limit  to  it  out  there — any  limit 
to  where  the  air  extends^ 

Mr.  Marvin.  Oh,  no:  not  exactly.  It  has  no  definite  outer  l»<)und- 
ary.  It  is  all  within  three  or  four  hundred  miles.  This  report  on 
u[)per  air  pressure  maps  is  one  of  the  studies  that  has  jjeen  made  of 
the  free  air  data  in  the  lower  layers.  It  is  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant contributions  to  this  science  and  deals  with  reducin«r  pressure 
oi)s*'rvation  upward  instead  of  reducing  them  to  sea  level,  which  is 
the  ordinary  practice. 


90  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 


USE    OF    AIRPLANK.S    AND    BALLOONS. 


Mr.  AxDERSox.  Are  airplanes  or  re<rular  balloons  used  at  all  in 
making  these  observations^  Have  thev  been  occasionally  or  regu- 
larly   or  otherwise   used? 

Mr.  Marvin.  Very  little  use  has  been  made  up  to  the  present  time 
of  air})laries  for  takin«r  observations  in  the  free  air.  We  can  «ret 
better  results  at  less  cost  by  takinji  observations  with  pilot  balloons 
and  kites,  l)ecause  we  have  better  information  as  to  the  position  of 
the  balloon  at  the  time.  The  instruments  carried  on  airplanes  and 
moving  freely  around  have  not  heretofore  been  made  useful  in 
meteorological  work. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  would  assume,  not  knowing  anything  about  it  all, 
that  to  be  of  any  value  you  would  have  to  have  a  series  of  observa- 
tions. It  would  be  verj^  difficult.  I  Avould  suppose,  with  an  airplane, 
and  expensive  as  well. 

Mr.  Marvin.  It  is  a  much  more  expensive  method  of  getting  the 
observation. 

Mr.  Gregg.  I  may  add  that  the  principal  element  of  interest  in 
aviation  is  the  wind,  and  it  is  quite  difficult  to  make  observations  of 
the  wind  in  an  airplane. 

Mr.  Anderson,  Which  do  you  consider  of  the  greater  importance 
under  this  item — the  general  research  work  in  its  relation  to  the 
scientific  study  of  meteorology  or  the  forecast  which  3'ou  make  for  air 
travelers  ? 

Mr.  Marvin.  With  respect  to  the  increase.  Mr.  Chairman,  we  would 
hope  out  of  that  appropriation  to  derive  the  greatest  immediate 
practical  benefit  from  the  forecasts  to  aviation,  but  I  want  to  say  this 
about  the  whole  appropriation  with  its  increase.  It  is  the  way  we 
have  of  accumulating  information  which  must  go  on  for  several 
years  before  we  get  data  from  which  forecasts  studies  can  be  made. 
The  work  under  this  appropriaiton,  apart  from  its  benefits  to  avia- 
tion, is  a  contribution  to  science  and  is  something  the  value  of  which 
increases  with  the  accumulation  of  observations.  It  is  only  with  the 
accumulation  of  these  observations  that  useful  research  work  can  be 
carried  out. 

Mr.  Anderson.  When  you  get  down  to  brass  tacks,  how  extensive 
is  air  travel  in  this  country  at  the  present  time? 

Mr.  Marvin.  The  travel  at  the  present  time,  I  tliink,  is  limited  to 
the  Army  and  the  Navy  maneuvers  and  to  tiie  Post  Office  Dei)artnuMit. 
I  think  weather  advices  are  very  important  in  devel()i)ing  aviation, 
and  certainly  this  country  ought  not  to  be  bai-kward  in  developing 
civil  aviation,  regardless  of  its  great  need  as  a  part  of  the  national 
defense. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  completes  your  item  does  it? 

Mr.  Mai{\in.  Iliat  is  the  oidy  remaining  \Xow\  we  ha\e.  Mr.  Ander- 
son. AVe  would  like  to  see  this  increase  as  an  e\  iileiue  of  the  snppoit 
this  feature  of  the  work  is  getting,  because  we  feel  it  is  important 
both  to  practical  aviation  and  to  the  science  of  meteorology. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  tliere  any  relationsliip  at  all  between  these  up- 
pei'-air  ob.servations  and  your  forecast  on  the  gictund^ 

Mr.  Marvin.  There  is;  the  forecasters  depend  upon  them  every  day. 
We  use  these  reports  that  we  get  from  the  stations  we  now  have  and 
chart  them  in  the  office  on  the  maps  for  the  different  !(>vels  and  the 


AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRLVTIOX    BILL,    1024.  91 

forocasters  consults  tlu'w  charts  ovory  <l;»y  at  tlu'  tiiiu'  of  rnttkin*r  his 
forecast — not  only  for  uppfr-air  forecasting;  Imt  for  surface  forecast- 
ing; as  well.  I  lielieve  tluv improvement  in  the  fore<astin^  that  has 
come  ahout  in  the  liusf  several  years  is  |»artly  <lue  to  the  \ip|>er-air 
(lata.  I  helieve  the  icsnit-  now  attiiin<'<|  in  fni«'.!i~f iii'/  li:i\<'  ri<\»'r 
been  surpa.sseti. 

Trf-MI>AY,  XoVEMIiWt  21,   11)2*2. 

RT^iK.Vr  OK  ANIMAL  INDrSTHV. 

i     STATEMENT  OF  DR.  JOHN  R.  MOHLER.  CHIEF  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL 

INDUSTRY. 

Mr.  Andf.r.sox.  Doctor  Mohler,  do  you  want  to  make  a  preliminary 
statement  before  we  start  in  on  your  statutory  rolls? 

Doctor  .Nh)iii.KK.  Mr.  Chairman.  I  have  pre|)are(l  a  <;eneral  state- 
ment of  our  work,  which,  if  you  car«'  for  it,  I  should  like  f<«  ^>il)mit 
to  the  committee. 

Mr.  Andkhson.  Very  well,  it  will  <;o  into  the  record. 

(J  he  statement  submitted  l>y  Doctor  Mohler  is  here  printed  in  full, 
as  follows:) 

fjK.NKHAL   STATKMKXT  OK  WoRK. 

Tlie  I'l-iiicipiil  \\<»rk  of  the  lUiii-au  of  .Vniiiiiil  Industry  in  coiKluctt'd  in  the 
Rt'ld  anionj.'  fanners  and  stockmen.  Tins  lnirwiu  jrives  its  attention  chiefly  to 
live  stock  and  dairy  protlnction,  tlie  lontrol  and  eradication  of  conta;;ions  animal 
disea.ses;  it  conducts  research  and  demon.strational  work.  ;ruards  our  live-stock 
inilustry  against  invasions  of  fi>rei;;n  pln^rues.  and  protects  i>iil)lic  health 
tiirou;:h  insi»ection  of  animals  and  their  products  whicli  are  intentled  for  Imnian 
fooil. 

The  hnrcjiu  lias  in  its  employ  4,1.')4  i>ersons.  of  which  ."^.742  are  assiirned  to 
duties  in  the  tield  outside  of  Wa.shinu^ton.  The  l)ureau  ori^rinaily  consisted  of 
an  odice.  a  lahoratory.  and  small  exjieriment  station,  and  a  personnel  of  ap- 
proximately li.'i  persons.  At  pre.^eiit  it  consists  of  11  main  <livisions.  an  experi- 
ment station.  0  smaller  <livisions  or  oflices,  ami  .several  experimental  and  demon- 
strational  farms  located  in  sections  of  the  country  best  adapted  to  tlie  i>urpose 
for  which  they  are  intended.  .V  variety  of  projects  heneticial  to  the  farmer  antl 
live-8toc"k  producer  are  in  pro;rress  on  these  farms. 

RESVLTS  OF  KXPERIME.NTAL   WORK    MADE   AVAILABLE  TO   F.\KMERS. 

Wlien  research  on  any  iirohlem  nives  encoura{rin>r  result.s.  the  method  of  ap- 
plying the  princii>h's  discovere<l  are  tried  in  an  experimental  way  under  condi- 
tions as  nearly  like  those  on  the  average  fann  as  intssible.  The  experimental 
farms  are  u.sed  for  this  jmrpo.se.  When  the  method  is  considerwl  well  develoi»e<l 
anil  suitahh'  for  general  application  it  is  made  the  basis  for  »'xtension  work 
by  the  .*-;tates  Relation  Service  througli  county  agents.  This  method  has  been 
use<l  with  success  in  preventing  losses  from  hog  cholera,  in  tick  enulication. 
for  poultry  culling,  for  lamb  docking  and  castration,  in  the  development  of  our 
<-heese  industry,  and  many  other  matters  of  imiM»rtanc«'.  The  general  .se^pieiice 
of  research,  experiment,  and  extension  is  us«>d  with  success  by  the  r>epartment 
of  .\griculture.  and  the  results  have  j»roved  it  to  be  the  logical  method  of  giv- 
ing new  facts  to  tlie  public.  Kxteiision  work  is  supphnnented  with  literature, 
posters,  lantern  slides,  motion  pictures,  radio,  and  similar  devices. 

MATTJatS    OF   GENERAL    INTEREST. 

Farmers  are  encouraged  to  acquire  more  knowle<lge  on  the  sulijeot  of  sanita- 
tion and  its  importance  in  the  prevention  and  control  of  atiimal  disea.<e.s.  They 
are  encouraged  to  sitend  more  time,  labor,  and  money  for  clean-up  and  disin- 


92  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

fection  in  proportion  to  the  amount  they  now  spend  for  drups  and  remedies  of 
various  kinds  and  of  doubtful  value. 

Live-stock  owners  are  urged  to  exeri-ise  more  care  in  preventing  the  intro- 
duction of  diseases  into  their  herds;  prevention  is  cheaper  and  better  than 
cure  and  eradicati(»n. 

The  elimination  of  tuberculosis  from  our  bovine  population  is  being  pushed 
as  rapidly  as  possible.  The  area  niethod  of  eradication  is  the  most  rapid  and 
economical.  There  is  need  for  increasing  the  veterinary  Held  force.  Lwal 
veterinary  practitioners  have  shown  themselves  capable  of  participating  in 
tuberculosis  eradication  work  under  the  accredited-herd  plan,  ami  it  seems 
desirable  as  eradication  is  extended  to  turn  more  of  this  work  over  to  them. 

The  bureau  advocates  the  eradication  of  outbreaks  of  foot-and-mouth  disease 
through  the  slaughter  of  all  diseased  and  ex])osed  susceptible  animals,  together 
with  the  application  of  quarantine,  cleaning  and  disinfection  of  infected  prem- 
ises, and  compensating  the  owners  for  animals  and  other  proiterty  destroyed. 

In  the  prevention  of  hog  cholera  the  simultaneous  treatment  presents  ad- 
vantages over  the  serum-alone  treatment  in  conferring  i>ennanent  immunity 
and  is  preferable  when  properly  administered  by  skilled  operators. 

The  bureau  is  endeavoring  to  improve  veterinary  sen'ice  by  supervising  the 
work  of  veterinary  colleges  and  accre<liting  only  those  that  maintain  the 
required  standard.  Since  the  bureau  employs  approximately  1.4(M)  veterinarians, 
it  is  able  to  exert  some  beneticial  intluence  in  that  field. 

The  bureau  aims  to  develop  activities  relating  to  the  breeding,  feeding,  and 
general  care  of  live  stock  in  addition  to  conducting  the  disease<'ontrol  work. 

It  is  the  policy  to  have  persons  working  on  the  larger  and  more  imi>ortant 
practical  agricultural  prol)lems  to  familiarize  themselves  thoroughly  with  field 
conditions  by  spending  a  considerable  portion  of  their  time  in  the  field. 

Bureau  employees  are  kept  in  touch  with  agricultural  matters  through  agri- 
cultural pui)lications  and  the  weekly  summary  of  editoi-ials  which  are  circu- 
lated through  the  bureau  laboratories  and  offices. 

SOMK  OF  THE  ISIPORTANT   WOUK    .4I.READY   COMPLETED. 

A  review  of  the  history  of  the  various  scientific  divisions  is  convincing  that 
the  standards  and  policies  maintained  have  resulted  in  success.  The  activities 
wliicii  have  been  carried  to  completion  include : 

The  discovery  of  the  nature  ot  Texas  fever:  how  it  is  conveytnl  from  infected 
to  susceptible  bovines  by  an  intermediate  host,  wiiich  is  a  ti<'k;  and  the  per- 
fection of  methods  for  exterminating  the  tick. 

The  complete  eradication  of  contagious  pleuroitiieumonia  from  this  country. 
The  I'nited  States  was  the  first  of  the  large  nations  of  the  world  up  to  that 
time  wliicli.  having  been  once  extensively  infected  with  pleuropneumonia,  was 
able  lo  extiri)ate  it. 

The  discovery  of  the  cause  of  hog  cholera,  the  development  of  antihog-cholera 
serum,  thus  placing  at  the  disposal  of  swine  growers  a  reliable  agent  for  pre- 
venting losses  from  that  disease. 

The  eradicaticm  of  tul)erculosis  from  live  stock  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
thus  demonstrating  the  practicability  of  eradicating  tui)en'ulosis  from  iletinite 
areas. 

Improved  methods  of  making  tuberculin  for  diagnosing  tuberculosis  in  cattle 
and  swine. 

Tile  iirompf  eradication  of  I'oot-and-Mionth  (liseasi>  from  the  United  States 
on  six  occasions. 

The  impi'ovement  through  in.si»ection  and  supervision  of  metliods  of  handling 
live  stock  in  interstate  and  export  trade. 

The  exclusion  from  the  United  States  through  the  enforcement  of  (luarair 
tine  regulations  of  the  serious  animal  scourges  iireseiit  in  foreign  countries 
with  whiili  we  hav«'  extensive  <()niiuercial  relations. 

The  establishment  of  the  most  complete  antl  deiu-ndable  national  system  of 
meat   inspection  in  the  world. 

The  development  of  effective  ami  economical  apparatus  and  f<u-mulas  for 
home,  laboratory,  and  factory  tise. 

The  deveJopMient  of  t>IT»'ctive  niedicinal  tri'atments  for  parasites.  The  carbon 
tetrachloride  ireatuicnt  I'oV  liooUwoiius  is  one  of  tlic  most  rei-cnt  treatments 
develojx'd  by  the  hnreaii. 


I 


AORICULTrRAI.  APPW)PRIATU)N    BlIJ.,   1^24.  93 

1MI1IKTANT   WOKK    NOW    IN    l'H«MJK»:«ll. 

Aiintiiu  tin-  inllvltU'«  of  prmtltiil  iiixl  populin  Interest  ni>\v  l»«»llij{  ••oiidiicti'*! 
Iiv  tlu'  Itun-au  art'  llu'  fnllnwInB: 

'  Titk  I Kniirolinii.  To  ilate  ap|»r...\liiia'i'l.v  7_'  i"  i  -.i.i  ..i  li.e  72?»..V»2  wjuare 
uill»'»  plnei'tl  miller  i|uaniiit iiie  July  1.  UXx5.  lias  Imn'Ii  fn>CHl  of  ratlli"  tWkj*  ami 
rt'leasiMJ.  Tlek  eradleaiion  is  prouresslim  satisfactorily,  hut  n-^iiilres  ample 
llnanelal  supiKtrl— at  l«'asf  an  miKli  ns  In  the  past  -If  It  Is  to  Iw  eompleie.l 
expeditiously  aiai  «><-oiioiiiifally. 

7/w  inHitfn-liou  of  mratx. — Tla*  puipi»e  ..I"  tlu'  Finleral  ineatlnsiMTtlon  servU-e 
1h  to  eliminate  <liseas«M|  aiiid  otherwise  untit  meat  from  the  p-neral  f«MMl  supply; 
to  see  that  meat  and  iir<Mlu<ts  for  human  «onsumi>tlon  are  prepan-d  iti  a  t'leaiily 
injinner;  to  ;:uiird  auainst  the  use  of  liarmful  dyes,  preserxatlves.  ehemicals.  or 
other  deleterloUH  hmr»slients.  and  to  jirevent  the  us**  of  fals««  or  misleading.' 
luimeti  or  statements  on  lahels.  During  the  jiast  ynir  this  service  was  <-ou- 
ducted  In  SW  estaldlshnients  eui:aK«'d  In  Interstate  and  foreijru  «-onunerce  In 
•_'«•.;{  cities  and  towns.  The  service  covers  ahout  7<i  per  cent  of  tlu'  meat  and 
moat  f(KHl  pHMlucts  pr<Klu(i'il  in  this  country,  at  a  cost  of  le.ss  than  (i  ci-nts  \n'V 
animnl  slau^rhtereil. 

Ui>{t-rhitU  ra  irork  iitnii»</  f(initrrn. — Ho;:-cholera  <'ontrol  work  is  heinj;  car- 
ried on  In  cooiM'ratioii  with  'M  States.  Ap|iroximately  5M  hureau  veterinarians 
are  enj-'a^'til.  In  I'.rjl  the  losses  from  ho^  cholera  were  reductnl  to  '.V.^ '\  ixT 
\.tnM)  swine  raised.  In  1!»~  there  was  an  iia-rease  to  4S.7  pi-r  l.(MM).  The  in- 
ereast'  no  «louht  was  due  to  the  inahillty  of  farmers  in  some  .sections  to  liave 
their  hoj.'s  immuinzeil.  owiiijr  to  the  tinancial  conilitions  that  prevailed  i?i  the 
fanning  .s<»ctions. 

This  increase  in  mortality  shows  tin-  necessity  for  continued  viu'llaia-e  and 
a<'tion  in  cojiin^r  with  the  disea.se.  Farmers  yet  iiet'd  advice  and  a.ssistanie  in 
tiuhtin^;  ho;;  cholera,  and  they,  as  well  as  many  veterinary  practitioners,  look 
to  the  represt'utatives  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  for  expert,  reliahlc 
atdvico.  The  ho;:  is  the  farmer's  most  reliahle  stand-hy  for  pn>curln;r  naniey  tn 
jiay  his  taxes  and  meet  other  ol>li;rations.  and  there  should  he  no  decrease  at 
this  time  in  tln'  protection  of  the  swine  industry. 

Kradictitioti  of  HnihivK  in  sfivcp. — The  pro.spects  are  that  there  will  he  con- 
slderahle  spread  of  the  inft>i-tion  in  Arizomi  and  New  Mexico  durin;;  this  fall 
and  winter.  Kradication  is  progressing  satisfactorily  in  Texa.s,  Colorado,  Wyo- 
niiii;:.  Utah.  Idaho.  Neva<la.  Ore;:on.  and  California.  Durin;:  the  past  fiscal 
j-ear  hureau  emjtloyees  in  the  Held  nuule  •J4.UKl,0."»(;  insiK-ctions  ami  supervised 
8.8t»9..'»8«>  (lip|>inLrs.  When  ;:iven  an  oi>portuiuty,  this  disease  spreads  rapidly 
and  is  very  destru<-tive :  therefore  there  shouhl  he  no  relaxation  in  etTorts  to 
control  and  erailicate  scahies  in  sheep  and  cattle. 

I'.rndH'iitinfi  cattle  nnilii^n. — Rather  extensive  outhreaks  of  tills  di.sease  oc- 
curred last  winter  in  Arizona.  Vtali.  and  Nevada,  three  States  formerly  not 
nffect»il.  This  di.sease  also  exists  to  some  extent  in  Oklahoma,  Texas,  New 
Mexico.  Colorado.  Wyoniin;:.  South  Dakota,  and  Mi>ntana.  Last  year  l.r)0S,924 
cattle  were  inspected  in  the  Held  and  4r»3.7()8  were  dipi>e<l. 

Siiitrni.fiiiii  of  intriKtdtr  tniiniiiortdtion  of  lire  stock. — Last  year  20,40*2.270 
sheep,  1S.47.")IH»1  cattle.  ;^7.441l..")!>4  swiiic,  and  lO.OS.")  horses  were  insiKvted  nt 
puhlic  sto<kyards  and  unloading'  points.  When  disease  is  found  tlu'  ori;:in  of 
infecte«l  slii|iments  is  immedately  rei)orte<l  to  the  live  stock  sjinitary  ollicials 
of  the  States  concerned.  Fines  amounting  to  .S17,(MK»  were  coUectwl  last 
year  for  violations  of  the  law. 

Hnforccmcnt  of  the  JS-hoiir  lair. — The  transportation  of  animals  requires 
<-onstant  attention  to  prevent  cruelty  to  the  animals  while  in  transit.  Last 
year  tines  amountin;:  to  $1U0,(KX^  were  c(di«'<tt»<l.  api)roxiniately  four  times  the 
cost  of  enforcing  the  law.  ' 

The  cnforccnicut  of  iiiiaratitiiK  rct/ulatioiiK. — Although  rinderiK-st.  coutacrious 
jileuropneumonia.  foot-and-mouth  disea.se.  aial  surra  have  hoMi  prevalent  in 
various  parts  of  the  world,  our  quarantine  regulations  have  proved  efftH-tual 
in  prev«'nting  invasions  of  these  ili.sea.ses. 

The  eradication  of  bovine  tultcrculonift. — Every  State  in  the  I'nion  Is  co- 
operatnig  with  the  hureau  in  this  w<)rk.  At  jiresent  there  are  U>.(K)."  herds, 
numhering  417.!tl7  animals,  on  the  list  of  fully  a<'credit»^l  herds;  •_M).").<Hfc? 
Iienls.  numhering  1  WK»..'72  animals,  are  In  process  of  heing  a<<'redite«l.  The 
quicker  the  eradication  of  this  disea.se  is  accomplished  the  less  it  will  cost 
and  the  fewer  will  be  the  losses  in  the  meantime. 


94  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Hog  cholera  research. — It  is  known  that  this  work  has  resulted  in  a  saving 
of  many  millions  of  dollars  to  the  farmers  of  the  country,  and  it  is  h^lieved 
that  it  lias  been  largely  responsible  for  increasing  hog  production  after  it 
had  reached  a  low  ehh  about  the  time  antlhog-<'h<ilera  serum  was  developed  by 
the  bureau. 

Inrcstif/fitious  of  dijtH  ntid  dininfectantft. — As  a  result  <>f  this  work  thf  in- 
spection and  (luarantiiie  work,  as  well  as  ti<'k  eradication  work,  has  been 
placed  on  a  firmer  basi.s.  Means  liave  been  provided  by  the  bureau  for  test- 
ing the  strength  at  any  time  of  the  dip  in  vats  ready  for  use. 

lurculitifilionn  of  iinatx. — liesi^arch  work  has  been  directed  toward  studies 
of  the  changes  in  fresh  beef  during  cold  storage,  the  effect  of  .salting,  chemical 
studies  of  the  nutritive  value,  vitamin  content,  etc. 

The  production  of  tuhrrciiliu. — The  total  amomit  of  tuberculin  produce«l  for 
the  use  of  its  inspectors  in  the  tiehl  during  the  fiscal  year  19li2  amounteil  in 
round  numebrs  to  7.830,011  do.ses.  at  a  cost  of  .S24.748.  Tlie  tuberculin  would 
have  cost  api)roxiniately  .$2()0,(KX)  if  the  bureau  bad  been  obliged  to  buy  it  at 
present  market  i)rices. 

The  field  inrestii/ationft  i)i  the  control  of  round  irorm-'i. — In  swine,  stomach 
worms  in  sheep,  and  warble  infestation  among  cattle  are  being  extended. 

Jnrestif/dtion  af  aninial  abortion. — This  work  includes  a  study  of  the  etiologj' 
of  the  disease,  the  development  of  methods  of  control,  tlie  difference  in  the  va- 
rious microorganisms  responsible  for  abortion  among  domestic  aninuds;  an<l 
the  various  chemical  agents  for  the  suppression  of  the  di.sease. 

Investigation  of  tuherculositi  of  aninialfi. — This  work  includes  the  study  of 
the  causes  on  which  the  spread  of  tuberculosis  among  animals  depends,  studies 
covering  the  tul)erculin  test,  and  other  tesis  for  tuberculosis,  studies  of  the 
different  types  of  the  tubercle  bacillus,  their  economic  significance,  etc. 

Supervision  of  plants  wliich  produce  biological  products,  cspcciullii  hog- 
cholera-  scrum  and  virus. — r)uring  the  year  1921  there  were  producetl  476,- 
955,95.5  c.  c.'s  of  antihog-cholera  serum  and  26.2.52.175  c.  c.'s  of  virus.  The 
indications  are  that  9()(>.(Mi(».(K)0  c.  c.'s  of  the  seruii^  will  be  pnMhiced  during 
the  present  year. 

Butter  and  by-products. — This  project  is  designed  to  increase  the  efficiency 
of  butter  making  by  the  economic  utilization  of  by-products,  including  the 
production  of  different  kinds  of  cheeses  and  albumen  products. 

Condoised  milk  investigations. — Studies  are  being  made  of  the  factors  which 
control  the  connnerclal  (piality  of  condensed  and  evaporated  nulk. 

Nutrition  of  dairg  cons  and  .secretion  of  milk. — The  object  of  this  stutly  is 
to  learn  more  of  the  process  by  which  the  cow  converts  the  nutrients  of  the 
feed  into  milk. 

Dairg  sanitation  research. — The  object  is  to  study  the  sanitatiim  of  city 
milk  supplies,  the  factors  influencing  the  commercial  cpiality  of  nulk,  am! 
devise  means  for  j)roducing  and  handling  milk  of  superior  quality. 

Research  in  animal  genetics. — Exhaustive  experiments  are  being  conducte<l  to 
obbiin  more  definite  information  concerning  the  iirinciples  of  heredity. 

The  development  of  an  American  breed  or  horses. 

The  reliabilitation  of  the  Morgan  breed  of  horses. 

A  2(l-year  experiment  to  determine  how  the  ndlking  qualities  of  cattle  are 
transmitted. 

Detailed  exjieriments  on  inbreeding  of  cattle  and  swine. 

Development  of  a  breed  of  sheep  about  e<nndly  valuable  for  w<»ol  and  meat. 

Metho(ls  of  making  Swiss,  Roquefort,  Caniembert.  and  similar  foreign  cheeses. 

A  study  of  the  physiology  of  milk  secretion. 

('ontinuons  woi'k  is  being  done  on  stock-poisoning  jdants.  This  problem  is 
e.specially  important   on  western   ranges. 

A  study  of  soft  pork  to  ascertaiiy  lh»'  causes  and  means  of  prevention. 

The  bureau  is  engaged  in  many  other  i>roblen\s  which  are  of  scientific  and 
economic  importance,  and  i)rogress  is  likewi.se  being  made  in  their  solution. 

SAL.VRIFS. 

Doctor  M()iii,i:i{.  Mi-.  Cliaiiimm,  the  liist  chaiijro  afTeotiiijr  the 
Jiiii-eaii  of  Animal  Iiidii.strv  is  on  pajze  47  in  tlu*  statutory  roll. 
There  has  been  transferred  fioin  the  statutory  roll  of  the  i>uroan  to 
the  statutory  roll  of  the  Secretary  one  editor  and  compiler  at  $'2.'jr)(); 


.1: 


» 


ACRICILTIKAL   AI'IMinpurATloX    IUM„    I'd.  95 

that   is  n  traiisfrr  uf  oiu*  iimim  to  tho  Secivtary  s  ollicc  who  will  lie 
assij^iKMl  ti>  tlu>  ofVicc  of  nlitorial  and  <listriliiiti»»n  work. 

Ill  addition  to  that  cluin/xt',  it  has  \hh'u  riM-onuiH'iidrd  lo  drop  27 
dorks,  hihoratory  assistants,  carpriitrrs,  skillccl  hd)oicrs,  nu'ss<'n;:»M' 
l)<>vs,  and  charwomen  from  the  statutory  roll,  and  t!ios«»  positions 
will  1)0  dropped  on  the  1st  of  next  .fuly  if  appro\ed. 

Mr.  Andkksox.  Are  there  any  of  tln'm  vacant  now  ^ 

Doctor  Moiii.KK.  S(nne  of  them  are  vacant  now:  hut  the  princijjal 
reason  for  dropping;  these  positions  is  on  arconnt  of  the  effi<iencv  of 
the  other  persons  who  are  in  cori-elated  positions  and  of  tln>  reduc- 
tion of  work  in  conse(iuence  of  some  redtictioiis  to  he  made  next  year. 

We  conld,  no  douht,  fill  these  five  clerical  positions,  hut  neverthe 
less  we  have  reconmiended  that  these  five  positions  of  $5)60  clerks  l)e 
omitted. 

Mr.  AxoKitsoN.  Ts  there  :inv  otlier  chanL^'  in  the  lanpiajje  of  the 
freneral  item? 

Doctor  Moiii-En.  No.  sir;  there  is  no  change  there. 

OKNERAL  EXPENSE  APPKOPRIATION. 

Mr.  Anderson.  And  the  next  appropriation  item  is  on  .'0  arid  ."il, 
inspection,  quarantine  work,  etc. 

FOR   inspection   AND  QUARANTINE   WORK. 

D>octor  AfoTii.ER.  This  item  is  a  general  item  on  ins])ection  and 
(jiiarantine  and  covers  the  work  we  are  doin<r  on  the  eradication  of 
scabies  in  cattle  and  sheep,  the  .supervision  of  the  transportation  of 
live  stock  at  the  various  stockyards,  the  importations  of  animals 
from  abroad,  and  other  work,  like  mallein  testinir  of  animals  poin'r 
interstate.  The  amount  requested  this  jear  is  exactly  the  same  as 
that  last  year. 

DH'PING    OK    CATTXE. 

A  widesi)read  and  prolonged  drought  during  the  summer  months 
in  Arizona  and  Xew  Mexico  interfered  seriously  with  the  dipping 
of  affected  and  exposed  .sheep.  As  a  result  the  present  outlook  is 
that  there  will  be  considerable  .spread  of  infection -this  fall  and  winter 
in  those  States.  In  Texas,  Colorado,  Wyoming.  Utah,  Idaho,  Ne- 
vada, Oregon,  and  (California,  the  other  range  States  in  which  sca- 
bies is  quite  prevalent,  the  work  has  progres.sed  in  a  satisfactory 
manner. 

A  considerable  number  of  outbreaks  of  the  disease  has  occurred  in 
the  Corn  Belt  States.  The  bureau  has  extended  all  possible  assistance 
to  the  live-stock  .sanitary  officials  of  those  Stati-s  in  arresting  such 
outin-eaks.  Additional  employees,  so  far  as  funds  will  ijermit,  will 
be  assigned  to  fi^dd  work  during  the  coming  spring  in  the  States  most 
urgently  in  need  of  assistance.  During  the  past  fiscal  year  bureau 
employees  in  the  ficdd  made  24,190,956  inspections  and  supervised 
S,S(;!),:}S(;  di])])ings  of  sheej). 

The  work  will  be  continued  along  the  same  lines  as  at  present  dur- 
ing the  coming  fiscal  year.  Further  intensive  work  will  oe  necessary 
for  a  number  of  yc  ars,  however,  before  any  relaxation  of  our  efforts 
can  be  safely  permitted. 

2202.S— 22 7 


96  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

OUTBRKAKS   OF   SCABIES  IN   CATTLE. 

Katlier  extensive  outbreaks  of  scabies  in  cattle  occurred  last  winter 
in  Arizona,  Utah,  and  Nevada — three  States  formerly  not  affected. 
As  soon  as  these  outbreaks  were  discovered,  the  bureau  took  prompt 
and  vigorous  action  to  assist  the  State  authorities  concerned  in  pre- 
venting any  further  spread  of  the  disease,  and  at  as  early  a  date  as 
weather  conditions  would  permit  detailed  employees  to  inspect  all 
animals  in  affected  localities  and  to  supervise  the  dipping  of  all 
diseased  and  exposed  cattle.  In  Oklahoma,  Texas,  New  Mexico, 
Colorado,  Wyoming,  South  Dakota,  and  ^lontana,  and  other  range 
Statis  in  which  cattle  scabies  prevails  quite  extensively,  satisfactory 
progress  has  bt  en  made. 

In  view  of  the  spread  of  the  disease  to  the  three  States  first  men- 
tioned, however,  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  situation  on  the  whole  is 
any  better  than  a  year  ago.  In  accordance  with  the  usual  custom, 
such  employees  as  can  be  spared  from  public  stockyards  work  during 
the  sj^ring  months  Avill  be  detailed  to  those  sections  where  this  disease 
is  causing  the  most  trouble.  The  inspections  and  dippings  of  cattle 
for  scabies  in  the  field  during  the  past  fiscal  year  were  1,508,924  and 
453,708,  respL'ctively. 

Mr.  AxDERSON.  Is  this  on  eradication  basis? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Yes,  sir;  it  is  on  a  complete  eradication  basis. 

Mr.  Anderson.  And  you  are  proceeding  consistently  to  try  to  get 
rid  of  it  altogether? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Yes,  sir.  In  some  States  we  have  not  had  any 
scabies  for  a  number  of  years.  I  told  you  last  year,  however,  that 
since  the  war  we  have  had  three  or  four  years  of  drought.  That  ob- 
tains at  the  present  time  in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  particularly, 
with  our  sheep  work,  and  in  the  Northern  Great  Plains  section — 
Montana  and  through  the  Dakotas  and  "Wj'oming — with  our  cattle 
work.  When  we  get  these  droughts  we  are  sensible  enougli  not  to 
insist  on  the  full  enforcement  of  our  regulations.  The  ranchmen  do 
not  have  enough  water  to  spare  for  dipping  purposes,  and  under 
those  conditions  we  allow  the  cattle  to  go  to  market  for  slaughter 
without  any  restrictions,  except  to  keep  them  from  coming  in  contact 
Avith  liealthy  animals. 

Mr.  Bi'CHANAN.  What  causes  scabies? 

Doctor  Mohij:r.  It  is  a  small  mite  or  parasite. 

Ml".  BrniANAN.  It  is  not  a  tick? 

Doctoi-  MoiiEER.  No,  sir.  It  is  nuich  smaller  than  the  tick.  Vou 
cannot  see  it  with  the  naked  eye.  The  only  thing  you  see  is  the 
effect,  where  it  buiTows  in  the  skin  and  forms  little  tunnels  under 
the  surface  and  destroys  the  wool  of  the  sheep  and  kills  the  hair 
on  the  cattle,  Avith  resulting  anemia  and  emaciation. 

SUPERVISION   OK   INTERSTATK   TRANSPORTATION    OK    I.IVK   STOCK. 

Another  item  in  this  i)roji'ct  is  the  supervision  of  interstate 
transj)ortation  of  live  stock.  TTnder  this  project  all  live  stock  re- 
ceived at  stockyards  iiic  insjiected  for  contagious,  infectious  and 
connnuniciible  diseases  and  M|)|)ro|»riMte  treatment,  when  indicated, 
is  sii|)er\ised  by  bureau  employeivs  in  oi'dei'  that  the  animals  nuiy 
be  shipped  to  country   points  for  feeding,   bleeding,  ami   stocking 


AUKICULTUUAL   AI'lMU)PKIATION    BIIJ^    lU24.  97 

purposes.  Tlu'ir  i>  a  tiiidt'iu y  on  the  part  of  inuny  .s|iippn>  wIm-ii 
tlu'.v  fiiwl  that  l\u'\  \\u\v  any  (lisra^'  in  their  ht-nls  to  imrm-.liat.lv 
load  the  animals  on  the  cars  and  ship  them  to  market. 

I)is«':is('<l  animals  dj'tertnl  hy  rni'ans  of  this  inspection  service 
are  prohibited  shipment  to  country  noints.  thereby  preventing:  fur- 
ther difi.seiiiinatioii  of  the  (hscase.  The  <»ri<:in  ot  infected  shipments 
is  immediately  rep<Mted  t<i  the  live  .st<«"k  sanitary  onicials  of  the 
States  concerned.  In  this  way  centers  of  infection  are  hn-ated  and 
(jtiite  often  the  .spread  of  the  disea.se  fi-om  the  farni  or  ranch  wiiere 
it  lii-st  occuri'ed  is  prevented.  The  inspections  nia<le  and  the  treat- 
ments ill  euniplishe(l  at  the  |)nltlic  .stockyards  diirinp:  the  past  year 
in  connection  with  the  Miper\ision  of  interstate  transportation 
were  a,s  follows:  Sheep.  L'(».IC»ii/J70  inspected  and  (»ver  1.(MH(.(Kki 
<lip|MMl:  cattle.  18.475.991  inspected  and  11.<M)().0(M)  dipped;  swine, 
:{7.()<K).()<M)  inspected  and  MO;?.(M)<»  inminni/.ed  ajrain.st  ho«r  cholera. 

Mi-.  .Vmikksox.   Von  mean  antemortem  ins|)e<-tion  ^ 

Doctor    .Mom.KK.   Yes.  sir;    tliese   are   antemort«'m    inspections   of 
live  stock  for  various  contagious  di.seases. 

Mr.  .\ni)KI{.son-.  Always  preliminary  to  inspection  of  shipments 
out   into  tlie  country  ? 

Doctor  MoHLKi:.  Always  preliminaiv  to  shij)ments  from  the  pub- 
lic stockyards. 

There  were  lO.fXK)  horses  inspected  and  4.000  te.sted.  Iar«:ely  with 
mallein  for  the  presence  of  rrlanders. 

TWENTY-EIGHT-HOIR    LAW. 

Xo  chan«re  is  contemplated  in  the  conduct  of  the  administrative 
work  to  .'secure  comi)liance  with  the  provisions  of  the  i28-liour  law. 
Durinir  the  past  year  there  has  been  a  considerable  decrea.se  in  the 
number  of  violations  that  have  been  detected.  Enerjietic  efforts  have 
i)een  made  to  brin;;  to  trial  cases  coverinjr  violations  that  ha<l  oc- 
curi-ed  durinfj:  previous  years  with  the  result  that  fines  amountin<r  to 
about  i^loO.OOO  were  collected.  a|)proximately  four  times  the  allot- 
ment expended  by  the  bureau  in  enforcinfr  the  law. 

Mr.  .VxnERSox.  Have  you  found  that  anythin<r  objtxtionable  re- 
sults from  the  enforcinjr  of  the  2H-hour  law?  I  have  understood,  for 
examj)le.  that  shij)ments  which  were  comin'r  into  Chicago,  where  they 
were  approacjiin^^  the  2S-]u)ur  limit,  would  be  held  out  at  some  way 
station  before  beinjr  shipi)ed  into  the  yard.s.  in  order  to  avoid  con- 
•restion  in  the  vards  or  violation  of  the  28-hour  law.  In*  rea.son  of 
failure  to  </et  them  in  inside  the  limits. 

Doctor  MtuiLKi:.  Xo.  ^fr.  Chairman,  we  have  not  found  anything: 
like  that ;  in  fact,  we  have  treated  this  character  of  shipment  you  are 
leferrin*:  to  with  a  jrreat  deal  of  leniency.  If  the  crew  hrinjr^  the 
trnin  of  cattle  ui^  to  the  yards.  an<l  it  is  merely  a  question  f)f  unavid- 
:d)le  conirestion  in  front,  we  do  not  take  a  ca.se  like  that  to  court.  All 
(hirinir  the  <trike  which  be«ran  the  1st  of  July,  we  have  not  stopped 
our  men  from  rep>)rtin;r  these  ca.ses.  but  when  they  were  reported  we 
dill  not  nttempt  to  have  the  cases  iro  to  court,  as  the  officials  had  no 
contr.il  at  nil  of  the  situation  on  account  of  the  strike  on  tlu^so  rail- 
roads. 

Our  <;reatest  trouble  just  now  isthrou<rh  tlie  Pitts])urirh  yards.  Tiuit 
is  the  neck  of  the  bottle  of  all  shijiment  from  the  Southwest.  West. 
and  Xorthwest.  an<l  the  roads  there  at  Pittsburiih  have  not  the  facil- 


98  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOX  BILL,   1924. 

ities  for  handliiifr  the  immense  num])ers  of  animals  that  ^o  throujxh 
to  New  En<rlan(l  ])oints.  and  to  Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  and  Xew 
York  from  the  West. 

DISTKIBUTIOX    AND   PREPARATION   OF  BLACKLEG  VACCINE. 

There  i.s  only  one  other  point  I  would  like  to  mention  in  this  par- 
ticular item,  and  that  is  Avith  reference  to  blackle*];  vaccine.  The  dis- 
tribution and  preparation  of  vaccine  ceased  on  the  8()th  of  last  June, 
in  accordance  with  the  Avishes  of  Congress. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  it  necessary  to  continue  this  lan^niajre  to  keep 
it  up? 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  I  do  not  think  so.  We  have  that  understandin«r. 
that  we  are  not  going  to  go  into  it  any  further. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  want  to  ask  you  about  this  $15,000  for  keeping 
up  quarantine  stations.  My  recollection  is  that  that  has  only  been 
carried  two  years. 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Yes,  sir. 

MAINTENANCE  OF  LIVE-STOCK   STATIONS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  And  my  recollection  is  that  you  also  had  about 
$30,000  worth  of  work  you  wanted  to  do  ? 

Doctor  MoHEER.  That  was  three  years  ago.  but  you  know  barns 
do  not  stay  in  repair  three  years.  We  did  not  have  any  money  for 
the  repair  of  those  30  barns  at  Boston.  XeAV  York,  and  Baltimore 
for  six  years  until  two  years  ago,  when  we  got  $15,000.  That  money 
was  used  for  taking  care  of  most  of  the  work  needed  to  l)e  done  at 
the  Xew  York  station,  Avhicli  is  the  most  popidar  of  our  stations; 
and  the  $15,000  received  this  year  we  are  using  for  repairing  the 
eight  barns  at  Littleton,  just  outside  of  Boston.  It  will  not  go  as 
far  as  it  would  have  gone  three  years  ago,  when  we  planned  for 
$30,000.  Those  barns  are  affected  Avith  dry-rot:  the  AvoodAvork  anil 
basement  are  all  rotten,  so  that  we  can  not  u.se  any  of  it. 

We  had  to  start  in  at  the  ground  and  put  in  a  concrete  floor  and 
sides  up  as  high  as  5  feet  in  order  to  make  any  use  of  the  barns. 
That  Avork  is  being  done  noAv.  We  Avould  like  to  have  the  station 
opened  for  the  consignment  of  a  lot  of  Scotch  cattle  that  Avill  be 
ship])ed  from  (ilasgoAV  on  the  15th  of  December.  I'lie  foot-and- 
mouth  disease  outbreak  has  greatly  improved  in  (ireat  Britain,  and 
there  has  not  been  any  of  this  disease  in  Scotland  for  five  months,  so 
we  are  just  opening  the  ports  of  the  ITnited  States  to  Scotch  cattle. 
The  importers  ])refer  to  come  into  Boston,  Init  on  account  of  the 
barns  not  being  fixed  up  for  receiving  the  cattle  they  will  have  to 
come  in  at  Baltimore.  Some  of  this  $15,000  Avill  be  used  to  com- 
plete the  Avork  that  is  noAV  under  construction  in  Boston,  and  the 
l)alance  will  be  used  at  the  station  at  Tialtimore  tliat  has  not  received 
any  attention  since  the  Avar. 

Mr.  Anderson.  IIoav  many  stations  have  you  wluMe  you  receive 
live  cattle? 

Doctor  MoHi,ER.  We  receive  at  those  three  points  nuMitioruMl  <»n 
the  Athinlic  coast,  which  are  the  oidy  |)hii'es  where  we  have  (luaran- 
tine  stations.     But  occasionally  we  j)roviiU'  for  ([uai'antine  or  cattle 


A(iRrrT'T.Tni.\r.  APPn<»PRIATU)X    MIF  I  .    l'.>24. 


99 


I 


at  San  Krancist'o.  In  tliat  cast?  the  iinportor  hir*?^  u  stabU*  uu«l  we 
kf«M)  tin'  aiiiiiials  iukKt  Miporvisifui. 

Mr.  Andkksiin.  riu>  sI(kU  business  in  Scotland  niu.st  1m*  alwnt  m 
it  is  lu'ie  if  thcv  can  affonl  to  ship  thcni  Ikti'  at  present  |»n 

Doctor  M(>hij:r.  It  is  in  just  about  the  same  shape  'Ihciv  have 
not  boon  any  shipments  allo\v»'«l  out  of  Kn<;lan<l  on  account  of  the 

1)revah'iuo  of  the  foot-aiul-iuouth  iliseasi»  for  alxjut  1<>  months.  We 
lave  allowed  some  aninuils  to  come  in  froni  the  Islands  of  Jers<'y 
and  (luernsey,  the  first  startin*;  about  the  15th  of  October,  which  is 
the  only  importation  that  has  ^one  thn>Uj;h  quarantine  this  year. 
Thev  came  in  at  New  York. 

Afr.  Andkii.sox.  How  lon^  did  you  have  to  keep  them  there? 

Doctor  MoHLwt.  Thirty  days  from  the  date  of  arrival.  That 
pives  an  additional  <j:uaranty  of  'M)  days  t<>  the  14  days  that  the 
animals  are  on  shipboard, 

Mr.  Anderson,  what  does  it  cost — is  the  feedin«r  and  that  .sort  of 
thinj;  borne  by  the  importer? 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  That  is  borne  entindy  by  the  imj)orters.  They 
have  to  have  their  own  attendantvS,  their  own  feed,  and  all  suj)plies 
must  be  furnished  by  the  importer;  in  fact,  under  present  conditions 
we  are  requiring;  the  importer  to  m't  all  his  prain  and  hay  from  this 
side  and  take  it  over  on  the  boat  tliat  he  is  poinjr  to  brinjrs  the  cattle 
back  on,  so  that  we  avoid  theirebv  the  possibility  of  buyin<;  hay 
from  farms  in  England  where  foot-and-mouth  disease  possibly 
existed. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  importation  must  be  rather  ex|)ensive  and  a 
tedious  job,  then,  I  should  think? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Only  the  wealthy  are  importin<r.  Mr.  Chairman. 

Mr.  Ander.son.  These  are  show  stock,  evidently? 

Doctor  MoHi^R.  Yes.  They  are  bought  by  wealthy  people,  who 
are  doing  the  importing. 


ERADIC.\TI0N   of  TUBERCULOSIS. 


The  next  item  is  on  page  53,  which  covers  our  work  on  tubercu- 
losis, its 'control  and  eradication.  You  know,  Mr.  Chairman,  this 
work  has  increased  tremendously  and  I  have  prepared  several  tables 
of  figures  which  I  would  like  to  insert  in  the  record. 


PBOGRf:SS   OF    WORK. 


Mr.  Ander.s<in.  I  think  vou  better  make  a  statement:  I  mav  want 
to  ask  .some  (piestions  about  it. 

Doctor  Mohlf:r.  The  work  on  tuberculosis  progressed  at  a  more 
rapid  rate  during  the  last  fiscal  year  than  any  previous  year.  During 
the  1921  fiscal  year  there  were  under  the  supervision  for  the  control 
and  eradication  of  tuberculosis  71,80G  herds  containing  1,105,797 
head  of  cattle.  At  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  terminating  June  ;^0, 
19iJ"2,  there  were  212.182  herds  of  cattle  containing  2,(')ll'»,39.")  head 
under  supervision,  an  increase  of  140,870  herds  and  1.42(),.")1>8  head 
of  cattle.  In  other  words,  the  work  during  that  fiscal  year  more 
than  doubled. 


100 


AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TTON    BILL,    1!'21. 


On  June  30.  1922.  there  were  1G,216  fully  accredited  herds  contain- 
ing 3G3,y02  cattle,  as  ajrainst  8.201  accredited  herds  containing 
193.G20  cattle  on  June  30,  1921.  an  increa.^^e  of  8.015  herds  and 
170,202  cattle. 

Once-tested  free  herds  increased  from  49,814  herds  containing 
643.233  cattle  to  101,533  herds  containing  1,548,183  cattle,  an  increase 
of  111.717  herds  and  904,950  heads  of  cattle. 

The  eradication  of  tuberculosis  from  live  stock  by  means  of  the 
tuberculin  testing  of  all  cattle  within  a  given  area  is  accepted  as 
the  best  api)roved  method  of  proceeding  against  the  existence  of 
tuberculosis  in  live  stock.  While  this  project  was  a  part  of  the 
original  program,  it  could  not  bo  put  into  effect  until  sufficient  senti- 
ment was  aroused  among  the  live-stock  owners  by  means  of  the  indi- 
vidual accredited  herd.  But  from  present  indications  it  is  believed 
that  area  work  may  be  carried  on  at  the  present  time  in  practically 
every  State. 

The  table  here  shows  that  the  number  of  claims  for  the  payment 
of  indemnity  for  tuberculous  cattle  increased  during  the  1922  fiscal 
year  by  approximately  10.000.  A  total  of  19,597  claims  were  re- 
ceived by  the  department  that  year. 

Siimnuiry  of  indemnity  claims. 


Fiscal  year. 

Number  of 
claims. 

Number  of 
cattle. 

Average 
appraisal. 

Average 
salvage. 

Federal 
indemnity. 

State 
mdemnity. 

1921 

9,925 
19,597 

38,656 
60,320 

SU9.6$ 
111.67 

$22.  41 

$27,23 

S54. 18 

1922 

17.78 

23.54 

35.  SI 

The  average  appraisal  for  tubercular  cattle  was  reduced  from 
$149.68  in  1921  to  $111.67  in  1922.  an  average  reduction  of  $38.01  per 
head.  Owing  to  the  falling  off  in  the  value  of  cattle,  the  amount  of 
salvage  for  tubercular  animals  droi)ped  from  $22.41  during  the  1921 
fiscal  year  to  $17.78  during  1922.  an  average  reduction  of  $4.(>3.  but. 
notwithstanding  that  fact,  the  average  amount  of  indemnity  paid  by 
the  Federal  Government  for  the  1922  fiscal  year  was  $3.G9«less  than 
for  the  previous  year. 

AID    I'KOil    STATKS. 

The  legislatures  of  approximately  40  States  will  convene  during 
the  winter  of  1922-23,  and  ina.^much  as  tuberculosis  eradication 
work  is  being  carried  on  in  each  of  those  States  and  theie  is  a  con- 
tinued demand  for  the  work,  it  is  estimated  that  the  funds  which 
will  be  made  availaide  for  the  next  bienniuin  period  will  increase 
the  present  funds  l)y  at  least  50  per  cent,  making  a  total  of  aj)proxi- 
nuitely  $6,500,000  tliat  the  States  will  have  available  for  the  coopera- 
tive campaign. 

A  campaign  for  the  eradication  of  tuberculosis  of  live  stock  is 
well  launched  in  every  State.  There  are,  however,  a  number  of 
States  tliat  have  made  phenomenal  progress  in  the  siipj)ression  of  the 
disease.  If  the  work  can  be  carried  on  for  a  period  oi  10  years,  it  i> 
confidently  Indieved  that  more  than  half  of  the  States  will  have 
reduced  tuJK'rculosis  to  such  a  degree  that  it  will  no  longer  be  a 
hindrance  to  the  development  of  the  live-stock  iiulustry.    In  a  great 


I! 


ACiRICULTl'RAL   APPROPHIATION    HiLI^    11524.  101 

iiiimv  of  tlu'  Stall's  it  will  Imvo  Ihth  prarticallv  i'.\t<'riuinat«*<l  liv  that 
time,  aiul  it  is  a  matter  of  {jjieat  satisfartion  that  in  thos*'  States  that 
ai"«*  makiiiLT  siirh  splciitlid  |)i(»;,'n'>s  they  ha\e  put  up  the  ItuiTiei's  that 
will  nrecliiilc  tin*  iuti'tMJiictioii  itf  tiil)«'r<iilar  fjitt  !••  Irom  oilu-r  Statt's. 

\\  ith  thi'  cieanin}.'  U|)  of  om'-half  (»f  tin-  States,  roiut'nt ration  can 
he  matle  on  the  halance  of  the  territory  in  which  the  infection  exists. 
an<l  hy  the  contiiiiieil  iiiJcrol  of  the  li\t'  :-tofk  owrieis  satisfactory 
pioirress  can  he  made  until  the  joh  is  fully  consummated. 

Durini;  the  current  year  we  have  nnide  a  survey  of  the  entire 
country  and  have  ti<;»ired  on  a  ma|)  the  percentage  (»f  tuhercidosis  in 
every  county  in  e\'ei"v  State.  The  li;_'uiTs  show  that  in  o\er  l.«'i(Mi.()(i() 
s(|uare  miles,  or  an  area  of  ahout  4<>  per  cent  of  the  entire  country, 
there  is  ().(>  of  1  per  cent  tuherculosis;  in  21  j)er  cent  of  the  remain- 
in<r  <'ountry  there  is  'J.l  per  cent  of  tuherculosis:  in  20  per  rent  of 
the  halance  of  the  territory  there  is  4. J)  per  cent  of  tulterculosis.  Tn 
4  jx'r  cent  of  the  area  theie  is  over  10  ])er  cent,  while  in  oidy  U  per 
cent,  or  5.^,781)  s<|uare  miles,  is  the  disease  present  in  o\er  1.')  per  cent 
of  the  cattle.    It  avera«res  ahout  20  per  cent  in  the  ^vors't  infected  area. 

Tt'BEBCULOSIS   IN    HOGS. 

Mr.  AxnKKsoN.  Has  this  camjiai<rn  reflected  so  far  appreciahly  in 
tlie  reduction  of  tuherculosis  in  ho<j:s? 

Doctor  M()Iilp:k,  Xo,  sir:  it  has  not.  Tn  fact,  the  opposite  is  true. 
There  is  an  increase  in  tuherculosis  in  ho<rs,  as  fi«;ured  out  hy  statis- 
tics of  the  various  slauirhterinir  houses:  hut.  on  the  other  hand,  there 
is  a  marked  decrea.se  in  tiie  amount  of  tuherculosis  in  cattle,  as  deter- 
mined hy  slauirhterhouse  statistics. 

Mr.  Andkrsox.  One  of  the  thin<rs  that  I  supposed — it  was  hoped, 
at  lea.st — would  result  in  this  cami)ai<xn,  was  a  reflected  reduction  of 
tuherculosis  in  ho<rs. 

Doctor  MoHLKu.  That  is  very  true,  and  there  is  only  one  explana- 
tion that  I  can  make  ahout  the  increase  of  tuherculosis  amonp:  ho<rs, 
and  that  is  that  the  hojrs  are  not  frettinjr  all  theii-  disease  from  cattle. 
In  the  last  12  months  we  have  found  a  <rreat  increase  amon<r  tuhercu- 
losis of  chickens.  This  avian  form  of  tuherculosis  was  known  to  ex- 
ist in  California,  Orefjon.  and  four  or  five  of  the  Eastern  States:  but, 
as  I  said  hefore.  in  the  last  year  we  have  found  it  to  exist  in  24  or  25 
States.  esj)ecially  in  the  Central  West — in  Iowa,  for  instance.  It  is 
a  welld<nown  fact  that  when  chickens  die  on  the  farm  they  are  thrown 
over  in  the  hog:  lot,  and  the  ho<;s  eat  them.  It  is  eipially  well-known 
that  hoiTs  are  very  susceptible  to  the  avian  type  of  tuherculosis.  AVe 
have  taken  tuberculous  tissues  from  ho<rs  and  have  found  the  avian 
form  of  the  <rerm  in  those  tissues,  so  that  it  looks  to  me  as  if  the  in- 
crease in  tul)erculosis  amon<;  hopfs  is  due  to  the  increase  of  tuberculosis 
amon<r  chickens,  and  that  tlie  ho<rs  are  contractin<r  a  jrreat  deal  of 
this  disease  from  eating  or  associating:  with  tuberculous  chickens. 

One  of  the  gentlemen  attendin<r  the  c<mference  of  A^rricultural 
C()lle<re  workers  here  this  week,  told  me  that  they  were  conductinor 
an  experiment  at  the  Illinois  .Station  Avith  hoirs  housed  under  the 
chicken  roosts,  with  the  idea  of  determining  whether  the  ho^rs  would 
contract  the  disease  bv  merely  associatinjr  with  tuberculous  chickens. 
There  is  no  doubt  but  what  they  can,  because  we  have  worked  that 
out  here  in  our  lal)oratorv  in  Washington. 


102 


AGRICULTURAL    APPROPRIATION    BILL,    ll>2-t. 


Mv.  AxDERSox.  .Will  you  ^rive  us  a  statement  showinfr  the  allotment 
of  this  fund  to  the  States  and  the  sums  spent  in  the  States  by  the 
States  themselves  and  other  afrencies? 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  Yes,  sir.     I  have  a  statement  of  that  kind. 

(The  table  referred  to  and  submitted  bj"  Doctor  Mohler  is  here 
printed  in  full  as  follows:) 

Indemnity  funds  for  tuberculosis  eradication. 


Expenditures,  fiscal  year 
1922. 


Federal. 


State. 


Allotment  of 

Federal 

funds  for 

1923. 


Alaska 

ArlKona 

Colorado 

Connecticut. 

Delaware 

Florida 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 


Kansas 

Kentucky. 
Maine 


Maryland 

Massachusetts . . . 

MichiRan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missoun 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire. 

New  .lersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina. . 
North  Dakota... 
Ohio. 


Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania. . . 
Rhode  Island... 
South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia. . 

AVisconsin 

Wyoming 


$6a5.42 


Total. 


1,416.13 

46. 999. 91 
20, 820. 78 

1,3.51.79 
2,001.38 
8,097.iJ9 

74. 198. 34 
68, 29.i.  70 

1:^6,141.11 

19, 3H().  68 

17,341.17 

20. 669. % 

37, 15.**.  30 

972. 37 

102, 306. 09 

29.929.15 

2,181,20 

42. 205. 92 
16, 15.5. 31 

70. 022. 35 
7.077.98 

28,012.25 
39,223.6s 

1,201.33 
■224,782.34 
10, 479. 06 
14,848.69 
41,693.79 
11,020.-54 
16,53S.93 
13,263.60 

3.176.98 

3, 407.  .56 
16,017,73 

2,086,06 
16, 158. 81 

6, 175.  88 
91,871.03 
16  410.76 
32,7,12.27 

9,627.08 
117,567.27 

3,638.58 


1,445,262.85 


$l,3.^5. 13 


1,416.13 
92, 289. 81 
36.923.53 

2,75.5.  lii 
10, 426.  .57 

8, 097.  .59 
74, 198. 34 
80, 793. 30 
157,134.29 
43,881.22 
44,426.86 
57, 827.  81 
37. 158. 30 

2. 525. 00 

213.204.47 

59.415.15 

4,054.94 
42.2a5.92 
39,483.18 
70,021.91 
11,772.65 
53.2:«.  15 
69,862.46 

1,201.33 
532.009.66 
10,479.06 
14,848.69 
41,694.20 
20, 139. 13 
16,  .541. 23 
20,030.17 

6,416.65 

3,407.56 
27,719.67 

4,391.67 
16,259.58 

6. 175.  88 
91,871.2;? 
21,422.73 
.32,732.30 
19,, 372.  15 
121,573.31 

3.083.03 


2,226,711.09 


$3,000.00 

5,000.00 

4,800.00 

50,000.00 

24,000.00 

2.500.00 

5.000.00 

12,000.00 

100,000.00 

80,000.00 

150,000.00 

24,000.00 

20, 000.  (to 

22.00(1.  iHV 

60, 000. 00 

4(1, 000.  00 

120,  aw.  00 

50,000.00 
3,000.00 
50,000.00 
•25,000.00 
85, 000. 00 

10, 000.  a> 

40,000.00 

40,000.00 

2,000.00 

280,00a00 
20,000.00 
25,000.00 
50,000.00 
30,000.00 
2.5,000.00 

100,000,00 
10,000,00 

4,5oaoo 

24,000.00 

2,000.00 

27,000.00 

12,000.00 

100,000.00 
17,000.00 
40,000.00 
12,000.00 

120,000,00 

6,ooaoo 


1,031,800.00 


KUNU.S     KOIi    OrKK.VriNci     KXPF.N.SKS. 

JVIr.  A>M)EHS()X.  How  is  tlie  jiroportioii  of  the  juovision  between 
operatin<r  expenses  and  indeiiiuitv  staii(liii<r  up  so  far  this  year^ 

Doctor  MoHi-EH.  The  funds  for  operating;  expenses  are  ^oinj: 
rather  fa.st.  We  have  finished  one-third  of  the  year,  and  if  we 
ke))t  up  at  the  same  rate  we  have  been  ^oin*;  we  would  have  a 
deficit  of  $9(),0()().  So  what  is  happening;  is  that  we  are  now  start - 
in<r  to  decrease  our  forces  in  order  to  consi'rve  the  funds.  Other- 
wise they  would  be  exhausted  in  May  if  we  kept  on  workin^:  at 
Uie  same  rate  we  have  been  going. 


A(JRR'ri/nHAL   ArjMtolMUATlON    HIM.,    lirJ4.  108 

Ml-.  Anih.iis4ix.  On  the  ratio  at  which  you  art'  ih»w  working  are 
the  iiitl(>iiiiiitii's  sitniciciit  or  iiiort*  than  siitlitii-nt  or  inii<l«'«|iiatc  f 

l)o((«»r  .NhiiiMU.  They  will  he  ina<h'»juatf,  hut  not  nearly  >o  in- 
a(l»'(|iiate  a>  the  o|)«'rat in;_'  ex|>ense.s  if  wt-  Uejit  mx  thn  same  way  we 
were  running;  the  first  four  months  of  this  year, 

Mr.  ANnKKsoN.  U'hat  is  the  inihiceinent  to  opeiate  on  the  pres- 
ent Imsis  with  the  work  that  is  hein;;  (h)ne  hy  tiie  States^ 

l)o(tor  MoiinKit.  A\'e  arc  woikin;;  now  in  ail  the  4S  States  of  the 
liiion,  and  the  Territories  of  Alaska  and  Hawaii.  California  just 
eanie  in  the  last  year.  And  we  are  doin<r  a  <:reat  deal  of  this  area 
work — in  faet,  we  are  working  in  4r»()  (onnties.  whicli  reduces  con- 
sitleiahly  the  testin*.;  cosi  per  head  as  well  as  the  amount  of  indem- 
nity. A  whole  county  is  worked  on  tins  area  plan.  The  reactors 
are  all  assemhied  at  one  point.  Our  men  hrin^  in  the  huyers;  there 
is  competition.  They  are  all  sold  to  the  hi;.diest  hidder.  and  the 
result  has  heen  a  <:reut  saving'  in  the  salvage. 

So  we  are  saving  considerahle  in  that  respect  on  our  indemnity 
fund.  Hut  drives  like  that  reipiire  a  l()t  of  men  and  our  operat- 
ing expenses  are  not  jioin^  to  hold  out  unless  we  reduce  our  force, 
and  that  is  what  we  have  heen  doin<r  the  past  two  weeks.  There  is, 
of  course,  a  great  deal  of  comi)laint  from  the  States  where  we  have 
taken  off  some  of  our  men. 

Mr.  Andkhson.  Did  you  s|)end  all  of  this  sum — $300,000 — which 
was  made  immediately  availahle  in  10*22? 

Doctor  Moiii.KR.  Xo.  sir.  Ahout  half  of  that  was  carried  over  to 
this  year. 

Mi*.  Axr)Ki{s()X.  That  would  mean  an  increase  in  the  fun<l  tliis 
year,  wouhl  it  not  ( 

Doctor  MoHi.KR.  Xo:  because  the  whole  amount  for  this  year  is 
iJ;*2 .020.700,  of  which  $300,0m  was  availal)le  last  year. 

Mr.  .\NnKH.>i<»x.  1  know;  but  if  you  spent  it  lust  year  you  did  not 
spend  it  this  year. 

Doctor  MoHi.KR.  Xo. 

Mr.  Axi»uj.«>x.  So  that  duiiii<r  the  period  of  next  year  you  will 
have  more  money  to  spend  than  you  ilijl  this  year? 

Doctor  MoHLEU.  Yes;  by  that  amount  of  money — I  see  what  you 
mean — we  spent  ahout  one-half  of  that  money,  or  a  little  o\er 
Sir^o.OOO,  that  was  inimediat»'ly  availaltle. 

Mr.  AxDKiJsox.  Will  you  ^et  throu<ih  in  1922  without  a  deticiency? 

Doctor  MoHLKK.  We  are  froin«r  to  <ret  throujrh  without  a  deficiency. 
Mr.  Chairman.  But  whether  we  are  poinj;  to  have  to  stop  on  the 
1st  of  May  or  not  I  am  unable  to  say. 

Mr.  Andkrsox.  That  all  depends,  does  it  not,  on  how  fast  you 
spend  your  money? 

Doctor  MoHLKR.  Yes;  that  is  what  I  referred  to  a  while  a;ro, 
that  we  had  to  take  oH'  some  of  our  men  in  order  to  keej)  within  the 
limit 

Mr.  AxnERSox  (interposing).  What  is  the  basis  of  allotment  now. 
1  to  3  ? 

Doctor  MoiiLKR.  About  1  to  2.  On  the  1st  of  January  the.st*  3G 
to  40  States  will  have  their  le<rislatures  in  session  api)ropriatin«^ 
additional  tuWrculosis  funds,  and  they  aiv  fXoin»i  to  crowd  us  very 
hard  in  the  spring;  months,  but  we  are  not  fjoin*;  to  create  any  de- 


104  AGKICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

ficiencv.  We  will  work  alonjr  this  $850,000  operatinjr  fund  until 
it  is  exhausted,  and  then  we  will  have  to  stop.  But  we  are  tryin<r  to 
spread  it  out  so  it  will  cover  over  the  12  months  and  not  spend  it 
all  the  first  six  months,  for  instance. 

Mr.  Andkhson.  You  made  that  statement  of  the  proportion  of 
the  tuberculosis  in  different  territories.  Are  your  operations  gen-  ^ 
erally  in  the  territories  in  which  the  larger  percentage  of  tuber-  J 
culosis  maintains  ?  * 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Yes,  sir ;  speaking  generally.  We  have  our  largest 
force  in  New  York,  for  instance,  and  that  State  has  as  much  tuber- 
culosis as  any  other  State  in  the  Union,  and  they  are  also  appro- 
priting  the  largest  amount  of  monej'.  They  have  this  year  one  and 
a  half  million  dollars  in  New  York  State  alone,  and  we  have  tried 
to  put  our  $2,000,000  for  all  the  States  against  the  various  State 
appropriations  of  over  $3,500,000.  We  therefore  have  allotted  about 
$2  for  each  $3.50  of  the  State  money,  and  that  is  the  reason  why  New 
York  State  has  received  more  than  some  of  the  other  States,  because 
she  has  spent  more  on  her  own  disease  control. 

TUBERCULOSIS    WORK    IN    TF;XA8. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  there  any  tuberculosis  in  Texas? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Yes  sir;  there  is, 

Mr.  Anderson.  Can  3'ou  put  that  map  in  the  record  in  the  form 
of  a  statement? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Yes,  sir:  and  I  shall  be  glad  to  do  so. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  did  not  supjwse  that  tuberculosis  was  in  Texas. 

Doctor  MoHLER.  It  is  not  at  all  extensive  in  Texas,  but  you  have 
enough  dairy  herds  near  the  larger  cities  of  Dallas,  Houston,  El 
Paso,  Fort  Worth,  etc.,  to  give  you  a  small  proportion  of  the  disease. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Around  these  little  circles  is  where  it  is  supix)sed 
to  be  present? 

Doctor  MoHLER  (referring  to  map).  Where  the  dots  are  you  have 
less  than  six-tenths  of  1  per  cent. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  We  have  it  in  all  sections? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Yes;  but  more  in  certain  sections,  and  so  far  as 
I  am  informed  it  is  chiefly  among  the  dairy  cattle. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  That  is  Jersevs? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Jerseys  and  llolsteins,  largely. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  According  to  this,  then,  Texas  has  less  than  anv 
other  State? 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  She  has  very  little  in  propoi-tion  to  her  large  num- 
ber of  cattle  and  her  s(iuare  miles  of  territory,  but  I  shall  be  veiy  ghul 
to  interpret  that  map  in  the  form  of  a  table.  It  shows  you  how  the 
dairy  sectioas  of  Iowa,  New  York,  and  northeastei-n  Illinois  are 
bur(lened  with  it. 


AORT<'!'T,TI"n\T.    APIMtfU'HI  ATKiV    TUT  T  ,    l!»'.'4. 

(The  table  is  us  follows:) 

Extent  of  boriiic  tutjcrrulo»iji  in  United  State*. 


105 


T 


Approxlmntp  pxtPiit. 


I  )"r    .'tit  or  more 

\l"rr  tlian  I,  noi  more  than  3  percent. 
M'lro  ihun  3,  not  nmro  tliitii  7  i)orcent. 
M'iro  tliaii  7,  not  iniiru  than  lo  per  cent 
M'lro  timii  15  per  cent 

I :  rand  total 


Total  Percent 

.H<|iiaru  itqiiare 

mllaa.  buIm. 


1,673,616 

7s<(,  SM 

ftVJ.tVVt 

143, N27 

&3,73« 


3,604,702 


46.4 

21.7 

26.4 

4.0 

1.& 


Total 
cattle. 


Per  c«ii 
cattle. 


lull 


loiU*. 


loao 


2H,33H,i'v4 


2,9eo,»M 


tl.2  : 

.'".   I 

w.u  , 
4.3 


68,771,700 


loao 


0.6 
2.1 
4.B 

ia4 
as.0 


4.0 


Ml-.  Ri fii.\x.\x.  T.s-  this  connntvl  to  (l:tirv  <'attlo  in  Texas? 
Doctor  MoHi.Kij.   ^'es,  .sir:  almost  entirely. 

KK.VDICATION  OF  SOITTHKRN   CATTIJ-:  TICKS. 


.^laii'  Jimiioriiif.'i  \mi;s  coimiik  leii  iii  (jmii  iiiiiiiieo  coumies  or  j)uii.>iiies 
in  7  States  as  follows:  Alai)ania,  4  counties;  Arkansas,  9  counties; 
(ieor«ria,  *J1  counties:  Ix)uisiana,  7  pari.shes:  North  Carolina,  2  coun- 
ties: ()klahonia.  '\  counties:  and  Texas.  41  counties.  As  a  i*esult  of 
the  woik  accomplished,  tlie  folIowin<r  ai'eas  were  released  from  Fed- 

At'iil    >iii  •!  i-ti  lit  I  im    Itic'f    Irani'' 


€ral  (juarantine  last  year: 


States. 

Cotmties 
or  parts 

of 
counties. 

Square 
□ules. 

OeoTfria -  -  - 

16 

4 

2 

27 

5,S73 

Louisiana 

1,»I6 

North  Carolina 

'.M7 

Texas 

21,227 

1 

Total  area  released 

2»,563 

Practically  all  of  these  counties  released  from  Federal  <iuarantine 
t-ontained  at  tlie  time  of  release  a  few  lierds  which  it  was  necessary 
for  State  authorities  to  hold  under  local  quarantine  on  account  of 
tick  infestation  or  exposure  thereto.  This  action  was  ajrreed  upon 
by  the  State  authorities  in  consideration  of  the  release  of  these  areas 
from  Federal  quarantine. 

During  the  year  final  clean-up  work  in  released  areas  was  super- 
vised in  10  Stiites  in  301  counties  which  had  been  previously  released 
from  Federal  (juarantine  but  in  which  some  tick-in fcsted  or  exposed 
herds  of  cattle  still  existed  in  limited  areas. 

In  addition  to  the  .systematic  work  in  quarantined  areas  and 
final  clean-up  efforts  in  released  areas,  a  jrreat  deal  of  preliminary 
work  was  done  in  29  (bounties.  This  consisted  of  community  or«rani- 
zation,  vat  buildin<r,  and  the  voluntary  dippiiifr  of  cattle  in  order 
that  cattle  owners  mifjht  be  convinced  of  the  effectiveness  of  dipping 
and  the  possibility  ot  eradicating  ticks  by  uniform  effort.     In  the 


106  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

work  above  outlined  48,089.005  dippinjrs  of  cattle  in  arsenical  ^lu- 
tion  were  supervised  and  herd  records  compiled  in  the  field  offices 
and  reported  to  the  department. 

DIPPING  OF  CATTLE. 

Mr.  Andersox.  You  say  there  were  over  48,000,000  dippings  of 

cattle? 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  Andejjsox.  How  manv  times  did  you  dip  each  cow  I 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Each  animal  is  dipped  every  14  days  in  a  sys- 
tematic clean-up  of  a  county. 

Mr.  Anderson.  For  how  many  times? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Thev  start  in  the  spring,  about  the  1st  of  April ; 
and  as  the  ticks  are  eradicated,  the  dipping  ceases,  usually  around  the 
end  of  September,  and  sometimes  as  late  as  the  end  of  October. 

During  July  and  August  of  the  present  fiscal  year  systematic 
dipping  of  cattle  was  conducted  in  cooperation  with  State  authori- 
ties in  quarantined  counties  or  parishes  in  8  States,  as  follows:  Ala- 
bama, 3  counties;  Arkansas,  7  counties:  Florida.  1  county:  tTeorgia. 
15  counties;  Louisiana.  3  parishes;  Oklahoma.  4  counties;  North 
Carolina.  2  counties:  and  Texas,  74  counties.  The  monthly  dippings 
of  cattle  supervised  by  Federal.  State,  or  county  employees  are  as 
follows :  July.  9.373.16Y :  and  August,  9,740,999. 

During  the  first  two  months  of  the  present  fiscal  year  hnal  clean-up 
work  was  supervised  in  cooperation  with  State  authorities  in  330 
counties  which  had  been  previously  released'  from  quarantine  in  10 
States  and  which  at  the  time  of  their  release  from  quarantine  con- 
tained one  or  more  herds  infested  with  or  exposed  to  cattle  ticks. 
Control  of  these  herds  was  undertaken  by  the  State  live-stock  sani- 
tary officials  of  the  States  involved  in  consideration  of  the  release 
of  the  counties  from  Federal  quarantine. 

In  addition  to  the  systematic  work  supervised  in  quarantine  areas 
of  the  States  mentioned  and  the  final  clean-up  work  accomplished  in 
the  counties  that  had  been  released  from  quarantine  in  those  States, 
preliminary  educational  work  Avas  supervised  in  25  counties  in  5 
States.  The  work  was  carried  on  in  order  that  additional  areas 
might  be  placed  in  a  proper  position  and  attitude  to  satisfactorily 
conduct  a  tick-eradication  campaign  during  the  coming  year. 

During  the  remainder  of  the  present  fiscal  year  systematic  final 
and  clean-up  work  will  continue  to  be  conducted  in  the  areas  1  have 
already  mentioned. 

COOPERATION    WITH    STATES. 

During  the  fiscal  year  1924  it  had  been  contemplated,  if  the  funds 
remained  the  same  as  this  year,  that  systeu.atK-  tick-eradicatuui 
work  would  be  supervised  in  cooperation  with  State  authority  in 
133  counties  in  8  States,  as  foHows:  Alabama,  5  counties^:  Arkansas, 
n  comities:  Georgia.  8  counties:  Louisiana,  0  parishes:  North  t  aro- 
linc,  C.  counties;  Oklahoma,  4  counties:  Texas,  ^^.^'''^'''^''^''io  mo 
Florida,  G  counties.  It  was  estimated  that  appro.\imatelv  40.000 
sciuare  miles  of  area  quarantined  for  cattle  ticks  would  be  placed  in 
condition  for  release  from  Federal  (luarantine  during  that  year. 


AORICULTX'RAL  AITIIOPIIIATIOX    BIIJ^    11>24,  107 

Tn  addition  tlictrto  tlir  tiiuil  t-lciui  ii|>  woik  woidd  Im'  cfiiitiinu'd  in 
ndi'ascd  ureas  in  couix-cat inn  with  State  aiitli(»ritirs.  It  was  <*sti- 
nuitod  tliat  this  work  woidd  \iv  coiKhictt'd  in  approxiniutcly  '22H  re- 
h'asj'd  counties  containinix  one  or  nioi-e  heids  <|iiai'ant  inrd  on  acconnf 
of  cattle  ticks  at  tlii'  time  of  tlu'ii'  iidease  fi'oin  «|iiarant ine.  In 
approximately  HO  counties  of  this  numU'r  the  work  shouM  l)e  entirely 
completed. 

Approximately  the  same  amonnf  of  pi'idiminary  work  will  Im- 
necessary  durin<j  the  fiscal  year  ID-Jl  as  durin;;  1!>"J.'5  in  the  Sf:itt<  «.f 
Arkansas,  Flori(hi.  Tjouisiana,  North  Carolina,  and  Texas. 

Mr.  Andkhsox.  What  proportion  of  the  total  urea  infested  has  been 
finally  cleaned  u])  i 

Doctor  Moiim:!:.  With  this  *J!),(MM)  s(|uare  miles  releas«'d  during  the 
last  year  we  have  cleaned  u|)  7'2  per  cent  of  the  oii^inal  infested  area. 

.Mi-.  Andkkson.  I  jud«;e  from  your  statement  tlnit  you  have  to  ^o 
hack  and  do  linal  ch'an-up  work  aftei'  you  have  ;rone  o\er  a  county 
once  { 

Doctor  M0111-.KK.  ^'os,  sir;  wo  never  wait  until  we  kill  the  last  tick 
to  release  the  county  from  <nuirantine.  W'v  do  that  t<>  «rive  encour- 
afrement  to  the  earnest  men  who  ha\('  di|)ped  e\ery  14  days  and  have 
•rotten  their  animals  clean,  ^^'e  always  have  a  few  '*  holshevists  "  in 
each  county  wJio  refuse  to  com|)ly  with  the  re^idations.  an<l  we  con- 
sider it  unfair  to  the  pood  fellows  who  have  dipped  clean  to  keej) 
them  fpiarantined  just  hecause  'J  \n'v  cent  of  the  stockmen  of  the 
county  lefuse  to  do  the  work  thor<)u<rhly.  Hut  we  relea>e  a  county 
only  when  the  State's  officials  have  sijrniHed  their  willin«rness  to  put 
those  infested  herds  in  local  <|uarantine:  and  they  are  maintaineil 
under  the  same  conditions  as  if  they  wei'e  under  Federal  quarantine 
We  then  release  the  other  men  that  have  clean  cattle  in  order  that 
they  may  jjo  to  the  free  markets  without  restriction. 

Mr.  Anderson.  AVhat  is  done  to  clean  up  these  1  or  2  per  cent  that 
remain  i 

Doctor  MoiiLKR.  Sometimes  we  have  to  cjo  into  court  to  «ret  those 
fellows  to  dip  accordinor  to  State  rejrulations. 

^fr.  ANi)f:HsoN.  Then  there  is  authority  under  the  law  of  the  States 
to  rccjuire  them  to  do  it  wliere  they  refused 

Doctoi'  AfoMLKK.  Yes,  sir;  tliat  is  true  in  all  the  States  where  we  are 
workin«r.  ^^'e  do  not  have  any  Federal  law  that  would  compel  them 
to  dip. 

PKCREA.SE    IN    WORK. 

Afr.  Ani)ki{son.  To  what  extent  will  your  work  he  reduced  as  a 
result  of  this  decrease  in  the  a|)propriation  ? 

Doctor  Moiir.KK.  It  will  decrease  the  work  hy  ahout  '2.")  per  cent  of 
what  we  are  doin<r  this  year.  AVe  have  taken  up  the  work  with  the 
various  States  by  zones.  We  have  Texas  mai)ped  out  into  three  tlif- 
ferent  zones.  Arkansas  and  Lf)uisiana  are  map))t'd  out  into  zones,  and 
the  same  thinjr  is  true  in  (ieor<ria  and  Alabama.  Our  plan  was  to  do 
a  certain  amount  of  systenuitic  dipi)in<r  work  next  year,  having 
started  educational  work  in  these  same  counties  this  year.  AVe  always 
<ro  in  to  do  systematic  woik  one  yeai'  in  the  counties  where  the  pre- 
vious vear  we  had  been  doiufr  educational  work.  A^'ith  this  decrease 
we  will  be  unable  to  take  in  any  new  territory,  because  the  >ir>0().()<M) 
that  will  be  available  for  next  year,  accordinpr  to  the  proposed  bill. 


108  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924, 

will  be  needed  to  clean  up  the  counties  we  have  already  prepared. 
That  is  the  only  work  that  would  be  possible — to  finish  the  systematic 
dippings  and  to  mop  up  the  territory  in  the  districts  that  have  been 
releasetl  from  quarantine  in  order  to  keep  the  ticks  in  these  indi- 
vidual herds  from  spreading. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  you  mean  there  will  not  be  any  additional  work 
■in  any  new  counties  under  this  appropriation? 

Doctor  MoHij^R.  There  will  be  xeiy  little  if  any  additional  new 
territory  included  under  the  $500 .()()().  It  is  going  to  take  so  much 
money  to  work  over  the  territory  that  has  already  been  released  and 
to  do  systematic  dipping  in  the  counties  that  are  receiving  educational 
assistance  at  the  present  time  that  we  can  not  go  into  new  territory 
in  1924.  We  will  have  to  clean  up  the  counties  where  we  are  working 
this  year  in  an  educational  way. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  percentage  of  the  appropriation  is  used  for 
the  new  work  each  year? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  We  have  never  dividied  the  appropriation  on  a 
basis  of  that  kind;  but  you  can  readily  see  that  we  are  doing  some- 
where around  20  per  cent  educational  work  in  new  territory.  Then 
we  are  doing  a  little  more  than  that  amount  of  work  in  systematic 
intensive  eradication  and  are  using  the  balance  of  the  fund  in 
moi^ping  up  in  this  large  number  of  counties  that  were  released  from 
quarantine  during  the  preceding  year  or  two. 

Mr.  Andp:rson.  I  do  not  just  see  how  that  can  l)e.  I  do  not  see 
how  it  can  cost  twice  as  much  to  mop  up  the  territory  that  you  have 
been  over  the  preceding  year,  as  it  does  to  do  the  new  work  you  are 
doing  this  year. 

Doctor  MoHLER.  For  instance,  last  year  we  released,  as  I  stated  a 
few  moments  ago.  49  counties  as  the  result  of  the  systematic  dipping 
work  of  1921,  that  many  counties  being  released  last  Deceml^er.  At 
the  same  time  we  were  doing  '' mopping-up  ■"  work  in  801  counties 
that  had  been  cleaned  up  with  the  exception  of  a  few  individual 
herds  in  each  county,  where  the  States  had  used  their  power  of  local 
quarantine.  Now,  we  have  to  use  a  great  deal  of  care  to  prevent  the 
infested  herds  in  those  particular  districts  from  spreading  the  ticks 
to  other  adjacent  districts. 

Mr.  Andp:rson.  I  thought  you  said  you  left  that  to  the  State  live 
stock  and  sanitary  authorities. 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  We  leave  the  quarantine  to  the  State  authorities. 
We  have  our  men  back  there  right  along  to  get  the  last  tick.  What 
we  leave  to  the  live  stock  and  sanitary  authorities  is  the  method  of 
quarantine  and  the  regulations  to  hold  the  animals  in  quarantine. 
So  you  see  there  weie  49  of  those  new  counties  released,  but  at  the 
same  time  we  were  working  in  HOI  counties  after  their  release  from 
quarantine,  because  there  was  some  infection  left  behind.  But  we 
have  never  figured  out  and  never  divided  uj)  the  work  so  as  to  know 
just  how  mucli  it  has  cost  us  to  do  advance  educational  work,  uov  to 
do  the  work  in  the  second  line  treni'hes  where  the  14-day  systematic 
dippings  occur,  nor  have  we  figured  out  the  proportional  cost  of 
mopping-u|)  woik  which  is  the  final  work  before  the  territory  is 
entirely  cleaned  up  of  the  tick. 

Mr.  Anderson.  \{)u  must  have  to  go  back  to  .some  of  this  terri- 
tory for  more  than  a  year,  if  that  is  the  case. 


I 


ACntlcn/rrilAI-  AlMMUHMtlATUtN    HIM.,    I'.CH.  109 

Doctor  Mom. Kit.  ^  »'s,  iiidi'iMl;  vcrv  oftfii  wo  <lo.  In  mhih^  vases 
the  ticks  li!i\»'  ^'otJcM  on  ponies,  and  tlicv  have  spn-ad  into  n-IiMihed 
tenitoi y  as  the  result  of  the  horses  l»i  iii;rin;;  in  tht"  infestation. 

We  hud  u  litth'  outhreaU  in  C'alifoiiiia — Californiu  was  relea-syd 
from  (|narantine  ahont  seven  years  uj;o,  hut  they  ^<tt  some  ticks  up 
(here  in  noitheiii  California  neai'  Sacramento.  Theie  ueie  oidy  11 
iierils.  hut  wo  had  to  put  in  men  to  clean  that  up,  and  it  to<iU  us  six 
months  to  do  it.  That  is  tiie  only  time  the  State  of  California  has 
heen  reinfested;  and  yet  in  Lowi'r  California  alon;;  the  Me\i<an  horder 
(here  are  ticks  *ralore,  and  it  has  heen  a  constant  source  of  ti«)uhle 
on  our  part  to  keep  (hose  ticks  helow  the  Mexican  horder.  Some- 
how, in  some  way  the  ticks  p)t  into  that  northern  section  last  year, 
and  we  will  always  have  the  possihility  of  a  recurrence  of  the  tick 
in  any  free  territory  as  loniz  as  the  tick  remains  in  the  South.  They 
come  in  bedilin«r,  in  numure,  hay,  straw,  and  \arions  ditl'erent  ways 
that  we  can  not  po.ssibly  control. 

Mr.  BmiAXAX.  Vou  have  a  (|uanuitine  on  the  importati(»n  of 
cattle  fi-om  Mexico? 

Doctor  MoiiiJiit.  Yes,  sir;  every  head  of  stock  imported  into  this 
country  receives  inspection  alonj;  the  horder  from  Brownsville  all 
the  way  across  to  San  Die<j:o. 

Mr.  Andkh.sox.  What  I  can  not  jret  throujxh  my  mind  is.  if  yoii 
have  heen  doin<r  this  systematic  follow-uj)  work  why  you  still  have 
WX)  counties  that  are  partially  infested. 

Doctor  Moiii>i:i{.  In  some  counties  there  are  only  one  or  two  herds 
left  that  are  infested,  and  it  re(|uire8  a  fjreat  ch'al  more  propoi'tional 
cost  to  clean  u\)  the  last  few  heids  in  a  county  than  it  would  a  much 
lar'rer  territory  of  orifjinal  infestation.  It  is  like  100  per  cent  effi- 
ciency in  any  line;  it  is  relatively  clieajjer  to  hrin*::  uj)  any  ^Y)rk  to 
the  first  TO  per  cent  of  elHciencv  tlian  the  last  2  per  cent. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  AVhen  you  relea.se  the  counties  do  not  the  State 
authorities  mop  up  those  isolated  cases? 

Doctor  MoiiiJ-:ii.  They  work  with  ns,  but  they  do  not  as  a  rule  have 
the  kind  of  men  that  we  have,  who  know  just  tlie  strenixlh  of  dippinir 
>olution  required  in  the  vats  and  are  fully  informed  on  the  suhject 
in  generah 

Mr.  BiciiANAN.  It  looks  to  me  as  if.  with  nearly  a  year  of  dii)i)inir 
experience,  the  State  men  oujrht  to  ^et  sufficient  knowle<lf]:e  to  l)e  able 
to  make  the  proper  solution  ;  and  after  you  make  the  solution  it  would 
seem  to  be  a  simple  matter. 

Doctoi"  MoHi.KH.  That  may  he.  hut  after  you  have  a  thousand  head 
pass  throu^di  the  dippin<r  .solution  it  weakens  and  you  ha\e  to  have 
a  te.stinjr  outfit  to  keep  the  solution  at  the  proper  strength  to  he 
eflfective. 

Mr.  BrciiANAN.  It  looks  to  me  that  if  you  had  a  Stati'  man  there 
in  the  business  for  ei<j;ht  months  in  a  countv  he  should  lie  ;d>le  to 
attend  to  that  moppin<2;-up  work. 

Mr.  Anukhson.  Do  you  have  to  keep  one  man  han«iin<;  around  a 
herd  for  ei;j:ht  months? 

Doctor  iloiiLKH.  Oh.  no;  we  have  one  man  in  charjre  of  two  or 
three  of  these  counties.  We  have  only  2*20  inspectors  employed  in 
these  10  or  11  States.  The  States  have  203  ami  the  counties  have 
1.047  em]>loyees.  ^vho  are  practical  cow  men. 

Mr,  Buchanan.  Thev  have  one  in  almost  every  countv? 


110  agricultTjral  appropriation  bill,  1924. 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  The  States  and  counties  employ  almost  2,000  men, 
and  our  inspectors  test  the  vats,  supervise  the  work,  and  direct  the 
laymen  who  are  reportinjr  to  them.  These  local  fellows  know  the 
owners  of  the  herds  very  well,  but  sometimes  they  do  not  find  ticks 
on  ticky  cattle.  Our  men  are  made  responsible  to  see  that  when  a 
herd  is  released  the  last  tick  has  been  cauo:ht ;  that  is  our  work.  AVe 
are  making;  jrreat  advancement  in  Texas;  in  fact.  Ave  have  made  more 
advancement  in  Texas  in  the  last  year  than  we  have  in  the  previous 
five  3'ears. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  AYe  have  a  law^  on  the  statute  books  that  if  they 
do  not  dip,  suit  can  be  brought  against  them  and  they  can  be  fined 
or  put  in  jail. 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  That  is  true,  and  some  of  them  have  gone  to  jail, 
too. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  you  going  to  have  to  spend  $500,000  a  yeai-  to 
keep  them  clean  after  you  get  them  cleaned  up  once? 

Doctor  Mohlp:r.  That  territory  has  not  been  cleaned  up.  Mr.  Chair- 
man, as  I  explained  before. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Some  of  it  must  be.  You  have  been  at  it  for  10 
years. 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Some  of  it  is  cleaned  up.  Here  is  a  mai^  that  will 
shoAV  you  where  it  is  cleaned  up.  There  are  hundreds  and  hundreds 
of  counties  in  these  15  Spates  that  are  absolutely  tick  free.  You  are 
probably  familiar  with  this  map.  But  there  is  always  a  possibility 
of  reinfecting  a  cleaned  territory. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Y^ou  ha^-e  not  answered  Mr.  Anderson's  question. 
When  you  complete  the  job,  how  much  of  this  ai)propriation  will 
l>e  necessary  then  ? 

Doctior  MoHLER.  When  we  complete  the  clean-up  ? 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Yes. 

Doctor  MoHLER.  There  will  not  be  any  of  it  required. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  time  will  never  come. 

Doctor  MoHLER.  It  came  with  California.  Kentucky.  Missouri,  and 
Tennessee. 

Mr.  Anderson.  If  your  statement  made  today  is  correct,  the  time 
will  never  come. 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  We  were  working  in  521  counties  last  year,  an«l 
220  of  them  were  entii-ely  cleaned  n\).  which  loaves  only  J^Ol  for 
this  current  year.  It  certainly  has  been  true  Avith  the  States  that  I 
referi'ed  to.  All  of  southern  California  from  Sierra  ^fadre  to  the 
coast  Avas  infested  in  1000,  and  there  has  been  only  one  recurrence 
of  the  ticks  since  that  time.  We  think  it  is  only  fair  to  release  a 
territory  that  is  05  or  more  ])er  cent  clean  in  order  to  give  some 
encouragement  to  the  men  that  luiA^e  done  the  Avise  thing  by  dipping 
(heir  cattle  propeily.  The  only  othei-  thing  we  could  do  would  be 
to  hold  a  county  in  quarantine  until  100  per  cent  of  the  ticks  had 
been  killed,  and  I  do  not  think  any  sensible  man  would  bi'lieve 
that  is  the  best  policy.  It  costs  more  money  in  ])roportion  to  keep 
insj)ection  on  two  or  thi-ee  infest(>d  her(ls  in  a  clean  area,  but  that  is 
the  only  satisfactory  and  feasible  thing  to  do. 

Mr.  Anderson.  If  it  has  cost  $500,()0()  to  clean  up  .'^00  counties 
that  you  have  been  over  three  times 

Doctor  Mohler.  Xo;  it  has  not  cosi  (hat 

Mr.  Anderson.  It  has  cost  too  much  monev. 


AUIUCULTURAL  ArPIU)pllIATION    BlLi,   1U24.  Ill 

I)<Mt(»r  Mniii.hut.  I  SUV  it  is  ^oinf^  to  cost  $'»(K),(X)<)  f«ir  the  svhUmii- 
atic  (li|)|)in<;  work  uikI  Hiial  dean  up  in  the  counties  ulreu<ly  pre- 
prtiv«l  unil  that  wc  can  not  take  on  any  new  counties  in  which  to  do 
educational  work,  which  work  wo  always  phm  to  <lo  a  year  Ixjfore 
we  take  up  intensive  Msti'iuatic  dippin^Ts. 

Mr.  lU ciiAXAN.  In  other  words,  you  are  ^oin^  to  spend  the  ap- 
propriation in  stanipiufx  out  the  tick  intensively  in  certain  tounties 
and  nioppiTii;  up  in  others^ 

I>(K-tor  MuHhKK.  ^  es.  sir;  it  will  imt  do  In  1mI<-  i.ir  moif  JliiUi  we 
could  nuisticate. 

We  will  have  to  stop  our  advance  work  and  clean  up  thos*?  coun- 
ties next  year  which  are  cooperatinjr  with  us  this  year. 

Mr.  lii  iii.vNAN.  ^'oii  are  only  cutting;  otF  the  <'i|ii<atioiuil  wurk; 
that  is  all  ( 

Doctor  MoiiKKK.   ^  es,  sir. 

FOIl    SCIEXTIFIC    I.NVF>iTI(J.\TIOXS    IN    IHSFUSES   OF    AM.MAI^S. 

The  next  item  I  will  take  up  is  on  pa<;e  OiJ,  "  For  all  neces.sary 
expenses  for  scientilic  investijrations  in  disea.ses  of  animals.''  This 
item  covers  all  the  investijjfational  work  we  are  doin<^  on  animal 
diseases,  investigations  of  tuherculin.  serums,  antitoxins,  and  other 
products,  and  renuiins  the  same  as  for  the  current  year.  This  is 
the  item  under  which  we  are  also  conductin<r  the  work  on  conta- 
<rious  abortion. 

Mr.  1^1  (HAXAX.  Let  me  ask  you  if  there  is  such  a  thing:  as  con- 
ta«i:ious  abortion  t 

Doctor  Moiiij^:r.  Yes,  sir;  that  is  the  item  which  is  referred  to 
liere. 

Mr.  liucHAXAN.  How  are  abortions  contaj^ious? 

CONTAGlOrS    ARORTION    OF    ANIMALS. 

Doctor  MoHUJi.  There  is  a  <rerm  that  is  the  cause  of  conta<(ious 
abortion.  You  can  isolate  klmt  ^erm  from  the  afterbirth  of  a  cow 
and  ^row  it  on  media  and  feed  it  to  other  cows  that  are  i)re<rnant, 
and  they  will  al)ort  in  four  or  five  months'  time.  The  same  disease 
has  now  been  found  to  affect  pijrs.  There  has  been  more  swine 
abortion  in  the  last  six  or  ei<rht  months  than  we  have  ever  known 
before.  The  same  «r<^rm  that  affects  cattle  has  been  found  in  swine, 
producinfr  the  same  results,  and  we  are  now  doin<r  considerable  work 
on  swine  abortion.  We  find  that  the  living  abortion  vaccine  that 
we  have  been  workinnf  on  for  the  last  two  yeare  in  seven  or  ei^ht 
herds  is  produ<'in<r  better  results  than  any  other  method  of  treatment. 
We  are  also  usin<;  various  methods  for  the  management  of  the  herd 
in  ^ettin^  rid  of  the  infectious  material  from  aboitin<r  cows.  We 
now  pay  less  attention  to  the  bull  as  a  carrier,  and  we  are  <rPttin<: 
very  satisfactory  results  with  the  combined  method  of  herd  manajre- 
ment  and  livintr  abortion  vaccination. 

Mr.  Andersox.  At  the  dairy  show  my  attention  was  directed  to 
a  supposed  abortion  cure  invented  by'^a  man  whose  name  I  do  not 
recall. 

Doctor  MoHLER.  There  have  been  a  number  of  cures  advertised 
for  abortion.     One  man  in  Wisconsin  used  to  j^et  a  dollar  for  an 

22028—22 8 


112  AGRICn:^TUrvAL  appropriation    bill,    1924. 

8-ounce  bottle  of  fluid.  AVe  examined  it  and  found  it  was  90  \)0v 
cent  water  and  1  per  cent  carbolic  acid.  lie  made  a  <rreat  deal  of 
money  sellintr  it  to  the  dairy  farmers  all  over  the  country  until 
the  department  published  the  results.  The  dairy  papers  took  it  up. 
and  now  his  business  has  ceased. 

Mr.  Ri'CHAXAN.  It  did  no  ijood  at  all? 

Doctor  MoHLEK.  Not  at  all. 

^Ir.  Anderson.  This  man  I  six>ke  of  submitted  his  ])roposition  to 
youi'  people,  and  they  declined  to  inspect  it.  apparently  on  the  «rrountl 
that  it  disturbed  your  scientific  work  in  some  way. 

Doctor  MoHLER.  The  only  thinjsr  I  know  about  the  case  is  that  one 
of  our  men  at  the  show  brou*rht  me  the  advertisement  of  this  fellow, 
who  I  understand  has  a  very  prominent  dair}'  man  in  the  company 
with  him.    "What  is  his  name? 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  think  his  name  is  Cushman. 

Doctor  IMoiiLER.  The  information  was  broujrht  to  me  from  St. 
Paul  as  an  advertisement,  but  he  has  never  submitted,  as  far  as  I 
know,  any  request  to  have  the  medicine  tested,  or  anything  of  that 
kin^.  In  those  kind  of  cases  we  always  ask  for  information  as  to 
the  ingredients.  "When  these  manufacturers  of  medicines  submit 
their  samples  to  us  the}^  usually  want  a  testimonial  as  to  their  good 
merits,  etc.,  but  we  always  request  that  the  ingredients  be  told  to  us 
before  we  make  any  investigation  at  all.  We  get  those  kind  of  letters 
from  all  over  the  country,  probably  two  or  three  a  week,  claiming 
cures  for  tuberculosis,  cholera,  Texas  fever,  roup,  and  abortion. 
Some  of  the  letters  show  such  illiteracy  you  can  hardly  read  them, 
and  yet  the  writers  believe  they  have  absolute  cures  for  these  various 
diseases.  I  do  not  know  the  merits  of  that  individual  case.  'Sir. 
Chairman. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  do  not  know,  either. 

Doctor  INIoHLER.  Mr.  Cushman  is  a  very  good  dairATnan  and  a 
very  fine  business  man.    I  think  he  is  in  a  bank  up  there,  too. 

ERADICATION   OF   HOG  €H0LERA. 

The  next  item  is  on  page  64,  "  For  investigatino;  the  disease  of 
hog  cholera,  and  for  its  control  or  eradication."  This  work  is  being 
carried  on  in  cooperation  with  34  States. 

Eighty-one  bureau  veterinarians  devote  their  entire  time  to  hog 
cholera  field  work,  and,  in  addition,  the  inspector  in  charge  of 
bureau  work  in  23  States  devote  a  jjart  of  their  time  to  it,  making 
a  total  of  approximately  91  department  veterinarians  engaged  in 
hog  cholera  work  in  the  field  this  year. 

State  regulatory  authorities,  State  agricultural  colleges,  farmers' 
organizations,  live-stock  organizations,  veterinary  i)ractitioners, 
bankers,  i)ig  clubs,  live-stock  owners,  and  any  otln'r  organization  or 
individual  intci-csti'd  and  willing  to  assist,  cooperate  with  us  in  this 
work. 

liulletins,  articles  on  the  diseases,  an*l  press  notices  of  outbreaks, 
public  adihvsses,  interviews  with  farmei's  in  tlu*  hog  lot.  ixistcrs, 
lantern  slides  and  moving  pictures,  are  mediums  used  in  our  edu- 
cational work. 

A  veterinarian  is  assignetl  to  a  district  covering  a  numbei*  of 
counties.     lie   keeps  in  close  touch   with   the  hog-cholera   situation 


i; 


AlJUICl'LTrUAL  AIMMtdl'tllATION    IWM-,    l!C'4.  1  I  .'i 

in  his  (ii.stric't  tlirou^rli  ((Hituct  with  fainiHrs.  veterinary  practition- 
ers, coiiiity  ii^rciits.  livc-sdK'k  markets,  repcirts  of  Itiiieuii  inspectors 
locatetl  at  parking;  houses,  etc. 

ItU'AKTMKNT     AM)     HTATK     COOI'K.KATIOV. 

The  handling  of  outhreaks  of  Ijoj;  ehoh'ni  is  hirp-Iy  left  to  the 
(h'paitnient  and  State  field  \ ctei-iiiariaiis.  On  reci'ipt  of  a  report 
of  an  outhreak  in  his  disliict  the  tiehl  \t'teriiiarian  pro<-ee(|.s  to  the 
farm  on  wluch  the  disease  has  appeared;  he  diai^noses  the  troiihU», 
•rives  adviee  in  re<:ard  to  treatment  and  the  disinfection  of  tlie  |)rem- 
ises,  traces  the  source  of  the  outl»reak,  notifies  other  ho^'  owners  in 
the  nei«j:hhorli(M)d.  and  advises  them  in  re^rard  to  precautions  and 
the  advisahility  of  havin«r  their  herds  inununi/.ed.  and  often  assists 
local  veterinarians  in  immunizin«r  the  ho«rs.  In  communities  where 
there  are  no  re<.Mdar  veterinary  practitioners  our  fiehl  merj  a(hnin- 
ister  the  treatment  themselves.  .NIany  lalls  come  from  veterinarians 
who  desire  assistance  in  dia'inosis  or  advice  in  re^oird  to  techni(pie, 
and  the  farmer  has  come  to  regard  tlie  de])artment  veterinarian 
as  a  reliahle  .source  of  information  and  advic«'  when  lie  is  in  trouhle. 
The  money  ai)i)ropi  iated  for  next  year  will  be  used  to  cairy  on  this 
work  alon;;  the  same  lines  as  at  present. 

Mr.  BrciiAXAx.  Have  you  jj^ot  any  vaccine  or  any  character  of 
medicine  to  be  administered  to  ho<rs  that  will  make  them  immune? 

PREVENTIVE    SERUM. 

Doctor  MoHLKR.  Yes,  sir.  There  is  a  preventive  serum  that  was 
discovered  in  the  bureau  14  years  a<ro.  It  is  somethin<r  like  the 
seium  that  is  u.sed  for  diphtheria  in  children. 

Mr.  IU(  iiANAX.  Is  it  certain? 

Doctor  MoHiJCR.  Yes,  sir, 

Mr.  lircHAXAX.  Established  beyond  question? 

Doctor  MoHi-KR.  Absolutelv. 

Mr.  BicHAXAX.  And  any  person  can  use  it  on  a  drove  of  hops 
an<l  make  them  imnuine? 

Doctor  M(»ni.ER.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Hr(  HAXAX.  And  they  can  not  fret  cholera? 

D(»ctor  MoiiLKR.  They  can  not  <ret  the  cholera  if  the  serum-virus 
treatment  has  lieen  properly  applied. 

Mr.  BrcHAXAx.  Does  it  cost  much? 

Doctoj"  MdiiLFR.  It  costs  from  1|  cents  to  li  cents  a  cubic  centi- 
meter. There  are  40  cubic  centimeters  to  a  dose  for  the  avera«re- 
si/.e  pi«r,  nuikinjr  the  cost  about  50  to  80  cents  for  the  serum.  In 
aildition  farmers  usuall}'  emj)lov  some  one  to  make  the  injection. 

Ml'.  Hi  <  11  vxAX.  You  have  to  have  more  than  one  injection? 

Doctor  MoiiLKR.  One  injection  of  serum  and  virus  is  suiricient  for 
the  life  of  the  ho<r.  but,  of  course,  when  new  pi<rs  are  born  they  have 
to  be  injected. 

Mr.  Anukksox.  AVhnt  is  the  total  cost — $2  a  head? 

D(Mtor  Abuii.KR.  It  ou<j:ht  not  to  averajre  nearly  that  much.  Mr. 
Chairnuin.  The  older  the  pijr  is  the  more  expensive  it  is.  When 
they  are  little  fellows,  sucklinj^s  of  15  or  '20  ])oun(ls,  they  can  be 
vaccinated  for  50  cents  apiece.  That  is  what  we  have  been  trying 
to  get  the  farmer  interested  in;  instead  of  waiting  until  the  pigs 


114  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

Avei<rh  80  or  90  pounds,  we  are  tryinn:  to  <zet  him  to  vaccinate  them 
when  they  are  small,  and  then  he  will  save  half  of  his  hoj;-cholera 
serum  bill. 

Mr.  AxDERSOX.  Do  they  die  as  a  result  of  the  vaccination? 

Doctor  MoHLEK.  Xo,  sir.  We  have  vaccinated  little  pi^  which 
v.ere  not  more  than  10  days  old,  ri^ht  into  the  abdomen — put  the 
needle  through  the  abdominal  wall  so  that  the  serum  would  <zo  into 
the  abdominal  cavity,  and  they  get  down  and  suckle  their  mothers 
without  showing  any  discomfort.  "We  had  270  out  at  the  Beltsville 
farm  this  spring,  and  })ractically  half  of  them  were  vaccinated  when 
from  10  to  14  days  old.  We  did  not  lose  one.  The  inference  has 
gotten  out  among  the  hog  growers  that  if  they  vaccinate  a  pig  lie- 
fore  it  is  weaned  it  will  not  remain  innnune.  I  do  not  know  how 
that  theory  arose,  but  it  is  absolutely  without  any  foundation.  We 
tried  to  disprove  that  with  these  baby  pigs  at  Beltsville,  and  when 
they  got  to  weigh  about  00  to  80  pounds  we  took  them  over  to 
Bethesda  where  we  do  our  hog  cholera  work.  We  placed  them  in 
contact  with  virulent  hog  cholera  and  we  have  yet  to  lose  a  single 
animal  from  this  infection,  showing  they  were  made  immune  by 
being  given  this  vaccination  when  they  were  10  to  14  days  old. 

Mr.  BrcHAXAx.  What  is  the  name  of  the  preparation. 

Doctor  MoiiLEK.  Hog  cholera  serum.  You  inject  30  to  40  c.  c.  of 
hog  cholera  serum  with  2  c.  c.  of  the  hog  cholera  virus. 

Mr.  BucHAXAX.  They  use  that  virus  to  give  them  a  mild  phase 
of  cholera? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Yes,  sir.     They  are  then  immune  forever. 

Mr.  AxDERsox.  How  many  men  have  you  got  working  in  the  field 
on  the  hog  cholera  proposition? 

Doctor  ]MoHLER.  Eighty-one  men  work  full  time  on  hog  cholera 
and  about  23  work  part  time.  All  together  it  would  make  about 
91  full-time  men. 

Mr.  AxDERSOx.  You  have  a  reduction  of  about  $100,000  on  that 
item  ? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Yes,  sir;  $103,980. 

REDUCTION   IN   APPROPKIATIOX. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  Will  you  be  able  to  take  care  of  the  work  with 
that  reduction? 

Doctor  MoHEER.  Not  on  the  scale  that  we  are  doing  the  work  at 
the  present  time,  but  what  I  plan  to  do  is  to  reduce  the  force  in 
these  outlying  States,  like  Michigan,  Georgia,  and  Florida,  and  up 
in  Montana.  Washington.  Idaho,  and  California.  Instead  of  con- 
tinuing 4  men  in  Texas  and  4  men  in  Kentucky,  we  will  retluce  the 
number  there  and  concentrate  the  work  on  hog  cholera  in  the  Corn 
Belt  States,  where  50  per  cent  of  the  hogs  iu"C  being  produced. 

Mr.  Andersox.  Is  this  being  carried  on  on  an  (Madication  l)asis? 

Doctor  MonEER.  Xo,  sir. 

Mr.  AxDERsoN.  You  are  simply  taking  care  of  the  districts  where 
that  occurs? 


A(;iu(  ri/miAL  AppnopiUATioN  bill,  iik14.  115 

l)o(l«»r  .\l<)iii,h:i{.  Vcs;  in  mukmis  simI  ions.  Our  lucn  ;ii-«'  liiriiti-d 
ill  (lilli'lt'Mt    Sf<l  i()M-<  ami   tln-v   ari'  st'rit    in   tin-    fariii-    wlicrr   tlir  dis- 

<'11SI'   (H'flll'S. 

Mr.    Am>ki{s<)N.  Ait  casi-s   prt'lty    pr«>iii|»t  ly    rrporii-d' 

I)(i(t<»r  .M«tiii,r,i{.  \'t'.s,  sir.  Wv  •rot  vtTV  ^ood  n'sult.>.  ()v(»r  in 
Munlaiid  \vi'  liu\r  liixl  pioluiMy  :^(>  or  lo  oiitlnfaks  in  tin-  lii.st 
tlinH»  months,  and  tlu'  dist'as*'  iH'vcr  spiriul  from  th«'  farms  where 
the  outhivaUs  occiirrt'd.  In  Michi^ran  tht'ic  lias  hccn  a  litth*  rnon* 
cholera  this  hist  fall  than  they  had  last  sprin«r:  hut  in  Iowa  and 
Nt'hiaska  tlu'  conditions  arc  much  hcltcr.  It  varies;  soinctiiiics  yoii 
will  lind  it  hetter  in  one  State  this  year  than  it  was  last  vear.  and  in 
<»tlu'rs  you  will  find  that  it  was  hcttcr  last  year  than  it  is  this  year. 
Hut  wo  aiv  not  losing;  to-day  anything:  like  what  we  did  !<»  yeais 
ajjfo  on  account  of  ho;;  i-liolera.  \  ear  he  fore  last  the  death  rate  was 
reduced  to  .SS  hojrs  jier  thousand.  Last  year  it  reached  4:^  per  thou- 
sand, hut  that  was  on  account  of  the  financial  situation  of  the  fanner 
last  fall. 

Mr.  Am)Kks«)x.  Vou  mean  ^i'^  ho^rs  per  thousand  infected? 

Doctor  M(HiLKi{.  No:  per  thousan<l  liead  of  hojrs  in  the  country. 

Mr.  AxDKHsox.  That  is  pretty  hi^rh. 

Doctor  MoiiLKH.  It  has  heen  as  hi^rh  as  I'M)  In^fore  this  hofj 
cholera  .seriiiu  was  used  10  years  a<ro:  hut  the  reason  for  the  increase 
last  fall  was  on  account  of  the  fact  that  the  farmers  financial  con- 
dition prevented  him  fi-om  spending;  any  money  on  serum.  TI(^  let 
liis  ho^rs  die  l)ecause  he  did  not  have  enou^rh  money  to  pay  for  their 
treatment. 

Mr.  BicHANAX.  For  ho(j  cholera  you  fjive  them  one  dose  of  hojr 
cholera  seium  and  '2  ciihic  centimeters  of  virus;  is  that  it? 

Doctor  Moin.KH.  Yes,  sir.  We  have  done  that  in  hundreds  of 
cases.  Of  I'ourse  if  the  ho^s  are  sick  with  cholera  Itefore  treatment, 
they  are  froin«r  to  die. 

Mr.  RicHAN.vN.  I  mean  for  tliose  that  are  well? 

Doctor  MoHLKH.  Yes,  sir.  We  ha\e  on  numerous  occasions  al- 
lowed a  numher  of  exposed  hojrs  to  remain  untreated  and  an  eipial 
numher  to  he  treated,  and  you  could  readily  see  the  diffei-ence.  The 
uiitit-ated  ho^jfs  would  die,  wliile  the  treated  ho<rs  remained  well. 

Mr.  BrfiiAX.vx.  It  is  a  pretty  effective  serum,  then? 

Doctor  MoHLKK.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  AxDKH.sox.  Have  you  any  figures.  Doctor  Mohler,  indicating; 
what  tlie  States  are  spending;,  and  ;rivin«r  the  numher  of  men  they 
have  emi)loyed  in  this  cholera  husiness? 

Doctor  MoiiLKK.  They  are  spendin*;  less'  than  $200,000  a  year, 
and  the  numher  of  men  varie.s.  They  have  a  ho;;  cholera  pro;;ram, 
wiiii'h  is  in  conformity  with  our  |)r()<;ram.  Tf  an  outhreak  occurs 
they  draw  on  the  men  from  some  otlu'r  line  of  work,  if  tliev  have 
no  retjular  cholera  men.  The  following;  tahle  contains  this  informa- 
tion by  States: 


116 


AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 


Cooperation    of   States    tcith    the   Bureau    of  Animal   luitustry    in    hofi-cholera 

control  irork. 


Names  of  States. 


Alabama . 
Arkansas . 
California . 
Colorado . 
Delaware. 
Florida... 
■  Georgia.. 

Idaho 

Illinois. . . 
Indiana.. 

Iowa 

Kansas . . . 
Kentucky 
Louisiana , 
Maryland . 
Michigan . 


Approxi- 

Approxi- 

mate 

mate 

number 

amount 

of  men 

of  money 

em- 

ex- 

ployed. 

pended. 

2 

$5,000 

3 

.0,.5OO 

2 

4,000  1 

1 

2,000 

1 

3,500 

0 

21,760 

/ 

•20,000 

1 

2.000 

2 

5.000    1 

3 

12,500 

2 

4,000 

2 

3,000 

2 

4.000 

2 

2.'.,  000  1 

1 

2,000 

1 

2,000 

Names  of  States. 


-Mississippi 

M  issniin 

Nebra,ska 

New  .Mexico. . . 
North  Carolina 
North  Dakota. 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

South  Carolina 

Tennessee 

Te.xas 

\'irginia 

West  Virginia. 
M'Lsconsin 


Approxi- 
mate 
number 
of  men 

em- 
ployed. 


1 
2 
2 
1 
2 
1 
2 
2 
U 
2 
2 
2 
1 
2 


71 


Apijro.xi- 

mate 
amount 
of  money 

e.ii- 
pended. 


S2,S00 
4,0(10 
4,000 
2,400 
4.500 

l,0fjn 

4,500 
9,000 
2.5,000 
4,500 
4.0CO 
3,000 
1.500 
4,712 


195,872 


Some   State.s  produce   aiitiliofr-cholera   serum,   wliile  others  purchase  it  and 
sell  it  to  farmers  at  actual  cost,  including  handliuj;. 

COMPLETE  ERADICATION   OF   HOG  CHOLERA. 


Mr.  AxDER.sox.  You  did  some  eradication  work  in  Texas  at  one 
time.  Did  that  contemplate  the  possibility  of  complete  eradication 
of  ho<r  cholera  ? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Xo.  sir.  I  do  not  think  complete  eradication  is 
possible  under  present  conditions.  I  think  the  cost  of  completely 
eradicatinff  ho<r  cholera  would  be  so  immense  under  jircsent  condi- 
tions that  it  would  be  extrava<j:ance  to  try  it.  It  Avoiild  cost  a  jrreat 
deal  more  than  probably  would  be  appropriated.  The  thinjz  to  do.  I 
believe,  is  what  we  are  doin*; — stop  the  infection  where  it  ori<rinates. 
and  keep  it  from  spreadin<r  all  over  the  country.  Ei<rht  or  ten  years 
a<ro  when  an  outlireak  occurred  (m  one  farm  it  spread  to  the  whole 
community  until  a  snowstorm  or  some  chan<;e  of  weather  conditions 
killed  it  off  or  it  burnt  itself  out;  but  to-day  a  farmer  may  have  hop: 
cholera  on  his  farm  and  it  will  be  kei)t  from  spi-eadinp  to  his  neifrh- 
bors. 

Mr.  AxDEKSON.  Is  it  transmitted  by  peojile  carry iuL'  it  on  their 
shoes  ? 

Doctor  M()iiLEi{.  Yes;  it  is  not  nearly  as  infectious  a.^  the  foot-and- 
mouth  disease,  but  it  is  carried  in  the  same  Avay  by  bird.s,  pijreons, 
and  (lo<rs,  on  farmer's  boots  and  clothinjr.  ami  it  is  also  carried  by  the 
wheels  of  automobiles  from  an  infected  farm  to  other  sections.  It 
is  very  easily  disseminated. 

Mr.  AxDEKsoN.   You  have  to  disinfect  the  premises  where  it  occurs? 

Doctor  Moiii.EU.  Yes.  'I'hat  is  one  es.sential  thin«r.  Our  inspectors 
do  not  do  that,  but  tlicy  supervise  the  work  and  tell  the  ownei"s  how 
:o  do  a  <rood  job.  That  is  the  reason  our  men  are  so  xaluable.  be- 
cause they  cover  larfxe  territories  ^i\in^  advi»-e  and  supcr\  i-iuir  the 
control  of  the  disease. 


AOnUlLTl'RAL   AI'PICOIMIIATIOX    BILL,    lUi:4.  117 

KXTKNHInN    WHUK. 

liiist  yciir  with  a  \uitr  vluAvrn  force  of  mo  votcriiiarians.  there  were 
luhl  1,074  iiM'etiii^s  with  mm  )itteii(hiM«(«  «if  r>7.4<)S;  i.'MH  (h-iiiMnstni- 
tioiis  ill  thi'  use  of  th«'  prex  I'litive  seniiii  treiittiieiit  were  made,  with 
an  atteixhince  of  '2(».|*JS.  At  these  (lern<»iistiaiti«»n.s  H.s,M4<»  h<»^'s  were 
tn'iiteW,  47.1."17  invest i«;at ions  of  swine  disease  were  rna«h'.  1.4(U  in- 
ft'cted  premises  were  «piarantin<'d,  and  rv.»  premises  ch'aned  and  ilis- 
infected.  1  here  were  171.;'>'J."»  inteiviews  hehl  coneeriiin;:  hnj.'-cli(»h'rn 
pivvention  and  control.  In  efforts  to  assist  practi«'in<r  veterinarians 
:ind  improve  tlieir  methods  ami  techni«pie,  8t»,7H7  ho<rs  were  treated, 
and.  in  section^  where  veterinary  serx  iie  was  not  avaihihh*.  'JKJ  lay- 
nn-n  were  trained  to  api)ly  the  serum  tieutment. 

\\'itli  reference  to  your  earlier  <pierv,  this  decrease  in  the  appro- 
priation for  ijo<r  ('liolera,  to  my  mind,  is  not  ^oin<r  to  he  nearly  so 
harmful  to  the  work  as  the  decrease  in  the  tick-eradication  fund  will 
he  to  that  work.  I  think  we  can  ;rct  alon^r  far  hetter  than  in  the  lat- 
ter case,  where  tho  eradication  methods  have  Iwen  |)erfected  in  such 
a  way  that  vou  can  clean  the  whole  county  or  the  whole  State,  for 
with  Texas  fever  we  have  an  al)solute  and  uniform  method  of  <r«'ttin<; 
rid  of  ticks.  I'niike  with  ho;j:-cholera  ^'erm>,  we  have  an  ahsolute 
knowled«rc  of  the  life  history  of  the  tick  and  its  vulnerahle  points,  hy 
which  we  can  clean  up  county  after  county  and  State  after  State, 
thus  <rettin;i:  rid  of  this  \('rv  heavy  hurden  on  the  live-stock  industry 
of  those  counties  and  States.  So  there  is  no  compari.son,  in  my  mind. 
hetween  the  effect  of  a  decrease  in  hop-cholera  funds  and  a  decrea.se  in 
tick-eradication  money  on  the  live-stoi-k  industry,  not  only  of  tlie 
South  hut  the  North.  Kast.  and  West.  We  are  takin<r  feeder  cattle 
from  the  South  constantly  and  there  are  «roin<r  to  he  all  k'inds  of  un- 
restricted movements  of  cattle  between  the  S'orth  and  South  when 
the  (piarantine  line  has  been  shoved  into  the  Gulf. 

A\'e  had  a  case  uj)  in  Pennsylvania  the  other  day  where  ticks  were 
brought  in  with  southern  cattle,  the  ticks  beinj;  so  small  when  they 
left  the  South  that  you  would  have  to  have  a  ma<znifvinp  jrlass  to 
see  them,  but  when  the  animals  jxot  up  Xorth  for  slauLditer  tho 
insj^ei  tor  found  the  ticks.  I)urin<r  the  time  these  cattle  were  on 
the  railroad  car  the  ticks  had  iirown  l)i<r  enou<;h  to  be  seen  on  reach- 
ing Pennsylvania.  So  that  there  will  always  be  dan<rer  of  spreailin«^ 
ticks  from  the  .Sotith  to  the  Xorth  so  lon<j  as  there  is  a  sinjrle  tick 
vemainin*;  in  that  section. 

Ml'.  BrcHANAX.  You  can  feel  them,  all  rijrht. 

Doctor  Mohlj:r.  Yes;  that  is  true. 

Mr.  BrciiAXAX.  How  many  little  ticks  can  come  from  the  blood 
of  one  tick  f 

Doctor  MoHLEU.  Anvwhere  from  3.()00  to  4,000  ejrirs  are  laid  at 
one  tnne  by  one  female  throufrh  her  oviduct,  as  with  poultry.  Thest* 
e«r,irs  later  hatch  and  produce  the  minute  seed  ticks,  which  subse- 
«|uently  U'come  attacheil  to  the  bodies  of  cattle. 

FOR   EKAnK'ATTON    OF    DOI'RINF:    AM0N(;    horsf^s. 

Mr.  .VNnKRs<^N.  We  will  now  take  up  the  item  on  pa<re  Gl).  "For 
all  necessary  expenses  for  the  investigation,  treatment,  and  eradica- 
tion of  dourine." 

Mr.  PrcnANAN.  I  would  like  to  in([uire  as  to  what  that  is? 


118  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

PROGRESS  OF   WORK. 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Dourine  is  an  infectious  disease  affectin«r  breed- 
inJLT  horses,  and  is  similar  to  sypliilis  in  man.  Continued  i)ro<rress  is 
bein<]:  made  toward  the  final  elimination  of  this  disease.  A  new  out- 
break in  South  Dakota,  involving  about  2.000  animals,  was  the  most 
unfavorable  development  of  the  year.  A  considerable  number  of 
diseased  animals  are  still  found  on  Indian  reservations  in  Arizona, 
but  even,  there  the  numljer  of  such  animals  is  bein«r  <rradually  re- 
duced. The  work  in  Arizona  has  not  projrressed  very  rapidly  owin«r 
to  the  difficulty  exjierienced  by  the  Office  of  Indian  Affairs  in  se:ur- 
in^r  the  prom])t  slaughter  of  diseased  animals.  It  is  understcxKl 
that  this  difficulty  was  due,  in  part  at  least,  to  insufficient  funds  to 
indemnify  the  Indians  owning  diseased  animals.  Out  of  14,549 
horses  examined  only  243,  or  1.6  per  cent,  were  found  infected  and 
Vv'ere  killed. 

This.  Mr.  Chairman,  you  will  remember,  is  the  same  trouble  that 
occurred  last  year.  It  is  difficult  to  <ret  the  Indians  to  carry  out  in- 
structions from  the  Office  of  Indians  Affairs. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  So  you  just  kill  them  when  you  find  them? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Yes,  sir.  That  is  the  only  waj'  to  stamp  out  the 
disease. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  It  is  like  the  kindred  disease  in  the  human  family? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  Yes,  sir:  it  is. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  can  not  cure  it? 

Doctor  Mohler.  No. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  there  any  606  for  horses  ? 

Doctor  Mohler,  Yes;, but  these  horses  are  worth  only  !i^35  or  so 
apiece,  and  while  606  might  probably  cure  them,  it  is  too  expensive. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  we  goiufr  to  ^et  rid  of  this  finally  I 

Doctor  Mohler.  I  expect,  Mr.  Chairman,  that  this  disease  will  be 
entirely  cleaned  up  in  two  years'  time.  Last  year  I  said  three  years, 
and  one  year  has  passed,  so  I  have  reduced  it  to  two  years. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  are  still  insistent? 

Doctor  Mohler.  Yes,  sir. 

construction  work  at  beltsville,  md. 

The  next  item,  the  one  that  occurs  on  page  67,  will  be  discussed  by 
Doctor  Larson,  regarding  the  Beltsville  dairy  barn  construction. 

meat  inspection. 

The  next  item  is  for  meat  inspection,  on  page  60.  This  is  the  large 
work  of  meat  inspection  that  is  being  carried  out  by  the  dejjartment 
under  the  1906  law.  There  is  a  proposed  decrease  next  year  of 
$25,000.  and  we  Avill  have  to  absorb  that  in  our  overhead. 

NUMUIIR    OK    CA'lTl.K    SI^^VCOHrKKKI). 

•Mr.  .V.NDKHsoN.  How  d<M-^  the  shiughtcr  this  \'.\^\  year  cninpati'  with 
I)rior  years? 

Doctor  Mohler.  Th«'  shiughter  of  last  year  was  1.3  per  cent  greater 
than  the  \car  licl'dic.  hut  t  his  year  the  slaughtei-  is  going  to  lie  gi-catcr 


M 


AGRICULTURAL  APPHOPRIATION    BUJ^   1024.  Ill) 

l>y  fur  than  unv  vt'iir  we  liav«-  liu<l.  f»vc<>j)t  UH'.t.  wIum)  wi'  killed 
7(),(MH),(MM)  live  stock 

Mr.  AsDKitsoN.  Tlu*  |)U(kfi>i  say  they  are  all  nitinin^  helow  ca- 
pacity aiiil  that  (hf  cotisiiinptirui  is  awnv  <l«)\\ii.  liow  can  you 
account  lor  this  incicasctj  vluuL'htcf  in  tlic  face  of  the  lower  con- 
Munption  i 

l)o«tor  Moiii.KK.  The  only  way  I  can  account  for  it  i>  that  «»ur  in- 
creasinji^  population  is  takin«rcare  of  the  increaM-d  ^lau^'htcr.  althou^rh 
the  per  capita  constwuption  has  decreased.  'I'his  la.st  year  the 
slau«rhter  totaled  (').'l,( >(>(),( KM)  animals,  and  that  is  alM)Ut  1.3  more  than 
the  ID'JI  slau«j:hter.  In  .lune,  .Inly,  and  August  of  U>*2'J  the  slaughter 
of  hoirs  was  nuu'h  hifxher  than  during;  the  same  months  of  any  pre- 
cedin<i  year.  There  are  more  hojrs  in  the  country  now  than  there 
have  heen  for  several  years,  and  the  packers  are  slaui;hterin^  them, 
and  also  cattle,  rather  fast  just  now.  So  with  the  prospects  of  in- 
crea.sed  slau«j:hter  we  are  going  to  bo  handicapped  by  the  decreased 
appropriation  for  19*24. 

PAVMKNT    FOR    OVKKTIMK    SKKVICK8. 

Mr.  AxDEHsox.  I  have  a  sort  of  nebulous  recollection  of  some  leg- 
islation we  passed,  under  which  the  packers  paid  overtime  for  part 
of  this  insi)ection. 

DcK'tor  Mom.KK.  Yes;  that  is  very  true.  That  was  in  the  year 
1!>11>.  By  this  bill  the  overtime  of  the  meat  inspectors  is  defrayed 
by  the  packers,  who  «j:i\«'  their  checks  to  the  Secretary  of  A^n-icul- 
tuie,  and  he  in  turn  pays  the  inspectors  who  work  overtime.  The 
inspectors  are  paid  at  the  rate  of  one  and  one-half  the  regular  i)ay 
for  week  days  and  double  pay  for  holidays  and  Sundays. 

Mi-.  Andkuson.  Did  that  only  apply  for  that  year^ 

Doctor  Mohi,f:k.   No.  sir:  that  has  been  for  e\-eiy  y<nir  since. 

Mr.  AxoKitsoN.  That  is  still  in  etl'ect  ? 

Doctor  MonLEiJ.  That  is  still  in  effect. 

Mr.  AxDEHsox.  How  much  was  paid  by  the  packets  under  that 
last  year^ 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  About  $-21G.00(). 

Mr.  AxDKRSox.  There  will  be  as  much  as  that  or  more  this  year? 

Doctor  Mniii.Kn.  It  will  be  a  little  more  than  that,  beiause  there  is 
more  killing  being  done  this  fall,  and  there  will  be  more  thi-  winter 
than  there  has  been  for  several  years  past. 

Mr.  Jimp,  According  to  my  understanding  of  the  matter,  the  pres- 
ent ])lan  is  that  in  a  short  time  the  department  will  work  up  an 
estimate  based  upon  such  realignment  of  forces  in  the  meat-inspec- 
tion force  as  Doctor  Mohler  can  liring  al)out,  to  be  submitted  through 
the  Budget  Bureau  as  a  supplemental  estimate,  to  cover  the  time 
beginning  with  the  next  fiscal  year,  of  the  money  necessary  to  em- 
ploy the  additional  employees  that  might  be  re<iuired  in  the  meat 
inspection  so  as  to  do  away  with  that  overtime,  ami  thus  accomplish 
the  same  thing  contemplatetl  by  the  bill.  We  are  not  in  position  to 
make  that  estimate  vet.  but  there  will  be  something  later. 


120  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOX   BILL,   1924. 

Doctor  MuiiLER.  If  this  bill  were  reintroduced,  passed,  and  sijmed 
by  the  President,  it  would  mean  that  from  that  date  until  the  30th 
of  June  our  men  would  have  to  work  overtime  and  pet  no  pay  for 
it,  unless  we  could  <ret  some  remedial  le<rislation  passed. 

Mr.  AxoEKsox.  They  get  time  and  a  iialf  on  week  days  and  double 
time  on  Sundays? 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  Yes.  sir. 

JNIr.  Andkrsox.  Soinel)ody  wouhl  save  some  money  if  they  did 
not  have  to  do  that. 

Doctor  MoHLKu.  Tlie  packers  wouhl.  you  mean? 

Mr.  Anderson.  Yes. 

Doctor  MoHLEK.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Ani)eks<jn.  It  would  be  a  savin^^  It  must  cost  considerable 
money  to  do  this  on  the  basis  of  overtime.  Do  you  get  your  regular 
employees  to  work  for  I'eguhii-  wages  on  Sunday? 

Doctor  MoiiLEK.  No;  not  at  present. 

Mr.  Anderson.  So  you  would  not  save  anything  on  Sunday  work, 
would  you? 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  In  case  we  paid  overtime,  you  mean  ? 

Mr.  xVnderson.  Yes. 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  I  figure  that  if  we  i)aid  for  the  extra  work  we 
could  get  along  with  about  $180,000  instead  of  $210,000  that  the 
packers  pay,  because  the  (lovernment  does  not  pay  double  time  on 
Sunday  or  one  and  a  half  time  for  regular  day  work.  We  would 
employ  a  man  at  so  much  a  month,  and  if  the  packing  house  was 
occasionally  opened  on  Sunday  he  would  have  to  be  there,  so  it  would 
cost  the  (jrovernment  less  than  it  is  costing  the  packers:  l)ut  1  do  not 
believe  that  it  is  advisable  to  change  the  overtime  law  until  Congress 
provides  otherwise  for  the  extra  work.  When  the  law  was  passed 
the  packers  had  to  ])ay  for  all  the  overtime,  and  at  first  the  men 
worked  many  extra  hours,  but  later,  with  reduction  in  killing,  they 
doubled  up  and  were  i)aid  less  overtime.  The  j^acking-house  business 
decreased  from  TO.OOO.OOO  animals  slaughtered  in  1919  to  65.000.000 
in  1920,  62,000.000  in  1921.  and  ('>3,000.000  in  1922,  so  that  our  men 
have  done  a  great  deal  less  oveilimc  in  tiie  last  12  months  than  they 
did  at  the  l)eginning. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Sui:)pose  this  law  was  repealed  and  the  depart- 
ment liad  to  supjily  its  labor,  would  you  supply  it  by  means  of  over- 
tiuie  or  by  new  emjdoyees? 

Doctor  MoiiLER.  Largely  with  new  employees. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Then  your  employees  would  probably  cost  you  as 
much  as  time  and  a  iuilf  and  overtime,  because  you  would  have  them 
on  the  rolls  all  the  time,  and  these  oth(>rs  wouhl  have  ju.^t  a  little 
overtime? 

Doctor  MoHLER.  But  many  of  the  meat-inspection  men  who  work 
so  hard  dui'iug  the  heavy  slaughter  in  wintertiuu'  are  taken  otl"  tlu' 
inspection  work  in  the  spring  and  go  out  and  work  on  ticks,  cholera, 
tuberculosis,  scabies,  and  other  seasonal  work.  We  would  not  have 
that  peak  load  to  carry  throughout  the  four  seasons. 


AORKULTrRAI.   APIMlOlMtlATroN    BIU^    iVli.  121 

Mr.  Andkhnd.n.  W'liut  1  un»  Irviii;;  to  ;:»'t  at  i.^  wlu'tla-r  it  is  most 
t'fouomical  when  y<ni  liuvi»  a  little  overtime  uiui  pay  an  «'mploye« 
that  extra,  or  whether  it  would  Ih'  more  i><-onomi(-al  to  have  more 
employees  * 

l)octor  Moiii.KK.  In  sueh  a  i-ase  it  woiihl  \>v  economy  to  pay  extra 
for  that  oveiiime.  Wv  always  have  a  i('<.Milar,  nortmij  lon-e  ami 
we  would  expe«t  them  to  do  a  little  c)vertime  in  emerjrencies  without 
t'xtru  p!>y.  It  is  not  n  (|Mestioii  of  a  littN'  or  occasi<tnal  overtime, 
hut  wheir  the  ins|>e(tors  work  lon;^  hours,  starting'  at  7  in  the  morn- 
ing' and  workin<r  until  5  or  ti  or  even  later  at  ni;:ht.  in  the  larp' 
packin".'  reiiteis  duiin^'  Jainiary,  Fehruiiiv.  and  I)e<eml>er.  we  woidd 
like  to  take  care  of  them  either  hy  the  overtime  provision  or  hy  relief 
employees. 

Mr.  AxDKRsox.   Does  that  complete  your  item,  I)<»ctoi    .Mohlcrf 

KRAHICATION    <»F    F<M  >T-AXn- .MOITII    IHSKAHK. 

Doctor  MoiiLKR.  There  is  one  more  item  on  |)a^e  ^V21>,  for  foot-aml- 
mouth  disea.se,  which  has  been  referred  to.  The  a.ssipnment  of  ex- 
perienced veterinary  inspectors  at  public  stock  yards  to  make  care- 
ful inspections  for  sym|>toms  of  this  disease  is  U'lntr  continued.  Sus- 
pected cases  of  animals  in  any  way  reseml)lin<^  foot-and-mouth  dis- 
ease, reported  as  atfectinj;  suscei)tible  animals  anywhere  in  the  coun- 
try, are  promptly  investijrated  by  veterinary  inspectors  who  are 
familiar  with  the  symptoms  of  this  disease. 

At  the  present  time  when  live  stock  is  bein;r  moved  from  one 
country  to  another  outside  the  usual  channels  of  trade  and  foot-and- 
mouth  disease  is  appearing:  in  countries  formerly  free  of  the  disease, 
it  is  most  important  that  extra  precautions  be  taken  to  <:^uard  ajrainst 
the  introduction  of  this  disease  into  the  United  States  or  to  detect 
the  disease  in  the  event  it  should  obtain  entrance  into  this  country. 
Under  this  project  an  averaije  of  about  >^.').r>()()  a  month  is  bein<r  ex- 
pended, larjrely  to  pay  the  salaries  of  the  veterinary  inspectors  re- 
ferred to  above  at  public  stock  yards. 

Last  Aujrnst  a  disease  havin«i:  certain  characteristics  of  foot-and- 
mouth  di.sease  was  reported  in  the  Island  of  Jamaica.  We  do  not 
know  how  it  <;:ot  in  there,  but  we  fountl  out  through  one  of  the 
reports  of  the  consul  at  Kin<rst<m  that  they  had  a  jieculiar  disease 
which  they  called  calf  diphtheria  in  several  of  their  Provinces,  and 
we  surmised  it  was  the  foot-and-mouth  disease.  "We  traced  ship- 
ments of  material  from  Jamaica  into  this  country  and  found  at  that 
very  time  there  were  three  or  four  hundred  hides  and  several  l)ales 
of  sheep  and  *roat  skins  on  the  docks  at  New  York.  In  order  to 
))revent  any  infection  being  brouirht  into  this  country  we  ordert'd  the 
whole  cargo  back  to  .Jamaica,  disinfected  the  d(»cks  at  New  Wtvk 
City,  and  ordered  an  embargo  on  similar  shipments.  Later  on.  dur- 
ing October,  we  learned  that  the  disease  had  finally  been  diagnosed 
as  foot-and-mouth  disease  by  the  Jamaican  authorities.  Tliat  just 
shows  how  close  a  country  can  come  to  U'lng  e\po>ed  to  an  outl'reak 
of  foot-and-mouth  disease  and  yet  escape. 


122  agricultural  appropriation  bill,  1924. 

Tuesday,  November  21,  1922. 

necessary    expenses   for   investigations   and   experiments   in 

dairy  industry. 

STATEMENT   OF   DR.   C.    W.   LARSON,    CHIEF   OF   THE   DAIRY 

DIVISION. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  now  take  up  your  fii-st  item  on  page  58, 
"Necessary  expenses  for  investigations  and  experiments  m  dairy 
industry,"  etc. 

Doctor  Larson.  Mr.  Chairman,  the  work  of  the  dairy  division  is 
planned  along  the  same  general  line  as  has  heen  going  on  this  past 
year.  The  appropriations  are  the  same,  and  the  program  is  the  same. 
The  work  is  divided  into  three  general  classes:  Investigations  of  the 
production  of  milk;  second,  the  manufacture  of  products  of  milk; 
and  third,  the  introduction  in  the  States  of  the  results  of  these 
investigations. 

LINES   OF   PRODUCTION. 

Under  the  head  of  production  our  work  is  along  three  lines:  First, 
nutrition;  second,  breeding;  and  third,  herd  management. 

In  the  nutrition  work  we  have  made  splendid  progress  during  the 
past  year,  especially  in  studies  along  the  line  of  mmeral  requirements 
of  dairy  cows.  It  has  been  found  that  the  old  standards  of  feeding, 
which  have  included  the  fat,  proteins,  and  carbohydrates,  do  not 
satisf}'  milk  production.  It  has  also  been  found  that  animals  may 
not  lose  in  weight  and  may  not  immediateh'  go  down  in  milk  pro- 
duction, but  we  know  that  some  change  has  taken  place,  so  that  even 
in  the  next  lactation  period  there  may  be  a  very  great  reduction  in 
milk,  and  for  this  study  it  is  necessar^y  not  only  to  know  the  milk 
produced  but  to  make  thorough  digestion  trials,  and  for  this  special 
equipment  is  necessary.  We  have  the  organization  for  tloing  this 
work.  We  have  a  splendid  corps  of  investigators  anil  we  are  espe- 
cially anxious  to  have  a  place  in  which  we  can  carry  on  this  nutrition 
work. 

BREEDING    OP   ANIMALS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  this  nutrition  work  carried  on  at  Beltsvillel 

Doctor  Larson.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  that  carried  along  with  breetling  animals? 

Doctor  Larson.  As  far  as  it  can  be.  In  the  breeding  work  we  are 
now  on  our  third  veneration  of  animals,  in  which  we  are  attempting 
to  establish  some  definite  basis  of  iinproveniont  of  our  cattle.  There 
is  no  known  process  of  breeding  that  wo  know  will  pruiluci'  animals 
of  high  production  and  do  it  uniformly.  We  have  spurts  of  high 
production,  but  it  has  never  been  uniform,  and  we  have  various 
theories  and  we  are  trying  to  work  oul  sonic  priucijiies  on  which  w«' 
can  improve  our  cattle. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  1  think  there  you  have  three  kiiuls  of  breeding? 

Doctor  Larson.  Yes,  sir.  We  have  the  coni})arison  of  liiu*  breeding 
with  outcrossing;  second,  comjiarison  of  inbreeding  with  outcrossing, 
and  third,  the  hree(Hng  of  a  pure  strain  of  hi<^h  pioihiction  hy  con- 
tinuous  use  generation   after  generation  of  sires  that    have  proven 


AGRICULTURAL  AI'PROPRIATION    BILL,   1024.  123 

Ability  f<»r  liif^li  j>r()<lM<ti()n.  In  other  words,  we  hdicvr  tliat  it  is 
possible  to  us«>  sires  that  luivr  l>ceii  proven  as  pn»«lueers  of  a  larjje 
number  of  animals  of  hi^h  prodtit^tion,  niul  con(!entrat«>  that  nbility. 
We  also  have  a  fourth,  ui  which  we  are  att<'mptinf;  to  i)r«»vi'  or  dis- 
prove what  is  known  jus  the  "'nickin*;"  theory,  by  comhinin^  bloo(l 
of  eij^ht  distinct  fanulies. 

Mr.  Andkrson.   What  is  th«'  theory^ 

I)oct(»r  LvKsoN.  The  theory,  which  is  pra<'ticed  by  most  of  our 
breeders,  is  that  unless  you  use  animals  that  are  faiilv  closely  related 
there  is  dani^er  of  reducinj^  the  produ<tion  of  the  family.  That  is  the 
general  practice  throuj;hout  the  country  in  buyinj^  a  sire,  to  buy  one 
that  is  fairly  clos(«ly  related,  or  that  carries  some  of  the  same  blood, 
and  not  ^et  blood  that  is  from  distinctly  dilFerenl  families.  In  tlu; 
.lersey  breeding  wo  have  at  leayt  eight  distinct  prominent  families, 
and  wo  are  mating  those  in  a  way  that  will  make  it  po.ssible  to  bring 
together  in  the  third  generation  animals  with  the  blood  lines  of  these 
eight  distinct  families  in  e(|ual  pioportions.  In  each  generation  we 
ean  compare  these  outcrossed  animals  with  the  animals  that  are  bred 
within  trie  families  and  determine  whether  the  "nicking"  theory 
holds  good. 

Mr.  BiciiANAN.   ^  ou  mean  eight  lelat^'d  familie^s  ? 

Doctor  Larson.  Kight  unrelated  families  that  are  distinctive 
families  in  themselves. 

Mr.  BrcHA.NAN.  Of  the  same  stock? 

Doctor  I>.\Rs<)\.  Of  the  same  breed.  This  work  will  take  consid- 
erable time,  but  we  think  that  it  is  fundamental  and  will  be  very 
useful  throughout  the  whole  country.  It  is  a  project  that  a  State  or 
a  bree«ler  could  not  undertake.  With  our  dairy  cattle  producing  a 
product  that  last  year  had  a  farm  value  of  .?2,4()0,()0().()()(),  and  the 
efficiency  of  the  cows  that  produce  that  product  depending  largely 
upon  their  inheritance  for  large  production,  we  believe  that  these 
experiments  should  be  carried  out  to  establish  methods  of  breeding 
whereby  the  itdieritance  for  large  milk  and  butter-fat  production 
can  be  transmitted  with  greater  uniformity. 

INCRE.\.SED    PRODUCTION    THROUGH    SCIENTIFIC    MANAGEMENT. 

In  tlie  management  work  it  has  been  shown  that  by  extra  methods 
«)f  care  and  feeding  animals  it  is  possible  to  increase  production  (50 
per  cent.  We  have  now  kept  a  number  of  animals  four  years.  Tlie 
first  year  we  kept  them  under  ordinary  farm  conditions;  the  year 
after  that  we  kept  them  under  what  we  call  advanced  registry  condi- 
tions, or  special  care,  and  the  third  year  we  put  them  back  to  gen- 
eral farm  conditions,  and  the  fourth  year  into  the  advanced  registry 
conditions,  and  we  have  been  able  to  increase  them  as  much  as  (50 
per  cent  on  the  average.  Now  we  are  undertaking  to  determine 
which  one  of  the  steps  in  the  different  care  contributes  the  most  and 
how  much  each  step  contributes  to  this  increase. 

Mr.  Anderson.   vMiat  is  the  different  care  given  ? 

Doctor  Lar.son.  The  general  farm  treatment  includes  keeping  the 
cow  in  the  ordinary  stanchion,  feetling  her  the  ortlinarv  feeiling 
standard  rec^uirement,  and  milkino;  twice  a  day.  The  advanced 
registry  conditions  include  keeping  tne  cow  in  a  box  stall,  feeding  her 


124  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

three  times  a  day  and  milkinfr  her  three  times  a  day,  and.  in  case  her 
production  is  ahove  7o  pounds  a  day,  milkin<;  her  four  times  a  day. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  does  tlie  added  production  compare  with  the 
increased  cost  of  maintenance  on  the  advanced  recfistry  basis? 

Doctor  Larson.  We  are  studying  each  of  these  steps  to  determine 
the  amount  of  increase,  as  well  as  the  net  cost.  We  have  gone  far 
enough  to  say  that  in  the  East,  where  straw  is  relatively  expensive, 
the  additional  bedding  required  in  the  box  stall  and  the  labor  in- 
volved in  putting  it  there  and  taking  it  away  just  about  balances 
for  the  increased  production.  The  box  stall,  therefore,  is  not  an 
economical  proposition  with  us  in  the  East. 

With  feed  under  the  condition  of  prices  that  prevails  in  Maryland, 
where  we  have  this  farm,  and  with  the  price  of  milk  obtaining  here 
in  the  East,  it  is  profitable  to  feed  the  additional  feed  that  was  given 
under  the  advanced  registry  over  general  farm  conditions.  We  com- 
pared those  figures,  however,  with  conditions  in  one  of  the  western 
farms,  and  it  was  not  economical,  because  the  additional  milk  did  not 
pay  for  the  additional  feed  used.  So  that  the  feed  proposition  de- 
pends upon  the  price  of  feed  and  the  market,  and  there  are  all  gra- 
dations down,  depending  upon  the  price  of  milk  an<l  feed. 

In  a  similar  manner  we  are  studying  the  various  other  problems  of 
management. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  seems  to  me  rather  out  of  line;  an  increased 
production  of  60  per  cent,  it  seems  to  me,  ought  to  pay  for  a  good 
deal  of  additional  feed,  unless  the  cow  was  starved  to  death  first. 

Doctor  Larson.  It  does  pay  for  a  good  deal  of  feed. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  can  not  see,  if  the  additional  feed  produces  60 
per  cent,  that  you  would  not  make  any  money  on  the  initial  produc- 
tion of  the  cow. 

Doctor  Larson.  It  is  not  only  the  feed  that  is  necessary  to  get  the 
60  per  cent;  I  said,  the  box  stall,  the  milking  three  times,  and  some- 
times four  times  a  day,  and  feeding  three  times  a  day.  In  the  case 
of  milking  we  found  that  with  cows  producing  a  fairly  good  amount 
of  milk,  there  was  considerable  profit  in  milking  three  times  a  dav 
over  two  times.  The  increase  in  milk  paid  for  the  additional  work 
and  left  some  balance. 

Mr.  Anderson.  In  determining  these  costs,  how  do  you  get  at 
them,  all  on  the  basis  of  paid  labor? 

Doctor  Larson.  Oh,  yes. 

Mr.  Anderson.  It  would  not  necessarily  follow  that  the  farmer 
who  was  running  his  own  farm  and  not  employing  labor,  could  not 
use  a  little  extra  energy  and  milk  his  cow  three  times  a  day  and  use 
the  extra  feed   required    to   increase  producticm  ? 

Doctor  Larson.  No;  but  these  results  are  stated  in  terms  of  unit 
requirements;  in  other  words,  so  many  hours  or  minutes  of  labor  dur- 
ing tlie  mouth,  and  the  farmer  can  decitU'  for  liitnself  whether  or  not 
he  will  do  that  for  10  cents  an  hour  or  lo  cents  an  hour  or  20,  de- 
pending uj)()ii  tlie  prices  he  would  have  to  work  foi*  in  order  to  get 
this  return.  The  same  is  true  of  feed.  That  is  given  in  terms  of 
imits  and  not  dollars,  so  that  he  can  convert  to  his  own  coiuiitions. 

Mr.  Andkk.so.v.  There  is  a  good  tieal  of  possibility  of  being  misleil 
in  this  matter? 


fl 


AOniClMjTT'IlAI.   APPI10PRIAT»0\    BII.I,.    1104^  125 

|)(>ctor  LvKsoN.  'IMuTi'  is;  l)iit  rorontly  \vr  ImkI  at  the  farm  a  dozen 
i)f  till'  hMidini;  dnirvmcn  of  this  coiintrv,  atui  this  inaiia^iMiiont  work 
Wfts  oxphiiiu'd  to  tlictn  and  tlu*v  won'  intenstdy  pleased  with  it,  and 
are  piittinjj  it  into  pnutice.  much  of  it.  Not  only  is  it  positive, 
but  we  have  no;;ative  results  as  well.  In  other  words,  peoph'  a-»sume 
tluit  if  you  put  a  row  in  a  box  stall  vou  «;et  more  milk,  and  ^ome 
people  are  remo<lelin<;  their  hams  ori  tlie  basis  of  that.  It  is  shown 
that  it  is  not  eeonomieal  to  do  that,  hut  |)eoj)le  will  do  it  where  they 
want  to  fT'^t  »i  hifj^h  production  for  advanced  re<;istry  records. 

Mr.  Andkiison.  Of  course,  tlmt  is  a  part  of  the  hreedin;^  and  .sellinf; 
proposition  i 

(OVI.l  iT    OK    IMI'oKTANT    LA II01{AT«)K Y    KXTKRIMKNTS. 

Doctor  Lakson.  Yes.  sir.  In  the  laboratories  we  are  workin*^  with 
various  products  of  milk,  including  ice  cream  and  cheeses  of  various 
kinds,  condensed  and  evaporated  milk,  and  also  the  milk  itself  for 
direct  consumption.  One  of  the  imp()rtant  products  in  connection 
with  this  is  the  manufacture  of  forei>;n  varieties  of  cheese.  Normally 
we  have  been  impt)rtin<;  as  much  as  OU, 000, ()()()  pounds  of  cheese, 
while  we  only  manufactured  300.000,000,  and  this  cheese  that  has 
been  imported  is  of  a  kind  and  varieties  that  sell  at  the  hij^hest  prices; 
and  in  these  laboratories  they  have  perfected  a  method  of  making 
some  of  these  varieties  as  well  as  they  are  made  in  the  foreign  countries. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  it  possible  to  find  experienced  cheese  makers  in 
this  country,  plenty  of  them? 

SCARCiry    OF    E.XPERIEXCED   men — CHEESE    INDUSTRY. 

Doctor  Larson.  No,  sir;  especially'  not  men  who  know  how  to  make 
use  of  these  improved  methods. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  have  come  across  one  or  two  cases  in  my  travels 
around  the  country  where  there  appear  to  have  been  failures  of 
cheese  factories,  due  largely  to  the  fact  that  the  people  operating 
them  did  not  seem  to  have  the  experience  necessary  to  carry  on  the 
business  successfully,  and  I  thought  that  there  really  was  not  an 
adequate  supply  of  experienced  cheese  makers  in  the  country. 

Doctor  Larson.  No;  1  will  say  there  were  not.  and  especially  men 
who  could  make  the  foreign  varieties. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  they  re(|uire  any  particular  (|uality  of  milk  i 

Doctor  Larson.  Yes;  that  is  true  especially  af  Swiss  cheese. 
The  other  varieties  do  not. 

Mr.  Anderson.  They  require  a  higher  butter  content,  or  what? 

Doctor  Larson.  No;  most  of  them  reauire  a  low  butter  content. 
Swiss  cheese  is  usually  partly  skimmed  from  the  normal  milk.  In 
fact,  you  can  not  make  Swiss  cheese  from  the  average  milk  in  this 
country,  because  it  is  too  rich.  As  far  as  butter  fat  content  goes,  that 
can  be  taken  care  of,  with  any  of  these  products.  Swiss  cheese, 
however,  rec|uires  a  particular  organism  that  will  develop  the  eyes 
and  the  particular  flavor  that  goes  with  it,  and  the  laboratories  of  the 
dairy  division  have  isolated  the  ori^janism  that  produces  tlie  eyes 
and  the  flavor,  and  by  the  use  of  that  organism  they  are  able  to 
change  tlie  making  of  Swiss  cheese  from  an  art  into  a  science.  Up  to 
this  time  and  at  the  present  time  in  most  of  the  Swiss  cheese  factories 


126  AGRICULTUBAL  APPROPRIATION  BILL,  1924. 

in  this  country  it  is  entirely  an  art,  and  the  results  are  uncertain. 
For  every  hundred  pounds  of  Swiss  cheese  you  buy  you  must  pay  for  a 
certain  number  of  pounds  that  are  destroyed  that  do  not  come  out. 
You  must  pay  for  a  certain  other  number  of  pounds  that  are  sold 
below  the  cost  of  production,  and  probably  in  this  country  not  over 
60  per  cent  of  the  Swiss  cheese  is  of  hi^h  quality.  But  by  the  use  of 
this  organism  they  are  able  to  get  as  high  as  80,  and  in  some  cases  90 
per  cent  of  high  c{uality  Swiss  cheese. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Where  does  the  dairyman  go  now  to  learn  cheese 
making  ? 

Doctor  Larson.  The  colleges,  a  few  of  them,  are  teaching  cheese 
making.  I  can  say  in  connection  with  this  particular  work  that  we 
have  what  is  known  as  the  introduction  section.  The  introduction 
section  of  the  dairy  division  is  working  to  put  the  results  of  these 
investigations  into  the  hands  of  the  manufacturers,  and  it  does  it 
in  this  way:  They  make  Swiss  cheese,  or  any  other  variety.  There 
are  several  varieties  of  Italian  cheese  that  sell  at  the  highest  price, 
which  we  are  now  making  in  the  laboratories.  After  we  have 
gone  far  enough  to  be  satisfied  that  we  can  make  a  particular  product 
we  go  to  Grove  City,  where  we  have  a  factory  under  our  control, 
and  we  manufacture  that  product  on  a  commercial  scale;  and  when 
we  have  done  that  we  invite  the  manufacturers  to  come  there  and 
send  their  cheese  makers  ther^,  where  they  can  get  all  the  infor- 
mation we  have  about  the  product. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  long  do  they  have  to  stay  there  to  learn  it 
right  ? 

Doctor  Larson.  For  one  variety  it  would  not  take  very  lono^.  If 
they  are  good  cheese  makers  to  start  with  and  are  willing  to  cnano:e 
from  their  old  methods,  in  two  or  three  months  the  men  can  get  in 
shape  to  make  it  very  satisfactorily.  We  carry  that  on  in  this 
way;  for  instance,  the  State  of  Wisconsin  makes  most  of  the  Swiss 
cheese,  and  they  say,  "Well,  now,  we  would  like  to  make  that  cheese, 
to  make  a  better  product, "  and  so  we  enter  into  an  arrangement  of 
this  kind.  We  say  to  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  'We  will  put  a  man 
in  there  for  one  year  or  two  years  to  work  in  five  factories,  not  more. 
You  put  a  man  there  to  go  along  with  this  work,  and  at  the  end  of 
that  time  if  we  have  demonstrated  by  those  four  or  five  factories 
that  this  is  the  proper  method,  then  you  take  it  up  and  extend  it 
throughout  the  State." 

UTILIZATION    OF   MILK    AND    BY-PRODUCTS. 

The  work  of  the  laboratories  also  takes  up  the  matter  of  the  util- 
ization of  milk  and  the  by-products.  We  have  an  enormous  quantity 
of  by-products  from  our  creameries  and  cheese  factories,  which 
are  not  now  well  utilized.  An  example  of  what  was  done  in  this: 
In  the  past  year  the  men  in  the  labi)ratories  have  made  a  product 
known  as  soluble  albumen,  'i'his  has  never  been  made  before,  and 
has  met  with  considerable  favor  by  manufacturers.  This  product  is 
made  from  whey  at  cheese  factories. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  is  it  used  in? 

Doctor  Larson.  It  is  used  in  various  food  products,  some  of  which 
we  do  not  know  as  yet;  but  it  is  used  where  nlbuincMi  is  needed. 
Persons  suffering  with  certain  diseases  recjuire  albumen  foods,  and 


III 


AGRICULXrRAL  APPIIOPHIATIOX    BILL,   U»24,  127 

wr  lire  pivparin^  foods  for  siicli  persons  nnd  usin^  this  product,  and 
jirc  usin^  it  in  pr('i)ariMl  ll«)urs  and  tliinj^js  of  that  sort  use<l  for 
Cookin;;.  In  otlwr  words,  wo  arc  trying  to  utihzo  niorr  products  and 
make  th(^nl  nvaihil>h>. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  I  notice*!  you  have  some  extension  items  on  the 
(juestion  of  cow-testirij;  and  l>ull-asst>ciation  W(>rk. 

Doctor  Lauson.   Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  Andkhson.  What  rchition  (hies  that  havf  t<>  \\\r  ^^cncrnl  ex- 
tension work  '. 

EXTKNMlON     VNollk     -<  u\\      Ih^HllN".     AM>    III   I.I.    .\.>«.si)<  I.MUjnh. 

Doctor  Lak.son.  'Phis  cow-testin<;  and  hnll-association  work  we 
liavc  h(M>n  doin<;  (hlFcrs  from  general  t>x tension  work  in  that  we  do 
not  extend  the  rcj^idar  association  woik  in  the  States  except  so  far 
i\s  to  show  the  people  of  the  wState  how  this  work  can  be  done.  In 
other  words,  in  your  nci<rld>orhood  reccTitly  the  county  ajjent  was 
not  .sohl  to  tlie  idea  of  a  hull  a.ssociation.  We  think  that  is  one  of 
the  best  and  cheapest  and  surest  ways  of  iniprovinpr  the  f^eneral 
cattle  of  this  country --throuf]:!!  the  hull-a.ssociation  work,  so  our  man 
who  is  in  tlie  i)ull-association  work  <joes  to  your  State  extension  man 
and  goes  around  the  county  and  arranges  a  survey  of  the  county 
and  calls  on  a  number  of  the  farmers  and  he  hnds  that  they  are  in 
terested  in  establishing  a  bull  association.  This  county  agent  did 
not  know  the  constitution  and  l)y-laws.  He  did  not  know  the  diffi- 
culties of  organization  and  keeping  it  going  afterwards,  but  the  de- 
partment man  worked  with  this  man  long  enough  to  establish  an 
as.sociation.     He  may  do  it  in  some  other  part  of  the  State. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  thev  not  have  people  in  the  State  colleges  who 
do  that  i 

Doctor  Larson.  They  do  after  you  have  shown  them  how.  In 
other  words,  we  have  men  who  study  bull  association  work,  make  it 
a  special  study  for  a  year  or  two.  A  college  man,  if  he  were  going  to 
drop  all  of  his  other  work  for  a  year,  as  would  bo  necessarv  to  learn 
all  the  ins  and  outs  of  the  bull  association  w'ork,  could  do  it,  but  he 
has  something  else  to  do,  and  our  man  establishes  one  or  two  associa- 
tions and  goes  to  some  other  State.  That  is  the  line  he  is  doin^^  — 
not  to  extend  it  all  over  the  State  as  the  extension  work  used  to  be. 
It  is  simply  showing  the  way  and  letting  the  State  do  the  rest. 

Mr.  Anderson.  This  fellow  operates  as  a  specialist,  as  I  under- 
stand ? 

construction  of  d.ury  barn. 

ANIMAL    .NUTRITION    WORK. 

Doctor  Larson.  Absolutely.  I  briefly  outlineil  the  work  we  are 
doing  in  nutrition.  This  is  fundamental  work  in  animal  nutrition, 
and  it  is  not  simply  feeding  animals  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the 
word,  but  it  is  actually  determining  as  far  as  possible  just  what 
becomes  of  these  feeds  and  what  are  tlie  precursors  to  milk.  We  also 
study  the  blood. 

They  are  discovering  proteins,  for  instance,  that  are  more  valuable 
than  othei-s  for  milk  production.  You  may  take  a  feed  and  analyze 
it  and  find  it  contains  a  certain  percentage  of  protein,  and  take  anotlier 

2*J0-_»S— 122 1) 


128  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

one  and  find  that  it  contains  the  same  amount  by  analysis,  but  you 
will  not  obtain  the  same  results,  because  this  diiTerent  protein  has 
various  amounts  of  amino  acids  in  it,  and  results  seriously  on  the 
milk.  We  have  found  that  some  of  these  proteins  are  necessary  in 
some  parts  of  the  milk,  and  in  one  circulation  of  the  blood  as  much 
as  30  per  cent  of  some  these  are  taken  out;  in  other  words,  in  passing 
through  the  udder.  We  are  satisfied  that  some  of  these  factors  are 
limiting  the  production  of  our  animals.  I  also  said  that  it  is  necessary 
to  get  a  balance  of  the  feeds.  It  is  not  simply  a  problem  of  deter- 
mining the  amount  of  milk  you  get  out  of  a  cow  to-day,  but  over  a 
period  of  time  throughout  the  year.  On  simply  the  record  of  the 
milk  production  for  a  lactation  period  it  is  impossible,  we  find,  to 
take  that  and  learn  what  she  is  going  to  do  the  next  period.  We  have, 
therefore,  started  what  we  call  digestion  trials  in  which  we  analyze 
the  feed,  the  milk,  and  the  urine  and  feces,  and  in  that  way  we  can 
get  a  definite  idea  as  to  what  is  happening  to  the  feed  and  milk 
during  this  digestion  period.  \Miile  we  are  making  these  careful 
tests,  it  is  necessary^  that  the  cows  be  kept  away  from  the  herd. 
Our  barns  now  are  used  for  breeding  barns  and  we  have  no  places 
for  this  nutrition  work. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  Will  you  have  to  buy  animals  for  this  work? 

Doctor  Larson.  No,  sir;  we  have  our  animals  increasing  in  our 
breeding  herds,  and  we  will  not  reciuire  additional  animals  for  nutri- 
tion work. 

INCREASE    IN    HERD. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  much  has  3'our  herd  increased  in  the  last 
four  or  five  years  ? 

Doctor  Larson.  In  the  herd  at  Beltsville  we  have  increased,  per- 
haps, in  the  last  four  or  five  years,  from  <S0  to  l.')0. 

^Ir.  Anderson.  Do  you  sell  any  of  those  animals  at  all  ? 

Doctor  Larson.  L^p  to  this  time  only  those  that  have  become 
sterile  or  unfit — unproductive.  L^p  to  this  year  the  foundation  stock 
of  the  breeding  herd — many  of  them  will  have  completed  their  rec- 
ords. We  have  gotten  the  measure  of  the  foundation  animals — that 
is,  we  know  what  they  will  produce,  and  we  have  their  sons  and 
daughters,  so  that  we  can  dispose  of  those  animals.  We  feel  the  work 
in  animal  nutrition  is  going  to  be  handicapped  very  mnterinlly  unless 
we  can  get  a  building  for  it. 

Mr.  Anderson.  S20,()00  ought  to  build 

NEED   FOR    LABORATORY    BUII.DINO. 

Doctor  Larson  (interposing).  It  is  not  an  ordinary  barn;  it  is  a 
laboratory.  It  is  the  nutrition  building,  with  places  for  the  cattle, 
special  stalls  and  devices  for  making  these  tests,  and  the  laboratory  v 
rooms  for  mi.xing  the  samples  and  storing  them.  This  is  very  iutri- 
cate  work.  We  have  to  be  sure  we  are  using  the  same  feed,  for 
instance,  tiirou<^liout  a  wjiole  period.  That  nu'ans  that  that  feed  is 
all  mixed  carelully  in  thousands  of  pounds  and  put  away  carefully,  T 
and  the  same  way  with  the  hay  and  othi'r  nii.xod  feeds. 

Then  the  urine  and  feces  are  collected  carefully  ami  mixed  and  sam- 
pled, all  r(>(|uiring  safe  and  special  treatment.     We  have  lunnlreds  of 


AGIUCULTURAL.  iVTlMloPUIATION    BIIJ^   11*24.  129 

ainplcs  and  necessary  (M|itipineiit  nlon^  witli  it  that  will  he  liaiidlr*! 
Ill  this  hiiil(lin«;. 

Mr.  Andkuson.  If  you  ^o  into  this,  you  will  ro<|Miro  (juito  a  large 
luiiiiher  of  additional  men  too,  I  supposed 

Doctor  L  vusoN.  No,  sir;  those  liave  larj^cly  hcen  provided  for 
already.      1  hope  «'ventuallv  we  shall 

Mr.  Andkuson  (interi)osin<j).  I  am  skepti<'al  ahoul  putting  any 
more  hiiildiiij^s  on  this  Mcltsville  place. 

I)ocfor  L.virsoN.  Well.  sir.  this  is  a  lahornlnrv  I  feel  of  impoi  laiicc  - 
to  learn  the  methods  of  feedmg  dairy  cows     j\istifvin<;  the  SJO.OOO. 

Mr.  lirni.WAN.   How  many  acres  are  there  in  tliat  placed 

Doctor  Laiison.  There  are  l(K)  acres,  about;  and  we  are  renting  120. 

Mr.  lUcuANAN.  One  hundred  and  sixty  a(;res  owned  by  the  Gov- 
ernment '. 

Doctor  Larson.  Yes.  sir.  That  is  one  of  the  dairy  fanns,  ap- 
proximately that. 

Mr.  .Vndkkson.  ^'ou  have  <;ot  SI. ')().()()()  worth  of  buildings  on  it 
now  \ 

Doctor  IjAUSox.  No:  we  have  only  spent  about  half  that  amount. 
I  third<  we  have  very  simple  permanent  building's.  Notiiing  elabo- 
rate. 

Doctor  MoHLF'.R.  Th(»  farm  has  increased  100  per  cent  in  value 
since  we  f)tnchased  it.  It  has  been  a  money-making  proposition  — 
no  doubt  of  it. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  I  should  think  it  would  be  fioin  the  amount  of 
mc^ney  you  have  put  on  it. 

Doctor  Larson.  I  think  the  results  pay  for  it. 

Mr.  Anderson.   I  think  it  is  about  the  poorest  land  I  ever  saw. 

EXPERIMEXT.\L    PARM    SELF-SUSTAINflNO. 

Doctor  LARSi)N.  Part  of  it  is  poor,  but  we  are  raising  very  satis- 
factory crops  on  it  now  and  have  been  for  several  years,  and  I  may 
say.  so  far  as  the  farm  is  concerned,  that  every  year  for  the  last 
several  years  the  farm  itself  has  been  self-sustaining. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  Do  vou  mean  vou  are  raising  enough  stuff  to 
feed  the  cattle  ^ 

Doctor  Larson.  No.  sir;  I  mean  we  are  raising  enough  stulT  to 
pay  for  the  cost  of  producing  the  feed  and  running  the  farm.  I  mean 
the  farm  itself. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  If  you  are  doing  that,  you  are  doing  very  well 
with  what  y(»u  have  got. 

Doctor  Larson.   1  think  we  are. 

Mr,  BuciiAXAX.  lie  is  just  holding  his  own— not  making  anything 
or  not  losing  anything,  but  just  standing  there. 

Doctor  L.VRSON.  That  is  right,  and.  ns  Mr.  Anderson  says,  that  is 
very  good. 

Mr.  Anderson.   How  big  is  this  barn  going  to  be.  Doctor  Larson  \ 

D(»ctor  Larson.  It  is  going  to  be  a  two-storv  concrete  barn  with 
ba.sement  and  (Uie  wing. 

Mr.  .Vndkrson.   Fire-proof  roof  ^ 

Doctor  Larson.  No,  sir,  not  a  fireproof  roof  but  it  will  be  ceiled 
inside  so  that  it  will  be  fairly  fireproof. 

Mr.  Bi'ciiANAN.  Ceiled  with  wood  or  lumber^ 


130  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATIOX    BILL,   1024. 

Doctor  Larson.  Usually  we  use  metal  laths  and  plaster.  This 
barn  will  provide  feed  storage  also.  M 

Mr.  Anderson'.  Does  the  .?20,0f)0  include  the  equipment  *.  ' 

Doctor  Larson.  Well,  there  will  not  be  very  much  equipment 
required — just  the  building. 

Mr.  Anderson.  If  you  are  going  to  keep  all  your  animals  there 
and  you  are  going  to  keep  all  your  equipment  necessary  to  collect 
the  urine  and  feces  you  have  got  to  have  some  other  e(|uipment. 
have  you  not  ? 

Doctor  Larson.  We  hope  to  take  care  of  that  out  of  our  regular 
farm  funds. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  many  animals  will  there  be  in  this  milk  test  ? 

Doctor  L.VRSON.  There  will  be  about  24  in  the  general  preparatory 
work  going  into  the  stalls  and  perhaps  not  over  6  or  8  for  the  special 
digestion  stalls  for  certain  definite  periods  during  the  year. 

animal  husbandry  investigations. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  E.  W.  SHEETS,  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL 

INDUSTRY. 

Mr.  Sheets.  The  animal  husbandry  investigations  pertain  to  all 
other  classes  of  animal,  except  dairy  animals — beef  cattle,  hogs,  sheep, 
horses,  and  poultry.  There  are  three  items — three  projects — which  are 
being  emphasized  here,  for  which  slight  increases  have  been  asked  in 
the  total  12  projects.  The  first  one  is  that  of  genetic  research.  Ge- 
netic researcn,  up  until  about  two  years  ago,  consisted  of  work  with 
guinea  pigs  almost  exclusively,  for  the  purpose  of  working  out  certain 
fundamental  principles  in  genetics.  We  believe  that  these  problems 
have  given  us  certain  facts  pertaining  to  inbreeding  and  cross  breed- 
ing that  we  wish  to  confirm  with  respect  to  the  larger  animals. 
We  have  two  projects — one  with  swine  and  one  with  poultry — which 
will  require  the  services  of  a  specialist  to  keep  the  technical  and 
voluminous  data  on  weights,  gains,  and  other  information  until  the 
experimental  animals  are  mature.  This  will  enable  us  to  detennine 
certain  facts  which  have  practical  value  to  stockmen.     This  item 

Erovides  only  the  $3,000  for  the  salary  of  a  specialist.     There  is  now 
eing  spent  on  genetic  research  $10,065. 

The  other  item  pertains  to  nutrition  research,  which  is  divided  into 
two  phases  of  work.  One  is  for  the  investigations  with  reference  to 
meat  animals,  including  poultry.  One  line  of  investigation  connects 
up  with  the  various  phases  and  studies  on  soft  pork.  The  other  is 
for  projects  other  than  soft  pork,  which  include  poultry,  animal 
fibers,  and  certain  other  nutrition  studies  to  fl(»termiiu>  the  values  of 
feed  in  connection  with  other  animal  husbandry  projects.  It  is  not 
for  starting  new  projects  but  for  continuing  projects  now  under  way 
just  n  little  further  with  these  same  animals  which  will  re(|uire  verv 
little  more  feed.  In  other  words,  we  wish  to  utilize  the  aniunils 
which  we  now  have  in  other  experiments,  and  the  same  facilities, 
merely  carrying  them  a  step  further  to  get  out  of  them  all  there  is  in 
the  way  of  iufoniiat ion.  This  would  require  $3,SS()  for  the  meat 
iuN'estigations,  including  poultry  and  egijs.  That  would  be  used, 
S3.()()()  for  a  specialist  and  .$SS()  for  items  of  ecjuipment  and  laboratory 
suj)[)lies,  and  $2. 500  would  be  used  for  an  assistant  in  the  ch(Mnical 
liihoratory  to  assist  with  the  cheinical  analyses  in  the  soft-pork  work. 


AGIUCULTURAL   APrilOI'lUATlON    BlU^    1024. 


i;n 


Mr.  A.NDKUSON.  How  fill'  have  y«»u  ;;<»t  with  tlu*  sufl-pork  \y'<^-  ' 
Ilavo  you  ^ot  uiiywlu'n'  yet  '. 

Mi.  Sukkis.  Wr  liavc  Ihhmi  finikin^  very  sul>.staiititil  progress. 
Thf  work  Ims  Ik'om  carricil  on  in  runiUMlion  with  Id  cspcriinrnt 
stnlions,  also  in  <-otnu>(tioii  witii  llic  Institiilc  of  Aincncan  Mcut 
Packer's.  With  icfcrerico  to  results  ohtainiMl  wo  have  nuuii'  very 
suhstautial  progress  this  year.  I  <lo  not  state  that  we  have  solved 
a!iv  one  phase  of  the  soft  pork  prohleni  hut  1  helieve  what  Work  wo 
have  tlone  will  iiave  ^one  a  loni;  way  m  ihrowin;^  I'K''*  <"'  ^'"'  iuatl«!r 
when  the  data  is  finally  worked  up.  In  other  words,  feed  represents 
one  of  the  causes  of  soft  pork;  and  hoj;s  which  once  hecoine  soft 
harden  with  <;reat  dilliculty.  At  th(>  live  stock  i'xperirnent  farm,  at 
New  Ihcria,  La.,  it  w'asfoun<l  that  the  feeding  of  rice  products  and  nio- 
livsses.  and  at  the  Coastal  Plains  vStation,  at  AIcNeill,  Miss.,  the  feeding 
of  sweet  potato  l)y-[)roducts  had  hardenin<^  elFects  on  soft  hoj^s,  and 
that  feeds  like  peanuts  and  soy  heans  produce  pork  soft  in  character. 

The  other  item  of  .SO, ;>()()  is  for  makinj^  slitrhl  improvements  in  the 
abattoir  and  laboratory.  That  is  the  abattoir  and  laboratory  where 
this  work  is  done. 

Mr.  A.NDKUSON.  Where  is  it  done  ^ 

Mr.  SiiKKTS.  At  Beltsville,  Md.  That  is,  the  slaughtering  work  is 
done  there.  The  hogs  are  shipped  periodically  to  this  station,  three 
or  more  at  a  time  out  of  each  test  lot,  for  shiugliter  and  general 
analyses.  The  lal)oratory  was  woi  built  originally  for  this  work, 
merely  being  converted  for  this  purpose.  It  is  too  small  for  liandling 
the  work  satisfactorily.  For  instance,  if  we  have  a  large  hog  wo 
can  not  hang  it  up  in  the  abattoir  to  cool  without  first  cutting  of? 
its  head.  \Vhenever  one  is  recjuired  to  handle  two  pieces,  for  instance, 
the  hog  and  its  head,  weighing  them,  to  determine  the  shrinkage 
after  cooling,  it  increases  the  work  and  at  the  same  time  increases  the 
possibility  of  error.  What  we  want  to  do  is  to  elevate  the  ceilings 
of  the  cooling  rooms  about  a  foot  or  IS  inches  so  that  they  will 
accommodate  the  largest  hog  that  is  likely  to  be  killeil  in  connec- 
with  this  work. 

There  have  been  no  modifications  of  the  abattoir  or  repair  work 
done  on  this  laboratory  within  the  last  six  years. 

Mr.  Axdb:rson.  Where  do  these  hogs  come  from  I 

Mr.  Sheets.  They  come  from  the  cooperating  experiment  stations. 
The  states  that  are  cooperating  in  this  work  at  this  time  are  Ala- 
bama, Georgia,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Mississippi,  North  Carolina, 
Oklahoma,  South  Carolina,  and  Texas. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Go  ahead. 

Mr.  Sheets.  That  covers  the  three  principal  items  for  which  we  are 
asking  increases. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  The  three  increases  \ 

Mr.  Sheets.  Yes,  sir. 

CLARK    COUNTY    EXPERLMENTAL    STATION,    IDAHO. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Where  is  this  slieep  ranch  you  have?  It  i<  some- 
where in  Idaho  \ 

Mr.  Sheets.  At  Dubois,  Idaho — a  special  sheep  ranch.  The 
United  States  Sheep  Experiment  Station  at  Dubois  nas  an   area  of 


132  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924.  | 

28,000  arres  of  typical  western  orrazinor  land  that  was  withdrawn  from 
settlement  b}'  order  of  the  President  in  1015.     This  area  is  suflicient 
to  maintain  the  4.000  breeding  ewes  which  were  contemplated  when 
the  project  was  started,  but  has  not  been  realized  as  yet.     We  have      !^ 
at  the  present  time  about  1.500  breeding  ewes,  50  mature  rams,  about      ' 
100  ram  lambs,  and  550  ewe  lambs,  or  a  total  of  about  2.200  head  of 
breeding  sheep  on  that  ranch.     We  had  expected  to  add  about  2.500      d 
ewes,  to  bring  this  up  to  a  total  of  4,000  ewes  of  breeding  age  needed       t 
for  the  proper  study  of  range-sheep  problems,     ^^^len  we  bring  this 
up  the  returns  will  more  than  pay  for  the  upkeep  and  maintenance 
of  the  station.     In  fact,  with  the  1,500  ewes  of  breeding  age,  550  ewe 
lambs,  and  150  rums  during  the  lust  year  there  was  a  gross  return 
from  this  station  amounting  to  about  S25,000,  including  cash  turned 
into  the  Treasury  and  the  inventory  value  of  young  stock  added  and 
of  wool  on  hand  at  the  close  of  the  year. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  was  the  cost  of  operation  ( 

Mr.  Sheets.  The  cost  of  operation  is  about  §28,000. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  That  does  not  mean  an}-  improvements  at  all  ? 

Mr.  Sheets.  That  does  not  mean  any  improvements. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Were  there  any  improvements  made  on  the  place 
last  year  i 

Mr.  Sheets.  Yes,  sir.  We  are  completing  the  reservoir  for  the 
water  supply  station  which  has  been  one  of  the  things  that  has 
been  needed  ever  since  the  station  was  established  in  1915.  We 
built  12  miles  of  fence  and  added  more  room  to  the  laborer's  cottage. 

Mr.  Anderson.  If  I  remember  aright  this  S8.000  immediately 
available  covers  the  buildings  out  there  on  that  sheep  ranch.  What 
are  you  going  to  do  with  this  next  year  {  The  chairman  of  the 
Agricultural  Committee  is  very  jealous  about  any  construction,  so 
I  want  to  know  what  the  reason  for  spending  this  S8,000  is. 

Mr.  Sheets.  There  is  one  item  that  has  been  needed  and  is  now 
very  greatly  needed  which  we  have  an  opportunity  to  put  in  in 
cooperation  with  some  other  ranchmen  at  a  considerable  saving  of 
money,  and  that  is  the  electric  power  for  lights  and  for  other  power 
at  that  station.  The  neighboring  ranchmen — the  Wood  Livestock 
Co.,  I  believe  it  is — are  putting  in  their  poles  for  this  line  and  with 
our  participation  we  will  be  able  to  get  our  power  for  something  like 
$1,000  to  $1,800,  while  if  we  put  it  in  alone  it  would  cost  several 
times  that. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Where  do  you  get  the  power  from  i 

Mr.  Sheets.  From  the  main  line  between  Dubois  and  Spencer. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  you  use  it  for  electric  lights  only  i 

Mr.  Sheets.  For  electric  lights,  for  pumping,  for  the  })repuration 
of  feeds,  for  the  filling  of  silos,  and  for  general  farm-power  purposes. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  you  producing  anything  on  the  ranch  now 
except  grass  ? 

Mr.  Sheets.  We  have  been  producing  some  corn  and  some  sun- 
flowers. That  has  been  the  chief  task  (here,  to  get  enough  feed  other 
than  roughage  like  hay.  In  fact,  it  is  the  problem  of  the  ranchmen 
everywhere,  but  we  huv(>  Ixmmi  vei-y  successful  with  sunflowei-s  and 
fairly  successful  with  corn,  and  I  believe  as  time  goes  on  we  will  have 
gotten  the  land  in  shape  in  the  way  of  stones  and  other  obstacles,  so 
that  it  will  produce  a  little  more. 

Mr.  BuciiANA.N.   Is  this  rockv  land  ( 


i 


AGIU(;ULTURAL  AI'IMIOPKIATIUN    BlU-    1W4. 


133 


Mr.  Smkkts.  Tht'iT  nn*  plnity  of  them  tlirn-.  li  i^  voIcumic  land 
and  lava  rock  is  scallt'itMl  over  a  larj^c  pari  of  tho  JS, ()()()  acrt's.  Of 
coui*so  you  can  not  ouUivatc  tlu-ru  like  you  <uu  in  tho  ^roat  (.'oni  IJolt. 

Mr.  Andkuson.  What  would  it  cost  to  put  this  line  'n\  i 

Mr.  SiiKKTS.  Tho  closest  csfiuinfc  is  riplit  around  ."<l,(MH>. 

Mr.  An'DKRSon.  All  ri^'ht,  that  will  give  y«ui  .^T.OOd.  \N  hat  aro  you 
j^oiiifj^  to  do  with  that  '. 

Mr.  SiiKKTs.  There  is  alxuil  I'd  miles  «»f  fence  that  ou^hl  lo  he  put 
up  to  enahle  us  to  handh'  these  sheep  in  ll(»<"ks  of  the  proper  si/e.  for 
tho  correct  c»)nduct  of  the  hreedin*^  and  grazing  investigation-*. 

One  of  the  greatest  needs  at  that  station  right  now  outside  these 
other  items  is  for  a  place  for  tjie  niati  in  charge  to  live. 

Mr.  Andkkso.n.  1  have  heen  hearing  that,  i  think,  for  four  or  hvo 
years  and  this  item  has  carried  that  SS,()()()  for  I  do  not  know  how 
long.      If  that  is  so  imp«)rtant  why  tlo  you  not  build  it  ( 

Mr.  SnKKTS.  We  have  never  1iad  the  authority  to  out  up  this 
residence  for  the  superintendent.  \Ve  have  put  up  oiu'  lor  the  fore- 
men and  we  put  up  one  for  the  lahoroi's  — that  is  the  la})orers'  hunk 
house  you  might  call  it  but  have  never  had  the  authority  to  con- 
struct the  house  for  the  farm  superintendent. 

Mr.  IkciiA.NA.N.   Where  does  he  stay  ( 

Mr.  Sheets.  He  stays  in  a  two-room  shack,  with  a  little  porch  and 
an  office  back  of  that. 

Mr.  BrcH.vNAN.  Is  he  married^ 

Mr.  Sheets.  Yes,  sir.  We  just  lost  the  superintendent  of  this 
station,  and  it  is  partly  due  to  the  dissatisfaction  of  his  family  with 
the  conditions.  It  has  been  a  great  loss  to  the  station  and  the  sheep 
industry  that  he  left  the  section. 

Mr.  Andeh.son.  What  will  this  house  cost  you? 

Mr.  SnEp:Ts.  By  usin^  our  own  facilities,  as  we  can  do  (we  have  all 
the  construction  facilitu's  and  farm  labor),  we  can  put  up  a  j'ood 
house  there  to  keep  a  good  man  there,  and  there  is  not  any  tiling 
else  to  keep  him,  for  around  .?4,000. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  many  men  do  you  keep  employed  out  there? 

Mr.  vSheets.  During  the  summer  season,  including  all  men  and 
the  man  in  charge,  we  have  about  nine.  During  the  lambing  time 
we  increase  that  by  two  or  three  herders,  as  necessity  demaiuls. 

Mr.  Ji'MP.  Dr.  William  A.  Taylor  is  here,  if  the  committee  desires 
to  finish  these  miscellaneous  items. 

Mr.  Ander.son.   Does  this  finish  animal  husbandry? 

Mr.  Jump.  I  think  so. 

Mr.  Ander.son.  Does  your  general  statement,  Doctor  Mohler, 
cover  the  work  done  under  this  animal  intlustry  item^ 

Doctor  Mohler.  Yes,  sir. 


134  agricultural  appropriation  bill,  1924. 

Friday,  November  17,  1922. 

BUREAU  OF  PLANT  INDUSTRY. 

STATEMENTS  OF  DR.  WM.  A.  TAYLOR,  CHIEF  OF  BUREAU, 
AND  DR.  KARL  F.  KELLERMAN,  ASSOCIATE  CHIEF,  BUREAU 
OF  PLANT  INDUSTRY. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  take  at  this  time  salaries.  Bureau  of  Plant 
Industry,  on  page  72  of  the  estimates,  beginning  with  the  statutory 
roll. 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  have  a  brief  summary  statement,  summarizing 
the  general  character  of  the  work  of  the  bureau,  which  it  will  not  be 
necessary  to  read,  probably,  but  which  might  in  the  record  of  the 
hearing  be  helpful,  m  that  it  covers  any  particular  points  which  are 
not  covered  in  the  explanatory  notes  relating  to  the  changes  in  the 
appropriation. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Without  objection,  it  will  go  into  the  record 
without  reading. 

(The  statement  referred  to  and  submitted  by  Doctor  Taylor  is  here 
printed  in  full,  as  follows:) 

General  Statement  of  Work. 

The  work  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  is  almost  entirely  of  an  investigational 
character,  devoted  to  acquiring  knowledge  concerning  fundamental  principles  gov- 
erning crop  production  and  crop  utilization.  The  bureau  activities  include  the 
improvement  of  crop  plants  by  selection  and  breeding:  the  introduction  of  important 
varieties  of  fruits,  grains,  forage  crops,  and  other  plants  from  foreign  countries:  the 
investigation  of  destructive  plant  diseases  ami  the  development  of  methods  for  their 
control:  and  the  carrying  on,  in  cooperation  ^vith  State.-^  directly  concerned,  of  special 
campaigns  for  the  control  or  eradication  of  epidemics  of  unusually  serious  plant  dis- 
eases, such  as  black  stem  rust  of  wheat,  citrus  canker,  white-pine  blister  rust,  etc. 

The  bureau  carries  on  experimental  work  in  all  sections  of  the  United  States,  fre- 
cjuently  upon  land  furnished  l)y  State  experiment  stations  or  controlled  under  lease, 
in  addition  to  the  permanent  field  stations,  the  most  extensive  of  which  is  the  experi- 
ment farm  on  the  Arlington  estate  in  Virginia.  In  cooperation  with  the  Reclamation 
Service  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  agricultural  experimentation  is  conducted 
on  the  irrigated  lands  of  the  Government  reclamation  projects.  A  seed  and  plant 
exchange  service  is  conducted  between  experts  of  foreign  countries  and  .\merican 
experts.  The  bureau  supervises  the  i)urchase  and  distribution  of  vegetable,  flower, 
cotton,  tobacco,  lawn-grass,  and  <lrought-resi8tant  seeds,  and  of  bulbs. 

The  complete  activities  of  the  l)ureau  are  too  complex  for  detaileil  statement.  A 
brief  selection  is  here  presented  to  show  the  general  scope  of  the  Inireau's  work;  this 
statement  is  supplemental  to  the  explanations  for  increases  or  other  changes  that  are 
presented  in  the  estimates. 

CONTROL    OI'   THE    WHITE    PINE    BLISTER    RUST. 

White  pine  blister  rust  is  a  destructive  ])lant  disease  that  reached  America  about 
]900.  It  was  inlrodiiccd  from  Kiiro])e  on  infected  white  pine  nursery  stock,  which 
was  ])laiUe(l  in  many  places  in  the  eastern  I'nited  States.  In  l!ll:>  it  was  found  attack- 
ing nativt;  wliitc  pines,  but  its  wiilc  distril)Uti()n  \vas  not  .^ii.-^pi'cted  until  the  late  fall  of 
1915,  wh(Mi  the  rust  was  di.scovered  on  currant  and  gooseberry  bushes  and  wiiite  pines 
over  a  large  area  in  Mius,sachusetts  and  New  Manipsliire.  Since  then  practical  mea.><urea 
have  been  (h^veioped  for  the  control  of  this  disea.se  untler  eiustcrn  conditidiis.  which 
consist  of  the  eradication  of  curranl  and  goosclxMry  bushes  within  !M»0  feet  of  the  |)int>s. 
'I'lic  outstanding  feature  of  the  white  ])ine  l)lister  rust  situation  during  the  na.-^t  \'ear  was 
the  discovery  of  tliis  destructive  disea'^e  in  tlie  I'uget  Sound  region  of  British  t\>luinl>ia 
and  Washington.  The  d«'|)artment,  in  cooperation  with  State  and  Canadian  authori- 
ties, has  taken  prompt  action  to  delerniine  llie  extent  of  tlie  infected  area  aiiti  it  po-- 


ACUIC'l'LTrilAI,   APPROPIUATIOX    niM>,    1(>24.  135 

Hil)l<'  III  <'>iiliii|  or  <TU'li>at<'  llii^*  iK'w  niilliri'uk  ui  the  <li.'«'Ji.>«-      Th«'  atjo  of  ii  '  ■\ 

found  on  pine  lrr«'«<  provon  the  i|i.-<cu.'«'  wu^  pn-jwiit  in  Mrili.Mh  Coluinhiu  in  I'  r 

to  tho  rnartmcnt  of  thr  ('unodian  hlisUT  niHt  (|iiarantin<'. 

MOSAIC   ANn   LEAF   UOJ.L   OV   I'fXTATO. 

Invfwtipition.s  of  tho  «)-falln<l  cU'^onoratinn  (liiw>am>M,  moMair,  |««af  roll    and  to\k*'^\ 

troiiltlcH  of  potal(M's  wliirh  have  hcon  iti  prrn^o.-w  for  wvcml  yiiirM.  mHow  tl  ;|» 

of  n»ala«li<'M  ha-s  l)cconi<'  the  urcafi-Ht  hamlicap  to  |)r>lato  irnprovnniMit  ami  >  is 

\om  aniuially  to  pro<liic«Ts  ihroiijihout  ihf  conutrv.  Tln'  out.MtarwIint;  fcatMn*  of  tho 
n»aultt*  wciircd  i.s  tlic  di.Hcovory  that  ai»hids  aro  tho  miwt  offortivo  natural  nu'ar»!<  in 
tho  tranHmiHsion  of  thoso  diHoaMo.H.  In  addition,  it  has  h«K>n  found  hy  an  invoMtiirator 
of  tho  Maino  K\i>oriniont  Station  that  lh«'  prinoiiml  ovor^vir»torin^f  hoMt  of  tho  |Mitato 
aphis  in  tho  rot<o,  Ijisl  soasons  ohsorvations  indioatod  that  hotli  .ntroak  and  curly 
dwarf  aro  closely  rolatod  to  inos;iic  and  Hiinilar  diwuM^'s  of  tho  |)otalo  I'iunf.H  hocominjf 
infoctod  during'  tho  lattor  part  of  tho  ijrowin^^  .Hoason.  whon  further  ^fro\vth  has  prar- 
ticallv  (••'usod.  will  not  oxhihit  anv  of  tho  Hymptomn  of  imK^aic.  hut  tho  tuhor«  from 
Huch  liills  will  j)nMluco  infoctod  plant.s  tho  following  waaon,  tho  diHoa.s(>  lioing  moro 
jH'vort'  if  tho  alfoctod  .Mtock  is  planto<l  in  tho  South.  IasI  Hoa.son'H  oxporiinontson 
control  of  mosaic  hy  roijuinf,'  coiilirnis  pr«'vious  n-sidts,  (fhowini;  that  roi;uing  undor 
ordinary  (iold  conditions,  with  mosaic  planl.s  in  a<ljoinin>;  |)lotM.  will  not  I'roo  such 
atock  from  tho  disoa.so,  hut  will  tend  to  reduce  tho  porcontago  of  discasod  plants,  pro- 
vided it  is  dono  thoroughly  and  continuo<l  throti^jhout  tho  Hoaj«)n. 

DEVELOPMENT   t\I>ER    AltTIKlCIAL   LIGHT. 


Continuing:  tho  in  vest  i):at  ions  on  tho  offocts  of  tho  relative  lenpth  of  day  and  ni^ht 
on  plant  growth,  fairly  extensive  experiments  have  heen  undertaken  on  the  res[K)nse 
of  woody  jV'roiuiials  to  this  factor,  especially  with  reference  to  such  prohloms 
hasis  of  winter  hardiness,  the  natural  distriitution  of  plants,  and  thoir  Jloworii 


s[K)nse 
IS  as  the 

-- -  - ,.— ring  and 

fruiting  hahits.  Application  of  this  process  to  a  numher  of  species  shows  that  initia- 
tion of  tloworing  and  fruiting  and  other  charactori.stic  responses  to  differences  in 
duration  of  the  daily  illumination  period  are  brought  about  as  rea<lily  with  artificial 
illumination  as  with  sunlight. 

THE   PROBLEM    OF   UTILIZING    SUPERIOR    VARIETIE.S   OF   COTTON. 

On  account  of  the  present  organization  or  lack  of  organization  in  the  cotton  industry, 
most  of  the  seed  is  inferior,  and  there  is  no  assurance  of  any  general  utilization  of 
good  varieties.  Methods  of  bree<Ung  and  acclimatization  have  been  developed  and 
demonstrated,  but  other  rofjuirements  must  be  met  if  a  full  utilization  of  superior 
varieties  is  to  be  se<ure(l.  The  discovery  and  development  of  a  series  of  superior 
varieties,  including  the  I^ne  Star,  Trice,  Columbia,  Meade,  Durango,  and  Acala, 
make  it  possible  to  place  the  different  regions  of  the  cotton  belt  on  new  planes  of 
improved  production,  and  all  the^e  varieties  are  being  grown  as  extensively  as  the 
available  supplies  of  good  seed  will  permit,  but  the  inadeijuacy  of  the  present  systems 
of  providing  annual  supplie.-i  of  planting  seed  is  also  being  recognized  and  methods 
of  improvement  devised.  Efforts  are  being  made,  therefore,  to  avoid  the  general 
mixing  of  seed  at  the  public  gins,  and  crossing  of  the  different  varieties  in  the  tielda, 
which  undoubtedly  are  responsible  for  the  rapid  and  general  deterioration  of  seed 
stocks  that  tend  to  keep  our  proilucing  industry  on  a  low  plane  of  efliciency. 


RUBBER. 


The  need  of  developing  home  supplies  of  rubber  is  becoming  recognized,  in  view  of 
tho  danger  of  complete  deijendence  on  the  remote  ICasi  Indies  for  this  essential  raw 
material.  It  is  known  that  several  species  of  rubber-])roducing  jdants  can  bo  grown 
in  the  I'nited  States,  if  practical  methods  of  utilization  can  be  devised.  The  Central 
American  rubber  tree  (Castilla)  is  considered  inferior  to  the  Para  rubber  tree  (^Uevea) 
for  the  pur]x>se  of  commercial  cultivation  by  methods  employed  in  the  Kast  Indies, 
but  Ciistilla  may  have  a  s]>ocial  vahu-  in  developing  rul)bor  reserved  in  tropical 
America.  Such  reserves  of  rubber  should  be  available  in  regions  contiguous  to  the 
I'nited  States  in  case  of  emorgoncies  that  migh.  interfere  with  communication  or  with 
the  production  of  rubber  in  the  Kast  hulies.  For  emergency  use,  Castilla  wouKi  have 
an  advantage  in  yielding  its  latex  more  readily. 


136  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRLA.TION   BILL,   1924. 


BINDER   TWINE    FIBERS. 

The  cooperative  work  with  the  Philippine  Bureau  of  Agriculture  to  encourage  the 
pro'luction  of  machine-cleaned  sisal  and  cantala  fiber  in  the  Philippine  Islands  is  ^ 
resulting  in  a  steadily  increasing  production  of  these  fibers.  The  machine-cleaning  % 
demonstrations,  conducted  during  1918  and  1919  with  Government-owned  machines, 
were  followed  by  the  establishment  of  machine  cleaning  on  a  commercial  basis. 
During  the  calendar  year  1920,  the  Philijipines  produced  707  bales  of  machine-cleaned 
fiber;  during  1921,  the  production  amounted  to  o.lliS  bales;  and,  during  1922,  the  pro- 
duction has  been  in  excess  of  1,000  bales  per  month.  With  the  maintenance  of  the 
present  rate  of  production  the  Philippines  will  produce,  during  the  calendar  year  1922, 
approximately  4,000,000  pounds  of  machine-cleaned  binder  twine  fiber,  or  a  supply 
sufficient  to  provide  binder  twine  for  2,009,000  acres  of  grain  crops. 

SEED   TESTING. 

During  the  fiscal  year  1922  the  seed-testing  laboratories  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant 
Industry  received  and  examined  29,()71  samples  of  seeds.  Of  these  17.100  came  to 
the  Washington,  D.  ('.,  laboratory  and  12, .571  to  the  five  branch  seed-testing  labora- 
tories maintained  in  cooperation  with  the  State  institutions.  These  samples  repre- 
sent both  vegetable  and  field  seeds  from  farmers,  seed  dealers,  and  investigators,  to 
whom  reports  of  analyses  were  sent  showing  the  presence  of  weed  seeds  and  worthless 
material,  or  germination,  or  both,  as  requested. 

CEREAL    IMPROVEMENT. 

Increased  Welds  of  wheat,  oats,  and  other  cereals,  as  well  as  an  extension  of  their 
range,  have  been  secured  by  the  introduction  of  new  types  from  foreign  countries 
and  by  selection  and  breeding  work,  both  by  the  State  stations  and  by  the  department. 
During  recent  years  the  most  notable  wheats  are  probably  Kota,  a  bearded,  hard  red 
spring  variety,  resistant  to  stem  rust;  Kharmont,  a  high-yielding  selection  of  Kharkof 
hard  red  winter  wheat,  especially  desirable  under  Montana  conditions;  Hard  Federa- 
tion and  Federation,  two  varieties  of  white  wheat  suitable  for  the  Pacific  coast  area, 
and  the  rust-resistant  Durum  wheats,  which  outyield  other  varieties  in  the  spring 
wheat  belt  and  are  satisfactory  for  the  manufacture  of  semolina,  although  not  for  the 
production  of  first-quality  macaroni. 

BARBERRY    ERADICATION   FOR  THE   CONTROL   OF   BLACK    STEM    RUST. 

The  camj)aign  for  the  eradication  of  the  common  barberry  in  order  to  control  the 
black  stem  rust  of  wheat  was  begun  in  the  spring  of  1918  and  is  now  in  its  fifth  year. 
The  eradication  area  conri^rises  13  of  the  north-central  wheat-growing  States,  namely, 
Colorado,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Miciiigan,  Minnesota,  Montana,  Nebraska,  North 
Dakota,  Ohio,  South  Dakota,  Wisconsin,  and  Wyoming.  All  of  these  States  now 
have  enacted  legislation  requiring  the  removal  of  common  barberry  l>ushes.  The 
campaign  is  conducted  in  cooperation  with  the  State  agricultural  college  in  each  of 
the  States,  with  the  State  department  of  agriculture  in  most  of  them,  and  with  the 
conference  for  the  prevention  of  grain  rust.  Investigations  of  the  time,  rate,  and 
manner  of  spread  oi  rust  from  barberries,  made  during  the  sunmier,  give  additional 
evidence  of  the  enormous  losses  directly  traceable  to  individual  bushes  and  hedges. 

CORN    DISEASES. 

Investigations  conducted  in  several  States  on  corn  root,  stalk,  and  ear  rots  show 
this  group  of  diseases  to  be  responsible  for  reductions  in  yield  of  marketable  com, 
ranging  above;  HO  per  cent.  Control  measures  are  being  develo))ed  from  both  the 
8tand])oint  of  seed  selection  and  field  management.  The  most  fea.sible  control 
measures  thus  far  developed  are  careful  field  selection  of  seed  corn  eare  before  frost, 
proper  curing  and  storing  ot  these  ears,  and  a  further  weetiing  out  from  this  selected 
stock  of  those  ears  showing  disease  in  germination  tests. 

CHLOROSIS    DUE   TO    MAGNESIUM    DEFICIENCY. 

In  further  work  on  the  significance  of  magnesium  as  a  constituent  of  fertilizers  for 

tobacco  and  other  croi)B  it  has  been  found  that  corn,  like  tol)acco,  develoivs  ohanu'ter- 
istic  pathological  symptoms  on  certain  soils  when  magnesium  is  omitted  from  the 


I' 

I' 


AGRICULTURAL   APPlU>PKIATIOX    HILL,    11»24.  IMT 

ivTliVi/.i-r .     It  lia«  Ix't-n  diHcovcnKl  ulik)  that  jirupiT  halunn*  l.<t\M<  n  the  miii.tiI^   nf 

iiia^n(>»*iiirii  and  Hiilphiir  iit  tlu*  fortili/.<>r  or  Hoil  \n  u  fucti>r  of  iiii ; 

;iiiil  that  thi.M  Imhiiui'  in  liki»Iy  to  iu-  ii:r«'atly  ulfiTtiMl  hy  thr  ;■:  .1  iii«'  -■ 

lull.     In  n'laUvf'ly  <lry  wnwonM  Mymnlorii.H  of  Hiilplitir  i|i  nn-  »!■ 

wliiN'  ill  wfi  HciwoiiH  iiia^MifMium  (IfdcH'iicv  Ih-coiiu-.m  nu>i«-  .1 

«)f  lln' .Mulphur  l)rou>;ht  into  tin- Hnil  liy  mill,  in  ••oiijuiirlion  wii 

learhinf^.     An  a  roHiilt  of  ti(>l<l  )>lat  u>!*tH  rarrtfil  out  in  tmwt  of  lti«>  imiKirtant 

^Towinir  HcrtioHH,  in  whifh  rhf-niicnllv  ])ur«  Halt^  woro  iisnl  iiiMcad  of  flu-  umi.h  <  m- 

nuTciiil   ItTlili/iT  matcrialH,    it    ha."   fx-roino  rvidrnt   that    iindfr  (-(Ttain   ronditn.nfl 

niaLrnt'.«iiini  di'licii'iiry  may  n-Hiilt  in  Horioii  11  tn'wl'  i 

land,  ami  the  croj)  i.Hf<ul)jfft  to  injury  trDiii  i  <•?<.     It  1  1 

donionHtmtp<l  that  the  nfro.-wary  (jiiantity  oi  mairntfuum  for  corr«'<nntf  thin  d< 

niav  \u>  rcatiily  «u]t]»li»'d  hy  ufini:  in  the  fcrlilizf'r  potju-li  .Malts  cnntainini:  ap).;-  .  ...,.<• 

(iuantitit'.s  of  inairni'sium  or  by  the  application  of  majr'K'^iiini  linu'.xtonr'  Ui  the  noil. 

It  i.H  iihviou.M,  thcrt'iiiri',  that   the  idnm-nt   mairm-xiiim   mii.-^t   !><•  Iak«'n  into  ' 

hoth  in  the  jfeneral  proldom  of  liinini;  and  in  tin-  pro|>vr  chou*«'  of  commercial  !•  r 

materialH,  particularly  in  the  u»*e  of  hiphly  concentrated  fertilizer  formulas. 

HVOAR-rANE    MO8AIC. 

Moraic  di.sease  of  cane  has  heen  foun<l  in  each  of  our  cane  States  and  every  field  has 

heen  insjM'cted  and  the  deuToe  of  infertion.  if  any,  has  been  <lct«TmiiH'd  and  recorded. 
Some  of  the  States  are  coojH^ratinp  with  us  in  the  control  of  the  mosaic  disea-xe  in  the 
cane  areas.  The  disease  has  been  reduced  ])ractically  to  the  point  of  elimination  in 
parts  of  Torto  Rico  and  in  the  eastern  and  jieninsula  part  of  Florida,  where  ro^iiint; 
advomted  by  the  Bureau  i)t  IMant  Indu-^try  has  been  jmicticed  accordint;  to  directions. 

THE    QU,\LITY    OF    IKKI<i.\TI()N    W.\TKIl    IN    UELATION    TO    IMrEKMKAIlLK    80II..S. 

luvestitnitions  liave  been  continued  on  the  sijrniticanre  of  tlie  salts  diwolved  in 
irrijration  water  in  renderin<,'  heavily  irrif,'ated  .sioilp  imiHT\ious.  The  ai>i)licati(in  of 
calcium  sulphate  or  jry])sum  in  small  (juantities  serves  to  ]>revent  the  injurious  effects 
on  the  soil  of  tlie  irrigation  water  that  is  deficient  in  calcium  an<l  majaiesium  salts. 
The  same  treatment  is  often  l)eneficial  slowly  and  to  a  limited  extent  in  correctiuR 
conditions  of  impermeability  that  already  exist.  When  the  condition  of  imperme- 
ability is  serious  the  action  of  the  trypsum  is  often  very  slow  becau.«e  ot  the  fact  that 
it  is  not  verj'  soluble.  For  such  conditions  it  has  beeji  found  that  aluminum  sulphate 
is  more  effective  than  calcium  suli)hate  in  flocculating  the  soil  colloids  and  making  the 
soil  more  permeable  to  irrigation  water. 

CONDITIONING    OF  CITRUS   FRUITS. 

It  is  becoming  an  accepted  fact  that  some  citrus  fruits  reach  their  highest  edible 
<iuality  before  their  color  changes  from  a  chlorophyl  green  to  tlie  orange  or  yellow 
sha<les  of  color  which  the  consumer  and  the  public  generally  have  come  to  associate 
witli  a  citrus  fruit  in  good  ediltle  condition.  If  such  friiit  is  allowed  to  remain  on  the 
tree  until  it  develo]is  the  desired  color,  it  may  lose  in  edible  quality  and,  besides,  it 
may  l)e  possible  to  market  it  to  much  better  advantage  at  an  earlier  i)eriod.  This  is 
truH  particularly  of  Satsuraa  oranges  and  one  or  more  early-ripening  varieties  of  orange 
grown  in  Florida,  (^nsiderable  attention  has  therefore  been  given  to  the  working  out 
of  j)ractical  methods  of  hastening  the  development  of  a  ripe  color  of  such  citrus  fruits. 
While  this  work  has  been  in  progress  for  several  years,  its  commercial  application  has 
been  given  particular  attention  during  the  j)ast  vear.  The  method  of  procedure  is  to 
conline  the  fruit  in  a  compartment  which  can  l)e  made  practically  air-tight  and  to 
subject  it  to  the  j)roduct8  of  incomplete  combustion  of  kerosene  or  gasoline. 

NURERY   STOCK   INVE8TIOATION8. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  this  country  has  been  so  dependent  upon  foreign  sources 
for  many  of  its  fruit  stocks,  the  attempt  has  l)een  made  to  find  out  whether  American 
sources  of  seed  and  American-grown  stocks  may  not  be  produced  which  will  have 
all  of  the  merits  of  the  imported  stocks.  F'or  apples,  at  least,  it  appears  that  satisfac- 
tory seed  sup|>lies  can  be  found,  and  by  a  new  methtid  of  propagation  from  nx'tcd 
cuttings  it  apiwars  that  very  satisfactory  tyi)e  of  stock  proiluction  fe)r  nursery  i)ur{>ose8 
can  be  very  rapidly  developed  for  wrtaiii  purposes,  being  probal>ly  about  as  eco- 
nomical as  the  oroduction  of  the  seedlings,  similar  methods  aj)i>ear  to  be  applicable 
also  for  rose  ami  pear  stocks. 


138  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BELL,   1924. 

NEW   VEGETABLES. 

Work  on  the  introfluction  and  establishment  of  the  dasheen,  chayote,  and  tropical 
yams  has  been  carried  forward  and  many  experimenters  have  been  supplied  with  ma- 
terial for  propagation.  The  market  for  dasheens  is  growing,  not  only  among  our  foreign- 
born  population  who  have  been  familiar  with  the.se  vegetables  in  their  early  homes, 
but  also  among  native  Americans.  Commercial  shipments  totaled  about  ten  carloads 
last  season.  About  350  persons  are  this  year  growing  yams  experimentally  and  for 
market,  from  propagating  material  supplied  by  the  bureau.  The  chayote,  a  subtropi- 
cal vegetal)le  of  the  squash  family,  is  now  produced  in  commercial  quantities  in  some 
of  the  Southern  States,  and  the  department  is  cooperating  with  dealers  in  northern 
cities  who  desire  to  bring  this  new  vegetal)le  to  the  attention  of  the  American  public. 

FORAGE    INVESTIGATIONS. 

Pasture  and  meadow  investigations  are  of  unusual  importance  in  that  they  represent 
under  present  conditions  the  cheapest  form  of  animal  feed.  Improvements  in  pastures 
and  meadows  have  come  largely  from  the  introduction  of  improved  species  from  abroad. 
For  example,  molasses  grass,  introduced  by  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  in  the 
southeastern  United  States  from  South  America,  is  beginning  to  be  utilized  by  stock- 
men. The  Mung  bean,  velvet  bean,  and  soy  bean  are  well  established  and  adding 
materially  to  the  quantity  of  forage  produced  in  the  areas  where  grown.  Investiga- 
tions by  the  Inireau  of  the  relative  value  of  imported  red  clover  seed  in  comparison 
wits  domestic  clover  seed  show  that,  in  general,  the  imported  red  clover  seed  is  more 
liable  to  winterkillings,  and  also  more  likely  to  die  after  the  first  cutting  following 
the  winter  season,  than  plants  grown  from  domestic  seed. 

DEMONSTRATIONS    ON    RECLAMATION    PROJECTS. 

Demonstration  work  has  been  conducted  the  past  year  on  11  Federal  reclama- 
tion projects  as  follows:  Minidoka,  Idaho;  Umatilla,  Oreg. :  Unconipahgrc,  Colo.; 
Huntley,  Milk  River  and  Sun  River,  Mont.;  Shoshone,  Wyo.;  North  rlatte,  Nebr.- 
Wyo.;  Belle  Fourche,  S.  Dak.;  Xewlands,  Xev.;  and  Yuma,  Ariz. 

SALARIES. 
REDUCTION    IN    NUMBER   OF   EMPLOYEES. 


1 


Doctor  Taylor.  On  page  72  of  the  statutory  roll  there  are  changes 
which  in  total  involve  the  dropping  of  17  statutory  places,  covering 
$15,900,  the  transfer  out  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  to  the  Secre- 
tary's roll  of  two  places  at  S720  each  and  the  transfer  into  the  Bureau 
of  Plant  Industry  from  the  Bureau  of  Agricultural  Economics  of  four 
places  at  SI, 200  each.  This  transfer  in  is  necessary  to  complete  the 
transfer  to  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  from  the  Bureau  of  Agri- 
cultural Economics  of  the  fruit  and  vegetahle  transportation  and 
storage  investigational  work.  The  lump  appropriation  for  that  was 
transterred  last  year,  hut,  through  oversight,  the  transfer  of  four 
statutory  clerical  places  that  helonged  witii  (hat  woik  was  not  made. 
This  covers  that.  So  tluit  tlie  net  change  in  the  statutory  roll  of  the 
Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  involves  an  apparent  decrease  of  .$12,540 
hut  an  actual  decrease  of  SI 5,000. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  These  dropped  places — 17  of  (lieni  at  S9()(),  are 
there  not? 

Doctor  Taylor.  There  are  seven  at  $WM)  and  six  at  $840 ^  ! 

Mr.  BuciiANAX  (interposing).  You  need  not  stiite  them,  unless  you 
want  to  give  them. 

Doctor  T.VYLOK.  One  at  $1,0S0.  three  at  $1,020  each. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  These  are  not  Idled  now,  are  they  ^ 

Doctor  T.VYLOR.  They  are  places  which  have  hccn  inlernii(t(Mitly 
filled  and  vacated,  places  where  we  have  had  temporary  people  for 


AGRICULTURAL  APPIW)PRIATI()X    HILL,    1024.  l.'^9 

parts  of  tlu'  yoiw  at  vurioiK  fiiin'**,  ami  \vv  li«;uri'<l  that  wp  rouKl  pro- 
tect that  intrriuittcnt  lUM'd  in  otlior  ways. 

Mr.  lU'ciiAVAN.  In  <)tlu»r  words,  the  salaries  have  heeti  low  and  it 
has  been  hard  to  keep  anyl>o<ly  in  there,  and  those  phups  havr  been 
vacant  most  of  the  time 

Doctor  T.wr.oit.  A  fnir  proportion  of  the  time;  some  of  th<-ni  m<<sit 
of  the  time. 

Mr.  lircHANAN.  AntI  you  concludetl  there  wius  no  u.se  in  keeping 
the  places  open  ? 

Doctor  Tavi.ok.   ^'es,  sir. 

Mr.  liucHANAN.  Thev  wouhl  have  been  dropped  whether  you  had 
any  of  this  reorfjjani/.ation  or  not  ( 

l)oetor  'rAYi,<iK.  They  are  convenient  in  that  they  do  not  invf>lve 
encroachment  on  our  lump  fund  at  the  times  when  we  need  people. 
but  we  can,  we  li«;ure.  jjet  alonj;  without  them. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  There  is  one  item  I  want  t«»  ask  you  about  at  the 
bottom  of  this  pa<;e  72.  You  have  SS  laborers  at  -STliO  each  reduce<l 
to  86.     Those  are  two  that  were  transferred  to  the  Secretary's  roll  i! 

¥On       INVESTIOATIOX       OF       PLANT       DISEASES        AM)       PATHOLOGICAL 

COLLECTIONS. 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes,  sir.  Tlie  next  is  p^eneral  expenses,  Bureau 
of  Plant  Industry,  pajje  74 — the  subappropriation  for  investijijations 
of  plant  diseases  ami  pathological  collections,  including  the  main- 
tenance of  a  plant  disease  survey:  There  are  changes  involving  an 
apparent  decrease  of  So, 000.  Actually  tliere  is  no  change  in  the 
amount  of  money  that  will  be  available  for  the  work  heretofore 
carried  on.  Fifteen  thousand  dollars  is  shifted  from  this  subappro- 
priation to  the  next  subappropriation,  that  for  the  investigation  of 
diseases  of  orchards  and  other  fruits,  including  the  diseases  of  the 
pecan,  as  follows:  S10,000  heretofore  carried  by  the  proviso  in  this 
subappropriation  for  research  in  brown  rot  and  kindred  diseases 
of  peach  trees,  and  So, 000  not  specifically  provided  but  added  to  this 
paragraph  at  the  last  session  for  fruit  diseases  work.  The  fruit 
disease  of  the  department  is  carried  in  the  paragraph  succeeding 
this,  and  it  is  desirable  to  have  the  funds  there  rather  than  in  this 
place.  It  involves  merely  the  shift  of  the  funds  to  the  unit  where 
the  work  is  done.  Partially  balancing  this  transfer  out  of  Slo.OOO. 
there  is  a  transfer  into  this  of  SIO.OOO  from  the  subappropriation  for 
cereal  disease  control,  which  it  is  proposed  to  drop.  That  you  will 
find  on  page  102. 

Mr.  BrciiANAX.  Let  me  get  this  clear  in  my  heafl.  You  speak  of 
a  transfer.  You  dt)  not  mean  you  transfer  an  apjiropriation  ali-eady 
made? 

Doctor  Taylor.  No. 

Mr.  RrcHAN.VN.  In  other  words,  you  do  not  need  so  much  you 
have  under  one  item  and  you  knock  that  off  of  that  item  and  so  you 
have  that  much  more  on  another  item  ( 

Doctor  Taylor.  It  is  not  quite  that,  Mr.  Ruduman.  in  that  these 
funds  will  be  used,  if  Congress  approves  of  this  shift,  next  vear  for 
exactly  the  purpose  for  which  they  were  provided  and  for  which  thev 
are  being  used  this  year.  The  history  of  these  particular  items  is 
this — on  the  floor  of  the  Senate  two  yeat^  ago  the  proviso  of  SI 0,000 


140  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRL\TION    BILL,   1924. 

was  added  for  peach  disease  work  centering  in  Georgia,  and  it  was 
added  to  the  wrong  siihappropriation  through  accident  presumably. 

Similarly  the  So, 000  which  is  not  covered  by  a  specific  proviso  was 
added  last  year  in  the  Senate.  As  it  stands  it  is  out  of  line  with 
the  orderly  character  of  the  appropriation,  and  while  we  can  use  it 
where  it  is  it  would  be  better  to  make  these  changes  in  the  location 
of  the  funds. 

Mr.  Buchanan".  You  mean  you  could  use  it  where  it  is  for  the 
purpose  for  which  it  was  intended  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  For  which  it  was  provided,  yes. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  But  now  you  are  attempting  to  get  these  aprpo- 
priations  that  were  put  under  the  wrong  subhead  in  the  right  subhead  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  All  right. 

Doctor  Tay'lor.  So  that  the  apparent  net  decrease  of  $5,000  in 
this  paragraph,  which  results  from  these  two  shifts,  does  not  change 
the  amount  of  money  available  for  the  work  now  being  carried  on. 
It  merely  shifts  it  to  another  place. 

fruit  disease  investigations. 

On  page  76  the  paragraph  for  investigation  of  orchard  and  other 
fruits,  including  the  diseases  of  the  pecan:  As  a  result  of  the  shift  I 
have  just  mentioned  there  is  an  apparent  increase  of  S19.000.  And 
this  S15,000  is  that  which  I  have  discussed;  S4,000  is  desired  of  actual 
increase  for  enlargement  of  the  research  work  on  citrus  fruit  diseases 
in  the  Gulf  States,  where  the  work  has  been  proceeding  very  effi- 
ciently and  has  yielded  excellent  results.  There  is  need,  in  par- 
ticular, for  a  more  thorough  study  of  those  diseases  which  aiiect 
citrus  fruits  after  harvest,  while  in  transit,  anil  on  the  market,  in 
connection  with  the  Florida  citrus  industry  in  particular. 

Mr   Buchanan.  Normally  they  are  free  from  diseases  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  They  are  this  year  probably  in  greater  trouble 
than  they  have  been  for  several  years  with  what  is  known  as  stem- 
end  rot,  which  is  a  disease  that  is  not  conspicuous  while  the  fruit  is 
on  the  tree,  but  which  does  produce  quick  decay  after  the  fruit  is 
harvested  if  it  is  not  very  ([uickly  cooled  to  a  low  temperature;  and 
they  have  been  having  some  heavy  losses  in  transit  durijig  the  last 
six  weeks.  The  matter  has  been  very  thoroughly  considered.  We 
have  an  excellent  organization,  with  a  temporary  pathological  field 
laboratory  at  Orlando,  Fla.,  where  we  have  the  equipment  and  the 
personiH'l,  except  that  we  need  an  additional  assistant  to  make  this 
work  jidequately  eflective. 

Mr.  BucHAN.\N.  Before  you  leave  that:  How  long  have  vou  had 
this  appropriation  to  investigate  orchard-^  and  otluM*  fniit;  this  is 
diseases  of  jiecaiis.  though,  is  it  not  i 

Doctor  Ta'^  LoK.  This  is  diseases  of  fruits. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  And  diseases  of  the  pecan? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes,  sir. 

PECAN   DISEASES. 

Mr.  iiucHANAN.  Have  you  any  bulletin  on  the  pecan? 
Doctor  Taylor.  Yes,  sir;   in  particular  bulletins  on  two  or  three  of 
the  pecan  diseases.    The  disease  causing  most  apprehension  at  present 


AGIUCULTiriUL  APPROPRIATION    BIU.,    11»24. 


141 


in  the  ()r<jiini/(Ml  [xm-iiii  production  lopionM  is  pocarj  smh.  a  funijus 
elisoasc  which  attacks  the  lonvcs  and  the  hulls  of  the  nuts.  If  ofton 
causes  a  (h'fohation  of  the  tree 

Mr.  hi(  MANAN.   ^'ou  mean  the  oiiicr  hulls  ^ 

J)o<tor  Tavlok.   ^'<>s. 

Mr.  Hr(  HANAN'.  The  pecan  ha.**  two  hulls,  one  of  theru  (»penin«r. 

I)o<'tor  Tayi.<)I{.  The  shuck,  they  call  it.  .Vnd  where  the  attack  i.s 
severe  the  funi^us  catises  the  l)rownin<;  and  «lietin^'  of  the  outer  skin 
of  the  shuck,  and  a  premature  ripeiiinj^  of  it. 

Mr.  lU'ciiANAN.  And  premature  adherin*;  of  the  shuck  to  the  pecan 
itself^ 

Doctor  Ta^i.ok.  "^'rs.  .Viid  without  lillin;;;  the  meal  docs  not  hll; 
and.  wors(»  than  that,  the  fruit  huds  for  the  next  year,  if  the  tree  is 
hadly  defoliated,  do  not  set,  so  that  the  elVect  on  the  next  year's  crop 
is  had. 

Mr.  BrciiANAN.  !)(»  you  know  the  reason  wiiy  the  prcnn  is  so 
stuhhorn  ahout  hearing  onlv  every  otlier  year? 

Doctor  Taylor.  No  one  knows  with  exactness.  l)ut  that  seems  to 
he  a  clinra<'teristic  wliicli  practically  all  of  our  fruit  and  nut  heariiij; 
trees  in  the  forests  have.  W'e  rarely  fjet  two  heavy  cr(»[)s  in  suc- 
cession under  wild  conditions.  One  of  tlie  main  purposes  of  orchard- 
in<;  and  of  cultivation  and  of  sprayin^;  with  the  pecan,  as  with  otlier 
tn>e  fruits  juid  nuts,  is  to  steady  tlie  production  ])y  mainlaininf^  a 
i)ahuice  between  vegetative  growth  and  fruiting,  so  that  a  heavy 
crop  does  not  exhaust  tlie  tree  beyond  the  possibdity  of  a  reasonable 
crop  the  next  year.  In  orchard  trees  like  the  peach  a  good  deal  is 
accomplished  by  th(>  thinning  of  a  too-heavv  crop,  reducing  the  load 
and  tlie  draft  on  tlie  vitality  of  the  tree.  NVitli  tlie  necan  tliat  is  n»)t 
pi'acticable.  and  we  Iuinc  to  acct>mplisli  it  through  more  effective 
tillage.  fei"tili/,ing,  and  spraying  where  a  disease  like  scab  is  involved, 
to  steady  tlu'  tree  through  its  full-crop  year. 

Mr.  Bl'(1L\nax.  It  might  need  irrigation? 

Doctor  Taylor.  It  might  need  irrigation  at  critical  times  in  some 
places;  that  is  a  possibility. 

Mr.  BrciiANAN.  1  wish  you  would  send  me  bulletins,  if  you  have 
them,  on  that,  and  a  few  copies  of  these  bulletins  on  pecans,  or  any- 
thing else  relating  to  them. 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  will  send  you  what  wo  have. 

Mr.  Jircii.v.NAX.  A  good  many  of  mv  constituents  are  deeply  inter- 
ested in  that,  and  oui*s  is  a  splendid  region  for  them,  and  we  are 
trying  to  «jrow  them. 

Doctor  r.VYLOR.  So  that  ihe  net  increas(^  proposed  h(>re  is  S4,000 
f(»r  th(>  enlargement  of  that  citrus-disease  work. 

CITRUS    CANKER    ERADICATION. 


The  next  appropriation  is  page  78,  for  citrus  canker  eradication. 
I  will  tisk  Doctor  jvellerman  to  discuss  that.  There  is  an  apparent 
increase  in  it  of  S.'iO. ()()()  over  the  regular  appropriation  of  last  year. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  had  a  deficiency  appropriation  of  .S KM). 000 
last  year  i 

Doctor  Taylor.  You  recall  that  at  the  very  end  of  the  session 
when  the  exigency  developed,  there  was  a  deficiency  appropriation  of 


142  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924.  s\ 

$100,000,  which  made  the  total  amount  available  during  this  fiscal 
year  $130,000.  So  that  this  estimate,  which  is  an  apparent  increase 
of  $30,000,  actually  involves  a  decrease  of  $70,000  below  the  total 
available  for  this  purpose  this  year. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  now  he  r  Doctor  Kellerman. 

Doctor  Kellerman.  The  only  point  to  bring  out  in  connection 
with  this  item,  I  believe,  is  that  the  decreases  that  we  had  recom- 
mended in  early  years  were  probably  made  a  little  too  rapidly,  and 
if  we  had  not  cut  the  work  to  $30,000  during  last  year,  if  we  had  kept 
about  $50,000  or  $60,000  in  that  work,  I  believe  it  is  certain  that  no 
emergency  appropriation  would  have  been  necessary. 

OUTBREAK    OF   CITRUS   CANKER    EPIDEMIC    SERIOUS. 

The  epidemic  of  citrus  canker  which  developed  in  southern  Florifla 
at  a  town  called  Davie,  Fla.,  was  a  direct  result  of  inability  to  inspect 
that  region  for  a  considerable  period  of  months.  That  outbreaK  is 
the  only  serious  outbreak  that  we  have  had  in  the  canker  work 
during  the  fiscal  year,  although  two  other  small  outbreaks,  also  the 
result  of  not  being  able  to  carry  on  adequate  inspection  work  through- 
out the  territory,  have  occurred — one  in  Alabama  and  one  in  Missis- 
sippi. There  is  still  known  to  be  a  scattering  infection  of  canker  in 
Louisiana,  and  there  are  some  areas  in  Texas  that  are  under  suspicion. 
In  general,  however,  the  work  is  now  in  good  enough  condition  so 
that  we  believe  that  we  can  handle  it  adequately  with  $60,000  and 
also  have  a  very  small  reserve  that  can  be  drawn  on  in  case  of  small 
outbreaks. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  there  any  possibility  or  probability  that  the 
disease  can  be  entirely  stamped  out  in  time? 

Doctor  Kellerman.  In  time  I  think  that  can  be  done.  It  can 
not  be  done  in  the  coming  fiscal  year.  The  difficulty  in  eradicating 
the  disease  from  areas  where  citrus  is  not  commercial,  like  some 
parishes  in  Louisiana  and  the  northern  Gulf  region  of  Texas,  are  the 
really  serious  difficulties  in  the  work.  I  believe  that  within  the  next 
two  or  three  years  we  can  complete  the  eradication  work  of  all  of  the 
areas  where  citrus  is  at  all  commercial;  that  is,  in  southern  Texas 
and  the  southern  part  of  Louisiana,  below  New  Orleans. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  suppose  even  if  you  felt  it  was  completely  eradi- 
cated that  there  would  oe  necessity  of  continuing  the  inspection  for 
some  time. 

Doctor  Kellerman.  For  a  few  years  it  would  be  a  verv  wise 
investment;  it  would  be  in  the  nature  of  insurance,  and  I  believe  a 
very  cheap  insurance. 

CITRUS    INDU.STRY    PUOFITABLE   TO    COUNTRY. 

This  citrus  industry  has  undoubtedly  in  income  taxes,  in  land 
taxes,  and  in  other  ways  already  more  than  returned  to  the  country 
the  amount  of  money  that  has  been  expended  on  it,  as  well  as  having 
the  industry  saved  to  the  people  who  are  growing  orchaixis  in  the 
wSouth. 

Mr.  An'Dkkson.  Do  you  find  the  ownei"s  willing  to  cooperate  and 
piompt  in  reporting  what  they  sup])ose  to  be  the  canker^ 


AGRICUL.TURAL  APPIU)PRIATTON   BIIJ^   1024. 


143 


Doctor  Kki.i.kuman.  Wo  have,  I  think,  uiiivorsul  rooporation  at 
the  present  time.  It  has  been  very  enthusiastir  in  the  areas  in  which 
then'  is  a  cominrnial  citrus  iixiuslrv,  such  as  smithern  Texas  and  in 
the  Mississippi,  Ahihania,  and  Florida  regions,  when^  round  oranj^o 
or  Salsuina  oranges  or  «;rapcfruit  are  j^rown. 

Doctor  Tayu>r.  1  think  it  wouhl  he  a  fair  stuteinent,  Mr.  ('hair- 
man,  to  say  that  tlierc  has  heen  a  very  ninrked  chaii<;e  of  attitude 
on  the  part  of  citrus  growers  as  this  work  has  pr(»;;ressed.  In  the 
hei^iiuHUi;  they  were  fearful  of  adverse  effect  upon  Lmd  values  and 
that  sort  of  thinj;  as  it  became  known  that  their  j^roves  were  under 
8Uspi<-ion.  They  have  since  recognized  that  secrecy  would  ulti- 
mately result  in  harm,  and  they  ar«'  now  very  frank  and  prompt  to 
brinj;  any  suspi<-ious  <"ase  to  the  attention  of  the  specialists.  S<j  a 
very  wholesome  readjustment  of  opinion  has  developed. 

Mr.  A.NDKKsox.   Is  the  disease  diflicult  to  diaj^mjse? 

Doetor  r.vvLou.  To  distintjuish  from  tlie  widel}'  prevailing  <itri)s 
scab,  which  is  not  nearly  so  serious. 

DISEASES  OF  FOKf:,ST  A\I)  OKNAMKNTAL  TKEES   AM)  SHRUBS. 

On  page  80,  the  subappropriation  for  tlie  investigation  of  diseases 
of  forest  and  ornamental  trei>s  and  shrubs,  there  is  no  change.  We 
propos(^  a  continuation  of  that  work  as  it  is. 


WHITE    PINE    BUSTER    RUST   CONTROL. 

The  same  remark  applies  to  the  subappropriation  for  white  pine 
blister  rust  cf)ntrol,  on  page  82.  The  only  change  suggested  there 
bein(]j  the  omission  of  tlie  {)rovision  of  ?.5(),00()  to  l)e  immediatt^ly 
availa})le,  which  was  necessary  last  year  to  inaugurate  the  enlarged 
educational  campaign  in  the  Eastern  States,  upon  a  basis  of  full- 
season  activity. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  think  you  had  better  tell  us  something  of  wiiat 
vou  are  dt)ing  on  this  item,  in  view  of  the  incr(\"i'^e  in  the  amount  over 
last  j'ear. 

PROGRESS   OF   WORK. 

Doctor  Taylor.  This  is  briefly  referred  to  in  the  statement  that 
1  have  already  submitted,  but  it  would  perhaps  be  well  for  me  to  read 
the  paragraph  for  tlie  committee,  it  appearing  in  that  preliminary 
statement.     [Reading:] 

\\'hite-pine  blister  rust  is  a  destructive  plant  disease  that  reached  America  about 
l!>00.  It  was  introduced  from  Europe  on  infected  white-pine  nursery  stock,  which 
was  planted  in  many  places  in  the  eastern  I'nited  States.  In  lit  13  it  was  found 
attacking  native  white  pines,  but  its  wide  distribution  was  not  suspected  until  the 
late  fall  of  l!M">,when  the  rust  was  discovered  on  currant  and  gooseberry  bushes  and 
white  pines  over  a  large  area  in  Massachusetts  and  New  Hamptihire.  Since  then, 
in  cooperation  with  the  affected  States,  practical  measures  have  been  developed  for 
the  control  of  this  di.sease  under  eastern  conditions,  which  consist  of  the  eradication 
of  currant  and  gooseberry  bushes  within  IKK)  feet  of  the  pines.  The  outstanding  feature 
of  the  white-pine  blister-rust  situation  during  the  past  year  was  the  discovery  of  this 
destructive  disease  in  Hritish  Columbia  and  the  Puget  Sound  region  of  southwestern 
Wa'^hington.  The  department,  in  cooperation  with  State  and  Canadian  authorities, 
has  taken  prompt  action  to  determine  the  extent  of  the  infected  area  and  if  jKxssible 
to  control  or  eradicate  this  new  outbreak  of  the  di.sease.  The  latest  information  indi- 
cates that  the'disease  was  intrixluced  into  British  Columbia  about  1910,  prior  to  the 
enactment  of  the  Canadian  blister-rust  (luarautine. 


21202.S — 22- 


10 


144  AGRICULTURAL.  APPROPRL\TION   BILL,   1924. 

PLAN    OF    WORK    FOR    COMING    YEAR. 

Now,  supplementing  this  statement  and  specifically  with  reference 
to  the  enlarged  program  now  in  effect,  the  plan  of  work  is  this:  This 
applies  to  the  Great  Lakes,  Xcw  York,  and  New  England  white  pine 
territory.  Wherever  in  territory  white  pine  is  being  encouraged  to 
replace  itself,  to  reseed  itself  and  be  treated  as  a  timber  crop  for 
future  harvesting,  and  the  local  interests  are  willing  to  put  their 
money  into  the  eradication  of  the  currant  and  gooseberry  bushes 
which  make  possible  the  spread  of  the  disease  from  pine  to  pine,  the 
department  places  a  blister  rust  educational  agent.  He  is  in  a  county, 
the  man  who  does  as  regards  blister  rust  control,  through  ribes 
eradication,  ribes  being  currants  and  gooseberries,  what  the  county 
agent  does  for  agriculture.  He  works  with  and  in  many  cases  is 
quartered  with  the  county  agent.  He  devotes  himself  to  the  locating 
of  the  areas  within  which  it  is  advisable  to  undertake  this  work 
sj'stematically,  gets  in  touch  with  the  owners  of  the  land,  acts  as  a 
general  adviser  and  supervisor  of  the  actual  eradication  work,  which 
is  paid  for  by  the  State,  the  town,  and  by  individual  contributions, 
that  phase  of  the  work  being  not  financed  from  the  Federal  appro- 
priation at  all. 

So  that  the  blister  rust  control  campaign  now  is  under  way  in 
approximately  50  counties  where  white  pine  has  acfjuired  the  status 
oi  a  crop,  to  be  cared  for  and  ultimately  harvested  for  profit.  It 
involves  the  correlation  of  the  interest  and  activity  within  those 
States  of  the  State  forestry  activities,  the  State  agricultural  extension 
activities,  and  the  department's  activities,  the  depar4ment  paying 
the  salary  of  this  special  man  to  lead  in  that  work. 

STATES   AKD   IXDHTDUALS   COOPERATING    WITH   DEPARTME>rr. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  that  all  the  Federal  Government  pays? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes.  You  will  recall  that  previously  this  work  in 
its  pioneer  stages  was  handled  upon  a  basis  oi  joint  financing  of  the 
eradication  work.  That  plan  worked  fairly  well  tlirough  the  pioneer 
stages,  but  it  appeared  to  us  that  it  had  reached  a  place  where  there 
was  sufficient  knowledge  of  the  methods  that  needed  to  be  adopted, 
and  that  the  main  job  from  now  on  is  an  intelligent,  efficient,  properly 
supervised  leadership  of  an  educational  campaign,  the  bill  for  wiiich, 
as  regards  the  actual  clearing  out  of  these  disease-transmitting  plants, 
should  be  borne  by  the  people  and  the  States  that  would  have  the 
crop  saved. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Are  all  those  county  or  State  local  agencies  re- 
sponding to  the  terms  of  that  agreement  as  carefully  and  fully  as  is 
necessary  and  required  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Very  satisfactorily.  1  would  like  to  say  that  we 
have  not  reached  the  peak  of  efficiency  yet,  because  such  a  campaign 
takes  time,  particularly,  Mr.  Buchanan — I  wish  Mr.  Wason  were 
here— in  a  region  that  is  as  ruggedly  conservative  as  the  white  pine 
back  country  of  New  England,  where  the  ])eoi)le  are  of  the  old-lime 
stock.  The  leaders,  however,  are  awake,  anu  they  have  come  into 
line  very  satisfactorily.  The  leaders  are  awake,  including  the  select- 
men of  the  towns,  who  const itut(»  Ihe  ndininistrHtive  lead»'i"ship  in 
the  localities.     We  believe  the  plan  is  sound,  that  it  is  operating  satis- 


i 


AGRICULTURAL  APriU)PRIATION    BILI^   1U24. 


145 


faotorily  for  u  lirst-yoar  operation,  ami  I  am  drlihrraU'ly  coii.serva- 
tivc  in  my  expression  on  that. 

Mr.  Anukkson.  Where  lias  tliere  heen  sullieient  eraili<'ation  in  any 
locality  to  demonstrate  that  the  eradieation  when  it  is  (•on>[)leted 
n'ally  docs  do  the  business  < 

Doctor  Tayi-ou.  In  several  of  the  New  lOnj^laiul  and  northeastern 
New  ^'ork  localities,  where  the  eradication  W(»rk  was  done  in  areas 
of  considerai)lc  si/e.  as  mnch  as  live  years  aj^o,  so  tlmt  there  has 
hcen  time  for  new  infe<'tions  if  n»'W  infections  wer<'  ^^oin;;  lo  «trcur. 
TIm"  infections  that  are  foun<l  in  those  localities  are  practically  all 
infections  that  you  can  dehnitely  mark  as  having  occurred  in  1*.>1/) 
or  ntUi  or  1917.  as  delcrnuned  hy  the  i^rowtii  of  the  tree  since  that 
infection  occurred.  Of  ((MU'se,  if  the  disease  could  spread  from  one 
pine  tree  to  another  |)ine  tree,  the  mere  fact  of  an  infection  hein^ 
there  would  negative  the  advisahility  of  such  work,  hut  with  the 
ciirnint-i  and  «;ooseherries  out,  no  infection  o<-curs  later,  and  that 
initial  infection,  unless  too  severe,  does  not  ji'opardi/e  the  future 
timher  value  of  the  tree. 

Mr.  Anukkson.  \Miere  you  have  them  cut  these  f^ooseherries  and 
currant  hushes  out.  is  that  the  end  of  it;  do  they  volunteer^ 

Doctor  'P.VYi.oH.  A  second  comhiiif^  of  the  area  will  pnthahly  ho 
necessary  5  to  10  years  later  to  uproot  the  very  few  hushes  that  were 
missed  in  the  initial  eradication,  and  the  occasional  hird-sown  seed- 
linijs  that  may  come  in.  The  reinspection  live  years  after  of  those 
early  eradicated  areas,  however,  iliscloses  a  surprisinnrly  small  numher 
of  hushes  needinii;;  to  come  out.  Of  course,  it  all  depends  on  the 
thorou<j;hness  witli  which  the  initial  eradication  work  is  done. 

Mr.  Br(  iiANAN.  You  dm  them  up  by  the  roots  ^ 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes;  tne\'  have  to  come  out.  The  small  ones  in 
the  looser  soils  are  pulled  out  hy  hand.  In  clay  soils  they  require 
f;rul)hin<r.  and  in  some  areas  of  swamp  land  some  species  of  the  wild 
currants  are  so  thickly  present  that  it  pretty  nearly  requires  the 
denudiiifj  of  small  areas  to  «]jet  them  all. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  are  you  doinfi;  in  the  Puget  Sound  area  < 
Is  the  work  being  conducted  there  in  the  same  way  i 


CONDUCT   OF   CONTROL    WOKK    IN'    I'UOET   SOUND    .\RKA. 

Doctor  Taylok.  Not  exactly.  Doctor  Kellerman  had  a  ijlimpse 
of  that  this  summer.     I  think  his  observation  would  be  helpiul. 

Doctor  Kkllkr.max.  Mr.  Chairman,  the  work  in  Puget  Sound  region 
has  been  confined  almost  entirely  to  inspection  work,  the  number  of 
findings  of  disease  ijiside  of  the  rnited  States  being  relatively  small, 
the  presence  of  the  disease  in  the  Puget  Sound  region,  rather  than 
the  amount  of  it,  having  been  the  disturbing  factor.  At  the  j)resent 
time  it  is  clear  that  the  disease  has  been  in  British  Columbia  for  a 
considerable  term  of  years.  It  does  not  apj)ear  that  the  disease  has 
been  in  the  State  of  Washington  for  a  period  anything  like  as  long 
as  in  British  Columbia,  probably  not  earlier  than  in  11)17,  as  far  as 
Washington  State  is  concerned,  and  only  three  disejused  trees  in- 
fected lis  early  as  that  have  been  found.  The  infections,  chiefly  on 
currant  bushes,  have  all  been  found  on  the  edge  of  Puget  Sound  or 
on  the  coast. 


146  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924, 

Tliat  all  goes  to  show  that  the  infection  there  is  of  comparative! v 
recent  origin. 

I  would  like  to  bring  out  that  at  the  present  time  plans  for  handling 
the  Pacific  coast  region  have  not  been  decided  upon.  It  is  possible 
that  the  infections  are  so  scattering  and  so  recent  that  an  eradication 
campaign  could  be  carried  out.  That  was  our  hope  at  the  very- 
beginning  of  the  season.  Then,  as  more  and  more  counties  were  found 
infected,  we  became  rather  doubtful  of  the  feasibility  of  an  eradica- 
tion campaign.  The  continuation  of  inspection  work  has  not  sho\s'n  a 
very  wide  spread  of  the  disease,  however,  not  as  wide  as  we  had  been 
led  to  suppose  by  the  findings  of  midseason.  The  question  of  whether 
an  eradication  campaign  may  be  feasible  I  believe  is  still  an  open 
question.  An  important  conierence  is  now  being  held,  or  will  be  held 
in  a  very  short  time,  in  Portland,  at  which  both  the  Canadian  and 
Western  States'  representatives  and  people  of  our  bureau  will  review 
all  of  the  information  available,  and  the  character  of  support  that 
could  be  obtained  from  commercial  holders  of  pine,  as  well  as  to 
again  review  the  magnitude  of  the  Federal  interests  in  the  national 
forests  that  are  likely  to  be  jeopardized;  and  at  that  time  a  more 
comprehensive  plan  for  the  future  will  V)e  outlined,  and  if  possible 
agreed  upon  by  all  of  the  parties  concerned. 

At  the  present  time,  you  will  recall,  that  the  current  appropriation 
is  supplemented  by  a  portion  of  an  emergency  appropriation  that  is 
available  during  the  greater  part  of  the  present  fiscal  year.  Approxi- 
mately $100,000  of  an  emergency  appropriation  given  to  the  bureau 
because  of  this  unexpected  discovery  of  white-pine  infection  in  the 
Northwest,  is  available  until  March  of  this  present  vear.  giving  us  in 
this  item  S300,000  to  work  with  instead  of  the  S200,b00  that  is  shown 
in  the  appropriation  bill. 

Whether  it  will  appear  advisable  to  ask  for  funds  to  continue  some 
of  the  general  eradication  plans  that  we  had  at  first  proposed  for  the 
Northwest,  or  whether  the  campaign  can  not  possibly  be  developed 
on  an  eradication  basis  and  must  remain  t)n  an  educational  basis,  I 
think  will  determine  whether  the  present  funds  are  sufficient  for  all  of 
the  blister-rust  wprk  that  we  need  to  carry  on  as  far  as  the  Bureau  of 
Plant  Industry  is  concerned,  or  whether  it  Woukl  bo  advisable  to  pro- 
vide additional  funds  for  taking  care  of  the  Federal  and  other  inter- 
ests in  the  Northwest. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  much  is  going  to  be  spent  in  this  Puget 
Sound  situation  now  for  inspection  and  other  work  3'ou  are  doing  { 

NEED    OF   INCREASED    FUNDS    FOR    EXTENSIVE    ER.\DIC.\TION    CAMP.MrtN'. 

Doctor  Ket.lerman.  During  this  fiscal  year  anproximately 
$100,000  will  be  expended  for  blister-rust  work  in  the  Northwest. 

Mr.  Anderson.  An  eradication  campaign,  of  course,  would  involve 
a  considerably  larger  sum  of  money  ^ 

Doctor  Kkllerm.\n.  That  would  undinibtcdly  involve  a  somewhat 
larger  sum  than  weare  spending  there  now.  although  1  doubt  whether 
it  would  need  to  be  very  much  greater.  1  would  estimate  somewhere 
between  S2()0,()()0  and  S-"500.0()0  as  nec^essary  for  an  effective  erjulica- 
tion  cami)aigii,  which  would  hav^e  to  include  scouting. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  in(>an  for  that  area  alone? 

Doctor  Kkli.eilman.  For  the  nvon  including  the  .States  of  Wash- 
ington, Idaho,  and  Oregon. 


AOIUCULTUIIAI.   ArriU)iMUATUJN    IJILI^    1924. 


147 


Mr.  Andkuson.  I  <!<>  not  ijuilc  j^ot  you.  I  tlo  not  know  whfthcr 
yoii  mean  l)ctv\«'on  $J()().(M)()  uml  $;j()(). ()()()  for  tlu'  wlioh*  ('uinf>Hi^i, 
NfW  iMi^land  Mini 

Dorlor  IvKi.LKKMAX  (intorposing) .  No.  n»).  I  nicun  only  for  the 
Northw<'st  rrf^ion,  in  luldition  to  tnc  $2(M). ()()()  wliirii  wc  \\n\c  at  the 
prosrnt  tinir. 

DoctorTAVi-oii.  Tlic  j'lncrfToncv  nppro[)rialion  availuMc  for  llu-  \  car 
hi'^^innin;^  March  1,  li>22.  and  cxlciitlin;;  ihrowj^h  .Maich,  l'.t23.  was 
SloO.OOO,  wliich  covers  the  whoU'  of  the  jjrowin^  season  of  1922  and 
tlie  winter  following;. 

Mr.  Andkk.son.  Well,  .so  far  as  \our  plans  j((>.  without  the  deter- 
mination of  the  (piestion  of  the  policy  to  he  pursued  in  the  North- 
west, the  sum  propo.sed  is  udecpnite  to  continue  the  work  f 

Doctor  Tavi.oic.  Yes.  This  involves  a  full-speed-ahead  pnt'jnim 
alon<^  the  l,ines  that  we  feel  sure  of  in  the  territory  that  is  ripe  for  it. 


COTTON    A.M)    TUL'CK    CHOI'    DISEASK    l.S VESTKJATIOXS. 

The  next  subappropriation  on  pa<;e  S4,  for  the  investigation  of 
disea.ses  of  cotton,  potatoes,  truck  crops,  forage  crops,  drug  and 
related  plants:  The  estimates  provide  an  increase  of  $10,000 — this 
for  two  purposes  -•S2..")0()  for  work  on  cotton  diseases.  The  cotton 
disease  probably  causing  the  licaviest  damage  l)eing  root  rot,  regard- 
ing the  cause  of  which  and  the  methods  of  combating  not  much  is 
known,  althougli  work  has  been  done  more  or  less  during  a  con- 
siderable period  of  vears. 

Mr.  BiCHAXAN.  It  is  as  old  as  the  cotton  plant  itself? 

Doctor  Taylor.  It  is  as  old  as  the  cotton  plant  itself,  anil  it  has 
increasingly  become  evident,  as  closer  attention  lias  been  paid  to  tlie 
classing  of  cotton  at  tiie  source,  that  root  rot.  as  well  as  other  factors 
which  interfere  witli  the  normal  growth  of  tlie  plant  and  the  lint 
seriously  impairs  the  quality  of  the  lint  and  reduces  the  value  of 
what  is  harvested  and  baled. 

Mr.  BuciiAXAX.  Not  only  that,  it  cuts  off  its  production  ( 

Doctor  Taylor.  It  cuts  off  production,  and  it  injures  the  quality 
of  that  which  is  produced  in  the  root-rot  affected  plants.  It  kills  the 
stalk,  the  boll  dries  up.  and  you  pick  it  and  it  has  no  staple  to  it.  It 
causes  immature  seed  and  stops  production. 

Mr.  BuciiAXAX.  How  long  have  vou  been  studving  that  root  rot? 

I  )octor  Taylor.  In  a  rather  broken  way  for  a  number  of  years. 

.Mr.  fk'CHAXAN.   It  is  a  germ,  is  it  not  ( 

Doctor  Taylor.  It  is  supposed  to  be  caused  by  a  fungus,  but  it  is 
one  of  those  fungi  which  has  not  vet  disclosed  its  full  life  history. 

Mr.  BuruAXAX.  Has  it  ever  been  called  to  your  attention — this 
is  common  notoriety  down  there  that  the  plant  of  sorghum  planted 
in  those  patches  wheiv  root  lot  exists  in  cotton  in  two  or  three  years 
would  destroy  it  ( 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes.  In  fact,  the  only  approximate  control  that 
anyone  has  been  abl(>  to  suggest  thus  far  has  been  the  use  of  tb.e  land 
for  grasses,  including  soi-gliuni  or  other  crops  not  susceptible  tt> 
disease,  in  rotaticm  for  a  sullicient  time  to  let  tlie  fungus  measurably 
die  out  of  the  land. 


148  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRLA.TIOX   BILL,   1024. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  know  the  objection  to  that,  do  you  not? 
This  root  rot  takes  possession  of  a  patch  of  perhaps  an  acre  over 
there  and  an  acre  over  here  and  another  acre  over  there  [ilkistrating], 
just  in  Uttle  patches  throughout  the  cotton  field. 

Doctor  Taylcjh.  Yes:  that  is  the  difficulty. 

Mr.  BuniANAN.  And  you  would  have  the  grass  patches  or  sorghum 
patches  scattered  all  over  the  field  and  have  the  exact  line  of  the 
root  rot.  ^ 

Doctor  Taylor.  It  becomes  a  very  difficult  thing,  unless  you  are       * 
operating  on  a  basis  that  would  permit  the  use  in  otiier  crops  of  the 
whole  tract  that  has  some  bad  spots  in  it. 

Mr,  Buchanan.  But  the  spots  are  not  sufficient,  you  know. 

Doctor  Taylor.  And  that  is  not  economically  sound  in  many 
cases. 

I  will  ask  3^ou,  Doctor  Kellerman,  to  tell  the  committee  of  one 
recent  development  that  you  have  been  in  special  touch  with  in 
root-rot  control  that  is  interesting. 

RECENT    DEVELOPMENTS    IN    ROOT-ROT   CONTROL    WORK. 

Doctor  Kellerman.  In  the  Southwest  the  root  rot  has  become  a 
very  serious  factor  in  the  new  cotton  areas,  especially  in  these  areas 
where  the  bureau  has  been  fostering  the  production  of  Pima  cotton — 
long-staple  Egyptian  cotton — that  is,  American  Egyptian  cotton. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  That  is  in  Arizona  and  California  ( 

Doctor  Kellerman.  That  is  in  Arizona  and  California.  The  experi- 
ments on  the  control  of  root  rot,  I  believe,  have  pro^rresseil  further 
than  they  have  in  any  of  the  older  cotton  areas  and  we  have  had 
during  the  past  two  years  remarkably  successful  control  by  treating 
infected  areas  of  a  field  with  a  solution  of  formalin — that  is  a  disin- 
fectant used  widely;  it  is  an  excellent  fungicide;  furthermore,  it 
breaks  down  after  it  has  been  in  the  soil  a  while,  so  that  it  does  not 
injure  the  soil  agriculturally  at  all. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Do  you  apply  that  to  the  soil  ? 

Doctor  Kellerman.  Yes;  to  date  this  treatment  has  been  made 
only  in  irrigated  regions,  which  simplifies  the  application  of  the 
disinfectant,  because  the  area  to  be  treated  can  be  oankeil  up,  irri- 
gation water  run  onto  it,  and  the  formalin  added  to  the  irrigation 
work.    . 

There  appears  to  be  no  reason,  as  far  as  we  can  see,  why  somewhat 
stronger  solutions  could  not  be  used  in  connection  with  plowing  or 
harrowing  operations,  and  actually  apply  either  formalin  or  some 
similar  disinfectants  in  regions  where  irrigation  is  not  practiced.  In 
any  case,  it  has  been  possible  to  check  immediately,  and,  from  some 
exi)erimental  fields,  to  completely  eradicate  the  cotton-root  rot.  ■ 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Have  you  estimated  the  cost  of  formalin  per  acre  '?        " 

Doctor  Kkllerman.  (Jn  a  field  that  was  bailly  infci-ted  il  would 

f)robably  not  be  practicable.  We  have  not  estimated  it  on  that 
)asis,  but  on  the  small  cjuantity  of  land  that  neeils  to  be  trealeil 
when  infection  is  starting  it  amounts  to  only  a  few  dollars  per  acre  - 
two  or  three  dollars  to  the  acre  on  the  liclds  we  have  had  uiuler 
consideration.  We  find  that  the  disease  progresses  from  a  central 
point. 


AtJRIClLTlKAL   Al'l'llOPRIATtON    ull.i^    I'.rZi. 


149 


Mr.  Blciiaxax.  And  slowly^ 

Doctor  Kkm.kkman.  And  slowly;  and  that  tlu-  an-a  to  be  trculrd 
is  only  that  vth^v  of  a  \  Jird  or  more  that  is  acliudly  killirj^  thf  plants, 
tliat  that  is  the  \}\inc  wln-rc  the  fun<;ns  is  j^rowitij^  niid  domj;  its 
daiuajjc;  inside  of  that  urcu  or  outside  of  that  area  no  treatment  is 
necessary. 

Mr.  lU  (  iiA\.\.\.  Down  honu-  tiie  [)at<-hes  that  die  from  th<  iw.ii  i<,t 
an*  s«)lid  patches,  p-nerally. 

Doctor  Keli.kkma.n.  That  is  true,  but  that  is  bcrnu.se  an  infection 
be<;ins  and  spreads  over  a  consi<h'rabIc  area,  and  tlie  infecteti  cotton 
will  die  as  the  sea.s»tn  continues.  Replanted  ((•Hon  in  the  center  of 
the  area,  however,  will  not  be  killed. 

Mr.  liLtiiANA.N.  Are  you  making  any  investigation  as  to  the  drv 
culture  in  cotton  States  proper^ 

D(»ctor  Kkli.kk.ma.n.  That  is  one  of  the  main  things  that  we  are 
anxious  to  use  this  additional  money  for.  This  investigation  tliat 
we  liave  been  carrying  on  has  been  carried  on  as  a  side  issue  to  our 
Southwestern  cotton  work.  We  have  no  funds,  without  seriously  dis- 
organizing i)tlu'r  imj)ortant  projects  that  are  yielding  important 
results,  to  provide  for  experimental  work  in  the  nonirrigated  cotton 
areas. 

The  very  active  wnik  on  this  disease  has  not  ])een  prosecuted  during 
recent  veal's  in  the  Cotton  l>elt,  l)ecause  all  of  the  leatls  that  have 
been  followed  have  not  been  especially  productive,  and  at  the  present 
lime  we  have  felt  that  we  were  getting  more  benefit  out  of  the  money 
that  we  were  spending  on  plant-ilisease  control  work  on  other  diseases 
than  on  the  cotton  root  rot,  sometimes  called  'Texas  root  rot." 
because  it  is  a  serious  matter  in  Texas. 

Mr.  lUciiAXAN.  I  know  it  is.  Is  it  in  ail  the  cotton-producing 
States  i 

Doctor  Kellermax.  It  is  more  troublesome  in  the  Southern 
States — in  the  hotter  States. 

Mr.  Br(  iiAXAX.  Have  you  ever  noticed  it  is  worse  in  Texas  on 
black  ianil  than  any  other  ^ 

Doctor  Kellermax.  Yes,  it  is  much  more  destructive  there. 

Mr.  Bl'chaxan.  Changing  the  subject,  is  this  fund  the  one  that 
carries  boll  weevil? 

Doctor  Taylor.  No,  sir;  that  is  in  the  Bureau  of  Entomology. 

Mr.  BucHAXAX.  There  is  no  bulletin  on  this  yet,  is  there  ? 

Doctor  Kellermax.  A  paper  on  this  subject  Ls  now  being  pre- 
pared. A  ilescription  of  this  work  probably  will  take  shorter  space 
m  the  paper  that  is  j)repare(l  than  the  way  1  iiave  describiMJ  it. 

Mr.  BucuAXAX.  It  will  be  printed  ? 


Doctor  Kellerm.vx.  It  will  be  printed  very  shortly, 
that  you  get  a  copy. 


1  will  see 


IKCRE.KSE    FOR    POTATO    DISKA.SE    WORK. 


Doctor  Taylor.  The  other  S7.500  of  the  S  10,000  is  needed  for 
potato-disease  work.  The  potato  crop  is  now  produced  under  con- 
ditions so  widely  iliverse  and  in  regions  so  far  apart  and  so  far  from  the 
consumer,  who.  together  with  the  producer,  pays  the  freight  on 
potatoes  in  larger  measure  than  on  almost  any  otlier  staple  foodstuffs, 
because  of  the  watery  character  of  the  potato  that  it  nas  reached  a 


] 


150  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TION   BILL,   1924 


point    where    the    ehmination    of   seed-borne    diseases    has    become 
vitally  important. 

The  superficial  diseases,  the  fungi  which  cause  scab  and  troubles 
of  that  character  on  the  skin,  are  under  measurable  control  through 
the  dipping  of  the  seed  and  the  avoidance  of  limy  soils,  or  the  omis- 
sion of  liming  the  soils  immediately  before  the  potato  crop  is  to  be 
grovMi.  But  certain  of  the  most  destructive  diseases — and  these 
have  appeared  in  relatively  recent  times — both  in  Europe  and  this 
countr}' — their  control  is  much  less  well  understood.  They  are 
knowTi  roughly  as  the  virus  diseases,  which  it  is  now  known  are  trans- 
mitted from  plant  to  plant  bj^  certain  insects,  the  little  aphids  or 
plant  lice;  ana  it  is  now  known,  also,  that  at  least  one  of  these  insects 
overwinters  on  the  rose.  This  whole  virus  disease  problem  as  affecting 
the  potato  is  intimately  associated  with  the  production  of  high-grade 
seed  potatoes. 

Much  of  the  more  southern  portion  of  the  country,  including  parts 
of  the  Corn  Belt  and  most  of  the  territory  south  of  the  Potomac  River, 
relies  on  northern  seed  potatoes  for  its  planting  stock — Maine,  New 
York,  Michigan.  Minnesota,  and  Wisconsin. 

The  strategic  place,  therefore,  of  the  attack  for  the  control  of  these 
diseases  is  that  seed-potato-growing  territory.  The  problem  is  acute 
also  in  California,  where  the  source  of  supply  is  either  the  high  alti- 
tudes of  their  own  State  or  Oregon  and  Washington.  A  very  great 
interest  in  this  matter  has  developed  under  the  leadership  of  the 
Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  which  some  10  years  ago  suggested  the 
idea  of  field  inspection  during  the  growing  season  as  a  basis  for  certi- 
fication of  seed  potatoes,  both  as  to  horticultural  purity  as  regards 
variety  and  pathological  cleanness.  So  that  there  were  this  last  year 
over  a  million  and  a  half  bushels  of  certified  seed  potatoes  produced, 
mostly  in  those  Northern  States. 

But  the  situation  is  really  critical  now  as  regards  the  permanence 
of  the  certified  seed  plan;  it  is  a  sound  idea,  one  that  we  are  confi- 
dent is  the  only  way  through  w^liich  these  diseases  can  be  controlled. 
We  need  more  knowledge  of  the  basic  facts  regarding  these  diseases 
as  a  basis  for  the  field  inspection  upon  w^iich  the  certification  rests. 
A  meeting  is  to  be  held  in  Boston  tne  last  week  of  December  of  the 
potato  pathologists  and  certified  seed  growers  of  the  States  to  con- 
sider this  whole  question  and  endeavor  to  get  together  upon  a  more 
harmonious  and  uniform  plan  of  certification. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Don't  you  think  the  department  ought  to  be 
very  cautious  and  very  certain  before  it  fjives  certificates^ 

Doctor  Taylor.  That  is  realized,  and  the  department  has  refrained 
from  giving  certificates  at  all  covering  cjuality  or  pathological  clean- 
ness of  seed.  We  have  not  specific  statutory  authority  for  that. 
It  is  likely  that  if  the  name  of  tlie  department  appeared  upon  such  a 
certificate  it  would  be  interpreted  as  signifying  a  guarantee  of 
quality,  which,  under  the  j)resent  conditions,  could  not  be  given; 
and,  accordingly,  the  department  has  studiously  and  without  devia- 
tion refrained  from  certifying  seed  potatoes  or  seed  of  any  kind. 

Mr.  Andkhsox.   Where  vou  have  developed  the    method  of  control 
of  the  di.sease,  do  ^'ou  lind  that   the  method  is  generally  achtpted 
sufficient  interest  is  taken  by  the  peoj)le  in  the  production  of  the 
disease-free   potatoes  or  other  commodities,   so  tliat  you   methods 
are  adoj)te(l  ( 


AOBIOULTURAL   APPHOPUIATIOX    HIM,,    l\r2i. 


151 


Doctor 'IVv^i.oK.  If  it  Ixri.iiifs  clcnr  llmt  it  |>a\>..  >oiih- our  liu«  to 
go  forward  ami  <lct  that  thin;;  at  tht*  iiicrcasi'^l  oxix-usr  tisiially  of 
money  and  practically  always  of  labor,  that  is  involved.  Th*-  (juiw- 
tion  of  th«'  pcrmatUMuc  of  the  a<lo[)tion  of  such  a  practice  often  \h 
iiidiieiiccd  hy  whether  very  destructive  seasims  oc«Mir  sonjewhat 
early  in  the  operation  of  the  plan  or  not;  for  example,  in  the  <'aMO  of 
the  control  of  brown  rot  of  tlie  peach  in  the  CJeoi^jfia  peac/li  district, 
a  plan  of  control  was  worked  out  and  demonstrate<l  and  adopted 
and  siicceede<l,  and  was  practiced  for  several  years.  A  dry  season 
came  alon;;  when  unsprayed  [)each  trees  yielded  jiist  as  jjood  a 
product  as  sprayed  ones,  an«l  there  were  two  or  three  years  in  which 
the  weather  was  relatively  unfavoiMble  for  the  disease.  Then  there 
came,  two  years  a^^o,  a  continuously  showery  season  in  tliat  lernlory, 
when  brown  rot  conditions  were  favorable,  and  tlie  crop  went  bad  to 
an  extent  that  caused  losses  that  were  almost  total  in  the  case  of 
large  enterprises  and  the  groweiN  were  in  a  mood  for  adoptioti  of 
better  practices.  The  work  that  was  put  on  there  as  a  residt  of  their 
appeals  for  a  redenionstration.  with  some  further  improvements 
wliich  had  become  possible  through  knowledge  secured  later,  they 
adopted  and  this  y(>ar  adhered  to  a  spray  schedule  in  a  very  satis- 
factory way  and  almost  universally.  Much  depends  on  whether 
early  in  a  campaign  a  year  occurs  when  the  man  who  does  not  adopt 
the  methods  does  just  as  well  as  the  one  who  does,  because  it  is 
dillicult  to  hold  him  to  a  sche(hde  of  increased  expc'nditure  and  action 
if  he  can  not  see  that  it  jiays. 

FOR    INVESTIGATING    THE    PHYSIOLOGY    OF    CROP    PLANTS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Doctor  Tavlor,  you  can  commence  witli  your  next 
item. 

Doctor  Taylor.  The  next  item  is  on  page  86,  ''For  investigating 
the  physiology  of  crop  plants  and  for  testing  and  breeding  varieties 
tliereof,"  in  which  tlie  estimate  provides  an  increase  of  SI 0.000  for 
enlarging  the  date-production  investigations  in  the  Southwest. 

DATE-PRODUCTION    INVE8TIOATION9. 

This  is  applicable  chiefly  to  California,  Arizona,  and  as  a  minor 
feature  to  tlie  Rio  (irande  Valley  of  Texas.  The  industry  is  coming 
along  in  fairly  good  shape.  The  Deglet  Noor  variety  is  succeeding 
well  in  the  Coachella  Valley  of  California.  In  the  great  Imperial 
\'alley,  in  parts  of  which  they  have  more  humid  weather  tlian  the 
Coachella  \  alley,  the  Deglet  I^oor  has  not  proved  well  adajited. 

There  is  now  a  goodly  supply  of  offshoots  of  an  Egyptian  date 
variety,  the  .^aidy,  which  is  earlier  in  maturing  and  more  promising 
than  Deglet  Noor  for  the  Imj)erial  \'alley. 

We  have  no  experimental  collection  there  and  the  people  are  very 
desirous  of  definite  date  work  there.  Telegrams  came  in  this  week 
tendering,  without  cost  to  the  department,  a  tract  of  laiul  for  that 

f>urpose  in  the  Imperial  \'alley,  in  the  hope  that  this  work  can  go 
orward. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Well,  are  vou  going  out  there  and  start  a  lot  of 
experiments  on  land  which  is  furnished  free,  and  thereby  develop  a 
tract  for  private  parties,  or  are  you  going  to  have  to  buy  it  '. 


152  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TIOX   BILL,   1924. 

Doctor  Taylor.  The  arrangement  with  respect  to  the  use  of  the 
land  and  the  shape  in  which  the  work  would  be  undertaken  is  entirely 
open  as  yet.  There  is  nothing  determined  with  regard  to  that. 
The  present  holding  at  Indio  is  on  land  which  the  Government  holds 
in  fee. 

The  larger  part  of  the  commercial  scale  effort,  however,  is  handled 
under  contracts  for  a  period  of  years  upon  privately  owned  land, 
under  contracts  which  reserve  to  the  (lepartment  a  share  of  the 
offshoots  and  protect  the  department's  right  for  experimental  uses. 
In  most  cases  the  cost  of  the  trees — that  is,  of  the  offshoots  imported 
for  those  plantings— is  borne  by  the  owner  of  the  land,  so  that  the 
Government  expenditure  is  for  the  expenses  of  supervision  and 
3xperimentation,  such  as  labor,  salaries,  and  supplies. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  How  long  do  date  plants  last  after  they  are  set 
out  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  We  have  not  in  this  country  had  them  long  enough 
to  know,  but  in  the  Old  World,  barring  destructive  insect  trouble, 
anywhere  from  100  years  upward. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  did  not  care  anything  about  any  specified  length 
of  time,  but  just  wanted  an  idea. 

COMMERCLA.L   SCALE   COOPERATIVE   AGREEMENTS    FOR    DATE   CULTURE. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Where  the  owner  furnishes  the  land  and  paj's  for 
the  shoots,  or  offshoots,  or  whatever  you  call  them,  for  a  certain 
period,  then  you  turn  the  whole  business  over  to  the  owners? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes.  In  such  cases,  the  owners  bear  the  entire 
cost  of  the  culture  and  labor  and  all  of  that.  That  is  what  we  would 
call  commercial  scale  cooperative  contract  experiments. 

Our  variety  collection  work,  however,  we  do  maintain  upon  land 
either  owned  by  the  Government  or  b}*  the  State,  so  that  the  owner- 
ship of  the  trees  is  in  the  Government. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Well,  what  do  3^ou  propose  to  do,  to  add  to  the 
work  you  are  now  doing  under  this?  Do  you  have  any  staticms  in 
the  Imperial  Valley? 

Doctor  Taylor.  We  need  one  station  in  the  Imperial  Valley,  and 
we  need  very  much  an  additional  man  scientificallv  trained  who 
can  be  out  there  throughout  the  entire  year.  Our  field  pei'sonnel  at 
the  station  has  of  necessity  been  headed  by  what  we  woulil  call  a 
practical  man,  a  man  who  has  accomplished  very  excellent  results, 
but  whose  full  time  is  occupied  with  tiie  looking  after  the  cultural 
details  and  so  on.  There  are  lines  of  systematic  experimentation 
that  we  have  to  protect  through  the  addition  of  a  man  who  is  trained  ■, 
to  do  that  work.  \u 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  you  still  bringing  in  offshoots  over  from 
Egvpt? 

Doctor  Taylor.  We  brought  some  in  during  this  last  spring,  a 
considerable  quantity,  most  of  which  were  financed  by  the  planters 
under  these  commercial  scale  contracts,  although  certain  of  (hem 
were  brou<;lit  in  for  addition  to  our  varietal  cttllections. 


AtJRICULTrRAL   APPUoPHIATIoN    BIM^   1924. 


153 


CONBf  MITHtS    OK    rioM  KSTlr-<iU(lW  S    UATKM. 


Mr.  -V.M»Kic>«».N.  T^'^^at  is  tlu-  « <>miiiii<-ial  i>n«hirti»»n  rxiw  '. 

Doctor  Tavi-oh.    I  can  not  ^i\v  you  the  lij;ur«'>. 

Mr.  Andeuson.  Well,  it  is  hcciuuin^  <|uit('  considcnililc 

Doctor  Taylou.  Considerable.  althnu«;li  not  yet  larj^e  in  compari- 
son with  tlu'  v(«ry  heavy  iniportatinns.  And  the  production  so  far 
is  chielly  consumed  in  the  Southwest  ( 

The  ostimatcd  pnuluction  of  dates  in  California  in  1022  is  .'JOO.OOO 
pounds.  That  of  1<»21  was  estimated  at  l.')0.()0()  poumls,  the  crop  of 
that  year  havinj;  heen  curtailed  hy  untimely  rains. 

Mr.  Andkk.son.  It  is. 

Doctor  Tavloii.  Chiefly. 

Mr.  Andkhson.  I  have  n«'ver  seen  any  nn  the  market  anywliere, 
and  I  was  wondering  whether  the  ilistrihution  had  ijotfeu  (.uf>ide 
of  the  districts  where  they  are^rown. 

Doctor  Tayix>R.  Secretary  Wallace  called  mv  attention  within  the 
last  few  (lavs  to  certain  jars  of  fancy  packed  California  dates  in  a  fruit 
store  at  Thirteenth  antl  F  Streets     Br(»wnlcy's  sl()re. 

A  peculiar  situation  exists  just  at  the  moment  with  respect  to  our 
j)rol)al)le  date  importations  this  year  us  a  result  of  the  trouble  at 
Smyrna.  Th(>  li>j:  movement  from  the  Smyrna  district,  which  is  the 
most  important  table  h;;  commercial  production  di.-.trict  of  the 
world,  has  been  seriously  impaired  by  the  destruction  by  fire  of  the 
packing  hou.ses,  including;  their  contents,  so  that  the  fig  shipments 
will  be  subnormal. 

The  date  importati«)n,  which  in  general  is  handled  through  the 
same  channels  of  trade  and  to  an  extent  is  interchangeable  with 


the  fig.  will  nro])ably  be  materially  increased.    They  come  from  P^gvpt, 
Alsiei-s.  anu  Mesopotamia,  and  there  is  every  indication  tliat  there 


^  will  nrot)arMy  t)e 
•s.  anu  Mesopotai 
will  be  an  abnormally  large  importation  of  dates  to  balance  this 
shortage  of  imported  tigs. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  there  any  figs  produced  in  this  country? 

Dt)ctor  Taylor.  Yes,  sir;    the  California  fig  production  is  increas- 
ini;  substantially  and 

Air.  BrciLvxAX  (interposing).    Yes,  and  all  over  south  Texas. 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  beg  pardon  ? 

Mr.  BuciLAXAX.  There  are  a  great  many  produced  in  south  Texas, 
too. 

Doctor  Tay'lor.  Yes;    they  are  used  for  canning — chiefly  canning 
and  preserving. 

Mr.  Blcilvxax.  Yes. 


SOIL    BACTERIOLOOY'    AXD    PLANT    NITRITIOX    INVESTIGATIONS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  All  right.     We  will  take  up  the  next  item. 
Doctor  Taylor.  The  next  is  the  subappropriation  on  page  88: 

For  tsoil-baotpriology  and  plant-nutrition  investigations,  iiuluding  the  testing  of 
samples,  proeured  in  the  open  market,  of  cultures  for  inoculating  legumes,  and  if  any 
such  samples  are  found  to  be  impure,  nonviable,  or  misbranded.  the  results  of  the 
tests  may  be  published,  together  with  the  names  of  the  manufacturers  and  <>f  the 
persons  by  whom  the  cultures  were  offered  for  .sale,  $50,000. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Well,  we  will  pass  that  over  without  any  discussion 
There  is  not  a  change  in  that. 
Doctor  Taylor.  No.  sir. 


154  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1934. 

SOIL-FERTILITY    INVESTIGATIONS. 

The  next  is  the  subappropriation  for  soil-fertility  investigations 
into  organic  causes  of  infertility  and  remedial  measures,  maintenance 
of  productivity,  properties,  and  composition  of  soil  humus,  and  the 
transformation  and  formation  of  soil  humus  bv  soil  organisms, 
$45,060. 

That  is  the  same  amount  as  was  asked  for  last  year. 

CROP    ACCLIMATIZATION. 

Page  92 : 

For  acclimatization  and  adaptation  investigation-s  of  cotton,  corn,  and  other  crops 
introduced  from  tropical  regions,  and  for  the  improvement  of  cotton  and  other  fiher 
plants  by  cultural  methods,  breeding,  and  selection  and  for  determining  the  feasi- 
bility of  increasing  the  production  of  hard  fibers  outside  of  the  continental  United 
States,  etc.,  $132,500. 

COTTON    VARIETY   IMPROVEMENT   WORK. 

There  is  an  increase  asked  there  of  S20,000.  The  increase  is  de- 
sired for  enlargement  of  the  cotton  variety  improvement  work,  with 
special  reference  to  the  southeastern  conditions,  where,  at  present  at 
least,  until  the  prices  began  to  go  up.  exceeding  depression  oecause  of 
boll-weevil  trouble  and  low  prices  and  low  yield  has  existed. 

It  is  desired  to  develop  at  some  point  in  the  southeastern  territory  a 
nucleuar  variety  improvement  unit  for  pure-seed  production  activi- 
ties, somewhat  comparable  with  that  which  has  for  some  years  been 
maintained  at  Greenville,  Tex.,  where  the  Lone  Star  variety  of  cotton 
has  centered,  which  has  become  a  very  important  feature  of  cotton 
production  there. 

The  Southeast  is  disheartened,  to  an  extent  disorganized,  in  its 
whole  cotton-production  effort,  and  the  way  out  appears  to  necessi- 
tate as  one  important  thing  the  concentration  of  the  production  upon 
fewer  varities. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Good. 

Doctor  Taylor.  Which  can  be  grown,  ginned,  marketed,  upon  a 
standard-quality  basis,  and  the  time  is  ripe  for  that  work  now,  we 
feel. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Do  we  not  have  many  private  individuals  engaged 
in  trying  to  get  such  a  cotton  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes;  and  some  with  distinct  success,  with  very 
marked  success,  and  upon  a  fairly  large  scale. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  And  there  are  several,  even,  in  tiic  Texas  territory 
that  have  varieties  of  cotton  that  is  just  as  much  in  demand  as  the 
Lone  Star  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  That  is  quite  possible.  That  presumably  will  be 
so.  The  department  has  no  monopoly  of  the  ai)ility  in  tlie  country 
in  the  field  of  cotton  imj)rovement  or  production.  The  department 
has  a  certain  responsibility,  we  feel,  and  a  certain  degree  of  capacity 
to  handle  and  in  a  measure  lead  the  way  in  tliat  work. 

Mr.  BuciiAX.VN.  1  was  just  wondering  whether  or  not  in  all  of  these 
things,  corn,  cotton,  dates,  and  everything  else,  if  it  woidd  not  be 
more  desirable  that  the  tlepartment  arouse  an  interest  in  the  devel- 
opment along  an  improvement,  some  improvement  line,  and  then 
leave  it  to  j)rivate  enterprise. 


AGRICU1.TU11AL  APPROPRIATION    BIIJ-^   1024.  155 

Doctor  Taylok.  'riu»or«»ticully,  timt  is  tiiiqtiPstioiitiMy  triii*.  Tlu* 
exact  time  when  the  child  ciiii  sjifcly  he  turned  loose  in  the  junjjie  is 
always  a  inatt«'r  of  judgment. 

Mr.  Brcil.VNAN.  Of  coui-se.  I  did  not  mean  !->  -^lop  tin-  -.hidy  of  the 
prohlem  at  all.  hut  to  stop  those  actual  farm  demonstrations  and 
larm  ownerships,  or  partnership  in  farms  for  demonstration  purposes. 
I  did  not  mean  to  stop  the  stu<lv  in  the  ofFKM'  of  thinj^  (»f  that  sort. 

l)oct(»r  Tavi.ok.  I  understand  you.  I  think  our  mitwh  meet  on 
that  point. 

In  a  case  like  this,  where  it  involves  not  merelv  the  convincing;  of 
the  leading  minds  of  a  country,  we  will  say,  as  to  the  advisahility  of  it, 
hut  it  means  the  convincing;  of  the  averaf^e  <;rower  or  in  some  way  the 
accomplisiiin<;  of  nractically  uniform  practice  throu^jhout  a  jjeoi^mnhic 
community.  It  is  going  to  take  considerahle  time  to  get  that  idea 
over  in  this  country,  wkere  we  have  developed  on  an  individualistic 
hasis,  and  we  have  not  yet  learned  how  most  elfectivcly  I"  << "op- 
erate, nor  why  you  cooperate  in  such  things. 

Mr.  BrniAXAX.  Well,  in  my  country  I  have  never  seen  a  hetter 
development  of  enthusiasm  for  improving  the  varieties  of  cott<m 
siiue  many  days,  and  I  have  heen  foolin*;  with  cotton  all  of  my  life, 
raising  it,  and  every  fanner  of  any  intelligence  is  hunting  the  best 
cotton  seed  and  they  are  iiuiuirini;  about  tbem  and  discussing  them 
and  have  pamphlets  from  the  dinerent  cotton  raising  concerns  sup- 
{)oscd  to  put  out  improved  varieties  of  seed,  etc.,  antl  one  is  trying 
one  seed  and  one  another,  and  there  is  a  well-developed  enthusiasm 
for  improved  varieties  in  my  territory. 

Doctor  Tayu)H.  That  has  been  a  very  marked  improvement  in 
that  direction  during  the  last  two  or  three  years. 

Mr.  BicHANAN.  There  certainlv  has  been. 

Doctor  Taylor.  And  one  explanation  of  that,  we  think,  is  the 
demonstration  in  the  case  of  Lone  Star,  as  an  example,  that  it  pays, 
and  also  the  demonstration  there  of  the  practicability  of  maintaining 
upon  a  large  scale,  a  production  of  pure  seed  that  is  suitable  to 
plant  in  that  territory. 

This  does  not  mean  that  the  Government  is  going  to  maintain  a 
continuous  production  of  seed,  but  that  we  have  got  to  demonstrate, 
convincingly,  that  it  can  be  done,  and  that  the  essentials  are  a  few 
things,  without  which  effort  will  be  desultory  and  ephemeral  and 
will  not  maintain  permanent  success. 

Mr.  AxDERsox.  It  is,  I  suppose,  reasonable  to  assume  that  self- 
interest  in  people  will  lead  them  to  choose  the  best  varieties  and 
most  cfTicient  methods,  but  my  observation  is  that  that  assumption 
is  not  a  well  grounded  one.  So.  I  suppose  we  will  have  to  go  on  with 
the  propaganda  to  create  intelligent  self-interest  as  long  as  we  have 
any  people  in  this  country,  and  that  is  the  one  thing  I  suppose  you 
are  doing  under  this  item. 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes.  sir;  especially  through  proving  by  means  of 
varieties  and  facts  a  basis  for  sane  propaganda,  and  discussions.  It 
is  going  to  take  a  long  time  to  put  it  over  throughout  the  whole 
territory. 

The  idea  is  not  restricted  to  cotton,  by  any  means.  It  is  equally 
true  with  respect  to  potatoes.  It  is  almost  equally  true  with  respect 
to  wheat,  in  particular  districts,  but  the  idea  is  sound;  that  is.  it  is 
economically  sound,  as  well  as  agronomically  sound. 


156  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924.  V 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do    you    have    anything    further    on    this,    Mr. 
Buchanan  ? 
Mr.  Buchanan.  No. 


DRUG    and    other    PLANTS. 


41 


Mr.  Anderson.  Well,  we  will  take  up  the  next  item. 
Doctor  Taylor.  The  next  item  is  on  page  94: 

For  the  investigation,  testing,  and  improvement  of  plants  \-ieMing  drugs,  spices, 
poisons,  oils,  and  related  products  and  by-products  and  for  general  physiological  and 
fermentation  investigations. 

Mr.  Anderson.  There  is  no  change  in  that  item. 

CROP  technological  investigations. 

Doctor  Taylor.  No.    The  next  item  is  on  page  96: 

For  crop  technological  investigations,  including  the  study  of  plant-investing  neina> 
todes. 

NEMATODE    DISEASE    INVESTIGATIONS. 

The  estimates  include  an  increase  of  .$10,000  for  nematode  disease 
investigation.  The  need  for  work  here  has  broadened,  as  during 
the  last  year  it  has  become  ev^ident  that  many  of  the  root  troubles  of 
peach  and  other  fruit  trees  in  portions  of  California,  as  well  as  with 
clover  in  Idaho,  as  has  previously  been  known  with  respect  to  sugar 
beets  in  part  of  the  irrigated  territory,  is  attributable  to  nematodes, 
which  previously  have  been  attributed  to  soil  exhaustion  and  other 
causes. 

These  nematodes  which  cause  the  root  rot  of  the  fig  and  peach  in 
the  Gulf  territory,  and  in  some  places  in  cotton,  have  been  proven  to  ^ 
be  destructive  to  many  other  crops. 

There  is  one  other  phase  that  has  assumed  importance  which  only 
indirectly  is  related  to  plants,  namely,  the  part  tnat  these  organisms 
play  almost  certainly  in  the  control  of  certain  insects  which  damage    \ 
crops,  like  the  grassliopper. 

It  has  been  found  that  certain  nematodes  are  apparently  the  con- 
trolling parasites,  which  hold  the  grasshopper  increase  in  check, and 
reduces  in   certain   parts  of   the  country  at  least  the  grasshopper   } 
damage  to  crops. 

Now,  the  question  that  emerges  is  whether  it  may  not  be  possible, 
through  proper  guidance  and  tlirection  of  these  parasitic  nematodes, 
to  accomplish  a  sufficent  control  of  grasshoppers  to  reduce  the  epi- 
demic phase  of  grasshopper  injury  to  crops.  Tliat  is  merely  a  sug- 
gestion.    At  present,  it  nas  not  been  put  in  effect. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  suppose  I  ought  to  know,  but  will  you  tell  us    || 
what  these  nematodes  are?     Is  it  a  general  t<»rm  that  covers  a  great 
variety  of  bugs  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  It  covers  that  group  of  little,  l)ut  visible,  organ- 
isms, sometimes  known  as  eel  worms,  of  which  the  hookworm, 
which  causes  the  human  hookworm  disease,  is  one.  There  is  a  verv 
large  numher  of  species  of  them.  They  have  not  been  very  mucli 
studied. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Are  they  worms  or  bugs? 

i 


AGRICUIiTIJRAL  APPROPRIATION'   HIIJ,,   1024. 


If)? 


Dortor  'I'ayi.or.  Tlicv  arc  \\i»rtns,  and  tiny  linvp  not  boon  \n y 
miK'li  sluditMl  until  rrct'utly.  'Pli«'\'  arc  widely  [)rcvulrnt  in  those 
parts  of  tho  country  whore  tlio  soil  does  not  freeze  deep  or  hard  in 
wint4>r.  so  tlint  tliey  live  throw^h  the  winter. 

They  are  troiihlesoiiie  in  j^reerdiouses  in  the  North,  and  it  has  he- 
come  evident  during  this  last  summer  that  they  have  (►htained  lodjrj.- 
ment  in  the  open  jxround  in  various  plnees  as  far  north  ns  the  (treat 

I    Lakes  n><;ion. 
Mr.  BrcnANAN.   Vou  woiild  not  call  a  worm  that  is  lar<;e  enouirh  to 
cut  a  hean  stalk  down  a  nematode^ 

Doctor  Taylor.  No;  these  are  little  fellows.  You  can  liareiy  seo 
them  with  the  naked  (\ve.  hut  if  you  want  to  jjet  their  foeial  expres- 
sion you  ne(>(l  a  ma<;nifyinj;  j;lass. 

Mr.  Hi'cifAXAN'.  Some  are  injurious  and  some  are  heneficini  i 

Doctor  Taylor.  Some  live  on  «;rassho|)pers. 

Mr.  BrcFf.VN.vx.  And  some  of  them  eat  other  thirifrs^ 

J^octor  Taylor.  Yes.  That  phase  is  very  new.  If  I  were  not  here 
this  afternoon,  I  would  he  in  Doctor  Cobb's  laboratory  lookinj;  over 
some  frra.sshopper  corpses  that  he  has  been  workiiifj  with. 

I  would  like  to  remark  that  in  this  recent  development  in  coiniec- 
tion  with  th(\se  plant-disease  orjjanisms,  in  the  work  on  the  iwrna- 
todes  alfectinj;  "grasshoppers  there  is  a  close  cooperation  main- 
tained with  the  Bureau  of  ICntom()lo«;y,  and  there  is  no  overlapniuLT  or 
duplication — -the  lUMuatode  work  beinic  done  by  the  Bureau  ot  Plant 
Industry  and  the  insect  work  by  the  Bureau  of  Kntomology. 

Mr.  Andersox.  I  do  not  know  whether  this  is  the  place  to  brinp^ 
it  in  or  not,  but  I  think  that  a  year  or  two  aj^o  you  made  some  esti- 
mate with  respect  to  some  work  on  clover.  I  do  not  know  whether 
you  even  ^ot  the  money  or  not.  But  has  there  been  any  develop- 
ment in  connection  with  clover  seeds  ? 


CLOVER   CROWN    FROM    EUROPEAN    .SEED. 


Doctor  Taylor.  There  lias  been  tliis  rather  startlin*:^  developincnt 
during  the  present  sea^(»n,  as  regards  the  bi'luivior  of  clo^  er  i;rown 
from  European  clover  seed  imported  from  the  Mediterranean  region, 
where  lots  of  seetl  obtained  as  near  to  definite  sources  of  production 
as  we  could  get  them  without  sending  a  man  tliere  actually  to  collect 
the  seed,  W(>re  planted  in  contract  with  Ajnerican-<;rown  seeil  plots 
at  Arlington  Farm  and  in  several  States,  particularly  in  the  corn 
belt  and  lake  region,  where  during  the  miUl  winter  of  a  year  ago 
there  was  no  perceptible  diU'erence  in  the  behavior  of  the  crop. 
Gootl  stands  were  obtained  at  the  seeding  time  in  1!)21.  Thev  came 
through  the  winter  of  1921-22  without  material  difference  in  growth 
or  stand.  The  first  cutting  of  hay  in  11)22  was  substantially  alike, 
and  it  looked  as  though  one  seed  was  as  good  as  the  other.  Within 
three  weeks  after  the  mowing  at  Arlington  Farm,  however,  prac- 
tically every  plot  of  clover  grown  from  the  south  European  clover  seed 
showed  a  destructive  development  of  a  leaf  disease  which  before  the 
end  of  the  summer  had  kilhnl  off  from  half  to  two-thirds  of  the  stand, 
in  contrast  with  the  plots  from  American-grown  seed,  which  stood 
through  in  good  condition,  although  showing  some  sliglit  leaf  injury 
from  tliis  disease.  This  means  apparently  that  we  have  got  both  the 
question  of  winter  tenderness,  wliich  had  come  up  before,  during 


158  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRIATION  BELi,,  1924. 

severe  winters  without  a  snow  blanket  to  protect  the  plants,  and  we 
have  got  this  summer  disease  susceptibility  to  look  out  for  in  con- 
nection with  foreign  clover  seed. 

Of  course,  the  difficultv  at  present  is  that  we  have  not  yet  developed 
a  home-grown  supply  of  clover  seed  adequate  for  our  needs,  and  so 
there  is  a  continuing  large  importation  whenever  the  price  differential 
justifies. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  noticed  this  summer  when  T  was  home  quite  a 
number  of  clover  fields  that  appeared  to  have  the  leaves  covered,  or 
appeared  to  be  covered  with  a  sort  of  a  white  mold.  A  great  many 
or  some  fields  were  almost  white  with  it. 

Doctor  Taylor.  That  mildew  was  unusually  prevalent  this  year. 
It  was  at  Arlington  Farm,  and  was  more  conspicuous  on  clover  from 
American-grown  clover  seed  than  on  the  South  European.  It  does 
not,  so  far  as  has  been  ascertained,  through  feeding  tests  and  obser- 
vation, materially  injure  the  quality  of  the  forage.  It  probably  does 
reduce  the  quantity  somewhat.  It  does  not  kill  the  plant.  It 
appeared  to  be  a  seasonal,  climatic  result  of  weather  which  encouraged 
the  growth  of  this  fungus,  previously  unnoticed  or  unimportant. 

FOR    STUDYING   AND    TESTING    COMMERCIAL    SEEDS. 

On  page  98  is  our  seed  laboratory  paragraph,  in  wliich  there  is  no 
change  in  the  estimates. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  think  you  referred  last  year  to  some  develop- 
ment in  connection  with  the  buying  of  this  .seed  to  indicate  its  charac- 
ter, variety,  or  something.  I  would  like  to  have  you  tell  us  something 
about  that,  whether  anything  has  developed  from  it. 

Doctor  Taylor.  The  practical  way  of  informing  the  American 
farmer  as  to  what  the  clover  seed  is  that  he  is  buving,  as  between 
domestic  and  imported  seed,  appears  to  be  through  a  requirement 
of  coloring  of  the  imported  seed  before  entry.  Proposed  legislation 
has  been  agreed  to  in  principle  by  the  leading  representatives  of  the 
importing  seed  trade.  I  believe  the  department  has  not  yet  sub- 
mitted a  specific  draft  of  the  bill,  but  has  made  the  suggestion  to 
the  committee  that  that  would  seem  to  point  the  way  out. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Admitting  that  the  imported  seed  may  be  just 
as  good  or  even  better  than  the  domestic  variety,  isn't  the  dis- 
crimination of  this  product  upon  the  sole  ouestion  of  whether  or 
not  it  is  imported  wholly  immaterial,  and  almost  a  fictitious  one  i 
The  man  who  buys  seed  is  not  especiallv  interested  in  whether  it 
comes  from  this  country  or  some  other.  \{  it  is  just  as  good  as  what 
he  gets  in  this  country.  What  he  is  interested  in  is  in  getting  good 
seed,  is  it  not'^ 

Doctor  Taylor.  That  is  his  interest.  The  difficulty  at  present 
is  ho  has  no  wav  of  determining  at  all  what  the  climatic  endurance 
of  that  particular  lot  of  seed  is  as  determined  by  the  conditions  under 
which  it  is  grown. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Well,  as  a  practical  matter,  aside  from  that,  it 
would  give  the  imj)ort(>r  and  tne  farmer  an  opportunity  to  express 
liis  prejudices,  well  j'rounih'd  or  n(»t,  against  the  foreign  seed. 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes,  sir. 


AGRICULTURAL  AI*PIU)rRIATION    MILL,    r.C4.  !.')<» 

Mr.  Andkrson.  And  I  would  iinnj^iup  tliat  it  wouWl  vorv  mutfriidly 
ij'diicc  tlic  use  of  imported  sr<»d. 

Doctor  Tayi-ok.  It  wotild  tnid  t«)  «Mu-oiini<;i>  (In-  prudurtioii  of  an 
iid('(jMat(' supply  Iwrc,  flirouj^h  tlir  drv<>lopincut  of  prcftTiMiro  -intolli- 
m'Mt  prt'frrt'ucc  on  tlw  part  of  furuu'rs  f(ir  liomc-j^rowii  s«mm|. 

Mr.  Andkhson'.  Docs  this  item  includt'  your  rxporinuMitiil  iin[)ort><? 

Doctor  'I'ayi.ok.  The  iinporl-sccd  law  adtninistratiou  coinc-i  under 
this  item.     This  doc-;  not  include  forcij^n  seed  atid  plant  introduction. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  That  is  what  I  wjinte<l  to  know.  I  thouj^ht  not, 
hut  I  wanted  to  be  sure. 

Vtm    I\VK.STr(;ATt<)\AL    WOIJK    in     rflK     nfPROVKMKVT   OK   TKUKALS. 

Doctor  Tvii.ou.  On  j)a;4e  10(1  is  one  nf  (he  most  iniporlani  >id>- 
aj)pro{)rintions  of  (he  bureau  of  IMant  Industry  <>r  of  the  depart- 
ment, this  heinj;  the  one  which  covers  the  investigational  work  in 
the  improvement  of  cereals,  ijicludin;;  corrj  and  the  methods  of 
cereal  production. 

I(  includes  th(»  investij^ntiomd  work  on  (he  disejises  of  (he  cereals 
as  well  as  on  the  a«2:ronomio  and  plant  hreedinj^  experimentation. 
It  also  includes  und(>r  the  proviso  the  funds  for  the  harherry  eradica- 
tion campaii^n,  now  under  way  in  I'.i  of  the  princii)al  wheat-«^rowing 
States  including  the  sprin<^-wheat  States  where  tlie  hlack-stem  rust 
of  wheat  has  been  most  destructive. 

The  change  in  the  estimate*  involves  a  reduction  of  $150,000  in 
the  money  |)rovitled  for  barberry  eradication,  but  an  increjise  of 
$2r).()()()  for  investigational  work  outside  of  this  proviso  and  the 
transfer  from  the  subappropriation  for  cereal-disease  contrt)l  pre- 
viously r<»f(M'r(Ml  to  in  connection  with  the  fii-st  para^irraph  of  SI"), 000. 
which  heretofore  has  been  used  in  cereal-disease  control  work,  and 
it  is  desired  to  devote  that  to  cereal-disease  research  work  especially. 

The  net  chan<j;e.  therefore,  in  the  money  carried  by  the  subappro- 

Criation   is   a   decrease  of  S110,000,   all  of  which  comes  out   of   the 
arberrv-eradication  reduction,   $25,000    of  new  money    j^oing    into 
cereal  research. 

Mr.  Andeksox.  Let  me  ask  you  if  in  connection  with  that  $15,000 
which  is  transferred  from  the  cereal  disease  item  on  pa<^e  102,  do  you 
expect  to  continue  the  same  work  that  was  done  under  that  i(em,  or 
is  it  merely  a  transfer  of  that  work  i 

Doctor  fAVLOR.  Yes;  work  in  that  same  jjjeneral  field.  1  will  ask 
Doctor  Kellerman  to  elaborate  on  that  a  little,  so  that  it  will  be 
clearly  before  the  committee. 

CKI{K.\I.-I>ISEASK    WOKK    TIJ.\  NSFKKKKD. 

Doctor  Kkixf:r.m.vx.  Mr.  Chairnum,  you  will  probably  recall  under 
the  cereal-disease  control  item  (here  was  inserted  in  the  appropriation 
this  amount  becau.se  of  the  discovery  of  two  diseases — flag  smut  and 
take-all,  in  the  Middle  West. 

The  invest i«!;at ions  on  the  seriousness  and  the  general  spread  of 
take-all  have  indicated  that  it  is  a  disease  that  spreads  very  slowly. 
While  it  is  a  serious  disease,  it  is  a  disease  that  does  not  need  to  be 
handled  as  an  eradication  camj)aign.  It  can  not  be  so  handled,  since 
it  occurs  in  several  wheat  areas.     1 1  is  a  research  problem  rather  than 

220l'8— 22 11 


I 


160  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924, 

an  eradication  problem,  and  for  the  last  few  years  has  been  handled 
in  connection  with  our  investigational  work  on  cereals,  the  funds 
being  retained  in  this  cereal-control  item. 

In  addition  to  that,  the  flag-smut  problem  was  first  taken  up  with 
the  hope  of  the  eradication  of  flag  smut  from  the  one  county  in  which 
it  was  oelieved  to  occur  in  Illinois,  in  Madison  County,  but  it  does  not  | 
appear  that  we  will  be  able  to  have  any  reasonable  success.  We  are 
planning,  therefore,  to  change  that  also  into  a  control  instead  of  an 
eradication  type  of  campaign. 

And  in  connection  with  that,  also,  the  research  development  rather 
than  the  employment  of  inspectors  or  scouts  is  fundamental. 

In  cooperation  with  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  Indiana  we  are  carrying 
out  research  phases  which  have  been  deemed  best  here,  and  we  hope 
to  continue  this,  with  the  expectation  of  establishing  throughout  this 
region  varieties  of  wheat  that  will  yield  just  as  well  as  those  pre- 
viousl}"  grown  but  which  have  a  complete  resistance  to  flag  smut. 

As  the  situation  now  stands,  it  seems  to  us  that  that  is  the  only 
way  that  this  disease  can  be  checked  or  that  the  spread  of  the  dis- 
ease can  be  checked. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Well,  can  3^ou  maintain  along  these  programs  a 
program  to  confine  the  disease  in  the  areas  in  which  it  is  located  i  Is 
there  any  quarantine  i 

Doctor  Kellerman.  Federal  quarantine  has  never  been  placed  on 
this  area.  Quarantines  on  the  part  of  Illinois,  in  so  far  as  flag  smut 
is  concerned,  beyond  Illinois,  in  so  far  as  take-all  is  concerned,  have 
been  effectively  maintained,  with  the  gradual  leaping  out  of  flag 
smut  beyond  the  quarantine  area.  It  would  not  appear,  therefore, 
that  the  quarantine  policy  is  likely  to  be  of  any  great  benefit.  The 
opportunity  for  wind  dissemination,  the  impossibility  of  safeguard- 
ing, even  if  we  knew  of  the  distribution  of  spores  through  common 
carriers,  motors,  wagons,  farm  implements,  and  other  things  that  are 
likely  to  move  in  that  general  section  of  the  country,  make  it  now  | 
look  as  though  the  control  of  the  disease  bv  the  substitution  of  resist- 
ant wheats  is  about  the  only  thing  that  is  likely  to  be  effective  at  all. 
Quarantines  are  still  under  way,  but  our  expectations  are  that  they 
will  be  rapidly  loosened  instead  of  increased  in  severity. 


INCREASE   FOR   INVESTIGATIONAL    WORK    NEEDED. 


I 


I 


Doctor  Taylor.  The  need  for  the  enlargement  of  the  amount 
available  for  the  investigational  work  upon  the  cereals,  aside  from  the 
cereal-disease  work,  is  acute  for  the  reason  that  for  several  years  past 
the  investigational  work  has  stood  still,  financially,  the  increases  of  1 
funds  having  been  for  the  disease-control  work.  The  result  is  that 
the  highly  important  constructive  plant-breeding  work  has  lagged 
somewhat  behuid. 

It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  this  should  be  built  up.  The 
$25, 000  involved  there  is  desired,  SI 0. ()()()  for  enlargement  of  the 
corn-production  work,  covering  this  whole  field  of  varietal  improve- 
ment and  achiptability  determination  of  corn  with  special  reference  to 
the  Corn  Belt  and  SI  5, 000  for  the  breeding  and  introduction  of  drought 
resistant  and  winter  haidy  type  of  small  grain. 

One  ver^  inij)ortanl  thing  in  wheat  i)ro(hiction  is  the  pushing  of 
winter-wheat  production  just  as  far  nortn  as  winter  conditions  permit. 


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A(;iU<l'I/riK.\I,   AIM'Uol'KIATInX    miJ,,    ll»24.  10 1 

for  Nvinlcc  wlimts  coiiU'  rullH-r  miId  liiir\t'.-l  niiil  iiir  lf.s>  Jllv('l\  to  !»• 
tliuua^tMl  liy  lit)t  winds  nr  by  l)lu(k  stem  rusl,  fin  timt  matter.  It  is  a 
surer  crop  lliaii  spring;  wheat  and  a  heavier  yiehliiitr  <r(»p  fjcr  u<T(»  <»n 
tlie  avera«;e. 

Mr.   .VmiKH>«)N  .     \\  iitl  I-  li    i>  ;4i  "\\  II   III  till-   N  "I  I  ii,   i>  il    n.ii  ii  .'111  I  ii<u-> 

it  contain  a>  nui<  h  ;.'Uiten  as  sprinj;  wheal  '. 

Doettir  TayU)K.  It  is  not  as  hard  as  spring;  wlieat,  hut  lias  a  total 
food  vahie  per  acre  in  exei'ss  of  the  hard  sprin;;.  It  is  not  to  he 
expected  at  all  that  we  ever  will  hav<>  wint4'r  wheats  that  will 
entirely  displace  spiin;;  wlu-at  in  our  more  northern  tt'rrilory.  We 
do  not  know  of  any  types  t>f  wheat  that  appear  to  possess  hardinea>< 
sullieient  to  stand  the  winters  of  the  northern  Clreat  Plains  nrea 
.ifter  vou  tret  up  into  the  Dakotas.  up  to  North  Dakota,  particularly, 
hut  then'  is  reason  to  helieve  that  there  are  cold  <'ndurin;^  tyf)es  «jf 
wheal  ill  the  Asiatic  interior  that  are  (|uite  beyond  anythint^  that  we 
have  vet.  The  proi^ress  that  has  hcen  made  in  the  hrecdin;;  work 
with  the  material  that  we  have  t>ncouia<^es  the  hop<'  also  that  matt>riid 
increase  of  winter  hardiness  can  he  accomplished  in  tiic  ease  of  wheat 
that  would  make  it  possible  to  push  winter  wheat  production  eon- 
siderahlv  farther  north  thnii  it  ev<T  has  been  in  this  countrv.  That 
would  be  an  important  and  very  <lesirable  ihinj;  to  uccomplish.  On 
pa»;e  102.  the  eerreal  dise»i.se  control  item 

Mr.  Andeu.son  (interposing;).   Did  you  finish  this^ 

Doftor  Tavi.oij.  I  bei;  your  j^ardon.  Do  you  wish  ^omc  informa- 
tion upon  the  barberi'v  eradicalitm  '. 

Mr.  Andkk.son.  I  wanted  some  information  on  barberry  eradica- 
tion. Hut  I  understand  that  this  S2o.l)()()  is  going  to  be  used  entirely 
on  this  wheat  business. 

Doctor  Taylor.  On  wheat  and  corn. 

Mr.  .Vm)KI{S()n.  Wheat  and  corn.  I  want  a  good  deal  of  informa- 
ti(»n  on  this  barberry  eradication  plan. 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  would  suggest  that  Doctor  Kellerman  has  a 
map  here  that  will  help  you  to  understand  it. 

BARBERRY    ERADICATION. 

Doctor  Kellerman.  Mr.  Chairman,  the  work  of  barberry  eradi- 
cation was  considerably  enlarged  during  the  past  fiscal  year,  because 
of  the  increased  funds  put  at  the  disposal  of  the  bureau  bv  the  last 
Congress.  A  very  small  map  that  1  have  here  will  be  the  easiest 
wav  for  you  to  visualize,  approximately,  the  progre.ss  of  the  work. 

The  plans  of  the  activity  have  been  to  center  the  inspection  ami 
eradication  work  in  those  areas  where  losses  have  been  severe,  where 
the  escape  of  the  barberry,  if  it  oeeurred  (piite  generally  and  there 
were  delays  in  eradication,  would,  therefore,  result  in  a  very  much 
harder  campaign  as  each  year  went  by.  Accordingly,  the  most 
critical  insj)ections  and  the  hea\  iest  exi)en<litures  have  occurred  in 
the  central  portions  of  the  area  of  the  13  States- 

Mr.  Ander.son   (interposing).  Will  you  name  the  States^ 

Doctor  Kellei{Man.  They  are  North  Daki)ta.  Minnesota.  South 
Dakota,  and  Iowa.  The  inspections  there  have  been  conducted  in 
about  one-half,  a  little  bit  more  than  on(»-half.  of  the  areas  that  we 
think  must  be  very  carefully  inspiM'ted  and  inspected  on  a  farm- 
to-farm  basis  before  we  can  assume  that  the  eradication  work  ha.s- 
been  accomplished. 


162  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

A  little  bit  more  than  approximately  one-half  of  the  areas  of  tliese 
States,  more  than  a  half  of  the  areas  of  Michif^an,  Wisconsin.  Illinois. 
Indiana,  Ohio,  and  Nebraska,  remain  to  be  critically  inspected. 

In  addition,  we  find  that  the  sprouting  of  the  barberries  is  a  very 
troublesome  factor.  Even  after  a  farm-to-farm  survey  has  been 
completed,  we  will  probably  have  to  make  a  reinspection  a  year  or 
two  later  to  find  the  sprouts  which  farmers  are  likely  to  overlook. 

The  belief  in  the  success  of  the  barberry  eradication  in  preventing 
epidemics  and  destructive  epidemics  of  st<?m  rust,  I  think  is  now 
practically  universal. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Well,  mv  observation  does  not  agree  \^^th  that  at 
all.  Of  course,  my  section  of  the  country  does  not  raise  much  wiieat, 
but  I  do  not  think'  that  you  will  find  one  farmer  in  ten  out  there  that 
takes  any  stock  at  all  in  your  barberry  business. 

Doctor  Kellerman.  Well,  I  am  very  much  surprised  to  hear  that 
because  so  far  as  I  am  in  touch  with  this,  which  is,  of  coui-se,  largely 
second  hand — I  have  met  a  few  persons  from  where  the  work  has 
been  conducted,  and  those  as  a  general  rule.  I  think,  are  the  larger 
farmers,  and  therefore  they  may  not  represent  the  sentiment  of  the 
farm  group  as  a  whole.  But  taking  the  Farm  Bureau,  which  is  a 
fairly  direct  representation  of  the  sentiment  of  the  farmers,  taking 
our  correspondents,  the  reports  of  the  barberry  scouts  who  are  in 
most  intimate  contact  with  the  farmers,  I  think  that  there  is  no 
question  but  that  the  men  that  we  are  in  contact  with  are  most 
sympathetic  to  this  work,  and  the  overwhelming  majority  of  them 
believe  in  it. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Now,  let  me  ask  you  a  question  there.  How  long 
have  you  been  fighting  this  black  stem  rust  ? 

Doctor  Kellerman.  Well,  through  barberry  eradication,  you 
might  say,  since  1918. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  How  long  have  you  been  fighting  it  altogether — 
8,  10,  or  15  years? 

Doctor  Kellerman.  Oh,  50  years. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  All  right,  then,  from  your  50  years  of  experience, 
has  the  department  arrived  at  a  conclusion  that  barberry  eradication 
will  eradicate  the  stem  I'ust  ? 

Doctor  Kellerman.  Not  that  it  will  eradicate  stem  rust  as  u 
disease,  but  that  it  will  prevent  the  destructive  epidemics  that  have 
caused  such  heavy  crop  losses  as  occurred  in  1916,  for  exampk\ 

ERADICATION    OF   BARBEHRY    OK   GREAT    ECONOMIC   VAI-UE. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Then,  has  the  departnicnt  arrived  at  a  conclusion 
that  the  eradication  of  the  barberry  bush  will  be  itself  justified,  from 
an  economic  standpoint? 

Doctor  Kellermw.  From  our  study  and  investigation,  tluit  is 
what  we  generally  expect. 

Mr.  Bu(-iianan.  So  that  whether  the  farmers  believe  in  it  or  not, 
would  not  amount  to  anything  except  that  you  would  liave  tluMr 
cooperation  in  it  if  they  did.  and  if  they  did  not  believe  in  it  yt)U 
would  not  have  their  cooperation,  but  it  is  up  to  the  (JoviMnnient  to 
go  (m  with  the  work  and  prove  it  to  them. 

Doctxn-  Kkllkh.man.  It  would  not  cliange  our  belief.  We  b(»lieve 
«o.     Wc  arc  thoroughly  convinced  of  this  as  a  national  necessity. 


I 


AfmicrLTrilAI.  Al'lMlol'HIATIoN    iiir.i .    l;rjj.  183 

Mr.  BrciiANAx.  Vt's. 

DdCtor  KKI.I.KIfNfAN".  We  f'ollM  iKtt  -ih«to<I  in  a  <  aiii|mi;,'ri  i»f  tills 
sort  witlioul  jiliMost  tlie  uimniinoiis  sup|)ort  of  iIh-  finrmr-^  in  the 
tiTritorv  in  which  we  are  carrvinp  it  on. 

Mr.  Ai(MiAXAN.  I  ronlizc  that,  ami  I  say  if  thry  <!<»  not  hrlu-vr  in 
it.  tlx'ii  it  is  up  to  thr  (io\ j'riunmt  to  «;o  on  ami  <l('in<»nstratr  it  nn«l 
prove  it  to  them  an«l  ronvitjcc  thcni  of  its  vahir. 

Doctor  Kkm.kumav.  Ye.s,  sir. 

Doctor  Tayi-ok.  Mr.  .Vntlcrson.  i  think  the  rcsnlts  of  an  wi<|iiiry 
made  in  the  iMironran  <-ountrics  this  summer  l>y  Doctor  .Stakman  in 
I  t>nnecti«)n  with  tliis  work  which  Doctor  Kellornian  has  hoen  t^'lling 
you  of,' would  he  helpful  if  Doctor  Kellerman  will  present  them  to 
you. 

Mr.  A.NDEKsoN.  Ail  rij;ht;  let  us  liave  it. 

D(»ctor  Kkli.kkman.  'Phis  is  ri^ht  in  connection  with  the  attitude 
of  tlie  farmers  in  Kuropean  coimtries  toward  harhi'rrv  era<lication 
for  the  control  of  hlack  stem  rust.  We  have  a  report  here  in  connec- 
tion with  that  inquiry.  It  has  not  heen  issued  in  any  formal  puh- 
lication,  hut  I  think  that  it  is  quit«  illuminatinfj  as  to  what  the  con- 
census of  opinion  is  in  thosi'  countrii's  where  tliev  liave  l)(>en  at  this 
i()nsi<leral)lv  lon<;er  than  we  have  in  tlieir  elForts  to  c«)ntrol  the  di.sease. 

Doctor  IvF.LLKKMAN.  Mr.  Chairniaii.  Doctor  Stakman  wjis  sent  to 
iMnope 

.Mr.  Am)Ki:sox  (interposiniri.   liy  th"  department  d 

Doctor  Kki.lermax.  By  the  department;  yes,  sir.  He  was  s*  nt 
>  Europe  hec.uise  of  tlie  fe;'lin^  that.  aKh  )us;h  we  had  the  technical 
report.s  of  the  work  carried  on  in  these  countries,  the  lack  of  first- 
hand knowled«:e  was  a  iiandicap  in  ex|)lainini;  the  results  in  these 
foreiijn  countries.  Denmark.  p<irtieularly,  had  renurte  I  unusually 
favorahle  results  in  control  of  hlack-stem  rust  tnrough  harhorry 
eradication,  hut  no  American  representative  had  ever  examined  the 
con  lit  ions  in  that  country. 

D(»ctor  Stakman  made  a  thorou:;h  stuilv,  in  so  far  as  the  seasons 
permitteil,  not  only  in  Denmark  hut  in  f'rance,  Austria,  Huni^ary, 
and  Germany,  as  well  as  England,  and  found  that  the  feelinj;  in  those 
countries,  in  western  Kun)pe  throujjhout.  was  tjeneral.  not  only 
amon<;  the  specialists  hut  anion*;  the  farmers  as  well,  that  the  com- 
mon harberry  had  heen  almost  tlie  sole  cause  of  their  .serious  troubles 
with  black-stem  rust,  but  that  at  the  present  time  the  black-stem 
rust  was  not.  and  for  some  years  had  not  been  a  serious  (piestion, 
because  tliron«;h  the  elimination  of  thectunjnon  barberry,  and  in  most 
of  the  countrie^:  you  mijjjht  almost  say,  eradication  by  barberry 
eradication  laws,  black  stem  rust  hatl  disappeared. 

Mr.  AxDKU.sox.  What  relation  is  there  between  bhu-k  >tem  rust  :ind 
red  rust ( 

Doctor  Keli,f:rmax.  There  is  ju>l  a  dilFerence  in  the  season  of  the 
year.  Well,  of  course,  there  is  leaf  rust.  That  is  a  totally  tlifTerent 
species.  It  is,  tlwrefore,  ji  little  bit  confusini;  to  try  to  make  a  dis- 
tmction  between  what  is  known  as  black  stem  rust,  whicii  is  a  rust 
which  is  red  in  the  early  season  of  the  year,  and  the  leaf  rust,  whi<h 
is  commoidy  spok«'n  of  as  red  rust. 

Mr.  AxDKHsox.    Is  the  red  rust  a  destructive  rust  '. 

Doctor  Kkli.kh.m.vx.  That  has  not  been  considered  a  destructive 
disea^se,  although  duriig  the  past  two  years,  because  of  climatic  con- 


1G4  AOmCULTUKAL   ArPKOPRIATIOX    BILL,    Hr24. 

ditions  and  heavy  infestation,  it  lias  led  a  good  many  wheat  growei-s 
to  beliovo  it  is. 

IMr.  AxDKRsoN'.  Well,  I  think  that  is  partiallv  responsiMe  for  the 
fcehng  on  the  ])art  of  some  farnuTs  that  the  barhorrv  (Tathcation  has 
not  produced  results.  In  otlier  words,  they  make  no  distinction 
whatever  between  black  rusts  and  red  rust.  It  is  all  rust  and  if  they 
get  this  red  leaf  rust  and  it  spoils  the  crops  or  damages  them,  they 
make  no  (hstinction  with  regard  to  that  at  all.  They  just  assume 
that  the  eradication  of  the  barberrv  has  failed  to  eliminate  rnst. 
That  is  my  impression  as  to  one  of  the  reasons  why  tlu^  farmers  are 
more  skeptical  about  the  relation  ])etween  bjuherry  and  rust  than 
thev  would  be  otherwise. 

Doctor  Kellermax.  I  think  that  is  true,  Mr.  Chairman.  There  is 
one  thing  further.  It  is  not  only  a  different  species  of  rust,  but  other 
totally  different  species  are  considered  by  them  as  stem  rust.  I 
know  that  farmers  have  considered  wheat  scab,  which  does  not  show 
any  of  the  same  symptoms  except  that  you  get  your  swiveled  grain, 
as  rust  of  wheat  scab  infections.  I  know  that  many  farmers  have 
said  all  of  the  time  that  it  was  nothing  but  stem  rust  or  black  rust, 
and  as  such  they  have  actually  considered  it.  when  there  was  not 
any  black  rust  on  their  plants  at  all.  And  there  is  a  very  grent 
confusion  of  ideas  about  these  different  diseases,  but  no  disease  has 
sho^^^l  the  epidemic  character  of  the  black  rust.  There  is  no  disease 
of  wheat  that  we  have  now  that  has  been  able  to  destroy  such  enor- 
mous areas  of  grain  in  such  a  short  time  as  during  the  1914  and  1010 
epidemics  of  l3lack  stem  rust.  There  have  l)een.  it  is  true,  hx-al 
epidemics  even  in  areas  that  have  been  reported  as  cleaned  up  during 
the  past  year.  As  far  as  I  am  aware,  every  one  of  those  areas  has 
on  reexamination  been  found  to  have  been  not  perfectly  cleanctl. 
There  is  scattered  an  occasional  barberry. 

Mr.  Andersox.  Has  it  been  definitely  demonstrated  that  if  we  get 
rid  of  the  barberries  there  is  not  some  other  plant  on  which  this  stuff' 
will  winter  over? 

Doctor  Keli.erman.  Not  north  of  the  Nebraska  line.  I  tlank  that 
it  is  safe  to  say  that  in  the  average  winter  the  spores  will  not  live 
over  on  other  plants.  In  the  southern  plains  several  species  of  native 
grasses  will  carry  the  rust  over  winter,  but  in  the  Northern  areas 
that  we  commonly  refer  to  as  the  spring  wheat  areas  black  stem 
rust  can  over-winter  only  on  the  leaves  of  the  common  barberry. 
There  are  two  or  three  species  of  barberrv  and  of  nndionia  that  can 
carry  the  rust  over  winter;  these  are  nil  used  only  as  ornamentals. 
Generally  speaking,  the  common  barberrv  is  the  only  plaTit  that  has 
been  widely  used  and  the  only  one  that  has  been  planted  under  such 
conditions  that  it  is  beginning  to  s])rei'.(l  as  a  wild  |)lant  From  tlu> 
standpoint  of  the  rust-control  camj)aign,  therel\)rc,  the  comnion  bar- 
berry is  the  only  important  factor. 

Mr.  BrcHAN.VN.  Is  that  the  north  Nebraska  line  ^ 

Doctor  Ke[j.f.kmax.  Yes;  the  sju'ing  wbcat  area  sliown  on  this 
map  [iiulicating]  will  have  enidemics  of  black  stem  rust  if  the  barberry 
is  not  completely  eradicated.  In  the  South  the  riist  will  winter  over 
on  native  grasses,  but,  as  you  know,  black  stem  rust  is  not  a  very 
serious  facloi"  on  wiiiter  wheat. 

Mr.  JU'cnANAN.  "^'ou  say  thut  you  \V(Uild  not  lind  over-wintering 
spores  north  of  the  Nebraska  line  < 


Af;ni(TLTT'nAr,  ArpnopitiATiox  nii,i„  u>24.  165 

Doctor  Kki.i.kkm v\.  Y<-<.  sir. 

Doctor  Tayloh.  'I'liis  inn|)  here  will  show. 

Doctor  Kki.i.kiimav.  The  l.'J  States,  all  of  wlurh  |iro<iiicc  sonic 
sprinj;  wheat,  arc  the  States  in  which  this  campaign  i-<  of  die  j^reatcst 
iinj>ortarice. 

Mr.  IJi<iiA\AN.   Well,  are  all  of  those  north  of  the  Nehraska  line? 

Doctor  Kki.f.kiiman.   No;  Nehraska  is  included. 

Mr.  IU(  UANAN.    Is  that  the  north  «tr  south  Nehraska  line? 

Doctor  Kki.lku.man.  In  many  winters  the  north  half  of  Nehraska, 
I  possihly  all  of  Nehraska  wouM  he  clean«'d  up  through  the  severity 
of  the  winter.  In  some  winters  even  the  Nehraska  hne  mi<;ht  l>e  r 
Jittle  too  far  south  to  he  the  dead  line  on  spore  over-winterin;;.  hut 
in  that  general  area  there  is  a  line  that  waves  up  and  down  from  season 
to  season.  In  that  j^eneral  area  the  eradication  of  the  cf)mmon  !)ar- 
l)errv  is  undouhtedly  n  necessity  if  wheat  j^rowing  is  to  attain  its 
mu.xiinum  productivity. 

There  is  one  little  ccmiment  herein  Doctor  Stakman's  report  that  I 
would  like  to  read: 

I)uriii;;  a  IT-niili'  automohilc  trip  near  the  Irrn*  of  Kii^rland  not  a  trace  of  black  strm 

liit  wa.>*  fouii<l  I'Xct'pt  ni'ar  thrcf  l)arl)('rry  hushes.     •\>,'aiii.  in  Wah-.x,  not  a  trace  of  the 

ist  could  ho  found,  after  drivinp  for  a  prcat  many  miles,  except  on  several  farma 

'    '■•  there  were  harherries.     In  fart,  the  relation.xhip  here  was  iV)  clear  that  it  wa« 

le  j'a.'^ily  to  locate  ti>e  barberry  bu.'<he,-*  by  tracing  the  ru.^t  to  it.s  source.     Most 

oi  ilie  plant  patholouist.-^  of  Kni;lan<i  aj,Tee  that  black  .stem  ru.st  <an  not  exi.st  there 

without  the  <()inin(in  barbi-rry.     The  same  tliini:  .<eem.s  t<t  lie  true  throuiihout  moct  of 

France. 

Mr.  Bi'CHAN.vx.  In  those  countries,  how  do  the  climatic  conditions 
com{)are  with  the  climate  north  of  the  Nebraska  line,  or  south  of  the 
Nehraska  line  ? 

Doctor  Kellerman.  The  climatic  conditions  would  he  pretty 
Inuch  the  same  as  in  Nehraska,  except  that  the  extremes  are  not  so 
great. 

Mr.  Bttu  w  w".  Well,  does  it  <iet  as  cold  in  Nebraska  as  it  does 
there  ( 

Doctor  Kellekmax.   It  gets  colder  in  Nebraska.     It  gets  colder  in 

[Nebraska  than  it  does  in  those  coimtries.  except  in  occasional  areas  in 

nortliern  France.     It  wouki  compare  pretty  favorably  with  Austria 

antl  northern  Germany  and  Denmark.      Denmark   would   be  colder 

Ithan  Nebraska. 

Doctor  Taylor.  Their  summers  would  generally  l)e  cooli-r  than 
{Nebraska.  They  are  too  cool  for  corn.  They  are  not  as  far  from  the 
jocean  a.s  Nebraska,  an(l  they,  therefore,  have  less  hot  weather. 

Mr.  Broi.vxAX.  I  understood  the  chairman  to  say  that  there 
IVas  going  to  be  a  delegation  down  here  to  ask  for  a  large  increase  in 
[this  appropriatit)n.  Is  this  as  much  as  you  can  use  economically 
land  efticiently  ? 

Mr.  Andeksox.  Before  you  answ(«r  tiiat  (luestion,  let  me 

Doctor  Keller.max  (interposing).  That,  1  think,  is  a  rather  dif- 
Ificult  (luestion  to  answer. 

Mr.  Bl'ciiaxax.  That  is  the  question  by  which  we  are  to  be  guided 
in  making  appropriations  under  tliis  act. 

Doctor  Kellermax.  1  think  that  the  question  as  to  the  extent  to 
which  it  is  advisable  to  expend  money  is  a  question  that  would  have 
to  be  determined  on  other  grounds  also. 


t 


166  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  It  should  be  determined  alone  on  economic 
reasons. 

Doctor  Kellerman.  I  think  that  there  is  no  question  but  that  the 
money  that  we  have  spent  this  3'ear  has  been  a  wise  expenditure  and 
that  it  would  not  represent  the  most  economic  expenditure  even  yet. 
We  are  practically  certain  to  secure  a  considerable  augmentation  to 
our  funds  from  various  States  and  possibly  private  subscriptions. 

I  doubt  if  the  total  that  can  be  assembled  from  all  of  these  sources 
will  be  a  fund  that  will  be  so  large  that  it  would  weaken  the  organiza- 
tion to  handle  it.  It  is  always  dangerous  to  try  to  develop  an  organi- 
zation so  very  rapidly  that  we  can  not  select  the  right  kind  of  person- 
nel to  handle  the  work.  We  have  not  expanded  this  organization 
too  rapidly.  It  has  never  been  expanded  at  a  rate  that  has  made  it 
necessary  for  us  to  take  anybody  on  whom  we  were  in  the  least  doubt 
of.  It  could  be  doubled  easily  without  any  risks  of  breaking  down 
the  efhciency  of  the  personnel,  and  I  believe  that  the  more  rapidly 
we  get  this  work  done,  the  cheaper  it  will  be  for  the  country. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Let  me  ask  you  this:  Does  the  Government  put 
in  the  actual  labor  in  the  field  in  digging  up  these  barberry  bushes  ? 

Doctor  Kellerman.  No;  but  much  of  it  is  done  by  the  men, 
because  they  can  get  the  support  of  the  farmers  and  get  them  to  do 
the  work  more  cjuickly  by  snowing  them  just  how  to  do  it  in  the 
easiest  and  most  thorough  way. 

WORK    PERFORMED    UNDER    FEDERAL    AND    STATE    SUPERVISION. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Are  these  barberry  bushes  dug  under  the  personal 
direction  and  supervision  of  the  employees  of  the  department  ? 

Doctor  Kellerman.  In  a  very  large  numl)er  of  cases,  that  is  the 
case.  It  would  be  in  the  majority  of  cases,  I  would  suppose,  that 
the  bushes  are  dug  up  under  either  State  or  Federal  supervision. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Wlien  you  say  State  or  Federal  supervision,  do 
you  mean  to  say  that  the  State  or  Federal  oflicers  go  out  with  the 
farmers  and  take  a  pick  and  dig  up  these  barberry  bushes,  or  is  it 
done  by  the  farmers  and  then  do  the  farmers  report  back  that  they 
have  done  it;  now,  is  that  the  way  it  is  done  under  tlioir  supervision  { 

Doctor  Kellerman,  No;  in  cases  of  that  sort  the  farmer  and  his 
men  go  out  and  he  inspects  it. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  That  is  just  what  I  am  trying  to  get  at. 

Doctor  Kellerman.  And  the  inspector  goes  out  with  tliem  and  he 
very  probably  does  his  share  of  the  work  of  digging  those  bushes. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  lie  could  do  a  ^ood  deal  more  by  supervising  them 
than  sticking  a  grubbing  pt)]e  in  his  hand.       '     • 

Doctor  Kelleraian.  Except  just  showing  the  men  how  to  do  it. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Yes;  so  that  if  you  hatl  an  organization  you  could 
do  an  immense  amount  of  work  in  one  year,  with  the  cooperation  of  | 
the  farmers  ? 

Doctor  Kellerman.  I  think  that  we  have  pretty  generally  thatj 
cooperation.     There  may  be  some  areas  where  that  is  not  the  case, 
but  if  so  we  have  not  had  them  l)r()ught  very  sharply  to  our  atten- 
tion.    So  far  as   I   am   aware,   we   have  had   during   the   past  yearj 
enthusiastic  c()0])eration  from  individuals  as  well  as  from  the  Statej 
representatives. 


ACIUfTLTT'ItAI.   ArPiroPlUATION'    nii.i.,    VriA.  H'il 

Mr.  lU'CHANAN.  Wi'II,  f;rttm<;  buck  now  tn  my  «»ri^inHl  cuM-stiori. 
I  know  nothin<;  about  thr  cnnlication  of  the  l)arl)<'rrv  )>unIh's.  I  am 
in  favor  of  tlu'sc  aj)j)roj)riations  that  <'an  he  «*conomu-ally  t'xpciuh'd, 
that  will  be  for  the  bonclit  of  the  nation  and  the  nrotertion  of  the 
nation.  I  am  on  this  committco  and  whon  I  am  calu'd  on  to  vol**  for 
an  appropriatiotK  I  want  to  votr  for  that  amount  of  imtnry  ihat  the 
A'^ricultural  I)»'i)artiM«'nt  during  thr  li.'^cal  yrar  can  <'ni<i«'ntly  expend 
with  rconomical  results  to  the  wheat  indu.stry.     How  miuh  is  it  f 

Doctor  Kki.i.kicman.  I'ntil  wc  could  tell  more  definilelv  h«»w  nnich 
money  we  nro  «;oin^  to  «;et  from  the  Stat«'s.  it  would  be  hard  to  .say, 
or  state  what  our  limits  is.  We  can  expend  much  m(»re  than  we  are 
expendinj;  now  economically.  That  I  can  be  sure  of.  Whetlier  it 
is  the  best  thin<;  from  other  standpoints  for  us  to  spend  that  nnnh 
on  this  campai<;n  is  an  entirely  different  matter.  We  can  do  a  certain 
anutunt  of  work  with  the  money  that  is  estimated  for  here. 

DKSTUICTION    OF    WIIKAT    UV     IJLAfK    ST1:M    RUST. 

Mr.  Andkr.sox.  What  ha.s  been  the  maximum  destruction  of  wheat, 
estimated  destruction  of  wheat  from  black  stem  rust  ? 

Doctor  Keller.max.  About  2(H). 000, 000  bushels  in  one  year  is  tlie 
estimate. 

Mr.  Andf.rsox.  Do  you  know  of  any  place  where  vou  can  kill  off 
any  more,  or  where  we  can  save  any  more  money  than  that,  econ- 
omically ? 

Doctor  Kellerman.  1  think  that  if  we  can  prevent  that  kind  of 
an  epidemic,  that  it  is  the  best  that  we  can  do  almost  any  place. 

Mr.  HiTiiANAX.  There  was  another  year  when  we  come  very  near 
efpialini;  that. 

Doctor  Keller.max.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  BuciLANAN.  Another  year  when  the  loss  was  nearly  200.000.000 
bushels. 

Doctor  Kellermax.  There  were  two  years  when  the  loss  was 
nearly  that  {jreat. 

STATE    aid    I\    ER.*.DICATI0.S    WORK. 

Mr.  Ander.sox.  Can  anybody  tell  us  what  the  State  lefjislatures 
will  do  ^  Mv  understanding  is  that  it  is  the  expectation  that  the 
13  States — that  their  appropriations  will  possibly  be  about  $1.')0.000, 
wliicli  would  prol)ably  ix'  the  inaxiniuni. 

Doctor  Khllerman".  Yes;  and  that  as  a  supplement  to  the  ajipnt- 
priation  that  we  have  this  vear  would  not  represent  any  more  than 
an  increase  in  the  funds  that  could  well  be  put  into  this  kind  of 
activity. 

Mr.  Bi(  HANAN.  Why  do  you  want  to  ilecrease  the.se  estimates? 

Doctor  Kei-Lermax.  I  reijret  to  answer  that  we  didn't. 

Mr.  BrciiAXAX.  The  Budjjet  i 

Doctor  Keli-euman.  Well,  our  recommendation,  Mr.  Buchanan, 
was  for  the  sum  we  had  this  vcav.  That  was  tiie  sum  we  believi'd 
we  should  continue  to  expend. 

Mr.  BrcnAXAX.  S.5S2.000  f 

Mr.  AxDER.sox.  Do  you  feel  that  that  sum  would  be  adequate  with 
what  you  would  prol)al)ly  obtain  fnun  the  vStates? 


168  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   192-t. 

Doctor  Kellkrmax.  We  think  that  that  would  represent  a  good 
campaign,  perhaps  as  efficient  as  we  couhl  liope  to  make  it  in  this 
one  3^car. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  understood  that  there  was  to  be  a  conference  in 
MinneapoHs  on  the  9th  and  10th  of  November  on  tliis  suf)ject. 

Doctor  Kellerman.  Monchiy  and  Tuesday  of  this  week. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Was  tliat  hehl  ? 

Doctor  Kellerman.  The}'  held  it  and  it  was  a  very  enthusiastic 
conference. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Did  you  have  any  representatives  there  ? 

Doctor  Kellerman.  Yes;  we  had  three  men  there  and  both  Doctor 
Taylor  and  I  hoped  to  get  to  that  meeting. 

Mr.  Anderson.  So  did  I. 

Doctor  Kellerman.  But  there  were  too  many  things  going  on  in 
Washington  this  week,  which  made  it  impossible  for  us  to  go. 

That  meeting  was  a  very  enthusiastic  meeting  in  every  way.  The 
Farm  Ikireau  representatives,  State  representatives,  and  representa- 
tives of  the  grain  trade,  as  well  as  people  that  have  been  directly  con- 
cerned in  carrying  on  this  eradication  campaign,  have  indorsed  the 
campaign  to  the  utmost. 

The  representatives  from  the  different  States,  including  the  Farm 
Bureau  people,  have  pledged  themselves  to  do  everything  in  their 
power  to  bring  about  liberal  State  support.  And  the  entire  confer- 
ence, I  learned  just  a  few  moments  ago,  unofficially,  is  urging  more 
general  Federal  and  State  support  for  the  whole  campaign. 

Doctor  Taylor.  There  is  every  indication,  Mr.  Chairman,  of  wide- 
spread agreement  in  the  importance  of  the  work.  The  various  per- 
sons and  organizations  interested  hope  to  reduce  the  })rol)abilitv  of 
another  150,000,000  or  200,000,000  bushel  epidemic  through  prompt 
carrying  through  of  this  eradicating  cam])aign. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  have  alwa^'s  been  rather  conservative  in  rapidly 
expanding  programs  of  this  kind.  I  was  a  year  ago  on  this  one,  {)ut  I 
feel  that  if  this  is  ever  going  to  be  expanded  further  it  ouglit  to  be  done 
this  year.  We  are  in  a  better  position  to  expand  now  and  get  throufjh 
with  it  than  we  ever  have  been  or  probably  ever  will  be  again,  wiiile 
I  appreciate  the  need  of  economy. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Sometimes  economy  can  be  penny  wise  and  pound 
foolish. 

Doctor  Kellerisl\n.  I  would  like  to  read  one  other  parai^raj^h 
from  the  statement  of  Doctor  Stakman  with  regard  to  eradication  of 
i)arberry  bushes  in  Denmark  and  SwccUmi.     [R catling:] 

Barl)erry  bushes  havo  l)non  almost  com]>lotoly  romovod  from  IVnmark.  and  then' 
haH  not  hccii  a  siii<;;l('  serious  outhn^akot"  rust  since  I90:?.  when  most  of  the  luishes  wi-re 
.removed.  The  sporadic  outbreaks  now  can  easily  l)e  traced  to  l)arberrv  Imshes  which 
still  remain  in  wooded  and  waste  lands.  Nothin<j;  could  be  more  convincing;  than  the 
contrast  between  the  rust  situation  in  Deiunark  and  that  in  Sweden.  In  Denmark 
the  rust  does  no  dama<j;e  whatever.  In  SwetU'ii.  on  the  otlier  hand,  it  is  extremely 
destructive  because  of  the  tremendous  numl)er  of  barberry  ))ushes. 

The  reports  of  losses  in  Sweden  are  very  much  like  the  reports 
from  year  to  year  that  occur  in  our  own  spi-iiig  wlieal  region. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  Now, will  you  just  briefly  tell  us  how  this  work  was 
organized  this  year  ^ 

Doctor  KKF.i.KitNt.VN.  'I'hc  work  is  more  dt'diiitely  corrcbifcd  with 
the  county  agents  and  with  the  farm  bur(>atis  than  heretofore.      It 


AtJiU(  ri.Trn.vi.  ai'imiophiation  ihi.i.,  I'.k:4.  lO'J 

1ms  in«»rr  iicnrlv  rmclMMl  the  >^iair«'  t^f  ii  j^nnTiil  <*<|ii(hi lotiiil  c-niii{>tii<;n 
or  jin  extension  cumpjiitrn.  iwul  liiis  lan^oly  left  l!»(«  lii'lii  »»f  exprri- 
moiital  <lrv«'l<>|)iin'Ml.  \V«'  iin*.  tln'n'f<»ro.  working;  and  just  lis  fur  iw 
p(>ssil)l(>  iitili/ui;;  the  strrnt^tli  of  th(«  countv  a^ciit  oiyani/alion. 
The  work  is  (•(Mit«'r(Ml  in  n  Stuti'  Icadrr,  an*)  that  Stat*'  l«'a<l«*r  in 
flirili^li'Ml  with  lis  niMiiv  spccinl  -cuiits  as  the  fumls  av:iihihh'  will  per- 
mit 

Tht'st"  nuMj  arr  assi^iu'd  lo  didfrcnl  areas  to  work  «»vrr  as  spn-ial 
supervisors  and  to  coopiM'ntc  and  enlist  the  aid  of  the  eounty  a<;ent.s 
in  trying;  t(»  devehtp  supj)h'nn'ntnrv  information  an<l  ^upplementarv 
methods  of  spreatlin;;  information.  I*«)st<»rs,  cartoons,  cucuhirs.  an<l 
motion -picture  films  are  all  utilized  in  trvin«r  to  LTet  as  widely  spread 
as  possil)le  the  information  as  to  just  what  these  nu-n  are  supposed 
to  (lo.  hv  explainiui^  to  pe<iple  what  thev  are  doinj;.  so  that  their  work 
ca?i  he  devoted  tc)  scoutini;  work,  and  ex|)lainin«.;  the  hest  way  of 
huntinj;  for  harherry  hushes,  showinj;  people  where  tlu'V  are  likelv  to 
he  concealed,  what  kinil  of  a  country  they  can  expect  to  lind  them 
in.  aiul  what  kind  of  m(>thods  are  necessarv  to  thoroughly  kill  thcin. 

We  are  doinj;  some  experimental  work  m  a<lditioii  to  that  in  the 
utilization  of  poisons  instead  of  i^ruhhin;;  methods,  in  order  to  see 
whether  there  are  \Navs  of  makin*;  eradication  work  more  lhorou«;h 
and  cheaper,  hut  the  l)ulk  of  it  is  in  educatioiud  and  scoutinj;  work. 

Mr.  Andehson.  Do  these  scouts  travel  in  pairs,  or  do  they  j;o  alone  ? 

Doctor  lvKi,i.Ki{.MAN.  I  helieve  that  they  <^o  aloiu^  in  most  cases,  if 
not  in  all  cases.     They  can  cover  more  territory  in  thai  way. 

Mr.  Amjkk.sox.  My  information  whs  last  year  that  they  were  sent 
out  in  pairs,     i  never  could  see  very  much  sense  in  a  pair  arranj^ement. 

Mr.  \\i(  HA.NAN.  Company,  company. 

Mi-.  Andkuson.  Well,  the  way  it  was  explained  to  nu'  was  that  one 
went  u})  and  enjjaj^ed  the  farmer  in  conversation  at  the  front  doiw 
while  another  fellow  went  arf»und  to  the  hack  dooi'  to  see  if  th.erc 
were  any  harherries  around  there  any  place. 

Doctor  Tavlok.  At  times  and  in  |)laces  it  has  been  found  practica- 
ble and  economical  to  take  several  out  in  one  machine  and  work  a 
territory  v.liich  was  remote,  returning  toiicether  in  the  eveninjj,  so 
that  in  the  morning  outbound  and  in  the  evening  home-bound  there 
\\(udd  be  two  or  three  or  four  -a  llivver  capacity  load. 

Mr.  Anderso.n.  WJl,  is  this  movement  of  these  men,  for  instance, 
in  a  State,  is  it  directed  by  State  leaders,  so  that  you  have  a  local 
leadershi|i  there  which  is  familiar  with  the  local  conditions  aiul  can 
deal  with  it  from  the  standpoint  of  knowletlge  of  the  local  conditions  f 

Doctor  Tavlok.  Yes,  sir. 

Doctttr  Kkli, HUMAN.  We  sometimes  do  not  hoar  from  these  men 
except  from  montli  to  month,  but  the  "^  ate  leadeis  have  reports 
from  the  men  from  day  to  day. 

Doctor  Taylor.  In  c<uuiection  with  the  experimental  work  that 
Doctoi-  Kelleiman  mentioned,  with  reference  to  the  investigational 
work  that  is  being  done  in  connection  with  the  cdiemical  control  or 
eradication  of  the  barberries,  it  should  be  understootl  that  that  is 
chieHy  concerned  with  those  sections  where  there  has  been  a  rather 
large  escape  of  barberries  to  rocky,  rough  land  where  grul)bing  is 
almost  impossible,  and  where  it  is  clear  that  if  you  ever  expect  to 
kill  out  the  barberries,  vou  will  need    to   do  it  otherwise  tnan  bv 


170  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

grubbing.  Those  areas  are  not  large,  but  they  are  very  difTicult 
where  there  are  rocky,  rough  phices  that  are  thickly  set  with  barberry 
bushes.  There  are  some  such  in  Wisconsin,  some  in  Minnesota,  and 
some  on  rough  river  bank  territory  in  Iowa.  In  certain  of  those 
places,  organized  bees,  after  the  style  of  the  farming  country,  have 
been  enthusiastically  prosecuted  by  the  communities.  By  the  use 
of  certain  arsenical  poisons  and  common  salt,  in  heavy  applications, 
the  eradication  appears  to  be  more  thorough  than  in  any  other  way. 

CEREAL   DISEASE-CONTROL    WORK. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  item  is  the  item  on  page  102. 

Doctor  Taylor.  The  item  on  page  102  is  that  for  cereal  disease 
control,  one  which  it  is  proposed  to  eliminate  by  transferring  funds 
to  these  other  places  that  have  been  mentioned. 

The  next  is  on  page  104,  for  the  breeding  and  physiological  study 
of  alkali-resistant  and  drought-resistant  crops. 

TOBACCO   INVESTIGATIONS. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  How  about  this  tobacco  item  on  page  102  >.  I> 
that  all  the  same  \ 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  beg  your  pardon.  The  tobacco  item  on  page 
102  contemplates  continuance  of  the  work  as  it  is.  It  is  proceeiUn^ 
effectively. 

FOR  THE   BREEDUNG   AND   PHYSIOLOGICAL  STUDY    OF  ALKALI-RESISTANT 

AND    DROUGHT-RESISTANT   CROPS. 

The  next  item  is  on  page  104,  for  the  breeding  and  j)hvsiological 
study  of  alkali-resistant  and  drought-resistant  crops.  Tiicre  is  no 
change  proposed  in  that  item.  That  work  is  proceeding  as  hereto- 
fore. The  same  remark  would  apply  to  subappr()i)riation  for  sugar 
plant  investigations  on  page  105. 

SUGAR-PLANT    IXVESTKJATIONS. 


Mr.  Anderson.  Mav  I  ask  you  in  connection  with  the  sugar-plan  | 
item  if  you  have  observed  any  extension  of  the  sugar-lxu't  area  in  ' 
the  country  within  the  last  year  or  two '. 

Doctor  Tayix)R.  There  has  been  material  reduction  of  acreage  of 
sugar  beets  grown  in  the  vicinities  of  the  sugar  factories  in  most 
parts  of  the  country  as  a  result  of  the  unsatisfactory  outcome  of  the 
crops  of  1920  and  1921,  and  tiic  deflation  of  price  which  cauic  to  a  heaii 
in  the  contract  price  for  sugar  beets  in  the  season  of  1922,  which,  of 
course,  was  determined  hist  winter,  when  the  sugar  market  was  at  its 
lowest  and  the  sugar  factories  were  experiencing  very  l)(>avv  losses 
due  to  the  war  rate  contracts  for  beets  wiftch  thoy  were  cari'ving  ami 
the  low  selling  price  of  sugar  which  they  confronted.  Tlieiv  was  ilis- 
satisfaction  among  beet  gi-o\V(>rs  which  ((»ok  the  form  of  reduceil 
contract  acreages  so  that  the  acreage  for  this  year  in  ct)niparison  to 
that  for  the  preceding  three  years,  1  would  say,  without  having  the 
exact  figures  in  mind,  is  nniterially  less.  However,  there  is  continu- 
ing int(>rest  in  territory  not  y(^t  ('(juippivj  with  IxMM-sugar  factoi"i(>s  in 


AcnicrLTrriAr.  APiMtopniATiov  nn  i.,  v.r2\. 


171 


(!;r  i)(»ssil)ility  of  <lt'vrl«)|)iii«;  .sii«;ar-l)r<'t  prtxiuctioii  «)n  ii  urnlv  wtiich 
would  jiisiify  fact<»rv  crrchoii.  Tlint  is  (nic  in  |)<»rtiniis  of  Nrw 
Mfxiro.  We  liHvc  a  rrcciit  in(|uiiv  rrj^ardin^  an  area  llwrv  and  it 
is  truo  in  a  nuinhor  of  sections  whon*  prain  crops  havo  not  pai<l  and 
where  a  more  intensive  croj)  is  attractive  to  the  farmers  as  u  possible 
stahili/in^  feature  of  their  farmi!);;. 

In  the  irii^ated  regions  i^cnrruiiy,  where  there  is  not  neniatodi' 
infection  or  curly-top  disease,  the  interest,  I  should  say.  is  well  sus- 
tained, with  indication  of  a  rather  steady  enlarj^enient  of  the  heet- 
growinj;  area  of  th<'  country. 

FX>U    l.NVK.STKJATION.     KTC.     OK     WII.H     I'LANTS,    (JRAZIN(J     LANDS,     KTC. 

On  pa<;c  107,  tile  suhapproprint  ion.  "For  in\  <>sti<;alion,  improve- 
ment, and  utilization  of  wild  plants  and  <;ra/,in;;  lands,  and  for 
determinin}»  the  dis|)osition  of  weeds  and  means  of  their  control," 
the  estimate  provides  nn  incr(>ase  of  .•?•'{,(»()()  needed  for  weed-control 
invest i<;ational  work.  The  weed  problem,  esp(>cially  in  the  wlieat- 
urowinj;  territory,  where  the  weed  content  of  tne  threshed  crop  is  an 
important  feature  in  determinin<;  the  jjrade  of  the  *;rain,  needs  more 
thorou<;li  and  persistent  work  in  the  investiirntion  of  the  life  history 
of  some  of  the  weeds  that  are  troublesome  and  ciiuses  penalizations  of 
the  farmer  in  the  fjradinj;  of  his  fjrain. 

(iarlic  is  one  of  those.  In  the  whole  (piestion  of  j^ariicky  wheat, 
which  results  inevitably  in  the  penalization  of  the  (]jrower  beyond  the 
economic  or  financial  damaj^e  that  occurs,  there  is  neetled  fuller 
information  than  we  yet  have  as  to  the  best  methods  of  controlling 
<;arlic  in  the  rej^ions  where  it  is  established.  The  same  applies  for 
a  very  ilifferent  reason  to  the  spring-wheat  territory  with  respect  to 
the  so-called  wild  pea.  It  is  a  vetch  -a  wild  vetch  that  lowers  the 
grade.     It  is  dilhcult  of  separation  from  the  grain. 

Mr.  BicirANAX.   It  necessarily  reduces  the  yields 

Doctor  Taylor.  It  reduces  the  yield  somewhat.  Also  it  is  diflicult 
to  clean  out  for  milling,  as  well  as  from  seed  grain. 

Mr.  .Vndkilsox.  As  a  general  thing  the  presence  of  these  weeds  in 
the  wheat,  for  (example,  is  it  or  not  the  result  of  seed  that  is  not 
cleaned  or  is  it  a  continual  volunteering  of  the  seed  ( 

Doctor  Taylor.  It  sometimes  is  the  result  of  continual  growing  ol 
that  |)articular  crop  on  a  given  field  without  the  rotation  of  a  cleaning 
tilled  crop,  like  corn,  or  more  intensive  farming,  and  while  we  advo- 
cate more  intensive  cullivatitm  and  tilled  crops  in  the  interest  of  good 
farming  generally  and  in  the  interest  of  weed  elimination,  we  can  not 
overlook  the  fact  that  under  some  conditions  the  farmer  just  can  not 
carry  a  large  acreage  of  c(u-n  or  of  any  other  tilled  crop.  He  is 
practically  forced  to  grow  a  large  proportion  of  his  acreage  in  st)wed 
grains  with  the  labor  that  1h'  has  and  the  market  that  he  has.  So  it 
is  imj)ortant  to  locate  the  weak  spots  in  the  life  history  of  the  rela- 
tively few  troublesome  weeds  if  that  can  be  done,  to  develop  methods 
of  controlling  them  measurably  in  general  grain-growing  practice. 
That  seems  to  be  all  that  the  farmer  can  do  under  the  existing 
circumstances. 

Mr.  AxnKRsox.  To  what  extent  can  the  situation  be  corrected 
by  growing  barley,  or  rye,  or  crops  that  mature  earlier^ 


172  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BlIX,   li>24. 

Doctor  Tavloh.  Thoro  is  a  possibility  there  in  case  of  certain  of 
the  weeds  that  do  not  mature  as  earlv  as  these  grains  do.  In  case 
of  garhc,  it  is  becoming:  very  troublesome  in  the  Middle  West,  in 
Missouri  and  Kansas.  The  St.  Tjouis  market  durini;  the  lust  two  or 
three  years  has  })een  full  of  jjarlicky  wheat,  as  well  as  this  old  gar- 
licky  country  of  Maryland,  Delaware,  and  tidewater  ^'iro;inia.  The 
practical  control  has  o^ot  to  come  through  deep  ploughing  in  the  fall 
and  the  planting  of  tilled  crops  with  jiractically  clean  cultivation 
for  at  least  one  year.  The  deep  ph^ughing  results  in  a  freezing  and 
cleaning  out  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  bulbs,  the  clean  tilling 
killing  the  remainder;  the  keeping  of  the  f(>nce  rows  clean  as  well  .»- 
the  fields  is  important,  so  that  there  will  not  be  a  reseeding  of  the 
field  quickly  from  the  fence  rows. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  much  is  the  wheat  penalized  because  of 
garlic  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  It  is  rather  diflicult  to  get  at  that,  but  there  have 
been  cases  where  studies  have  been  made  on  a  fairly  large  scale 
where  the  actua'l  penalization  that  the  farmer  has  carried  has  been 
an^'where  from  10  to  15  cents  a  bushel.  There  was  an  estimate 
recently  made  based  on  a  careful  study  of  the  inspection  of  the 
ports  of  Philadelphia,  Boston,  and  Baltimore,  where  most  of  the 
wheat  is  exported — the  Pennsylvania-grown  wheat— and  it  showed 
that  the  farmers  in  Pennsylvania  had  been  penalized  during  tlu' 
year  in  f|uestion  something  like  a  million  dollars  merely  on  account 
of  garlic,  and  Pennsylvania  is  not  an  important  wheat-exporting  State. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Of  course,  the  penalization  would  pn)bably  be 
relatively  greater  in  the  smaller  markets  than  it  would  be  in  the 
larer  ones  ? 

dry-land  agricultural  investigations. 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes.  On  page  lOS  is  the  appn^priation  for  dry- 
land agricultural  investigaticms.  The  estimates  provide  an  increase 
of  SI  1,000,  and  the  addition  of  a  proviso  removing  this  paragraph 
from  the  limitations  in  this  act  as  to  the  cost  of  farm  buildings.  The 
reason  for  the  increased  appropriation  is  to  make  possible  the  replac- 
ing of  implements  and  ef|uipment  and  the  repair  of  buihlings  on  the 
field  stations  that  are  carried  under  this  subappropi-iation.  (K  these. 
2  have  been  in  operation  for  15  years;  2  for  11  years:  2  for  9  yeai-s; 
1  each  for  S,  7,  and  G  years,  respectively,  and  during  the  period 
(substantially  the  period  since  \\)\-i)  there  has  been  necessarily  a 
postponement  of  repair  and  replacements  that  we  now  have  to  make. 
Buildings  need  painting.  Implements  have  been  used  to  the  limit 
of  their  efliciency,  ami  the  estimate  is  to  cov(>r  that  feature. 

Mr.  A.NDEKsoN.  How  extensive  are  the  buildings  maintained  on 
these  dry-land  stations  ^ 

Doctor  Taylor.  They  vary  greatly  from  distinctly  important  aiul 
permanent  types  of  structure  at  Mandan,  N.  Dak.,  where  the  experi- 
ment station  was  speci(ically  providtMl  for  by  (\vngre.ss  several  years 
ago,  to  a  typical  building  outfit  at  such  a  field  station  as  wouhl  con- 
sist of  a  dwelling  for  the  superintendent,  a  bariL  a  tool  Ikuisc  in 
some  places  a  tlu'csliing  building  for  the  handling  of  numerous  ex- 
perimental lots  of  grain  five  or  six  frame  huildings.  which  would 
r(^[)resent  an  investment  of  probably  ten  or  t\\('lv(>  thousand  dollars. 


AOnirn^TrRAL  APlMiniMllATIflN    iwi.r.,    l'»2l.  17.*^ 

Mr.  BrciiANAN.  Thcsr  stntions  iirr  ('ii;;ii;;o<l  in  i'\[)rririuMital  funn- 
in;.'.  aro  tlirv  not  ( 

Doctor  'I'v^  i.ou.  Yrs.  hi  the  (Irrat  IMaiiis  rcjriou.  from  fhr  Catiii- 
ilian  lionlcr  <i()\vn  t(»  middle  wostorn  Toxas. 

\   \  M    t  III  K    l(  Ksl    I  rs    c  III  r  s  I  v.  1^  1 1    )  in  I  M     i  >it  \    i   t  v  ii    r  \  ii  m i  v.  i. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  Ait  \vr^i>ltiii«;  aiivwlu'ir  with  this  drv-laiid  rariiiii)^ 
proposition  '. 

Doctor  'rvvr.«)K.  Wo  aro  jjottin^  \  ahiahU>  rt'sults  tliroii^h  this  work, 
and  I  say  that  advisedly,  because  this  work  is  the  spinal  'ohinin 
which  lar«j:cly  sustains  all  of  the  experimental  work  <»f  the  dry-farminj; 
re«:ions.  The  State  if\st itutions  are  eooperatin<;  with  tis.  supplement- 
ing this  work  with  independent  stations  in  certain  <'ases.  We  are 
gettin<4  a  basis  of  facts  which  is  ^oinj;  to  he  exceedingly  helpful  in 
the  orientation  of  the  aijriculture  <»f  the  future  in  that  territory. 
The  sad  thin^  is  that  we  could  nt)t  have  had  this  W(»rk  done  before  a 
<;ood  deal  of  that  country  was  opeiwd  and  its  farming;  bej^un,'  as  it 
was.  upon  an  exploit  at  ional  basis  in  the  earlier  years. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  What  relation  will  this  dry-land  experimental 
work  have  to  livestock  raisinj;  ami  f()ra«;e  ^ 

Doctor  Tayloh.  Exactly  this  -the  development  of  a  permanent 
live-stock  industry  there  retjuires  a  fairly  constant  supply  of  planted 
forajje  as  well  as  ade<|unte  fjru/.in*:  land  and  it  is  j^oini;  to  refpiire 
probably  the  provision  of  forage  for  the  e(|iiiv)dent  of  a  winter 
IS  months  lonj;— a  part  of  it  hot. 

In  other  words,  the  nonproductive  seasons  in  which  practicallv 
no  planted  crops  make  a  yield.  The  qufvstion  as  to  the  acreaj^e  unit 
that  a  farmer  can  hope  to  support  his  familv  on,  the  types  of  crops 
that  he  can  afford  to  grow,  the  methods  of  tillacre  that  will  insure 
supplies  of  forage  and  grain,  all  have  to  be  calculated  from  the  data 
obtained  by  exj>erimentation  at  these  stations.  The  determination 
of  the  frecjuency  of  these  IS  months'  long  periods  of  light  productions 
are  through  these  records.  They  are  the  places  wliere,  because  of  the 
continuous  maintenance  of  the  work,  the  facts  can  be  recorded  and 
made  available.  Tlien,  too,  the  preventi(»n  of  irrational  exnloitation 
of  these  lands  has  got  to  come  through  the  availability  of  information 
of  this  character  to  tlie  public. 

Mr.  Andf.kson.  It  seems  to  me  the  production  of  grain  crops  in 
this  section  where  you  have  periodic  failures  and  long  distances  from 
markets  and  great  disadvantages  in  freight  rates  is  ahnost  hopeless 
unless  you  can  develop  a  live-stock  industry  which  will  reduce  the 
cost  of  getting  to  the  market. 

Doctor  Taylor.  The  shape  in  whicli  it  has  crystallized  in  some  of 
our  minds  is  about  like  this:  That  the  farming  of  considerable  areas 
where  almost  sole  reliance  has  been  placed  on  grain  for  sale  will  have 
to  be  readjusted  to  the  basis  of  a  live-stock  industry  based  primarily 
upon  grazing  on  operating  units  big  enough  to  maintain  a  farm  family. 
Tnis  necessitates  production  of  sulhcient  supplies  of  forage  to  carry 
the  stock  through  the  winter  and  to  provide  a  carry-over  of  either 
dry  or  ensiled  forage  for  tlu'  bad  years.  Grain  production  is  a 
scmispeculative  })ossibility,  the  grain  crop  to  be  put  in  when 
the  spring  prospects  look  right  for  making  a  good  crop,  but  grain 
for  sale  not  to  be  relied  on  for  the  support  of  the  family.    The  grain 


174  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924, 

crops  will  probably  need  to  be  regarded  as  an  occasional  source  of 
cash  income  supplemental  to  this  basic  live-stock  operation  rather 
than  as  the  basic  feature  of  the  farming. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Stock  raising  country  with  farming  as  an  inci- 
dent? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes. 

LIMITATION    AS   TO   COST   OF   FARM    BUILDINGS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  notice  this  proviso  says  that  the  limitation  in 
this  act  as  to  the  cost  of  farm  buildings  shall  not  apply  to  this  para- 
graph. Is  that  limitation  carried  in  the  appropriation  bill  or  in 
the  law  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  It  is  in  this  bill  and  it  is  a  limitation  of  expense 
of  any  farm  building  erected  under  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry 
to  a  maximum  of  $1,500.  A  considerable  number  of  these  buildings 
on  these  field  stations  have  cost  more  than  that  and  would  cost 
considerably  more  than  that  to  replace  in  event  of  storm  or  fire 
destruction.  As  it  stands  we  would  be  helpless  until  Congress 
authorized  the  expenditure  in  case  we  have  a  fire  or  destruction  by 
wind  storm  there. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Wliat  would  be  the  maximum  cost  of  buildings 
to  be  constructed  there  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Probably  under  present  costs  $3,500  to  S4,500 
would  cover  all  but  three  or  four.  I  could  not  answer  that  more 
specifically  than  that. 

WESTERN    IRRIGATION    AGRICULTLTIE. 

Page  110,  subappropriation  for  investigations  in  connection  with 
western  irrigation  agriculture,  the  utilization  of  lands  reclaimed 
under  the  reclamation  act,  and  other  areas  in  the  arid  and  scniiarid 
regions,  covers  the  corresponding  experiment  work  on  Government 
reclamation  projects. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  many  have  you  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  think  it  is  seven,  including  the  field  station 
at  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  which  is  not  on  the  Government  reclamation 
project,  but  is  devoted  to  irrigation  practices  of  similar  character. 

nut  culture  investigations. 

Page  112  is  the  subappr()i)riation  for  the  investigation,  improve- 
ment, encouragement,  and  examination  of  the  a(laj)tal)ihty  of 
various  species  of  nuts,  etc.  The  increase  over  the  amount  carried 
by  the  regular  appropriation  bill  of  last  year  is  $10,000,  the  regular 
appropriation  of  $20,000  having  been  supplemented  by  $5,000  pro- 
viiled  in  tiie  deficiency  appropriation  hill  of  Jiyie  150,  to  provide  for 
a  field  station  in  the  southern  pecan  territory,  the  maintenance  of 
which,  together  with  the  other  work,  will  require  a  net  increase  of 
$5,000  for  next  year  over  tiu^  total  that  is  availabh^  for  tliis  year. 

PECAN    INUUSTllY. 

'IMie  increase  is  needed  piimarily  for  work  on  the  pecan  problem  in 
the  South  and  the  wahuit  and  almond  work  in  the  Pacific  Cojust 
States CaUfornia,  Oregon,  and  Washington.     It  represents  a  modest 


AfJKlcri.TrilAL   APPnoPHIATION    IIIIJ,,    1U24.  175 

provisidri  for  this  iiifunt  typo  of  onlinnlinjj.  wlticli  is  n<4>^uiniii^  <'on- 
si«l(Miil)l('  iinporluiuM"  iiiul  j)ntinis<>>  to  Im«  of  slill  mor«'  import  unci'  in 
our  fiituri'  foo«l  siipplv.  'rln*  pecan  in  sonu*  si'ctioiis  of  the  roiintrv 
alrfndy  h»s  hcroinr  a  (iotiiiriatil  onliard  rrop.  'I'hat  is  s|)»'ri(i<'iillv 
true  ill  soutluMii  (ieorjjia  and  nortlicni  Klori<!a.  Tlwrr  is  every 
reason  to  expert  that  it  will  heeome  of  larjjer  importance  in  Ixxiisiana 
and  Texas  where  heretofore  the  wild  production  has  been  so  j^reat 
that  the  interest  in  (he  plaritin;;  of  com!n«>r<'ial     — 

Mr.    Hi  (  HANAN    (inlerposintji.     \\  >•   :iI|.:hI\    Isni.u    till-  siiil   i«.  )idM|>t<*d 

to  them.     Wo  800  the  trees  tJiere. 

Doctor  'I'ayi.oii.  Yes.  'Hie  hi^t^est  {)e<*an  trees  1  have  seen  at  all 
are.  \  think,  in  tiw  Trinity  \'alley,  up  near  Hedlcv.  Tex.  Fiuf  one  of 
the  practical  things  of  imjxirtance  is  the  dctcrinnnilion  of  the  adapta- 
bility of  the  particular  improved  varietios  to  s|)e<'ial  soil  typos. 
There  are  some  marked  difrerences  in  the  behavior  of  such  varieties, 
such  as  the  Schh'v,  which  is  hij^hly  <lesirable  after  you  };et  it,  bears 
well.  brin«;s  i^ood  prices,  etc.  It  needs  the  same  s(»rt  of  study  as  the 
apj)le,  peach,  pear  -in  fact,  all  the  tree  fruits  have  re(]uired  before 
tney  are  shaken  down  into  their  permanent  production  territory. 
It  is  one  of  the  distinctly  important  infant  orcliard  features  of  (»ur 
tt«;riculture. 

Mr.  Bit  iiANA.v.  I  think  so  too,  and  I  think  wo  know  that  the  land 
is  adapted  to  it.      I  know  so  in  my  section. 

J)octor  Tayloii.  Of  course,  vou  luive  there  in  your  section  the 
natural  pecan  production  to  {i^uide  you.  The  surprising;  thinjj  is  that 
the  commercial  pecan  orchard  in  its  most  intensive  form  has  developed 
outside  of  its  natural  territory — - — 

Mr.  BiTHANA.v  (interposing).  Do  you  know  why  it  is  ^  It  is 
because  it  takes  pecans  too  lonj;  to  develop  into  somethini;  pr(»fitable. 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes,  sir;  and  that  is  wny,  in  the  Southeast,  if  they 
wanted  pecans,  they  had  to  jjo  to  w^ork  and  raise  them.  They  could 
not  go  to  the  woods  and  get  them. 

FOB    INVESnOATlON    AND   IMPROVEME.VT   OF    FRUIT    AND    METHODS    OF 

FuriT  (;h()WI\(;. 

On  page  113.  the  sul)!ipproj)riation  for  investigation  and  improve- 
ment of  fruit  and  methods  of  iruit  growing,  there  is  an  actual  increa.se 
of  §1'),()()0.  This  is  required  for  the  j)rovisi()n  of  fences,  buildings, 
equipment  for  the  operation  of  the  two  experimental  vineyards  which 
('ongress  authorized  the  purchase  of  last  year,  and  which  are  now 
government  property,  but  have  to  be  operated  by  the  department 
directly  instead  of  indirectly  through  cooperating  owners  of  the  land. 
These  are  at  Fresno  and  Oakville,  C'alif.  One  is  in  the  hot  San  Joa- 
quin \  alley,  the  raisin  territory,  and  the  other  in  the  co(»lcr  bay  region. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  They  seem  to  l>c  g(>ttinir  along  v(M-v  well  with  their 
price  without  much  help. 

Doctor  Taylor.  They  have  through  the  unexpected  developments 
following  the  constitutional  amenchnent,  up  to  this  year,  but  they  have 
had  very  severe  losses  this  year  through  failure  (»f  the  transportation 
systems  to  move  the  fresh  grapes  to  the  Eastern  consumers.  This 
work  was  begun  back  in  the  days  when  wine  and  brandy  were  the 
principal  objectives  of  the  growers  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  acreage 
of  graj)es. 

22028—22 12 


176  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,  1924. 

Mr.  Anderson.  This  increase,  I  underetand,  is  to  cover  additional 
equipment,  fencing  and  so  on,  but  does  not  enlarge  the  experimental 
station. 

Doctor  Taylor.  No;  it  does  not  enlarge  the  area  at  all.  These 
vineyards  were  established  as  cooperative  vineyards,  the  labor  upon 
which,  the  team  power,  and  the  buildings  used  for  which,  were  se- 
cured by  the  department  from  the  growers  through  reimbursement  of 
the  actual  operating  expense  of  labor,  material,  etc.,  to  the  owners  of 
the  land. 

Congress  decided  to  purchase  the  vineyards  when  the  apprehended 
catastrophe  loomed  up  and  authorized  their  purchase.  These  are 
now  Government-owned  property  without  fencing  or  buildings  and 
without  operating  equipment.  This  year  they  have  been  carried 
along  under  a  makeshift  arrangement  with  the  neighbors,  which  it  is 
not  practical  to  continue. 

Mr.  Anderson.  There  are  no  ])uildings  on  these  properties  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  No,  sir. 

Mr.  Anderson.  And  no  fences? 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  believe  there  is  an  outside  fence  along  the  Fresno 
property. 

Mr.  Andersox.  What  buildings  will  it  be  necessary  to  erect  there  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  It  will  be  necessary  to  erect  a  general  workshop 
and  field  laboratory  building  at  each,  and  it  will  be  very  desirable  to 
provide  a  dwelling  for  the  man  in  charge  as  there  is  no  housing 
nearby  in  either  place  for  such  a  man,  and  he  should  be  there  on  the 
place  at  all  hours  of  the  day. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  many  people  do  you  have  on  these  places  i 

Doctor  Taylor.  We  have  not  anyone  at  present  steadily  there 
except  near-by  laborers  working  under  supervision  of  an  assistant  in 
California  who  has  general  supervision  over  them.  At  certain  times 
of  the  year,  at  the  propagating  times,  and  again  at  harvesting  time, 
when  the  fruit  is  harvested  for  the  testing,  there  are  two  or  three 
temporary  employees  maintained. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  have  no  permanent  man  on  either  one,,  of 
these  places  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  No;  we  have  no  housing  whatever  on  either  place, 
either  for  men  or  for  implements. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  you  have  anybody  who  goes  out  there  more 
than  once  or  twice  a  year  ^ 

Doctor  Taylor.  Oh,  yes;  we  have  the  near-by  laborers,  who  are 
there  nearly  every  day,  under  the  direction  of  the  technical  assistant 
in  general  charge  of  the  vineyards. 

Mr.  Anderson.  But  you  have  no  superintendent? 

Doctor  Taylor.  No  superintendent  there;  no,  sir. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  How  many  acres  have  you? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Twenty  acres  at  each  place. 

Mr.  BccHANAN.  l*lanted  in  grapes  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Br(^iiANAN.  All  in  grapes? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  lircHANAN.  Is  theie  any  plowing  and  cultivation  of  it  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes.  That  thus  far  done  during  the  transition 
period  since  the  vineyards  were  purchased  last  winter  has  been  by 
Jiiring  arrangements  with  near-by  vinevardists. 


AORirrLTrRAI.  ArnuiruiATioN   FUI.K,   1'J24.  177 

Mr.  iiiciiAXAN.  NN'hnt  Is  iIm«  riMusoii  for  ('ontiiiiiiil  ownrrship  of 
this  hy  tlu'  (lovornmrtit  ati<l  oprrutiotj  of  it  l>y  tlir  «i(*purtiiu>nt  f 
'I'Ih'IT  is  nothing  luit    Id  uciys  of  ^rupfs  out  tlicn-. 

Doctor  Taylok.  TIu»so  two  2()-u(TC  vinovanls  wliich  nre  atM)Ut 
I'>()  inilrs  apart  and  in  difrcrcnt  rliniati*-  rcj^ions  (»f  Califoriiiu.  con- 
tain at  the  present  time,  \sithoiit  dotiht.  the  most  coniprchciisivc 
collection  of  varieties  of  the  Old  World  type  of  ;;rape>  that  e\i>t.>> 
in  the  world.  They  involve  not  niorely  the  tostinj;  of  those  varie- 
ties a■^  an  ordinary  orcliardist  or  vinevardist  doe.s.  I*nt  the  deternjina- 
tit>n  of  the  phl<»\illera  resistance  of  tin*  stoj-ks  on  which  the  \»irieties 
are  i^rafled  and  the  con<;«'nialily  of  those  varieties  to  these  resistant 
stocks. 

Mr.  BiciiAN AN.  Then,  in  short,  this  stock  is  deterinniin^  the 
adaplahility  of  the  varieties  to  this  (MUintrv  and  climate,  and  <  i.ndi- 
tions  under  which  those  varieties  <'an  he  ;;rafled  ^ 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes,  sir:  an«l  the  conditions  under  which  the 
varieties  can  l)e  ^rown  on  resistant  stocks. 

Mr.  lii(  iiANAN.    Il(»w  lonj;  will  it  take  i.>  dcicinrmc  that  '. 

D(»ctor  Tayu)K.   Prol)al)ly  20  years. 

KXPKRIMKNTAL     (;AR1)K\S     AM)     (JROINDS.      WASII1N(;T<)N  ,      D.      (  . 

On  pape  115  is  tlie  pnra«;raph  for  the  maintenance  of  the  *^roun«ls 
here  in  Washington.     Tliere  is  no  change. 

FOR    HORTICULTURAL    IXVESTIOATTOX. 

On  page  117  the  subappropriation  for  horticultural  investigations, 
which  includes  also  the  technical  studies  of  the  physiological  changes 
of  vegetables  while  in  the  proces.ses  of  marketing  and  storage,  (•arrie^ 
an  estimate  of  fl.oOO.  wliich  relates  specifically  to  investigation  of 
vegetable  transportation  work.  The  questions  of  primary  imjiortance 
may  be  said  to  be  those  involved  in  transportation  of  northern  pota- 
toes, the  whole  <|uestion  of  production  of  j)otatoes  against  harmful 
temperatures  in  transit  in  winter  harmful  both  through  freezing, 
through  the  effect  of  c(»ld  in  unhealed  cars,  and  the  determination  of 
the  relation  of  the  heated-car  temperature  to  the  carrving  qual  tv  of 
the  product  wliere  heater-car  service  is  not  maintained. 

This  is  needed  especially  with  reference  to  the  northern  Mjiine. 
Minnesota,  and  Dakota  potato-growing  districts,  and  the  potato 
producers  and  shippers  have 

Mr.  Anderson  (interposing).  We  would  not  worry  much  now. 
anyhow,  as  to  how  they  behave  in  refrigerator  cars  or  other  kinds  of 
cars  if  we  could  get  the  cars.  We  will  take  a  chance  on  how  they 
beliave. 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes;  until  it  gets  down  to  about  2o°  or  30°  beh)W 
zero,  then  sometimes  there  come  very  heavy  los.ses  on  account  of 
freezing  in  transit  wiien  with  the  transportati()n  charges  already  lying 
against  the  shipment,  rnfortunately  these  destructive  freezes  do  not 
always  occur  in  years  when  potatoes  are  cheap. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  nt>tice  in  this  item  on  page  1  l.'i  that  there  is  a  pro- 
vision for  the  investigation  of  these  physiological  and  relateil  changes 
of  fruits  and  vegetables  during  the  process  of  liarvesting  an<l  while  in 
commercial  storage,  and  in  the  same  general  item  appears  this  item  on 
page  1 1.").      What  is  the  difTerence  ^ 


178  A(JR1UULTURAL    APPROPRIATIOX    BILL,    1924, 

Doctor  Taylor.  The  difference  is  that  the  item  on  page  117  is  the 
work  (lone  on  fruit,  the  word  "veo;etahle"  heing  inserted  there  to  make 
it  technically  legal  to  carry  work  on  both  products  where  necessary 
and  advisable,  and  to  simplify  the  financing  of  it.  Primarih-  that 
on  page  113  deals  with  fruit  studies  and  primarily  that  one  on  page 
117  deals  with  vegetables.  Generally  the  products  under  experiment 
are  from  different  sections  of  the  country  at  any  one  time,  though 
not  always. 

NURSERY    STOCK    INVESTIGATIONS. 

Page  119  contains  the  item  for  investigating  and  cooperating  in 
connection  with  State  orprivately  owned  nurseries,  methods  of  propa- 
gating fruit  trees,  ornamental  and  other  plants,  the  study  of  stocks 
used  in  propagating  such  plants  and  methods  of  growing  stocks,  for 
the  purpose  of  providing  American  sources  of  stocks,  cuttings,  or 
other  propagating  material.  This  is  a  paragraph  under  which  our 
experimental  work  looking  toward  the  development  of  larger  pro- 
duction of  grafting  stocks  of  fruit  trees  and  ornamental  plants  in 
this  country  is  being  done  to  reduce  our  dependence  upon  imported 
stocks  of  this  character  from  foreign  countries.  Such  importations 
always,  in  spite  of  any  guaranties  or  inspections  that  can  be  main- 
tained, involve  a  certain  risk  of  introduction  of  additional  pests,  and 
in  proportion  to  the  completeness  of  our  production  of  our  own 
requirements  in  this  country  are  we  likely  to  exclude  such  destructive 
pests. 

Mr.  Anderson.  To  what  extent  is  progress  being  made  t)n  the  pro- 
duction of  seedlings  used  in  this  country  i 

Doctor  Tay'lor.  Considerable,  both  as  to  seed-grown  stocks  and 
vegetatively  propagated  stocks.  The  progress  made  gives  promise 
of  perhaps  ultimately  displacing  seedling  stocks  for  some  kinds  of 
fruit  trees.  For  instance,  in  the  case  of  the  apple,  through  propaga- 
tion of  grafting  stocks  of  special  varieties  trom  cuttings,  so  that  in 
place  of  a  variable  lot  of  seedling  apple  stocks  to  graft  upon  you  may 
have  uniformly  vigorous,  hardy,  and  insect-resistant  stocks.  Very 
distinct  progress  has  been  made  within  the  past  two  veal's  in  that 
directi(m,  particularly  in  case  of  the  apple.  Some  of  that  work  was 
done  out  here  at  Bell  Station  in  Maryland,  and  some  of  it  in  Michigan. 
It  is  a  field  in  which  our  men  are  pioneering  in  the  expectatit)n  that 
some  of  the  problems  will  be  simplilied — some  of  the  problems  of  the 
nurserymen  and  the  production  considerably  stabilized. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Does  the  grafted  or  budded  tree  take  on  the 
hardihood  of  the  tree  from  which  it  came  or  the  tree  on  which  it  was 
budded  or  grafted?  It  produces  the  variety  of  the  tree  from  which 
it  was  taken,  but  how  about  the  hardihood,  and  resistance^ 

Doctor  Taylor.  That  is  a  very  complicated  (piestion.  In  some 
cases,  grafting  on  certain  stocks  increases  the  hardiness  o[  the  variety 
that  you  are  |)ropagating.  As  for  exam|)le,  the  Satsuma  orange  when 
grafted  on  the  trifoliate  stock,  which  is  what  is  calUnl  the  hartly 
orange,  which  sheds  its  leaves  in  the  winter  and  is  distinctly  hardy, 
will  endure  lower  temperature  than  if  grafttul  on  the  sweet  orang{>s, 
which  is  the  standard  stock  of  the  more  southern  citrus  districts. 

Ml".  Buchanan.  Will  it  endure  the  same  degree  of  wint(M'  as  the 
other  ? 


AiJIlICl'LTrUAL  API'HOI'HIATIOX    BILL,    lW>i.  179 

Doitoi  '1'avi,«)K.  No:  llu*  uii};ruflr<l  trifoliate  stock  lrf<*>  urr  Imnly 
Im'H'  ill  Wjisliin<;toii.  What  appears  to  arrount  for  the  j^n-ator 
cold  ciMliiraiicc  of  (Mtrus  trees  grafted  on  this  stock  is  the  fact  that 
the  tiifoliate  stock  becomes  dtiiniiiaiit  in  the  fall  at  the  time  when  it 
nomallv  sheds  its  leaves  and  rfniiini>  dormanl  iinnl  >prinji,  wlule  the 
sweet  oranjje  stock  keeps  (»n  fjrowin^,  so  the  Sntsiima  orange  graft  on 
tlie  sweet  oran<;i'  slock  is  in  a  state  of  vejjetative  jjrowth  much  !at»'r 
in  the  fall  titan  it  is  on  the  other. 

AKLINCSTON    FAKM    AND    A<;H1(II.TLKAI.    STATION. 

On  pa«;e  IJl  i>  tin*  suhapproi>riation  un<ler  whi<h  Arlinjjton  Farm 
is  maintained  as  an  n<;ri(Miltmai  experiment  statical.  Mere  Congress 
provided,  as  you  recall,  last  year  far  a  heatinj:  [)l:int.  $.')(). OOd.  This 
is  now  well  towanl  completion  \u  construction. 

'I'he  am<»unt  carried  ny  the  Budget  is  ?2(), .')()().  In  our  ori<!inal 
estimate  we  asked  for  the  retention  of  SO. .")()()  of  the  huildin-^  fund 
a|)propriation  to  meet  increased  expenses  of  maintenance  and  opera- 
tion imIudinLj  the  provision  of  a  fence  al);)Ut  Arlington  Farm  to  pro- 
tect it  from  invasion  and  imjiroper  u-^c. 

Mr.  .IiMP.  Is  that  not  a  matlei-  which  wo  should  really  take  ui) 
with  the  Hud^'ct  Bureau^ 

Doctor  Tayi.ok.  That  amount  is  needed  if  we  are  a(le<|Uately  to 
protect  Arlinjxttm  Farm  as  we  think  we  should  from  encroachments  at 
ni;^ht  for  purposes  ille«;al  and  destructive. 

Mr.  Blc'iiANAN.  Well,  vou  ha\  c  Itcen  <:etlin»r  nloiiir  for  a  lonir  time 
without  this,  have  you  ^ 

Doctor  Tayi.ok.  Wo  have. 

Mr.  Andf.kson.   Will  it  take  ."?'.). .")<)0  to  put  a  fence  around  there  ^ 

Doctor  Tavi.oij.  Our  best  e.-limate  is  that  vndess  we  can  force  or 
induce  the  railroad  to  fence  its  riijht  of  way  across  the  property  it 
will  cost  approximately  ."^lO.OOO  or  -S 12. 000  to  fence  the  farm  as  it 
should  he.  The  solicitor  has  investiijated  the  title  to  that  railroad 
property  and  we  have  boon  advised  that  W(«  can  not  f<»rce  them  to 
fence  their  riu:ht  of  way.  There  is  a  g:reatly  increased  value  of  Govern- 
ment property  on  the  farm  n(»w.  in  comparis(m  with  earlier  years, 
and  jjreatly  iiu-reased  risk,  duo  to  changed  conditions. 

FOR    FOREIGN    SEVA)    AND    PLANT   INTRODUCTION. 

Page  123,  the  subappropriation  'for  investigations  in  foreign  seed 
and  plant  introduction,  including  the  study,  collection,  jnirchase. 
testing,  pr(>pagation.  and  ilistribution  oi  rare  and  valuable  seeds, 
bulbs,  trees,  shrubs,  vines,  settings,  and  plants  from  foreign  countries 
and  from  our  posses.sions,"  etc.,  there  is  no  change  in  that  item. 

rrucnAs?:,  di.stuibition.  p/rc.  of  nkw  and  karf:  seeds. 

On  page  12."),  the  subappropriation  which  ct)vers  the  ft>rage  cn)p 
investigational  work  and  the  distribution  of  new  and  rare  field  see«ls. 
there  is  a  reduction  of  .■<20.00()  in  the  provi.so  whi(:h  finances  the  field 
seed  distribution,  and  at  the  same  time  there  is  a  proposctl  increase 
of  the  amount  available  for  the  c.\perinu>ntation  in  clover  work  of 
So, 000,  so  that  the  estimate  involves  a  net  reduction  «>f  .Slo.OOO  in  the 
amount  carried  l)v  the  paragi'aph.  That  reduction  is  nnule  in  recog- 
nition of  the  urgent  need  of  economy  of  expenditure. 


180  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  are  going  to  economize  here  at  the  expense  of 
we  Congressmen,  are  you  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  We  feel  that  we  suffer  equally  in  this  case,  even 
with  the  Members.  This  work  is  accomplishing  unquestioned  and 
material  benefit  to  agriculture. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Well,  it  is  a  perfectly  hopeless  proposition  to 
spend  $115,000  getting  new  and  rare  field  seeds  in  here  and  S20,000 
getting  them  out  where  they  will  do  some  good.  I  think  it  is  ridicu- 
lous. If  this  new  and  rare  seed  proposition  is  not  any  good,  let  us 
cut  it  out;  but  if  it  is  some  good,  it  ought  to  be  good  enough  to  get  it 
out  to  the  people  where  it  will  do  some  good.  It  does  not  do  anv 
good  to  import  a  lot  of  stuff  down  here  into  the  department,  or  in 
parts  of  the  country  where  it  never^ets  off  the  grounds  of  the  Tnitod 
States.  It  does  not  make  any  difference  to  me  who  does  the  dis- 
tributm^.  I  think  it  is  ridiculous  to  spend  a  lot  of  money  and  get 
this  stuff  into  the  United  States  and  never  get  it  out  of  the  depart- 
ment. 

CONGRESSIONAL    SEED    DISTRIBUTION. 

Doctor  Taylor.  On  page  127  the  subappropriation  known  as  the 
congressional  seed  distribution  is  not  recommended.  The  explan- 
atory note  is 

Mr.  Anderson  (interposing).  Let  me  ask  you  one  (question  about 
this  item.  In  the  event  that  the  Congress,  in  its  wisdom,  should 
conclude  that  this  was  a  desirable  item  to  continue,  would  it  require 
as  much  money  next  3^ear  to  make  the  same  distribution  ( 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  should  have  to  get  closer  estimates  on  the 
prospective  cost  of  seed  than  I  have  now.  I  should  have  to  look 
into  that. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  wish  you  would  give  me  an  estimate  of  what  it 
would  cost  on  the  basis  of  this  year  and  approximately  what  that 
would  mean  in  number  of  packages  on  the  oasis  of  the  quotas  this 
year  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  do  not  think  there  would  be  a  material  differ- 
ence unless  there  is  some  prospective  difference  in  the  cost  of  labt  r, 
paper,  packets,  and  supplies  required  in  connection  with  the  dis- 
tribution. 

Assuming  that  the  cost  of  seed  in  1923  will  be  substantially  the 
same  as  during  the  current  year,  it  is  estimated  that  a  distribution 
of  13,000,000  packages  (substantially  the  same  as  that  of  the  present 
year)  could  be  made  for  $360,000.  This  assumes  that  the  pat-keting, 
assembling,  and  mailing  of  the  seed  could  be  contracted  for  at  sub- 
stantially the  present  rate  of  SI. 988  per  thousand  packages. 

This  would  provide  quotas  of  20,000  packages  of  vegetable  seeds 
and  2,000  packages  of  llower  seeds  to  Senators  and  Kepresentatives. 
Should  the  cost  of  seed  and  paper  be  slightly  lower  than  at  present, 
these  {{uotas  could  be  provided  with  an  aj)pr()priati{)n  of  $300,000. 

With  an  appropriation  of  $239,410  (as  in  the  fiscal  year  1921), 
the  necessary  oveniead  cost  of  the  packeting,  assembling,  ami  mailing 
being  substantially  the  same  as  for  the  larger  (listril)ution,  a  total 
distri])ution  of  S,r)()0,000  packages  could  bo  made.  This  would 
provide  (piotas  of  13,000  packages  of  vegetable  seed  and  1,000  pack- 
ages of  fiower  seed  for  each  Senator  and  Representative. 


AORICULTIIRAI.   APPROPRIATION    BILI^    19li.  181 

KOK    IlIorilYHK'AL    I.N VKSTHJATION. 

On  pnpo  180,  tlir  itoni  for  "  liinphyHiml  invi»H(i<;Rtion "  is  not 
changed. 

Mr.  Hr(  MAN. \.N.    What  is  llmt  '.    What  is  hiuphysical  invfsti^jjit  inn  ? 

l)(H't(»r  Tavlok.  Thi.s  ha.s  rath<>r  to  <lo  with   fhr   [thvsi(  s  of  hfp. 

Mr.  HuriiANAN.  Of  phint  lifo^ 

Doctor  Tayi,<>i{.  Yos,  sir.  The  phy.sical  ft»utur«'s  of  phiril  j^rowth 
in  contrachsctinction  from  the  rhcinical  fcaturos. 

Mr.  Hi(  MANAN.  I  th(»u<^ht  the  <  ln'mirnl  features  iletonniiuMl  (he 
bi«>lo<;i(al  fraluros  of  thorn? 

l)o<'tor  'Payf.ok.  This  has  to  do  witli  such  fcatiircs  as  to  water 
reqiiirvinont,  tho  transpiration  and  movoinont  of  the  water  supply 
of  [)hints  rather  than  to  their  chemical  rehitionshij).  It  is  a  coine<l 
word  to  cover  a  type  of  activity  which  to  a  consi<h'rahle  extent  is 
centered  around  the  devisinj;  of  ecpiipment  for  the  a<'tual  measuring 
of  the  physiolo«;ical  processes  throu<^h  which  phints  {;row.  throuf^li 
which  the  water  distribution  is  determined  phmt  j^rowth  and 
phenomena. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  This  is  distinctl}-  a  technical  investij^ation  ' 

Doctor  Tayi.ok.  A  technical  investifjation,  and  is  of  importance 
because  of  its  relationship  to  several  other  lines  of  technical  biological 
work. 


Tuesday,  November  29    1022 

INSECTS    affecting    THE    PECAN. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  J.  M.  PATTERSON.  PUTNEY,  GA. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  committee  will  retuni  this  morning  to  the 
three  items  relating  to  the  pecan,  the  first  to  diseases  of  the  pecan, 
the  second  to  insects  affecting  the  pecan,  and  the  third  an  item 
relating  to  im|>rovefl  metiuxls  in  connection  witii  th(>  culture  of  the 
pecan. 

VYe  will  lirst  hear  Mr.  Patterson. 

Mr.  Patterson.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  am  here  representing  the  Na- 
tional Pecan  (irowers'  Association,  the  Georgia-Florida  Pecan  (irow- 
ers'  Association,  and  the  Pa[)er  Shell  Pecan. Clrowtys'  Association.  I 
think  that  it  was  in  May  of  this  year  that  a  committee  representing 
th(»se  various  associations  came  to  Washington  and  had  a  confenMice 
in  Secretary  Wallace's  ollice.  We  had  suddenly  been  confronted 
with  some  discMises  and  some  insect  pests  which  lot>ked  very  serious 
to  the  pecan  industry.  W^'  came  to  Washington,  and  Secretary  Wal- 
lace invited  in  Doctor  Tusloi',  Doctor  Quaintauce,  Doctor  Corbett. 
and  Doctor  Waite,  and  we  had  a  rather  lengthy  conference,  going  over 
those  matters  in  detail.  Following  that  ctuiference  this  committee 
submitted  to  Secretary  Wallace  provisions  covering  the  matter  ami 
suggestions  as  to  an  increase  in  the  appropriation,  which  we  thought 
we  could  reasonably  ask.  in  order  to  take  care  of  these  troubles. 

The  two  cliief  troubles  we  had  were  scab  and  the  pecan  nut  case 
borer,  either  one  of  which,  if  it  continues  to  spread  in  the  groves 
threatens    the    almost    complete    extinction    of    the    industry.     Wo 


182  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

understand  that  Secretary  Wallace  recommended  to  the  Budget  Com- 
mittee practically  the  amounts  that  we  requested  should  be  recom- 
mended, with,  perhaps,  one  exception.  In  fact,  we  have  a  copy  of 
a  letter  here  tnat  Secretary  Wallace  -WTote  to  Congressman  Griest 
giving  an  outline  of  what  was  recommended.  We  had  asked  that 
$5,000  be  added  to  the  appropriation  for  the  ofiice  of  Soil  Fertilitv, 
which  the  Secretary,  eviaently,  did  not  see  fit  to  approve.  Jte 
recommended  $5,000  for  the  office  of  Entomology,  whicn  covers  the 
insect  situation,  and  So, 000  additional  to  Doctor  Corbett's  oflice.  and 
$2,000  to  the  office  of  Plant  Diseases.  Now,  we  are  here,  gentlemen, 
just  to  impress  upon  you,  if  we  may,  very  briefly,  the  importance  of 
those  items.  W^e,  perhaps,  understand  that  tliere  is  little  use  in 
talking  about  the  addition  to  the  oflice  of  Soil  Fertility,  inasmuch  as 
the  Secretary  did  not  see  fit  to  recommend  that  in  connection  with 
pecan  culture.  That  additional  appropriation  was  not  so  essential 
to  us.  The  office  of  Soil  Fertility  has  been  doing  some  splendid 
work  in  connection  with  the  pecan  groves,  and  they  have  been  point- 
ing out  to  us  the  way  of  fertilizing  to  the  best  advantage  in  connection 
with  pecan  culture.  Therefore,  we  will  not  ask  for  any  considera- 
tion of  that  matter, 

The  two  things  that  are  pressing  for  the  pecan  growers  are  plant 
diseases  and  insects.  The  fungus  or  scab  at  first  attacked  only 
one  or  two  varieties  of  pecans,  but  in  the  last  year  or  two  it  has 
attacked  every  variety  in  some  localities.  It  has  not  attacked 
every  variet}'  in  one  locality,  but  when  you  inake  a  survey  of  the 
pecan  territory,  so  far  as  I  know,  there  is  not  a  single  variety  of 
pecans  that  has  proven  to  be  immune  to  the  scab.  In  our  section 
around  Albanj-  or  Putney  the  Delmos  variety  was.  it  seemed  to 
me  at  first,  the  susceptible  variety  to  the  scab,  the  scab  practically 
eliminating  the  Delmos  crop  after  three  years.  Doctor  W^aite's  depart- 
ment has  been  experimenting  with  sprays,  and  has  succeeded  in 
getting  some  control  of  the  scab.  As  I  understand  it.  to  put  it 
brieflv,  the  appropriation  that  was  in  efiect  last  year  was  sunicient 
to  support  one  investigator  on  the  scab,  and  with  a  small  addition 
to  that  appropriation  of  $2,000  they  would  have  funds  enough  to 
support  two  investigators,  because  they  have  the  equipment  that 
the  two  men  could  use,  and  by  that  small  additional  appropriation  of 
$2,000  added  to  the  $8,000  that  they  have  now  they  could  double 
the  efficiency  of  the  work  of  the  department  in  that  one  line  of 
investigation.  The  pecan  nut  case  borer  began  its  operations  in 
the  Monticello  district  some  six  or  seven  years  ago.  Doctor  Quain- 
tance's  department  did  some  experimental  work  there,  and  then  the 
parasites  came  along  and  practically  eliminated  the  case  borer,  and 
the  work  was  discontinued.  In  order  to  make  it  clear,  1  will  say  that 
Monticello  is  about  00  miles  south  of  where  I  am  located,  at  Putney. 

That  is  in  Florida,  and  the  pecan  nut  case  borer  did  not  get  up 
into  our  district  until  this  year.  It  seems  that  it  travels  somewhat 
like  the  boll  weevil,  and  we  were  congratulatiu''  oui-selves  that  it  would 
confine  itself  to  the  southernmost  border  oi  Georgia  and  northern 
Florida.  We  thought  that  it  was  not  going  to  spread  furtlier.  but 
that  pest  cam(>  up  into  the  Putney  district  this  year.  Our  orchards 
that  were  farliu^st  south  suH'criMl  t icmcndiioiisly  from  that.  To 
give  you  some  idea  of  the  damage,  I  will  say  that  we  have  nut  groves 
in  our  association  from  which  we  gathered  last  year  between  40,000 


AlilllCULTl'UAI,  AITUOi'lUATION    HILU    1KI4.  183 

uiul  .')(),()()()  pouiuls  of  nuts,  lull  this  year  \vr  will  ^ft  fn»iii  l\utsv  ^lovr^ 
not  Fnorc  tliari  l..")(l()  [xunids.  It  is  only  fiiir  to  say  that  tin-  crop  lluil 
the  trcH'S  put  on  this  year  was  not  as  hir^i'  as  it  was  a  yi-ur  ajfo,  but 
tlu'  (fof)  tliat  tlic  trees  did  put  on  was  plnetieally  destroyed  }ty  the; 
ease  horer.  W  <>  are  very  anxi»»iis  ahoul  tlu'  ease  horer.  an<l  I)<»etor 
Quaintanee  ftdly  realizes  tlu*  iiuportaneo  of  it.  It  '\h  to  the  iwcan  in- 
dustry, I  think,  exactly  what  the  holl  weevil  is  to  the  cotton  mdustrj'. 

Mr.  BrciivN.vN.    Does  it  at  tack  the  younj,' nut  ^ 

Mr.  1*.\  rTKHsoN.  "^'es,  sir;  it  eats  rij^ht  into  the  younj;  nut.  and 
when  it  has  eaten  out  one  nut,  it  p»es  into  another.  It  spreu<ls  fmm 
one  <luster  of  nuts  to  another. 

Mr.  IU'<  MANAN.  You  are  coinparin«x  that  pr.^i  i<(  the  holl  \se«\il. 
Do  vou  know  what  you  are  putting  us  ii|)  a;^ainst  '. 

Mr.  Patpkhson'.  I  «lo  not  think  it  will  he  s(>  hanl  to  control  as  the 
boll  weevil.  I  say  that  it  is  travelin<;  like  the  holl  weevil,  atid  it  is 
goin;.;  after  the  fruil  in  its  eai"ly  stap's  like  the  holl  w<'evil  does.  I 
do  not  believe  it  will  take  anythiii«j  like  the  money  or  tntuble  that 
is  re(|uired  in  the  control  of  the  boll  weevil.  It  j^eti*  inside  of  the  nut. 
and  it  is  hard  to  reach  it  witii  a  spray. 

Mr.  BiciiANAN.  The  boll  weevil  |)unchos  a  hole  inside  of  the  scjuare. 
Does  this  insect  bore  a  hole  into  the  nut,  or  does  it  punch  a  hole  < 

Mr.  P.vTTKRsoN.  It  eats  right  into" the  nut  and  goes  insi<le. 

Mr.  lire  HASAN.  Like  the  boUwornW 

Mr.  PATrKKsoN.  Yes,  sir;  it  eats  right  into  it.  He  gels  inside  of 
one  of  them  and  the  little  ones  crawl  out  and  bore  into  others. 
That  is  about  all  I  have  to  say.  1  wish  simply  to  say  to  you  gentle- 
men that  lu'ie  is  a  great  industry  with  millions  of  dollars  invested  in 
it.  This  iiuluslry  iuis  been  going  along  beaiilifully.  wiih  increasing 
revenues,  and  it  has  been  very  largely  taking  the  place  of  cotton  in 
certain  sections  of  the  South.  Then  we  iind  the  industry  suddenly 
thrt'iilened  in  this  way.  We  do  not  ask  any  great  sum  of  money, 
and  1  do  not  believe  that  is  necessary,  but  we  do  ask  f(»r  sullicient 
funds  to  put  sullicient  investigators  m  the  fields  so  that  they  can 
arrive  at  a  conclusion  as  promptly  as  possible. 

I  have  asked  Doctor  Taylor  if  he  would  come  over  here,  and  1  see 
that  he  is  present. 

Mr.  Lee.  Can  you  give  us  some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  pecan 
industry  in  Georgia  and  the  South  ( 
I        Mr.  Pattek.son.  That  is  hard  to  tell,  but  1  should  say  there  are 
j)    from  7.'), ()()()  to  1  ()(),()()()  acres  of  cultivated  j)ecans  in  Cieorgia. 

Mr.  Lek.  How  jnany  trees  would  that  be  ^ 

Mr.  Patterson.  There  are  about  20  trees  to  the  acre.  T  person- 
ally liave  charge  of  some  (i.OOO  acres,  with  1  I'D. 000  trees,  and  1  can 
say  to  you  gentlemen  that  last  year  from  those  groves  of  which  I 
have  charge  we  had  a  yield  of  something  over  (500,000  pounds  of 
nuts,  but  this  year  we  will  hardly  get  125,000  pounds,  tliat  being 
largely  duo  to  the  scab. 

Mr.  IUtciiaxan.  Does  the  scab  attack  the  leaf  or  the  tree? 

Mr.  Patterson.  It  attacks  the  leaf  and  the  nut.  It  just  east 
into  it  and  stops  the  (leveloj)ment  of  the  nut. 

Mr.  Bi'c'iLVNAN.   H  is  altogether  dillcrent  from  the  t)ther  insects^ 

Mr.  Patterson.  This  is  a  fungus.     It  is  not  an  in.sect  at  all. 

Mr.  Br(  HANAX.  I  suspect  it  is  an  insect,  too. 

Mr.  Patterson.   It  may  be  a  microscopic  insect. 


184  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,  1924, 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Doctor  Taylor  says  it  is  not  an  insect,  and  I  am 
willing  to  take  his  word  for  that. 

Mr.  Patterson.  If  there  are  no  further  questions,  I  do  not  want 
to  take  up  any  more  of  your  time. 

STATEMENT   OF  DR.    WILLIAM  A.   TAYLOR,   CHIEF,    BUREAU 

OF  PLANT  INDUSTRY. 

Doctor  Taylor.  T  understood  that  my  presence  here  was  to  he,  in 
diplomatic  language,  merely  that  of  an  observer.  As  to  this  par- 
ticular item  not  being  included  in  the  Budget,  or  the  S2,000  provision 
for  this  particular  pecan  scab.  I  will  say  that  we  have  at  present 
available  for  use  SS2,000,  of  whirh  $S.0()0  is  devoted  to  pecan  dis- 
eases. That  suffices,  in  addition  to  the  amount  for  field  expenses 
that  are  necessary  for  the  employment  of  one  pathologist  continuously 
on  that  work,  and  of  one  or  two  temporarily  during  the  growing 
season.  We  need  one  additional  year-around  man  as  an  assistant, 
and  it  will  cost  practically  .S2,000  to  get  him.  Then  we  will  be  in 
shape  to  hit  this  problem  hard,  and  we  believe  we  will  be  able  to 
secure  results  that  are  important  considerably  sooner  than  we  coidd 
with  our  present  funds.  Mr.  Patterson  has  correctly  stated  the 
urgency  of  the  matter.  One  fea'ture  that  may  be  worth  mentionin-j 
is  this,  that  in  the  control  of  this  fungi  which,  necessarily,  must  be 
through  spray  applications,  we  hav^e  a  very  narrow  margin  of  possible 
success.  We  must  use  a  fungicide  that  is  strong  enough  to  kill  the 
fungi  and  yet  not  strong  enough  to  hurt  the  trees.  There  is  a  risk  of 
defoliaging  the  tree,  with  consequent  harm  to  the  crop.  We  want  a 
fungicide  that  will  answer  the  purpose  under  any  climatic  conditiiMis. 
For  that  reason  we  will  have  to  continue  this  work  for  several  seasons 
in  that  same  locality  until  we  are  sure  of  the  formula  and  of  the 
application  schedule.  It  is  a  very  meritorious  proposition,  and  one 
that  we  will  be  very  glad  to  administer  if  the  fun(h  are  available. 

STATEMENT  OF  HON.    CHARLES    R.    CRISP,    A   REPRESENTA- 
TIVE  IN  CONGRESS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  GEORGIA. 

Mr.  Crisp.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  had  not  intended  to  say  anything  on 
this  subject.  I  am  very  much  interested  in  this  proposition,  how- 
ever, my  district  being  largely  engaged  in  the  pecan  iiulusti-y.  Judge 
Park's  district,  which  atljoins  mine,  has  older  orchards.  Our  peopli' 
are  confronted  with  the  necessity  of  learning  to  diversify,  and  many 
of  them  have  begun  to  diversify  by  putting  out  large  pecan  orchards. 
1  believe  very  much  in  the  future  of  the  pecan  industry,  and  1  believe 
that  if  you  make  the  appropriations  liere  nro|)oseil  they  will  be 
instrumental  in  solving  this  trouble  that  has  been  described  to  you. 
I  hope  you  will  give  this  request  careful  and  favt)rable  consideration. 

STATEMENT  OF  HON.  FRANK  PARK,  A  REPRESENTATIVE  IN 
CONGRESS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  GEORGIA. 

Mr.  Paijk.  Mr.  (Iiairmmi.  (ho  investors  in  these  pecan  groves  are 
not  all  local  people.  A  great  many  of  them  are  from  Detroit,  wh(» 
liu\  ('  boughl  up  r)-acre  tracts,  and  a  number  of  (hem  are  from  Chicago, 
Pittsburgh,  and  othei'  like  cities.  There  must  be  between  seven 
and  eight  million  dollars  invested  by   these  people.     A  good  many 


AORK  TLTl'RAL  APPROPRIATION'    HILL,    1«24.  185 

.  r  t!u'  poopli'  who  Imvf  iiiadc  tlirsr  invostim'iits  uri'  sufFfring  nlinost 
for  the  lu'cossitios,  arid  a  ^^ood  many  of  thrin.  uiulrr  llir  pn'JM.»nt 
conditions,  <lo  not  i;*'!  an  inconic  of  nearly  as  much  tut  thcv  wouhl 
ho  al>h'  to  make  in  factories  and  thinjjs  of  tliat  kind.  T<»  afiow  thi.s 
inthistry  to  he  wiped  out  for  the  hi<k  <»f  a  f«-w  dolhirs  hiok.s  hke 
poor  p«>h<v  <»n  the  nart  of  the  (fovorimient.  It  is  u  ra|>idly  j;rowinjj 
imhistrv,  and  nearly  evervhtxly  wants  to  havi*  pecan  trees.  I  uiii 
^oini;  home  to  plant  out  Hi  acres  myself,  and  will  do  a  ;;ood  deal 
of  tlie  work  myself.  I  helieve  in  it.  rndoid)tedly  it  i.s  the  most 
nourishing;  and  most  \alual»le  nut  we  have  in  this  country. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  E.  G.  HESS.  MANHEIM.  PA. 

Mr.  IIi'.ss.  I  am  president  of  the  Keyston(>  Pecan  Co.  and  am  a 
mcmher  of  the  Federal  aid  committee  of  the  National  I'ecan  Growers' 
.\ssociation. 

Mr.  Chairman.  I  conferred  with  a  numher  of  men  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Aj^riculture  just  a  week  a^o  to-day.  and  I  also  saw  tin- 
'  hairman  of  this  c(»mmitte<'.  It  is  l)<>caus(>  of  the  fjreat  importance 
t)f  fxivin^  the  Department  of  Plant  Disejises  this  S2.<)(JU  that  1  appear 
here  to-day.  I  presented  this  matter  to  Mr.  Patterson,  and  that  is 
why  he  is  here  to-<lay.  It  is  hecausc  of  the  need  of  an  additional 
scientific  man  in  that  department,  and  he  is  needed  just  as  soon  as 
he  can  he  put  on  the  job. 

That  is  all  I  wish  to  say. 


*  Monday,  Nove.mukr  27.  H>22. 

INVESTIGATIO.V    AND    IMPROVEMENT    OF    CEREALS. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  HARRISON  FULLER.  SECRETARY  AND 
DIRECTOR  OF  THE  CONFERENCE  FOR  THE  PREVENTION  OF 
GRAIN  RUST.  MINNEAPOLIS.  MINN. 

Mr.  Ander.so.n.  We  will  return  to  the  item  on  pa^e  10(.),  "  For  the 
invest i«jat ion  and  improvement  of  cereals,  including  com,  and 
DK'thods  of  cereal  production.  "  with  a  proviso  that  S2()(),()()0  shall  he 
set  aside  for  the  locatictn  and  destruction  of  the  l)arl)errv  hushes  and 
other  vejjetation  from  which  rust  spores  ori>;inut('. 

Mr.  Fuller,  we  will  he  gliul  if  you  will  take  charge  of  the  hearing. 

•EUAniC.\TIO\    OF    H.VIIBERRY    BUSH. 

Mr.  FiLLKU.  Mr.  Chairman,  last  spring,  as  you  know ,  an  organiza- 
tion call(Ml  the  Conference  for  the  Prevention  of  Grain  Kust  was 
formed,  representinsj  the  agricultural  interests  of  13  States,  including 
the  area  from  Michigan.  (Miio,  and  Indiana,  west  to  Montana,  Col<»- 
rado.  and  \Vv(»mitig.  Representatives  of  that  organization  came  to 
Washington,  and  as  a  result  of  the  statements  made  hv  them.  Con- 
gress appropriated  ?;i .')().()()()  for  the  eradication  of  the  common  bar- 
berry bush,  the  aj^propriation  being  increased  from  tin*  former  appro- 
priation of  $147,200.  which  had  been  granted  by  Congress  for  eacn  of 
the  three  preceding  years.  We  come  before  you  now  to  ask  for  an 
appropriation  of  S.IOO.OOO  for  the  next  fiscal  year. 


186  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRL\TIOX   BILL,   1924, 

As  a  basis  for  that  rp((upst,  you  already  have  some  knowledge  of 
what  was  accomplisheil  by  the  Department  of  Acrriculture  with  the 
appropriation  of  SSoO.OOO,  and  this  committee  will  assume,  unles- 
otherwise  instructed,  that  you  are  completely  informed  with  re<ranl 
to  the  manner  in  which  that  appropriation  has  actually  been  handled 
by  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  In  addition  to  that,  of  course. 
we  want  to  present  some  general  considerations  about  the  accom- 
plishments.of  the  past  season  from  the  lay  point  of  view  and  from  tho 
point  of  view  of  the  farmers  and  grain  growers  themselves.  In  a 
general  way,  it  can  be  said  unqualifiedly  and  emphatically  that  bv 
reason  of  tlie  appropriation  of  S3o0,000  the  work  of  barberry  bush 
eradication  has  been  tremendously  expedited,  and  that  gains  were 
made  in  attacking  the  problem  that  could  not  po.ssibly  have  been 
made  in  three  or  four  or  five  years  of  smaller  expenditures.  We  are 
now  in  a  position,  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  the  campaign  has  pro- 
gressed so  successfully,  to  see  the  end  of  the  campaign,  and  that.  I 
tal^e  it,  is  something  in  which  (V)ngress  is  very  much  interested.  You 
have  been  making  appropriations  now  since  1918.  This  year  8300,000 
was  expended,  and  that  has  brought  the  campaign  to  the  point  where 
we  can  say  that  it  is  very  pro})able  that  in  almost  all  ()f  tiie  States 
included  in  the  barberry  eradication  area  the  necessity  for  any  Feil- 
eral  assistance  after  two  more  years  will  have  been  eliminated:  and 
that  in  many  of  the  States,  as  some  of  the  gentlemen  present  will 
show  you,  only  one  more  year  of  Federal  cooperation  and  Federal 
financial  support  will  do  the  job. 

During  the  past  summer  the  organization  of  which  I  have  spoken 
has  been  directing  its  efforts  toward  the  dissemination  of  general 
information  with  regard  to  the  barberry  and  the  destruction  to  grain 
which  it  has  caused.  For  that  purpose  we  have  put  on  a  widespreatl 
publicity  campaign,  which  has  brought  very  tangible  results.  In 
order  to  give  you  a  practical  idea  of  what  we  have  done.  I  will  say 
that  we  have  sent  out  altogether  about  500,000  pieces  of  publicity, 
including  informative  literature  and  posters.  These  have  been  dis- 
tributed to  the  county  agents,  railroad-station  agents,  lumber  yards, 
creameries,  mills,  banks,  elevators,  and  to  many  indivitluals  and 
other  institutions  throughout  our  area  of  13  States.  A  careful  check 
shows  that  our  posters  are  being  well  displayed,  and  that  we  arc 
getting  the  message  across  to  the  people  to  whom  it  Ls  directed.  In 
addition  to  that,  we  have  succeeded  in  obtainiiig  about  "i.oOO  columns 
of  newspaper  space.  That,  of  course,  is  publicity  which  reaches  tiic 
individuals  direct,  and  it  shows  a  desire  upon  the  part  of  the  news- 
papers to  cooperate  with  the  Federal  anil  State  Governments  and 
with  ourselves  in  this  movement,  which  is  exceedingly  important. 
In  addition  to  that  we  have  provitled  a  large  number  of  exhibits 
showing  exactly  what  the  barberry  bush  is  and  the  damage  that  it 
causes. 

With  our  exhibits  we  have  reached  lOS  countv  fairs,  about  30  or 
35  State  fairs  and  sectional  expositions,  and  sucli  larger  expositions 
as  the  Pageant  of  Progress  at  Chicago  and  the  National  Dairy  Show 
at  St.  Paul.  The  result  of  our  campaign  is  and  we  are  sincercdy 
convinced  of  this  fact  that  there  has  been  built  up  a  widespread 
public  sentiment.  n\  Inch,  as  you  know,  is  the  most  eirective  wi'a{)on 
m  a  campaign  of  this  kind.  We  have  succeeded  in  building  up  this 
sentiment  bv  reason  of  (he  fad   that   the   FcMleral  (lovernment  was 


AOIUCULTrilAL   Al'IMtol'HIATlON    IIII.I-,    11»2t,  Ih? 

niittinj;  money  iiili)  tho  catripin^n.  Wr  siir<-(MM|«Ml  iii  bmUlin;:  it  ii[) 
l)v  Iclliii;;  j'xactly  wluil  tlu*  harlnTiy  Imsh  luw  \h'v\\  iloin;;  to  our 
^ruiii  rrops,  and  wr  air  very  anxioiiM  to  have  tiir  roiniuit (••«'  r«m.sulrr 
tin*  (Irsinil)ility  and  liiiaiuial  oxpiMlicncv.  if  ^you  ph'us*'.  of  rashirig  in 
on  that  piiMic  sciitiincnt.  Our  manifestation  of  that  puhlir  senti- 
ment is  of  immechate  and  direct  interest  to  yoiir  eommittee;  We  are 
fircparrd  t«)  say  now  that  our  assurance  of  obtaining  a[>propriutions 
rom  tlic  States  most  interested  in  harherry  eradication  is  very  jfood. 
We  have  in  practically  all  of  ihos-  Slates  alii-ady  startetl  harlx-rrv- 
erathcation  appropriations  on  tlieir  way.  (lovernor  Neslos  and  NIr. 
Kitchen,  of  North  Dakota,  are  callin«;  for  a  $2.'). (MM)  appropriation 
for  that  State.  Minnesota,  us  you  know,  has  had  an  appropriation 
of  .?'_'().()()()  for  the  last  two  y(»ar-;,  and  that  appropriation  will  !»«• 
repcateti  and.  possibly.  increas(>d. 

'I'he  situation  in  South  Dakota  is  not  so  defiijite  l)eyon<l  the  fact 
that  tiie  Farm  Rureau  Federation  in  that  State  and  the  eommis- 
si(»ner  of  a'^riculture  aic  with  us  and  are  <:oinp:  to  do  evervthin«;  they 
can  to  obtain  an  adt'(|Uate  State  ap|)ro|)iialion.  In  Illinois,  the  com- 
mis.si()ner  of  ajjriculture  tells  me  (hat  he  has  already  included  in  his 
estimates  an  item  of  S'JO.OOO  for  l)ail>eir\' eradication.  In  Wisconsin 
the  commissioner  of  a.i;riculture  has  iiicluded  a  similar  item  of  SI ').()'M). 
and  is  i;«»in>jj  to  increase  it  to  .S2."), ()()()  if  it  can  be  increased  before  the 
le^^islature  meets.  In  Michi<:an  tiie  j)lant  patholoj^ists  have  re- 
quested an  ai)proj)riation  of  .S22,()00.  In  Ohio  the  commissioner  of 
agriculture  tells  us  that  he  is  goinj;  to  put  in  a  refpiest  for  an  appro- 
priation of  .SIT). 000.  Therefore,  you  can  see  that  as  far  as  can  be  done 
at  the  pri>sent  time,  the  States  are  preparing;  to  make  appropriations. 
We  have  admitted  from  }he  very  start  of  this  campai«,Mi.  of  course, 
that  a  lar<;e  )ortion  of  it  should  be  State  responsibility,  but  we  have 
not  admitto(  ,  ami  do  not  now  admit,  that  it  is  entirely  a  State  re- 
sponsibility by  rea.son  of  the  fact  that  it  is  essentially  a  regional 
problem.  The  States  are  now  ready  to  assume  their  share  of  respon- 
sibility uiid  will  do  so  at  their  next  legislative  sessions.  You  realize, 
of  coui-se,  that  it  would  be  futile  for  me  to  promise  that  the  States  are 
going  to  do  thus  and  so.  All  that  we  can  say  at  this  time  is  that  the 
commissioners  of  agriculture  ar<>  including  barberry  eradication  itiMns 
in  their  budgets,  ami  the  farm  bureaus  are  doing  (everything  thrv 
can  to  obtain  those  ap|)roj)riations. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  Do  you  know  wliat  , Slate  appropriations  were 
available  for  this  purpose  this  past  year  ^ 

Mr.  FrM.Ki{.  For  this  year  the  only  specific  State  appropriation 
for  barberry  eradication  was  that  of  Minnesota  of  $20,000.  How- 
ever, the  commissioner  of  a<:riculture  of  Ohio  tells  me  that  between 
three  and  live  tliousand  dollars  wr.s  spent  in  that  State  for  barberry 
eradication  out  of  funds  available  for  that  kind  of  work.  The 
same  thinj;  is  true  in  other  States.  Bv  reason  of  tlie  fact  that  the 
approj)riations  were  not  sjiecifically  for  the  purpose  of  l)arberry 
eradicjition,  it  is  very  dillicult  to  make  a  })rccise  answer  t(^  that 
cpicstion.  We  know  that  in  Wisconsin  several  thousand  dollars 
were  spent  bv  the  department  of  agriculture  in  cooperation  with 
the  Federal  (lovernment.  All  of  the  items  for  next  year  about 
which  I  have  been  sjieaking,  however,  are  t<^  be  specific  appropria- 
tions for  l)arberry  eradication.  As  you  understand,  the  State 
legislatures  do  not  meet  until  after  the  1st  of  Januarv.  and  some  of 


188  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

them  do  not  adjourn  until  almost  the  1st  of  April,  so  that  the  actual 
appropriations  made  l)y  the  State  legislatures  will  necessarily  be  an 
uncertain  quantity  until  the  State  legislatures  actually  adjourn. 
You  are  as  familiar  with  that  problem  as  I  am,  but  we  want  to  em- 
phasize the  fact  that  the  States  are  ready  to  go  forward,  and  the 
support  is  well  organized  in  every  State. 

The  other  members  of  our  committee  here  to-day  hicludes  the 
presidents  of  three  State  farm  bureau  federations,  and  two  plant 
patholoo^ists.  All  of  them  have  interesting  statements  to  make 
and,  if  it  is  agreeable  to  the  chairman.  I  will  ask  Mr.  Reed,  tlu* 
president  of  the  Minnesota  Farm  Bureau  Federation,  to  make  a 
statement. 


Monday,  November  27,  1922. 

eradication  of  barberry  bush. 

STATEMENT    OF    MR.    J.    F.    REED,    PRESIDENT    MINNESOTA 
BUREAU    FARM   FEDERATION,    ST.    PAUL,    MINN. 

Mr.  Reed.  Mr.  Chairman  and  gentlemen  of  the  committee,  Minne- 
sota has  rather  taken  the  lead  in  this  matter.  That  was  prol)ably 
because  of  the  fact  that  it  is  a  large  spring-wheat  growing  area  ami 
has  seen  the  damaging  results  of  the  ravages  of  the  black  stem  rust 
more  than  some  other  areas.  We  have  seen  the  rapid  falling  off  in 
the  amount  of  grain  produced  in  the  State  ant!  the  hazard  to  wiiich 
the  farmers  were  subjected.  That  probably  had  much  to  do  with  the 
State  of  Minnesota  two  years  ago  appropriating  $40,000,  to  be  used 
last  year  and  this  year  in  this  work.  AVith  that  apy:)ropriation  and 
with  what  the  Federal  Government  has  provided  we  have  made  very 
substantial  process.  There  has  been  a  very  lively  interest  in  the 
problem,  not  only  on  the  part  of  the  fanners  but  on  the  part  of  grain 
dealers,  millers,  and  others  who  are  directly  interested  in  the  matter. 
However,  the  general  public  or  the  consuming  public  of  the  Stale 
was  never  apparently  aroused  to  the  actual  necessities  of  this  matter 
until  1921. 

Much  of  that  interest  was  brought  about  through  the  establisiimeiit 
of  the  Conference  for  the  Prevention  of  (irain  Rust,  and,  also,  be- 
cause of  the  scientific  explanations  given  by  the  pathologists  of  the 
Department  of  Agricultui'c  and  by  the  pathologists  in  our  own  school 
of  agriculture.  Through  those  means  the  idea  has  gotten  pretty 
well  known  to  the  people  of  Minnesota  and  to  all  of  our  jH'oplt',  not 
only  to  those  engaged  in  the  raising  of  grain  or  the  handlintr  of  it. 
or  the  manufacture  of  it,  but  to  the  consuming  i)ul)lic  as  well,  that 
this  is  a  very  potent  cause  of  a  very  large  loss  that  comes  annually 
to  our  grain  production.  With  that  knowledge,  a  very  active  cam- 
paign has  been  carried  on  for  the  eradication  of  this  bush.  In  191S 
the  section  of  Minnesota  in  which  1  liv(>.  or  the  southeastern  |)ait  of 
the  State,  was  sui'veyed  by  ollicors  fi'oju  the  Departnient  of  A<.  ricul- 
ture,  and  those  bushes  were  removed,  or  the  »»riginal  |)lantings. 
There  has  been  a  very  hearty  cooperation  on  the  part  of  the  farmers 
in   this  count r^^  and  wh('re\-er  these  hushes  (>\ist   or  two  known  to 


AGRICULTl'lUL  APPItoriUATIOX    BILL,    1024.  189 

exist,  tlie  fanners  art'  wry  anxious  to  rooiu'rafr  in  tJirir  <>wi»  way 
and  to  (1»)  everything  tlu'V  can  to  remove  tneni 

There  has  l>een,  and  is  yet  to  a  limited  cxtmt,  i  ln-ljeve,  ij^nurance 
on  the  part  of  some  of  our  peoph*  as  to  the  identi(i<alion  of  this  Imsh, 
but  much  of  that  has  hccn  removeii  <lurin|;  th»'  ^)a.st  >umm»T  hy  the 
advertisements  an<l  puhUcity  that  have  been  j^iven  in  the  manner 
8tat«'d  1)V  Mr.  FuMer.  There  is  a  very  hearty  cooperation  on  the 
part  of  tfu'  farmers  in  the  neighborhood,  on  the  incbvidual  farms,  and 
on  vacant  lots  and  other  phices  where  th»)se  bushes  liave  esejn>ed. 
The  Minnt^sota  Farm  liiin'au  FeiU'ration,  having;  unit  organizations 
in  SO  counties,  has  mad«'  arrnii^cmcnts  tlirou«^h  its  town  units  to  have 
these  bushes  exhibited,  or  samphs  of  lliem  exhiliited.  and  to  urtje 
their  era(bcation.  Seventy-three  counties  luive  l)een  su^^•eyed  in  the 
State  now.  That  lias  been  done  during  the  past  five  years  thr<»uj^h 
the  appropriations  from  the  Federal  (lovermnent  an<l  appropriations 
from  tiie  State,  and  there  has  been  some  re>earch  work  done.  We 
think  that  by  the  end  of  the  coming  year,  with  such  an  appntpriation 
as  we  are  asking  for  ami  such  as  I  think  could  be  economicallv  cx- 
pendeti,  the  State  will  have  been  gone  over  once,  and  pndjablv  all 
the  olil  plantings  will  have  been  removed. 

No  doubt  there  are  some  escaped  bushes,  and  there  are  sprouts 
from  bushes  that  have  been  removed,  and  it  might  be  necessary  to 
go  over  them  again.  AVt'  have  in  our  .State  a  State  weed  inspector, 
and  tlie  counties  have  weed  inspectors.  It  is  a  part  of  their  duty  to 
see  that  these  bushes  are  taken  out.  Some  of  them  work  under  the 
commissioner  of  agriculture  of  the  State,  and  they  are  given  specific 
instructions  to  see  that  those  bushes  are  removed;  that  is,  either  to 
remove  them  themselves,  or  to  see  that  the  owners  of  the  places 
where  they  are  found  remove  them.  As  I  have  said,  on  the  part  of 
the  farmei"s  there  is  a  very  active  cooperation,  but  there  is  a  little 
different  feeling  in  the  villages  and  towns.  That  refers  particularly 
to  plantings  in  towns  and  villages  where  the  property  is  occupied  by 
tenants.  They  do  not  care  to  do  this,  but  the  law  of  our  State  makes 
the  allowing  of  barberry  bushes  to  grow  on  any  property  illegal. 
I  believe  that  the  State  of  Minnesota  can  be  lookcu  alter  after  the 
coming  year  without  any  Federal  appropriation.  I  am  sure  in  my 
own  mind,  from  my  ow^n  observation,  that  more  has  been  done  during 
the  past  vear  to  clean  up  the  State  of  Minnesota  tlian  during  the  f(mr 
3'ears  before  in  which  the  Federal  Government  was  ijiving  assistance. 

I  believe  that  with  the  cooperation  of  the  Federal  Goverrmient,  as 
it  has  been  extended  during  the  past  year,  and  with  the  correlation 
of  the  State  efforts,  we  can  tlo  more  in  one  year  than  we  could  prob- 
ably do  in  three  or  four  years  with  a  lessened  appiopriation.  Our 
people  have  found  that  this  is  not  only  necessary  tor  the  State,  but 
that  it  is  necessary  for  the  increased  food  production  of  the  whole 
country.  We  are  in  a  very  important  spring  wheat  growing  area, 
and  it  is  an  important  area  in  thi'  production  of  other  grains.  I 
believe  that  it  is  essential  to  our  agriculture  not  only  to  those 
engaged  in  farming,  but  those  engaigetl  in  handling  agricultural 
products  in  the  way  of  milling  it.  etc.,  that  this  bt>  done.  We  hope 
that  Congress  will  see  fit  to  make  this  appropriation  in  the  sum 
asked  for  bv  the  representatives  of  the  13  Static  that  formed  this 
Conference  for  the  Prevention  of  Grain  Rust. 


190  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  BrcnAXAX.  How  many  of  those  13  ^States  have  weed  inspec- 
tors, similar  to  those  in  Minnesota? 

Mr.  Reed.  North  Dakota  has.  I  am  not  advised  with  regard  to 
that,  but  1  know  that  North  Dakota  has. 

Mr.  BuciiAXAX.  It  seems  to  me  that  that  is  a  higlily  important 
matter  when  it  comes  to  the  eradication  of  any  specific  kind  of 
injurious  bush. 

Mr.  Reed.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Fuller.  Ohio  has  a  system  under  which  they  have  14  inspec- 
tors, or  weed  inspectors.  I  do  not  think  that  is  their  title,  but  that 
is  their  job.  They  are  charged  with  keeping  down  phint  pests  of 
various  kinds,  and  they  work  under  the  direction  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture. 

Mr.  BuciLVNAX.  Has  your  State  a  law"  by  which  you  can  take  up 
and  destroy  barberry  bushes,  even  against  the  consent  of  the  owner 
of  the  land  on  which  they  grow  ? 

Mr.  Reed.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  BucHANAX.  Without  any  court  proceedings? 

Mr.  Reed.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  have  never  met  with  anv  real  opposition  ( 

Mr.  Reed.  No,  sir;  not  to  that  extent.  That  lias  been  usually  met 
with  in  the  case  of  tenants  occupying  property. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  They  w^ould  not  care,  and  they  would  not  want  to 
do  it  themselves.  They  would  not  care  anything  about  the  pest 
themselves. 

Mr.  Reed.  Well,  if  it  is  on  town  propert}",  where  the  bushes  have 
been  planted  for  landscaping  purposes,  they  may  think  sometunes 
that  tlie  owner  would  not  want  to  have  them  changed,  but  that 
opposition  has  not  been  very  pronounced. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  The  question  in  my  mind  is  whether  they  have  the 
proper  kind  of  organization,  such  as  you  have  in  Minnesota,  in  the 
other  12  States,  so  that  from  the  State  standpoint  it  can  be  done. 
I  make  that  suggestion  because  the  State  authoritv  is  the  onlv  one 
that  can  really  supervise  it  if  any  opposition  should  arise. 

Mr.  Reed.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Fuller.  It  might  be  stated  that  in  Minnesota  the  law  is  this: 
If  barberry  bushes  are  found  on  a  man's  property,  they  can  be 
removed  without  court  action,  and  the  cost  charged  against  him 
like  a  tax  assessment,  for  which  he  would  become  liable.  Tiiroughout 
the  entire  area,  I  have  heard  of  only  one  court  case  during  the  entire 
work  of  the  State,  and  that  was  in  Illinois. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Do  the  other  States  have  such  laws  ? 

Mr.  Fuller.  All  of  the  States  have  laws  of  varying  (iogrees  of 
severity  with  regard  to  barberry  ])ushes.  The  only  law  1  know  of 
that  has  not  stood  up  has  ])een  the  Montana  law,  and  they  are  trying 
to  get  the  Attorney  General  to  render  a  decision  that  will  put  some 
teeth  into  that  law.  In  the  other  States  the  law  has  proved  effective, 
and  the  only  court  case  that  1  know  of  was  in  Illinois.  That  was  a 
case  where  a  woman  was  brought  into  court  and  fined  $'2'^  for  having 
barberry  bushes  on  her  property.  She  aj>j)eale(l  the  case  to  tlio 
district  court  and  the  fine  was  rethiced  to  SIO,  i)ut  it  stuck. 

I  will  ask  Mr.  C.  W.  Hunt,  prcsich'nt  of  the  Iowa  Bureau  Farm 
Federation,  to  amplify  the  situation  in  Iowa. 


J 


ACiUICULTUKAI.   AIM'KdI'KIATIoN    HII.L,    l'.rJ4.  191 

M0NI)AY,  NoVKMHKIt    27,    1»2'J. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  C.  W.  HUNT.  PRESIDENT   IOWA  BUREAU 
FARM   FEDERATION.   DES   MOINES.   IOWA. 

Mr.  lllNT.  ( iciil  IciiKMi,  the  >il  luil  mil  111  lii\Mi  i>  jiO'iui  hum.  \\  V 
huvi'  ln'cii  working  on  llu'  ciiKlltatiou  of  burlxMiv  Im.slu's  siurr  IIMS. 
In  the  lii'st  four  ycni"s  coinhinod,  liowcver,  wo  did  not  acconipli.Hli  aM 
much  as  wo  have  afcomplishcd  iti  tlic  year  lOJJ  uj)  to  datr.  I  think 
there  are  two  reason.**  for  that  increase  in  tlie  success  of  thr  work  in 
19l.*2.  one  hoinj^  the  fact  that  wo  j^ot  an  increase  in  l\w  Frderal  ap- 
propriation from  §117, ()()()  to  $:i.')(). ()()().  Anotlier  reason  for  the 
increased  interest  in  the  work  is  the  association  for  tlie  prevention  of 
grain  rust,  of  which  Mr.  Fulh-r  has  spoken,  and  of  which  \w  is  the 
director.  In  h)wa  we  have  cooperated  in  the  puhhcity  work,  and 
everv  county  in  the  State  that  has  a  farm  hureau  has  cooperate<l  with 
Mr.  VuUer,  and  in  tliat  way  we  have  spread  the  puhUcity  over  the 
entire  State. 

We  have  fjiven  a  «;reat  ihMd  of  space  to  it  in  tlie  little  paper  that  we 
puhlisii  at  tne  Farm  Bureau  oflice,  j^oinjij  into  the  liistory  of  the  nest, 
and  showint^  tlie  need  for  its  eraclication.  Those  two  tliinj^s  nave 
made  it  possible  in  Iowa  to  do  more  wt)rk  in  11)22  than  was  done  in 
the  four  years  preceding.  Tlie  (juestion  of  State  laws  making  it 
possible  to  eradicate  these  hushes  where  the  cooperation  of  the  owner 
of  the  farm  is  not  given,  has  been  spoken  of  here.  Iowa  has  such  a 
law,  and  1  think  some  use  was  made  of  that  law  in  two  ()r  three 
instances  in  the  beginning  of  the  work.  However,  during  the  last 
t  w«)  years,  we  have  had  no  trouble  with  any  of  the  people  on  the  farms, 
and  the  city  people  generally  are  getting  well  accpiainted  with  the 
necessity  for  the  eradication  of  the  barberry  bushes.  Therefore, 
there  is  the  best  cooperation  all  along  the  line.  In  the  last  year.  28 
counties  in  the  extreme  northeastern  corner  of  the  State  have  been 
gone  over,  tlie  bushes  located,  and  dug  out.  A  lot  of  that  territory 
along  the  Mississippi  River  is  some  of  the  worst  territory  we  had  to 
survey  on  account  of  the  limestone  rock  and  the  difliculty  in  getting 
the  bushes  out.  We  used  chemical  methods  in  some  places,  and 
•  leaned  up  that  section. 

With  tlie  appropriation  of  S.")0(),000  that  we  are  asking  for  here. 
I  am  sure  we  can  clean  up  all  the  plants  in  the  State  of  Iowa  next 
yea/.  There  are  30  counties  yet  to  be  gone  over,  all  being  in  the 
southern  and  southeastern  portion  of  the  State.  Some  of  tliose 
counties  along  the  Mississippi  River  are  bad,  just  as  those  in  the 
northeast  corner,  but  we  can  clean  them  up  and  probably  resurvey 
the  territory  that  has  already  been  gone  over,  'nierefore.  it  wouhi 
seem  to  me  that  we  probablv  couhl  get  along  without  any  further 
help  after  next  year.  Possibly  we  might  need  a  little  approprialion- 
the  year  following.  Of  course,  all  of  you  understand  that  we  w«)uld 
liave  a  good  deal  of  resurveying  work  to  do.  and  it  would  be  necessary 
to  get  the  sprouts  and  seedlings  as  they  come  on  after  the  original 
l>ushes  are  taken  out.  The  loss  from  grain  rust  in  Iowa,  I  might 
say,  is  estimated  at  $1  .()(»0,()(M).  for  last  year. 

Mr.  Andkhsox.   Do  voii  mean  the  current  year  or  last  vear  ? 

Mr.  HiXT.  That  would  be  the  estimate  for  1922.  Tlie  average 
loss  for  six  years  has  been  about  Sl,ri()(),00().     A  big  percentage  of 

22028—22 13 


192  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

that  loss  was  connected  with  the  oat  crop.  Iowa  is  not  a  heavy 
wheat-producing  State  at  the  present  time,  due  very  largely  to  the 
damage  caused  03-  rust.  The  farmers  did  not  know  at  the  time  that 
it  was  connected  with  the  barberry  bush,  but  wheat  took  the  rust 
and  did  not  yield.  They  almost  quit  raising  it,  which  was  quite  a 
drawback  in  the  rotation  of  crops,  but  they  did  keep  raising  oats. 
They  raised  quite  an  acreage  of  oats,  and  the  loss  on  oats  from  grain 
rust  was  very  great  this  year.  The  loss  of  wheat,  of  course,  in  com- 
parison to  the  amount  raised,  was  in  the  same  ratio. 

I  just  want  to  cite  one  fieki  that  came  to  my  attention,  and  that 
was  a  40-acre  field  of  barley.  That  field  was  very  badly  rusted,  and 
they  found  in  a  4^-acre  tract  a  CTeat  number  of  barberry  bushes — I 
think  something  like  1,000 — in  that  vicinity.  That  40  acres  yielded 
320  bushels  and  should  have  yielded  1,400  bushels,  making  the  loss 
to  the  owner  of  that  crop  on  the  40  acres  something  like  S600.  There 
are  other  cases,  of  course,  but  that  had  been  brought  to  my  attention, 
and  I  mention  it  here  to  show  the  extreme  damage  of  this  plant. 

I  think  that  is  about  the  situation  in  Iowa,  and  that  is  all  I  have 
to  say,  unless  somebody  desires  to  ask  some  questions. 

Mr.  xVxDERsox.  We  are  very  much  obliged  to  you. 

Mr.  Fuller.  The  next  speaker  will  be  Mr.  Hill,  president  of  the 
South  Dakota  Farm  Bureau  Federation, 


Monday,  November  27,  1922. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  W.  S.  HILL,  PRESIDENT  SOUTH  DAKOTA 

FARM  BUREAU  FEDERATION. 

Mr.  Hill.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  represent  South  Dakota,  which  is  one 
of  the  big  small-grain  producing  States  in  the  Northwest  and  a  State 
which  has  suffered  millions  of  dollars  in  losses  from  black  rust.  The 
work  of  eradication  was  commenced  in  our  State  in  1918,  and  up  until 
the  end  of  1921  they  had  covered  about  20  counties.  During  the  past 
year,  1922,  owing  to  the  increased  appropriations,  they  covered  24 
counties,  so  that  we  have  at  this  time  44  counties  which  have  been 
covered. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Was  that  all  new  work  or  does  that  include  some 
resurveying  ? 

Mr.  Hill.  That,  I  think,  was  all  new  work,  Mr.  Anderson.  The 
entire  part  of  the  State  lying  east  of  the  Missouri  Kiver  has  now  been 
surveyed,  but  there  are  still  something  over  20  counties  yet  to  be  cov- 
ered. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Do  barberry  bushes  exist  in  all  portions  of  the 
State? 

Mr.  Hill.  So  far  they  have  found  barberry  bushes  in  every  county 
they  have  surveyed.  In  some  counties  there  would  not  be  many,  but 
tliey  have  found  some  in  every  county. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  How  many  counties  have  you  in  the  State? 

Mr.  IIii.L.  There  are  aboiit  ()5  in  the  State.  That  map  will  show 
what  has  been  covered.  This  is  the  part  east  of  the  I'iver  that  has 
been  covered  [indicating],  and  it  leases  all  this  j)art  to  be  covered 
[indicating]. 


A(;KI(L'LTri!AI.   .\1'IM»>PIUATH)X    BILL,    IW4.  193 

A  Inw  was  |)ass(>(l  iti  MU'.»  making;  it  a  iiiis<|i>ini-aiior  for  aiiyoiu' 
to  l«M'p  or  liar!>or  l)arl>rrrv  luislifs  on  tlicir  J)Im<«>  aftrr  tlu-v  Mavi* 
boon  pointed  out  t()  tlirrn  and  tlu'V  know  thi«y  nrr  pn'si-nt.  Tlwn' 
is  no  oppimjtion  to  tlw  work  in  oiir  State;  in  fa<'t.  tlir<>ii;;}i  dur  farm 
bureau  we  lia\  «>  ^iven  a  j;reat  deal  c»f  publiril y  to  it  and  we  have  tlie 
best  of  roop»«ration  from  tlie  farmers.  I  believe  tluit  in  another 
year,  witli  the  apf)n»priation  that  has  been  asked  for.  the  entire 
State  couhl  be  ro\en'd  and  mucli  tliat  has  !)een  coNered  couhl  be 
rcsurveyjMl.  so  tliat  it  wouM  hiok  to  me  as  jhoU|;h  arn)ther  \ear  of 
vip>rous  action  wouhl  pretty  W(dl  <dean  up  the  State,  and  I  beheve 
it  is  the  part  of  ee«)nomy  and  business  to  keep  the  appropriation 
birj;e  enou<;h  so  that  tliis  work  »an  be  pushed  rather  than  to  aHow 
it  to  tha<;. 

Mr.  lU'tiiANAN.  What  part  do«'s  your  State  take  in  the  work^ 
Has  your  State  contributed  anythinj;  toward  it  f 

Mr.  IliLL.  So  fur  tiic  Slate  has  riot  <(mlributed  anything. 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.   lias  it  coiitiibuted  no  bibor  or  supervision  ^ 

Mr.  IltLi,.  Of  cotn-se  th«'v  do  the  work  of  era<lieatin<;. 

Mr.  lUcMANAN.  They  dij;  the  bushes  up  ^ 

Mr.  II ILL.  Yos,  sir. 

Mr.  lircHANAX.  The  owners  of  the  hind  do  di^  them  up  and  the 
State  compels  them  to  do  it? 

Mr.  Hill.  Yes,  sir;  tlio  State  compels  theiii  to  <lo  it  after  the}' 
have  been  notilietl  that  they  have  them  on  their  phues. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  And  if  they  do  not  do  it  after  they  have  been 
notified  thi\v  are  subject  to  prosecution  ? 

Mr.  IIiLi..  Yes,  sir;  it  is  a  misdemeanor.  1  ihiuk.  uadrr  tlie  law. 
The  loss  from  black  rust  this  past  year  has  been  nmch  less  than  in 
other  years;  that  may  not  have  been  altoi^ether  on  account  of  this 
work,  l)ut  it  is  a  fact  just  the  same,  so  that  I  think  we  are  be};innin<; 
to  see  the  fruits  of  it. 

I  am  (|uile  a  lari^e  grower  of  wheat  myself  and  have  been.  I  lost 
my  crop  in  IDlti,  in  1917.  in  lUl!)  and  li»2().  and  after  that  I  (piit 
sowiiii;  sprint;  wheat.  So  that  the  acreai;e  has  been  reduciMl  in  our 
State  very  materially  as  a  result  of  the  damu<;e  from  bla(  k  rust,  and 
it  is  (|uite  a  problem  with  the  farmers  of  our  c(»untry.  because  the 
growing  of  wlieat  fits  into  the  rotation  of  our  crops  and  they  have 
not  any  other  crop  that  will  exactly  take  its  place. 

Mr.  Iii(  ILWAX.  They  have  not  many  other  crops  which  they  can 
plant,  have  they  < 

Mr.  Hill.  Xo;  but,  of  course,  they  can  plant  corn. 

Mr.  lire  iiA.NA.N.  Corn,  wheat,  and  Ha.x  ^ 

Mr.  IIjll.  \Ve  have  some  lla.x.  yes.  but  corn,  wheat,  outs,  rye.  and 
barley  constitute  our  j)rincipal  crops. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Corn  is  a  little  doubtful  becau.se  of  the  season,  is 
it  not  ( 

Mr.  Hill.  No;  we  are  a  gooil  coin-growing  State,  but  we  ii.-.d  the 
small  grains  to  work  into  our  crop  rotations. 

I  think  that  about  covers  the  situation  in  South  Dakota. 

Mr.  FiLLKH.  1  want  to  ask  Mr.  Silver  to  make  a  statenuMit,  ixcause 
Mr.  Silver  is  in  a  position  to  view  the  problem  as  a  part  of  the  general 
moyenient  in  which  you  gentlemen,  as  well  as  ourselves,  are  inter- 
ested, namely,  agricultural  development  and  the  impn)vement  of  the 
agricultural  situation  generally.     Nlr.  .Silver  will  speak  as  to  the  nart 


194  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   192 1. 

of  the  Federal  and  State  campaign  for  barberry  eradication  in  its 
bearing  on  the  food  supj)ly  of  the  countr}-. 

Mr.  Hill.  I  wonder  whether  I  might  add  another  thing  ? 

Mr.  Anderson.  Yes. 

Mr.  Hill.  I  just  happened  to  think  of  something  which  occurred 
near  my  own  farm.  As  I  stated  before,  I  have  been  k)sing  my  wheat 
crop  and  I  seemed  to  be  pretty  nearly  the  first  one  in  the  neighbor- 
hood to  discover  black  rust  on  my  wheat,  and  when  the  survev  was 
made  this  last  summer  barberry  bushes  were  discovered  witliin  a 
mile  of  my  farm  and  which,  I  am  satisfied,  have  been  guilty  of  spread- 
ing black  rust  on  my  crops.  A  survey  had  never  been  made  in  my 
county  until  this  past  summer. 


Monday,  November  27,  1922. 

STATEMENT    OF   MR.    GRAY    SILVER,    PRESIDENT  AMERICAN 
FARM  BUREAU  FEDERATION. 

Mr.  Silver.  Mr.  Chairman  and  gentlemen  of  the  committee: 
You  have  heard  the  statements  of  the  gentlemen  from  the  infested 
areas  and  are  to  hear  from  the  technical  men  who  will  follow  them. 
I  want  to  add  the  voice  of  the  American  Farm  Bureau  Federation 
in  this  plea  and  call  attention  to  the  great  economic  loss  that  is 
going  on  and  which  can  be  avoided.  The  taking  of  plant  food  from 
the  soil,  the  use  of  the  labor  and  equipment  necessary  to  grow  these 
crops  only  to  have  them  lost  or  wasted,  are,  of  course,  serious  things 
not  only  for  the  farmer  but  for  the  consuming  public,  which  means 
the  Nation  at  large. 

The  men  who  have  testified  do  not  come  here  with  propaganda 
or  with  idle  talk;  they  are  here  with  a  message  right  from  their 
hearts,  from  the  grass  roots  and  from  the  basic  source  of  supply  of 
foodstuffs  of  the  United  States,  because  these  black  lands  are  the 
surplus  producing  sections  of  the  country;  that  means  they  produce 
all  the  surplus  foodstufTs  that  are  consumed  in  the  cities  and  ;iway 
from  the  black  lands. 

When  they  have  gone  so  far  in  their  home  States  as  to  pass  laws  that 
give  them  the  right  to  go  on  infested  properties  and  take  the  action 
that  is  necessary  to  aid  this  eradication,  and  when  they  have  made  tlie 
progress  these  men  report,  it  is  certainly  a  very  reasonable  thing  to 
ask  of  the  Federal  Government  that  cooperation  which  will  bring 
about  the  complete  eradication  of  this  great  pest,  a  pest  which  is 
causing  such  great  economic  losses  in  tiie  small  grains.  These  people 
are  asking  cooperation.  They  are  not  asking  the  Government  to  do 
it  alone;  they  are  asking  cooperation  and  team  work.  1  want  to  say 
that  not  only  tlie  farm  bureau  members  from  these  vStates  but  from 
other  States  join  with  those  Tueinbers  in  the  itifested  States  in  asking 
that  you  grant  this  appropriation  and  in  that  wav  assist  in  tiiis  cause. 

Mr.  Fuller.  We  have,  Mr.  C^hairman,  two  teclinical  experts  as 
members  of  this  committee.  I  am  first  going  to  a^^k  Dr.  G.  II.  (\>ons. 
plant  j)ath()l()gist  of  the  Miciiigan  Agricultural  College,  to  present 
some  additional  aspects  of  this  problem. 


ACJKICULTI'IIAI.  ArrUorUlATloN    MII.I,,    UKU.  195 

MuNDAV.   NOVKMUKIC    J7.   1022. 

STATEMENT    OF    DR.    G.    ItL.    COONS.    PLANT    PATHOLOGIST. 
MICHIGAN   AGRICULTURAL  COLlEGE. 

Doctor  (\k)NS.  I  want  t(»  say.  first,  ^rutli'inrn.  that  thr  rciiiarks 
that  those  mon  who  roprosmt  farm  huroaiis  havo  iiunh*  for  their  par- 
ticuhir  Stnti's  hohl  ("snccially  Inn'  also  for  Muhi<;aii.  It  is  not  al(mr 
thr  men  who  an'  on  tlic  farms  who  arr  intrrrsfiMl  in  this  projiositiorj, 
hut  I  lind  from  my  confai-t  with  hiisiness  mm,  who  have  sonicthinj; 
to  (h)  with  a<xri»ultiirr  and  wlio  have  sonictliin^  to  (h»  with  tJio  hij; 
husincss  cnttMpriscs  of  Michi*:an.  that  they  arc  100  prr  ccn(  liack  of 
this  proposition. 

I'his  is  not  nuM'oly  foll«)winj;  out  some  futile  dream,  hut  this  is  n 
fijjiit.  hacked  i)y  tin*  host  technical  advice  tinit  wc  <'rtn  {jot  hold  of.  lo 
<'lTect  stal)ility  in  the  production  of  the  NMlion's  foo<|  croj)s. 

Micliii^an  is  especially  concerned  with  the  prosperity  ol  tlio  wheat- 
j;n»win«j  re<rions  of  Minnesota.  Xortli  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  and  so 
<»n.  Selfishly.  Michijian  wants  those  |)(M)j)le  to  continue  in  tlie  wheat 
proposition  and  stay  out  of  the  p(»tato  l)nsiness.  let  us  say.  so  tliat 
NliclHi;an  can  produce  the  |)otat(»es.  We  have  seen,  as  a  result  of 
these  years  of  lailurc  of  the  sprinj;  wheat  crop  in  those  Northwestern 
States  a  tendency  to  jjo  into  the  potato  busiru»ss,  which  is  viewed 
with  a  threat  deal  of  distrust  and  fear  by  the  l):iid;ers.  })y  the  produce 
handlers,  hy  tlie  business  men.  and  hy  all  the  airricultural  interests  of 
Michijjan. 

I  merely  mention  tliat  as  a  side  lijjht  to  show  that  here  is  a  proposi- 
tion which  appeals  not  ahine  to  farmers.  Barberry  eradication  to 
prevent  black  stem  rust  is  intensely  jjopular  with  the  farmers  in  our 
State,  but  it  is  also  a  thing  wbich  appeals  to  our  business  men  as  a 
necessary,  stabilizinfj  thin«;  to  do. 

I  wisii,  however,  to  speak  chiefly  as  a  technical  man  and  as  a  plant 
pathologist  viewing  this  eradication  program.  Congress  has  put  its 
hand  to  the  plow  and  there  is  no  turning  back.  If  the  job  is  worth 
doing  it  is  well  that  the  jol)  be  d(ni(>  (piickly. 

You  may  be  interested  in  a  table  of  statistics  on  barberry  from 
our  State,  reduced  to  the  form  of  averages  per  county.  I  fin<l  there 
are  on  an  average  of  38  city  barberry  locatu^ns  per  county  and  that 
there  are  43  rural  locations  per  county,  so  that  this  is  more  of  a  farm 
problem  than  it  is  a  city  problem. 

Mr.  Andkr.son.  You  mean  existing  locations  ? 

Doctor  Coons.  The  locations  have  been  found  in  the  10  counties 
which  have  been  surveyed  and  all  have  been  destroyed.  The  figures 
show  the  average  situation.  There  are  also  in  the  counties  which 
have  been  surveyed  an  average  of  10  escaped  areas  per  county,  with 
an  average  of  518  bushes  per  escaped  area.  Now,  then,  if  eradica- 
tion is  to  go  on  and  if  tlie  money  which  has  been  |)oured  into  this 
campaign  is  to  accomj)lish  its  purpose,  it  is  necessary,  it  is  vital,  that 
all  haste  be  made  and  that  great  emphasis  be  placed  on  the  (piiik 
handling  of  this  situation  before  these  esca|)ed  areas  become  so 
num(>rous  and  so  large  that  tlie  job  of  cleaning  them  up  becomes  too 
large  for  us. 

If  this  job  of  eradication  is  not  done  in  the  next  two  to  five  years  it 
is  going  to  be  a  propositicm  that  will  cost  one  hundre<l  times,  at  the 


196  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRLA.TION    BILL,   1924. 

very  lowest  estimate,  what  it  will  cost  at  the  present  time.  I  tremble 
to  think  of  what  is  going  to  happ(*n  to  the  small-grain  crops  of 
Michigan,  to  say  nothing  of  the  northwest  areas,  if  the  barberry  con- 
tinues to  increase  in  our  dune  lands  and  in  our  waste  lands,  which 
occupy  so  large  a  part  of  the  northern  part  of  the  Southern  Peninsula 
of  Michigan. 

Mr.  Buchanan.   Does  it  increase  rapidly? 

Doctor  Coons.  Around  a  ])ush  perhaps  100  seedlings  or  more  can 
be  seen  readily,  which  represent  the  increase  of  a  single  year,  and  if 
you  can  see  100  seedlings  in  an  area  the  size  of  this  table,  who  can 
estimate  the  number  of  seedlings  that  have  been  carried  here,  there, 
and  everywhere  by  birds,  and  which  escape  detection?  So  I  should 
say  its  progress  is  extremely  rapid. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  It  will  reproduce  from  the  seed  ? 

Doctor  Coons.  Yes,  sir. 

^Ir.  Buchanan.  How  large  are  the  seeds  ? 

Doctor  Coons.  They  are  about  the  size  of  a  kernel  of  wheat  an<l 
these  arc  eaten  by  birds  in  the  winterlime. 

Mr.  Buch.\nan.  Will  stock  cat  them  ( 

Doctor  Stakman.  There  was  one  rather  interesting  thing  iu 
Pennsylvania.  They  found  that  cows  browsed  on  the  berries  in 
pastures,  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  they  counted  about  -15  seedlings 
from  a  single  bush. 

Doctor  Coons.  I  would  like  to  comment  as  a  technical  man  t)n  the 
method  of  handling  this  barberry  eradication  program.  I  think 
Congress  has  proceeded  in  exactly  the  right  fashion  in  giving  strong, 
central  support  to  this  movement,  heading  up  the  entire  program, 
and  enlisting  the  cooperation  of  all  of  the  States  in  this  grain-growing 
area,  and  proceeding  in  a  vigorous,  orderly  fashion  to  cover  the  ter- 
ritory by  a  definite  farm-to-farm  survey  and  not  lieing  satisfied  witli 
merely  telling  somebody  else  to  go  and  do  it.  With  the  amount  of 
mone}^  that  was  spent  in  the  first  years  the  progress  was,  I  should 
say,  slower  than  the  actual  increase  of  the  barberry.  The  amount 
spent  then  was  something  like  $150,000. 

With  the  amount  spent  this  last  year  in  the  entire  barberry  area, 
$350,000,  the  progress  has  been  muck  more  gratifying,  because  where 
before  something  like  five  counties  in  Michigan  were  covered  per 
year  by  a  farm  to  farm  survey,  under  the  apportionment  given  to 
our  State,  something  like  15  counties  were  covered  in  this  hist  year 
thoroughly  and  effectively.  While  we  can  not  make  any  such 
favorable  report  as  the  gentlemen  who  have  prececkHl  me  as  tt) 
the  end  being  in  siglit  in  a  year  or  two,  at  any  rate  we  can  say  that 
the  job  of  covering  tlie  State  of  Michigan  is  going  to  l)e  acconii)Hshed 
witiiin  a  reasonal)k'  time  and  is  not  going  to  be  (haigged  out  o\er  a 
20-year  pei'iocL  My  opinion,  as  a  j^erson  (hiding  with  phmt  patho- 
logical subjects,  is  that  Congress  sliouKI  not  tliink  at  all  of  reducing 
tills  appr()|)iiation,  but  should  rather  think  of  putting  in  more  money, 
putting  in  as  mucli  money  as  can  be  liandlcd  economically,  so  as  to 
control  this  pest  iininediately. 

My  last  statement  will  be  a  very  i)rii'f  one.  and  it  will  be  that  the 
common  concensus  of  opinion  of  plant  pathologists  is  that  this  move 
of  eradicating  the  barberry  is  tlie  logical  and  first  step  toward  the 
control  of  tlie  black  stem  rust. 

Mr.  Bucha.nan.  Is  there  any  second  step? 


AnUKHTIiTUIlAI.   APPROPRf ATFON    BIM-    IflM. 


197 


Doctor  (Vk)N's.  Usimlly  we  take  the  »<»con<l  step  after  the  firHt  step 
is  taken.  b<it  this  is  the  fiiNt  attd  the  iinportanf  step 

Mr.  I^iiHAN  AN.  What  I  wniit  to  know  is  whether  tluTe  is  any  otlier 
hush  eoncernecl  except  the  harherrv  hush  ^ 

Doctor  Coons.   No;  tlicre  is  not. 

Mr.  Bi'ciiAXAN.  Then  if  we  take  the  first  step,  ami  there  is  no 
second  step,  and  we  ccunpietely  eradicate  it,  we  are  thnui^li  with  the 
prohl(Mn  ( 

Doctor  CooN'.**.  We  will  he  thnmph  with  the  problem  as  far  as 
ereat  epidemics,  which  sweep  the  c(»untrv.  are  con<erfied.  I  <|o  not 
know  whetlicr  any(»nc  w<»ul«l  want  to  tnnke  tlie  stnteincnt  that  the 
rust  would  absolutely  disn[)pear  with  the  eradication  of  the  barberry, 
hut  I  do  not  believe  scientists  would  want  to  «;o  that  far.  Vou  know, 
we  are  conservative. 

^fr.  lil'CHAXAN.   You  are  catilious  f 

Doctor  Coons.  ^'(«s.  But  we  believe  that  the  eradication  of  the 
barberry  will  result  in  the  st(»pping  of  the  j;reat  epidemics  which 
have  heretofore  swept  over  the  country,  because  we  are  all  con- 
vin<-ed  tlmt  tiiese  f^reat  epidemics  start  with  the  barberry  bush  and 
sweep  over  the  country  from  the  momentum  tliev  derive  from  this 
enrlv  start  in  the  sprinj;. 

^fr.  Fri.LER.  The  next  {gentleman  who  will  discuss  this  proposi- 
tion will  give  you.  possibly,  a  more  specific  answer  to  the  <|Uestion 
you  have  just  put,  Mr.  Buchanan,  a  ipiestion  which  has  occurred  to 
all  of  us.  namely,  will  barberry  eradication  actually  accomplish 
what  we  are  ciniminf;  for  it  (  Dr.  K.  C.  Stakman.  plant  patholojjist 
of  the  Minnesota  Collej^e  of  Ajz;riculture.  was  borrowed  last  summer 
by  the  I'nited  States  Department  of  A<;riculture  and  sent  to  Kurope 
to  find  out  what  had  been  done  over  there.  His  story  is  of  tre- 
mendous interest  and  has  a  very  important  bearint;  on  your  con- 
sideration of  this  (juestion. 


Monday,   Xovkaiblk  27,   1922. 


STATEMENT   OF   DR.   E.   C.    STAKMAN.   PLANT   PATHOLOGIST, 
MINNESOTA  COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

Doctor  Stak.max.  Mr.  Chairman  and  {rentlemen,  the  questiim  has 
alwavs  arisen  as  to  whether  the  eradication  of  the  barberry  would 
absohitely  control  the  black-stem  rust.  We  did  not  know  exactly 
about  that  situation  in  this  country  because  the  experiment  had 
never  been  made  on  a  lar<i;e  enough  scale.  We  did  know  that  in  cer- 
tain areas  where  the  barberry  has  been  for  years  there  had  been  heavv 
rust  and  that  when  the  barberries  were  removed  the  rust  disappeared. 
But  there  were  no  availa})le  experiments  on  large  areas.  We  knew 
that  some  barberry  eradication  work  had  been  done  in  Kurope  and 
that  Denmark  had  solved  this  problem  by  eradicating  the  barberries, 
but  we  did  not  know  much  about  the  situation  in  the  rest  of  Kurope. 
So  I  obtained  leave  of  absence  from  the  university  last  year  and  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  asked  me  to  go  over  there  to  find  out 
what  had  been  done  in  Europe. 

I  found,  in  the  first  place,  thai  western  Kuropean  countries  had 
taken  out  practically  all  the  barberries  from  the  agricultural  ilistricts; 


198  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

that  is,  from  the  principal  grain-growing  districts.  I  found  they  had 
accompHshed  that  either  by  law  or  just  simply  on  account  of  the  fact 
that  the  farmers  had  become  so  convinced  that  thev  could  not  grow 
grain  where  there  were  barberries  that  they  took  tbem  out  without 
the  compulsion  of  law. 

In  England  they  have  taken  out  nearly  all  of  their  barberries; 
they  have  never  had  a  law,  however,  and  it  has  taken  them  a  lonj: 
time.  But  to-day  they  are  about  125  years  ahead  of  us  on  this  bar- 
berry eradication,  because  English  farmers,  about  ISOO,  commenced 
to  realize  that  they  could  not  profitably  grow  small  grains  where 
there  were  a  great  many  barberry  bushes.  So  they  simply  got  to- 
gether and  started  to  take  the  bushes  out  and  have  been  taking  them 
out  ever  since,  so  that  at  the  present  time  there  are  practically  no 
barberry  bushes  in  the  grain-growing  regions  of  England. 

In  Rouen.  France,  they  passed  a  barberry  eradication  law  in  1660, 
but,  on  account  of  various  other  difficulties  they  had  over  there  that 
law  was  never  enforced  very  rigorously.  However,  since  that  time 
a  great  many  of  the  local  political  units  have  passed  eradication  laws 
so  that  at  the  present  time,  as  the  result  of  these  laws,  there  are 
scarcely  any  barberries  in  the  agricultural  districts  of  France.  I 
traveled  a  great  many  miles  by  automobile  and  saw  but  few  barberry 
bushes  in  the  agricultural  districts.  Of  course,  there  are  still  barberry 
bushes  in  the  mountains,  in  the  Pyrenees  Mountains,  in  the  Jura 
Mountains,  and  in  the  Alps.  They  are  still  growing  some  gi-ain  there 
but  they  can  not  grow  much.  However,  in  the  principal  grain- 
growing  regions  there  are  practically  no  barberry  bushes.  The  pre- 
amble of  one  of  the  laws  they  passed  struck  me  rather  forcibly.  That 
law  was  passed  in  1891.  They  started  it  with  the  usual  preamble,  in 
which  they  said:  "Whereas,  it  has  been  amply  demonstrated  that  the 
presence  of  the  common  barberry  is  a  veritable  scourge  to  grain 
fields." 

They  said  it  with  all  of  their  French  enthusiasm  and  then  they  went 
ahead  and  passed  their  law,  and  as  the  result  of  that  law  there  are 
practically  no  barberry  bushes  in  the  principal  grain-growing  regions, 
although,  as  I  say,  they  are  to  be  found  in  the  mountains. 

In  Italy  the  same  thing  is  true.  There  are  very  few  barberry 
bushes  except  in  the  mountains. 

In  Greece  they  are  all  over  the  mountains  but  there  are  not  so 
many  in  the  agricultural  districts,  and  the  same  thing  is  true  through- 
out the  Balkans. 

The  old  Austro-Hungarian  Empire  passed  a  law  about  1S9S  as  the 
result  of  which  they  have  gotten  rid  of  practically  all  the  barberry 
bushes  in  the  present  States  of  Hungary,  Czechosfovakia,  and  those 
other  smaller  countries  now  belonging  to  Serbia,  and  othercountries 
near  there  which  formerly  belonged  to  the  Austro-Hungarian  mon- 
archy. .The  Hungarians  were  so  linuly  impressed  with  the  bonelicial 
effects  of  that  law  that  the  present  State  of  Hungary  simply  reenacted  l| 
the  law  re(juiring  that  all  of  the  remaining  barberry  bushes  be  taken 
out,  so  that  there  are  practically  no  baiberry  bushes  in  the  territory 
which  previously  belonged  to  Austro-llungarv.  except  in  the  movin- 
tains  and  in  some  of  the  waste  lands. 

In  (lennauy  the  same  thing  has  l)een  done.  The  kingdoms, 
duchies,  grandduchies,  and  other  political  units  there  passed  laws, 
beginning  appro.ximately  about  1805-    althougii  th<Me  had  been  some 


AiiUICULTrilAI,   AIMMIOIMIIATIOX    HII.I.,    lUJM. 


190 


passed  Ix'foic  that,    isoo  aiid  aluii^  alxMit  lliut  tiiiio     ro(|iiirin(;  the 
eradication  «)f  tlu'  roniiiinii  harlxTiy  hiislics. 

Denmark,  jis  we  all  kimw.  passed  a  haiherrv  law  in  I'MKi.  and  as 
a  residt  of  the  bcnelicial  elFeds  df  thai  Danish  law  tlw  eoninion 
haiheriv  has  heen  eradiealed  from  that  coiintrv.  A  harherrv  law 
has  heen  enaete*!  in  Bavaria,  in  southern  (lermariv;  «>ne  has  heerj 
enatted  in  Sweden  and  one  in  Norway.  So  that  in  praetii-allv  all 
of  the  countries  of  w«'stern  ICurope  there  is  now  le<jal  provision  for 
the  eradication  of  the  harherrs  . 

The  (|Uestion  in  which  we  are  particularly  interested  is:  What  \uv* 
heen  the  result  of  the  taking  out  of  these  harherrv  hushes^  In 
Knj^land  all  of  the  pathr)lo}^ists  and  a«;rononusts—  and  even  the 
i)raclical  farmers  with  whom  1  talked  told  me  they  were  ah>o- 
lutely  convince*!  that  the  hlack  stenj  rust  could  not  exist  in  Mn;;land 
without  the  common  harherrv  hush.  I  traveled  a  p^reat  many  miles 
by  automobile  and  the  only  barberries  I  saw  in  Hnj^land  proper 
wen^  those  which  a  professor  of  botany  at  (\iml)rid^'e  had  kept  for 
experimental  pinposes,  and  that  was  the  only  place  also  in  which 
I  saw  the  blacK  stem  rust  in  Kn<^land. 

They  told  me  this  was  not  an  exceptional  year;  that  they  had  that 
same  ex|)eiience  year  after  year  and  that  when  they  wante<l  black 
stem  rust  for  ex|)erimental  i)urposes  they  had  to  pt  out  to  those  bar- 
berry bushes  which  still  exist  in  Scotland  or  Wales,  where  there  are 
still  somi>  conunoii  barberry  bushes.  So.  in  K:i<;l;ind  proper,  thcv  have 
eradicated  all  of  their  barberry  bushe-;  from  the  a»;ricultural  districts 
and  they  know  very  little,  if  anything;,  about  the  black  stem  rust 
because  they  simply  do  not  have  it.  I  talked  with  a  prominent 
invest itjator,  at  Cambridjjje  he  havinf;  studied  the  situation  in  Kw^- 
hmd  for  several  years — antl  he  told  me  he  was  absolutely  convin<'ed 
that  blaek  stem  rust  could  not  exist  in  Enj^land  witlu)Ut  the  common 
barberry. 

In  Wales  I  made  a  loiif;  automobile  trip  and  we  could  find  no  black 
stem  rust  whatever  for  a  »jreat  many  miles,  and  I  bi'came  very  lone- 
some. Finally  we  stopped  at  a  field  and  found  a  little  on  some  wheat. 
We  asked  the  farmer  whether  he  knew  of  any  barberries  in  the  region, 
and  he  said  he  could  not  tell  us.  We  asked  him  whether  the  knew 
what  barberries  were,  and  he  said  he  did  not,  but  when  we  asked  him 
whether  there  were  any  prvn  melin  in  that  neighborhood  that 
being  the  Welsh  term  for  barberrie-^  -he  said  there  were,  and  he  said 
the  schoolmaster  had  been  k(M'ping  barberry  bushe-;  right  across 
the  road,  and  we  could  trace  the  rust  verv  nicelv  fi"om  tho^e  bar- 
berry bushes  on  to  this  farm. 

We  went  still  farther  into  Wales  and  we  could  find  no  black-stem 
rust  at  all.  except  where  we  found  barberri«'s  and  where  we  found 
them  there  was  plenty  of  black-stem  rusl.  Th(>re  was  one  field  in 
which  it  was  particularly  present  and  it  impn^ssed  me  very  forcibly. 
In  that  field  tluM'e  was  a  very  marked  attacK  of  black-stem  rust,  and 
although  I  did  not  know  where  the  barberry  bushes  were  I  knew 
they  were  in  that  general  region.  I  asked  wheth(>r  they  were  over 
in  that  direction  and  the  man  to  whom  I  was  talking  looked  around 
and  said:  "That  is  exactly  where  they  are."  He  waiited  to  know 
how  1  knew  liiey  were  on  that  side,  ami  the  way  I  knew  was  this: 
There  was  a  very  heavy  attack  on  that  particular'side  of  the  grain; 
the  grain  was  literally  covered  with  rust  on  that  side,  showing  that 


200  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRL\TIOX    BILL,   K>24. 

the  rust  had  just  simpl  v  been  blown  to  that  side  of  the  grain  from  those 
barberry  bushes,  which  were  about  a  half  mile  away  from  this  wheat 
field,  and  had  attacked  that  side  of  the  stem.  It  was  a  perfectly  clear 
situation,  and  in  Wales  I  became  absolutely  convinced  that  black-stem 
rust  does  not  exist  except  where  there  are  common  barberry  bushes. 

I  found  the  same  thing  true  in  France.  I  made  a  long  trip  through 
France,  and  I  could  not  find  any  black-stem  rust  at  all  until  I  went 
up  into  the  Alps  Mountains,  where  there  are  immense  numbers  of 
barberries.  I  have  never  seen  barberries  more  heavih'  rusted  than 
these  were,  and  this  at  a  time  when  you  could  not  find  rust  anywhere 
else  in  France.  We  stopped  at  a  little  town  called  Briancon,  where 
they  grow  quite  a  bit  of  rye.  There  they  have  not  eradicated  the 
barberry  bushes.  There  I  saw  a  peasant  woman,  and  I  asked  her 
whether  they  had  any  black-stem  rust.  She  said  they  had.  I  asked 
her  whether  she  knew  what  rust  was,  and  she  said  she  certainly  did, 
that  she  was  very  familiar  wdth  it.  I  asked  her  whether  she  knew 
where  it  came  from,  and  she  said  she  did,  that  it  came  from  the  bar- 
beiT}^  bushes.  I  asked  her  whether  they  ever  suffered  much  damage 
from  it,  and  she  said  they  always  did.  I  asked  her  if  it  (Hd  any  dam- 
age to  wheat,  and  she  replied  it  did  not,  for  the  reason  that  they  do 
not  grow  any  wheat  there,  because  it  always  rusts  so  badly  they  can 
not  grow  it.  I  asked  her  why  they  did  not  dig  out  the  barberry 
bushes,  and  her  answer  was  that  they  make  a  very  nice  preserve  out 
of  those  berries,  and  their  rye  does  not  amount  to  very  much  an^^•ay. 
But  the  important  thing  is  that  in  all  of  the  great  wheat-gi'owing 
areas  of  France  there  was  not  a  single  bit  of  black-stem  rust,  while 
in  the  Alps  Mountains  and  in  the  Jura  Mountains,  where  there  are 
a  great  many  barberries,  there  was  a  tremendous  amount  of  rust. 

Even  down  in  Spain,  where  one  would  expect  the  summer  stage  of 
rust  to  live  over  the  winter  and  to  be  indepon(kMil  of  the  barl)erry, 
it  apparently  is  not  independent  of  the  l)arl)orry,  because  there  they 
have  practically  no  black  stem  rust  or  very  little  black  stem  rust  ex- 
cept in  the  mountains  where  there  are  a  great  many  barbei'rv  l^ushes. 
All  of  the  people  with  whom  I  talked  in  Spain  said  that  the  rust  ap- 
peared earlier  on  the  giain  and  grass  near  the  barberry  bushes,  and 
that  the  rust  seldom  did  any  damage  except  in  the  immediate  neigh- 
borhood of  the  barberry  bushes  or  in  the  regions  where  there  are  ' 
many  barberry  bushes. 

I  talked  with  Italian  agronomists  and  plant  patholoo;ists  and 
made  observations  myself.  They  told  me  that  in  the  southern  part 
of  Italy,  where  there  are  no  barberry  ])ushes.  the  black  stem  rust  did 
not  amount  to  anything,  but  that  in  the  northern  part  of  the  country, 
where  there  are  a  great  many  ]>arberry  bushes,  tlie  i)lack  stem  rust 
does  a  lot  of  damage.  There  was  one  interesting  case  of  barberry 
eradication  about  (iO  miles  southeast  of  Rome.  In  1914  they  found 
an  outbreak  of  black  stem  rust;  they  looked  the  situation  over  and 
found  some  barberries.  They  removed  about  half  of  them  the  same 
year,  and  the  next  year  there  was  no  rust  near  the  place  from  which 
the  barberries  had  been  remov(>d,  but  there  was  rust  near  the  nMuain- 
ing  barb(>rrv  bushes.  They  took  out  the  r(>niainiiig  barlxM-ry  bushes, 
and  the  next  year  the  rust  failed  to  develop  and  since  then  they  have  i 
hav(!  had  no  rust  iii  thai  paiMicular  icgion.  | 

In  .Vustria-Ilungarv  Ihe  farmers  and  others  told  me  that  they  had  , 
not  seen  common  barberry  bushes  since  about  1S9S,  or  before  that  , 

I 


ACnirirLTIRAI,   AlMMUtPIUATtOV    nil.I.,    I!l24.  201 

time,  iukI  that  ilicv  f>Miti  n<>  iii (cMtioii  (<»  tin-  l»l.  rii  riist.     Whon 

I  jisk«'<l  tlu'in  wiml   th«\v  kiirw  iiixtiil   tin-  hlark  ^  "i»t  thov  «nul 

ihry  (li«l  not  pay  nny  attention  to  it  Hn«l  «lul  not  o  ,  it  of  tniijor 

iinj)ortanco  at  all. 

Mr.  hfCMANAN.  Ilnw  al(uul  the  (iuMatu-  foruiitioii>  bnni;  ihc 
-  \wr  '. 

Doctor  Stakman.  'Hie  climatir  rotulitions  aro  not  0!»<wntiallv  «lif- 
f«M«'nt  from  tlioso  tlicrr:  tlicy  liav««  about  th«'  .same  ron<lition.H  hm  wp 
havo  in  the  up[)«'r  Missis<inf)i  N'allry. 

in  soutlu'ni  (icrinaiiv  I  looked  for  rust  for  a  Innj;  tinn'.  in  Bavaria, 
particularly.  I>ut  could  not  find  any  at  all:  ahsolutcly  none.  Tht\v 
tolil  inc  at  flicir  cxjx'riincnt  station  I  woulil  not  find  anv  and  they 
told  nu'  tlu'  truth.  They  t«»ld  inc  that  if  I  wanted  to  find  rust  I 
■should  «;<>  to  the  numntains.  where  there  were  a  ;;reat  many  harlnTrv 
htishos.  and  that  if  1  went  there  I  would  he  pra<'tically  sure  to  find 
ru-^t.  I  did  find  a  <;r(>at  man)  harherry  hushes  anri  everv  place  the 
hushes  existed  tiiere  were  heavv  attacks  «)f  rust.  The  situation  wa.s 
lust  as  clear  as  it  possibly  could  ))e.  In  the  rest  of  (iermany  they  have 
oractically  eradicated  the  harherry  bushes,  and  the  patholo(;i.st  at 
ihe  imperial  Biological  Institute,  where  they  do  their  plant-disease 
work,  told  me  that  whenever  there  was  a  .^I'rious  oulhreak  of  black 
-tem  rust  they  simply  went  to  the  |>articular  farm  or  farms  from  which 
it  was  reported  and  asked  the  owners  where  the  barberry  busiics 
were. 

If  the  owners  said  there  were  no  barberry  bushes  they  simpiv  asked 
j)ermission  to  look  ar(^)und  ami  they  nearly  always  locateci  the  bar- 
l)(»rrv  bushes.  Th(\v  cited  instance  after  instance  in  whieji  that  very 
thin<;  had  hap[)ened.  and  that  they  could  actually  trace  l)arberrv 
bushes  by  the  dev(>lopment  of  serious  local  out  breaks  of  black-stem 

Ill  ."swfMlen  they  now  have  a  law  for  the  eradication  of  barberry 
buslu»s,  but  it  has  only  been  in  force  for  a  couple  of  years,  and  on 
.ic<-ount  of  the  miss;uided  entiiusiasm  of  one  or  two  people  the  lav. 
is  not  particularly  effective.  They  told  me.  and  I  saw  with  my  own 
I'ves.  that  there  is  a  very  definite  and  distinct  relationsjiip  l)etween 
tln'  «)ccurrcnce  of  l)lack-stem  rust  in  Sweilen  and  th(»  millions  of  bar- 
berries aloni;  the  southeastern  coast  and  up  alon*;  the  east<Tn  coast 
of  .Sweden.  There  are  a  great  many  barberry  bushes  in  that  refjion, 
and  it  is  th<'re  that  thev  sufTer  particularly  from  l)lack-stem  rust. 
In  this  country  we  think  of  the  black-stem  rust  damajjinj;  wheat. 
Imt  if  anybody  thinks  that  the  black-stem  rust  attacks  only  wheat 
ind  oidy  does  damafje  to  wlieat  he  should  see  the  situation  in 
.^wtMlen.  becaus(>  I  saw  oat  fields  there  simply  black  with  rust  and 
which  were  very  seriously  flaina'jcd.  at  the  >ame  time  the  yield 
beino;  very  «jreatiy  lessened. 

I  saw  rust  over  there  on  blue*.jrass  and  on  varitms  other  gras.ses  on 
which  we  seldom  find  bla<k  stem  rust  in  this  country.  I  have  never 
seen  any  rust  on  oats  in  this  country  tt)  compare  with  the  severity  of 
the  rust  in  Sweden.  In  Sweden,  over  toward  the  mountains,  there 
are  no  barl)erries.  and  barberries  will  not  tjrow  l)«M-aus(>  there  is  not  as 
much  limestone  in  the  soil  over  there  as  is  ne<'essary  for  the  {growth  of 
barberries.  For  years  and  years  Swe<lish  a^^riculturists  and  pathol- 
ogists have  gone  to  see  if  they  couhl  find  any  bhu'k  stem  rust  in  that 
region,  but  they  have  always  come  back  with  the  report  of  no  black 


202  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

stem  rust.  Then  they  finally  got  a  report  that  there  was  some  black 
stem  rust  in  one  place  over  there  and  Professor  Henning,  of  Stock- 
holm, one  of  the  most  eminent  authorities  on  cereal  diseases  in  the 
world,  went  up  there  and  he  found  there  was  a  heavy  outbreak  of 
black  stem  rust  and  traced  it  to  a  number  of  barberry  bushes,  and 
that  is  the  only  place  in  western  Sweden  where  they  have  yet  found 
black  stem  rust. 

In  Norway  the  situation  is  exactly  as  clear.  Wherever  there  are 
barberries  there  are  very  heavy  attacks  of  black  stem  rust  and  where 
there  are  no  barberries  there  are  no  attacks  of  black  stem  rust,  so 
that  plant  pathologists  and  agronomists  are  absolutely  convinced  that 
rust  can  not  exist  independently  of  the  barberry. 

I  suppose  the  situation  in  Denmark  is  about  tlie  clearest  of  anv  of 
them.  They  had  very  severe  epidemics  of  black  stem  rust  in  Den- 
mark in  which  the  conditions  are  quite  similar  to  those  in  the  upper 
Mississippi  Valley.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  they  started  a  barberry  war 
along  in  1805.  The  farmers  insisted  that  the  barberry  bushes  be 
taken  out  but  some  of  the  owners  of  the  bushes  in  the  cities  ami  vil- 
lages insisted  that  they  should  not  be  taken  out.  They  had  a  very 
severe  epidemic  every  three  or  four  years  and  sometimes  every  other 
year.  There  are  records  going  back  to  1888.  They  liad  a  very  de- 
structive epidemic  in  1888,  another  one  in  1889  and  still  others  in  1894. 
1896,  1897,  and  1901.  Then  they  decided  they  had  had  about  enouo:h 
for  awhile,  so  the  farmers  insisted  on  the  passage  of  a  barberry  eradi- 
cation law  and  such  a  law  was  passed.  Denmark  is  a  small  country, 
and,  after  the  passage  of  that  law,  they  commenced  the  work  thor- 
oughly and  they  had  practicallv  eradicated  all  of  the  barberry  bushes 
by  1904.  Since  that  time  they  have  not  had  a  single  serious  outbreak 
of  black  stem  rust,  and  that  is  19  years.  I  asked  them  whether 
they  would  be  sure  to  detect  an  outbreak  of  black  stem  rust  if  they 
had  one  and  they  assured  me  they  had  agricultural  experts  in  the 
various  parts  of  the  country  who  would  detect  the  slightest  attack  of 
rust  and  that  they  are  all  reporting  to  the  central  laboratory,  and  in 
all  of  these  years  they  have  been  practically  unable  to  find  any  black 
stem  rust  in  Denmark,  although  in  some  of  the  large  grain  areas 
they  have  found  a  little  bit  here  and  there  and  they  can  trace  it  to 
some  barberry  bush. 

I  made  a  long  trip  through  Denmark  and  found  no  black  stem  ru-Jt 
on  oats  or  other  grains,  but  finally  we  came  near  the  C  )peahagen 
municipal  forest  and  found  a  trace  of  rust  here  and  {\\^v?  a>  we  came 
closer  to  the  forest,  and  when  we  got  nearer  the  forc-it  we  found  it  wa^ 
pretty  heavy.  We  asked  the  forester  whether  he  knew  of  any 
barberry  bushes  in  the  woods,  and  he  said  he  knew  there  wow  st)me 
there.  We  asked  him  whether  they  had  been  rusted,  and  he  said 
they  not  only  had  been  rusted  but  they  were  still  rusted.  ^Ve  looked 
for  the  barberrv  buslies  and  found  them,  and  that  was  the  only  place 
in  Denmark  w^iere  I  could  find  any  black  stem  rust,  aiul  the  only 
damage  done  to  grain  at  all  was  near  these  eomm')n  barberry  bushes. 

So  tlie  situation  in  Europe  is  perl'ectlv  clear.  In  (he  lii'st  place, 
they  have  eradicated  practicallv  all  their  barberrv  l)ush(»s  from  tho 
agricultural  regions.  It  will  be  im|)ossil)le  for  them  (o  eradicate 
them  all  from  the  moinitains,  and  for  that  reaso;i  thev  will  never  he 
absolutely  free  from  the  rust,  but  (hey  do  not  fear  it  like  we  do  in  (his 
country.     They  do  not  have  the  terrific  e|>idemics  we  have  in   this 


AcnicrLTrRAi.  appropriation  BILI^  11>24.  208 

(M>»i!ilrv  and  Imvr  imt  had  tlinn  ■>iinf  n ;i<lirntit)f;  thoir  harl»cnv 
blislu's,  and  wln'ii  (liry  d<»  liiivc  llic  l»la<k  ^Irm  nisi  flicv  friwr  if  to 
barb«Miv  l»ii"<h('s. 

It  has  taken  tlicin  a  Ion;;  tiinr  to  ;;«'t  rid  of  llifir  roniinoii  harlM-rry 
bushes. ^and  it  si-rins  to  nic  it  is  ;;oin;;  to  takr  us  a  Ion;;  tinu-  to  ^ct 
rid  of  thnn,  altlioii;;li  \\c  rnu  <io{  rid  of  tluMu  if  \\v  chu  ;;o  after  them 
int<M)sively  in  tho  next  t\V(»  or  throe  years.  If  we  do  thnt  we  will 
cut  the  niinihei-  down  to  such  a  [)oint  that  the  weed  inspectors  and 
other  State  authorities,  as  well  as  the  children  who  are  hein;:  educated 
up  to  tin'  needs  of  the  farm,  can  simply  locate  and  eradicate  the 
remainin;;  hushes. 

.lust  one  or  two  lhin};s  more.  I  want  to  emnlmsi/c  il»c  fact  that 
Europe  has  controlled  the  hiack-stem  rust  hy  the  era<lication  of  the 
common  harherrv.  'i'hev  do  not  fear  the  !)lark-stem  rust  in  western 
Europe  and  it  seldom  appears  at  all,  and  when  it  does  appear  it  is 
to»>  late  t(»  do  much  damafre.  If  tlu'V  can  solve  their  rust  [)rol)lem 
over  there  we  <an  do  it  here.  Tlie  (lernum  pathoIo;;ists  lau;;hed  at 
mc  when  I  told  them  we  were  carryini;  on  this  <-ampai;rn  in  the 
United  States,  and  thev  asked  me  why  tlie  farmers  did  not  take  out 
the  harherrv  l)us}ies.  ll  told  tiiem  some  people  did  not  l)eli<>ve  in  it: 
at  least  did  not  helieve  in  it  thorou;;hly  enou;;h  to  support  it  very 
TifTorously.  and  that  some  people  tliouf|;ht  it  was  an  experiment, 
IThev  actually  lau;j:hed  at  me  and  said.  ''The  thin^;  is  absolutely  settled 
in  this  country:  there  is  nothin;;  to  it  at  all.'' 

I  want  to  enij)hasize  the  fact  that  we  must  not  get  the  idea  that  this 
disease  is  destruetive  only  to  wheat.  In  Sweden,  in  the  sprinfj-wheat- 
growing  re;;ion  and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  country,  it  is  apparently 
as  destructive  to  oats  as  it  is  to  wheat;  it  is  also  dessructive  to  barley 
and  rye.  and  so  it  ojoes  as  to  all  of  our  common  small  grains.  Not 
onlv  that,  but  in  Sweden,  where  there  are  tremendous  numbers  of 
buslies  it  was  even  affecting  their  pasture  grasses.  So  it  seems  to 
me  we  are  not  dealing  with  an  experiment  hut  we  are  dealing  with  a 
big  prol)lem  and  one  that  has  bepu  solved  in  Western  Europe.  It  is 
a  problem  that  can  be  solved  in  this  country  and  I  am  absolutely  and 
firndy  convinced  that  the  best  way  to  solve  it  is  by  attacking  it  very 
vigorously  for  the  next — I  will  be  a  little  more  conservative  than 
some  of  these  men  -  two  or  three  years  at  least,  and  then  after  that 
we  ouglit  to  get  rid  of  practically  all  of  the  bushes,  except  those  which 
can  be  eradicated  by  tiie  children  who  are  growing  up.  by  the  weed 
inspectors,  and  by  these  various  other  agencies.  In  cotmection  with 
that  we  have  got  to  do  a  lot  of  educational  work  because  it  is  a  big 
job.  I  have  not  a  thing  to  do  with  the  barberry  eradicating  program 
and  1  am  simply  saying  this  l>ecause  I  am  so  firmly  convinced  it  has 
got  to  1)1'  done.  1  sincerely  hojx'  financial  facilities  will  hi*  provided 
iwhich  will  make  it  possible  for  us  to  go  ahead  and  solve  the  problem 
in  tliis  way.     I  thank  you. 

Mr.  Ani)f:rso\.  Are  you  familiar  with  what  has  been  done  in  this 
icountrv  i 

|j  Doctor  Stakman.  Yes;  that  is,  I  wtis  familiar  with  what  has  been 
done  in  this  country  until  this  summer.  I  was  away  all  summer,  so 
that  I  have  not  caught  Uj)  as  yet  with  what  has  been  done  this  summer. 

Mr.  Fi  Li.KK.  I  have  a  great  deal  of  information,  in  one  fotm  or 
1  not  her.  with  regaril  to  the  work  done  in  the  ptust  year. 


204  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TION    BILL,    lifH. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  What  proportion  of  these  18  States  have  been 
surveyctl  for  the  first  time  ^ 

Doctor  Stakmax.  The  cities  and  towns  have  been  surveyed  in  all 
the  13  States,  and  as  far  as  the  country  districts  are  concerned  I 
should  say  possibly  about  half  or  more;  that  is.  as  far  as  the  farm  to 
farm  survev  is  concerned.  May  I  make  just  one  more  statement  ?  I 
just  want  to  point  out  the  destructive  effects  of  a  single  barberr\ 
oush.  This  is  a  statement  made  by  Doctor  Jackson,  of  Indiana,  who 
has  been  one  of  the  most  conservative  of  the  plant  patholoijists  in 
connection  with  this  barbeny  eradication  campaign.     He  says: 

One  thing  that  hag  greatlv  interested  us  this  summer  and  on  which  Mr.  Heeson.  onr 
State  leader,  made  a  special  study,  was  an  outbreak  of  stem  ru.st  that  started  from  on- 
barberry  bush.     It  traveled  iu  one  direction,  at  least,  for  about  5  miles.     The  an  a 
was  tiretty  carefully  surveyed  and  I  have  a  report  here  containing  figures  given  li 
the  farmers  themselves  on  18  out  of  perhaps  a  total  of  twice  that  many  farms.     Thf 
total  wheat  acreage  was  963  acres.     The  average  yield  due  to  stem  rust  was  S.  1  busheln 
The  average  estimate  of  yield  had  there  been  no  black-stem  rust  was  21.4  bushels. 
The  average  crop  this  year  was  then  37  per  cent  of  what  it  would  have  been  without 
the  black-stem  rust.     The  total  lost  in  yield  was  12.520  Inisheis  or  an  average  la'ss  ofV 
696  bushels.     At  a  dollar  a  bushel  each  farmer  lost  .?696  worth  of  wheat.     The  com-  ,- 
bined  money  loss  was  $12,520.  '; 

That  was  very  clearly  traceable  to  a  single  barberry  bush  in  the| 
southern  one-third  of  Indiana.     I  have  a  great  many  similar  cases/ 
but  I  was  interested  in  that  because  Doctor  Jackson  has  been  so 
conservative  on  the  thing. 

Mr.  Fuller.  I  can  answer  in  part  the  question  which  you  just 
asked,  Mr.  Anderson.  Dr.  F.  E.  Kempton.  the  leader  of  the  campaign 
of  barberry  eradication  for  the  United  States  Department  of  Airi- 
culture,  made  this  statement  at  our  recent  meeting  in  St.  Paul: 

A  total  of  172  counties  were  covered,  as  against  86  in  each  of  the  two  preceding^ 
years. 

During  the  entire  campaign  since  1918  an  area  of  512  counties  has  been  covered 
in  the  farm-to-farm  survey.  The  total  number  of  bushes  found  was  5.806.64;V  Of 
the.se  5,142,843  were  destroyed. 

With  reference  to  the  future  he  m'ade  this  statement: 

« 

A  large  area  remains  to  be  covered  by  our  original  farm-to-farm  survey.  \l  the 
rate  we  went  this  year,  it  is  possible  that  next  season  we  can  complete  the  survey 
in  Minnesota.  Nortli  and  South  Dakota,  Iowa,  and  Nebraska. 

Without  knowing  how  many  counties  there  are  to  be  covered 
wc  could  not  give  you  the  geographical  proportion  which  has  ah-cady 
been  covered. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Judging  from  the  map  I  have  beft>re  me  all  ofi 
the  territory  of  Minnesota  has  been  surveyed,  that  sm'vey  having 
apparently  been  completed  this  year. 

Mr.  Fuller.  Not  all  of  it,  1  think,  Mr.  Anderson.  There  are  a 
few  counties  in  this  area  here  [indicating  on  maji]. 

Mr.  Anderson.  But  most  of  those  on  this  map  are  marked  as 
probably  not  needing  surveys. 

Mr.  Fulleh.  This  is  Doctor  Kempton's  maj).  We  still  have  a  few 
moments  of  time  and  I  woidd  like  to  make  an  adilitional  statement.' 
1  want  to  tell  yon  something  about  the  work  of  the  organi/.ation 
which  we  represent.  1  told  you  what  we  had  done  in  the  way  of 
sendiirg  out  publicity  material,  and  it  will  interest  you  to  know  that 
we  have  expended  in  that  work  up  to  date  about  S.">().0()():  we  will 
have  spent  by  (he  1st  of  March  about  StW). ()()().  and  we  are  plamiing 


lit 


A(JKI<   I  I.Tl  KAl.   Al'l'UOl'KIATIOX    Mil, I.,    lirJ4.  '^ii^k 

on   H     l>in!m't    of  ul)«>ut   $7.').()()()   for   iIm»  (alciular   vi-iir    I''  llmt 

mniK'V.  yoii  uinlcrstHiul,  is  raiMocI  l»y  privntc  iiiti-rrstM  who  ixnvv  iho 
wclfniT  of  the  a;;r'wiil) iiriil  n'<;iorH  at  heart  and  \vhii«*p  prosprrifv  is 
j<le(u'ruli'ijt  (lircctlv  upon  the  anioiinl  of  ^niin  which  is  pro  hu-ni. 
|i  S«»v«'ral  «|ii('stions  wcrr  ask«Ml  with  n'«;anl  to  hivvs  in  tlio  varioUH 
-States.  If  it  is  the  ch'sirc  of  the  cointnitto*'  I  shall  hi*  j;hul  to  (jlr  in 
llio  rrconl  a  snniinnrv  of  all  the  law><. 

Mr.  Iii(  HASAN.    I  would  likr  to  have  it. 

Mr.  FrM-KK.  This  is  n  suniinary  of  the  laws  in  all  tin*  Stales. 

(Said  laws  follow:) 

T)i<-  <'«)iiiiii<>ii  liurl>t>rr>  is  uii  outLiWfd  pluiil  m  all  <>(  th<>  l.\  .North  (inirul  .^tattfi 
which  th*-  <M>\)-riiMit>iit  uK«>iitt<  ur«>  D'Iiiovihk  tl><>  lui.-h  Ku'h  Siulc  hiix  a  -iMt  lal 
Ute  or  i'X(M-utiv«>  onl«>r,  with  th(>  force  of  law,  titidiT  which  the  i''(Kli>rul  forcna 
k  when  there  i.s  uiiy  (|tie.stiori  of  their  authority  to  (ie.Mtroy  the  hartx-rriei*  liift. 
■"overe.l  111  their  Hur\ey 
!  \\  hill- the  aiilil>url»err.\  laws  are  el'fectiveaii<i  enlorcealih',  it  seldom  in  nei-esnary  to 
Invoke  the  statutes,  .'^late  h-adi'iH  re|M>rt.  The  (io\eriiiiieiit  uKeiits  lni\e  lieen  in- 
!uructc«l  to  Kct  the  harherriet*  out  liy  educational  inethixls.  I>eiie\<ilent  crMTcion, 
tiul  iiionil  Huasioii,  beiii^  rt'comniended  iuHteadof  le^jal  proce«lure,  Owiierwof  liusheii 
•arely  refuse  to  remove  them,  hut  in  case  they  do  the  held  a-*si.staiit.s  hu\«'  the  iiieanH 
:o  c«>m|>el  action. 

The  Slate  lawt<  generally  recite  the  damtiKe  cau.sed  t)y  the  commuii  harlK'rry  hiu-h 
M  a  spreader  of  black  stem  rust  to  small  ^rraiiis  and  then  prohibit  the  sale,  tram*|>«)rtu- 
ion,  planting,  or  prowin^;  of  the  shrub.  The  State  department  of  agriculture  usually 
8  charged  with  enforcement.  Most  of  the  statutes  provide  fornotifyinj?  profMTty  owii- 
"fhof  the  pn'.sciKH'of  barberries  and  ordering;  their  (lest  ru<t  ion  If  action  is  not  taken  in 
I  given  time,  the  work  then  may  be  underlakeii  by  the  State  and  the  cost  charged 
ja<k  affainst  the  property  in  the  form  of  special  taxes. 

Many  of  the  laws,  in  i)randinjj  the  common  barberry  as  a  pest,  make  il  {)lain  that  the 
la}Mine.se  barberry,  which  is  not  a  rust -bearing  plant,  is  not  included  ni  this  desig- 
lation. 

The  Colorado  regulations  were  announced  by  the  State  entomologist  by  virtue  of 
luthority  veste<l  in  him  by  the  amended  horicultiiral  inspection  act  of  I'.il7.  He 
seued  an  order  establishing  a  quarantine  forl>id<liiig  the  snipment  of  common  bar- 
)erries  into  Colorado  or  the  traiusportation  of  lh<'  l)ushes  within  the  borders  of  the 
'tate.  The  order  further  directed  the  extermination  of  harmful  barberries  wherever 
ound.  It  became  effective  July  2.">,  1!(1}».  Noncompliance  with  a  notice  to  remove 
j)UPhes  is  ma<le  punishable  by  a  (ine  of  from  $•')  to  l^otM),  and  the  owner  also  is  re(|uired 
o  pay  the  cost  of  era<lication  if  done  by  |)ublic  ollicials. 

I'nder  the  Illinois  plant  inspection  act  of  IDIT  the  State  department  of  agriculture 
las  i.ssued  an  oUicial  notice  designating  the  c«immon  barlterry  as  a  {)est  anil  ordering 
ta  eradication.  The  law  re<iuires  property  owners  to  dig  up  their  bushes  when  in- 
tructed  to  do  so  by  the  department  of  agriculture.  In  case  of  refusal  or  ni'glect  to 
■arry  out  such  orders  the  State  may  do  the  work  and  the  cost  constitutes  a  lien  against 
he  i)ro|K'rty.  Importation  of  the  harmful  liarberry  into  Illinois  is  prohil>ite<l  by 
xecutive  order  and  violation  may  be  punished  l)y  a  line  of  from  •'?-:)(K)  to  .$5.U(X).  The 
iolation  of  an  order  to  remove  im.shes  is  a  misdemeanor  and  is  puni.shable  by  a  fine 

from'?  10  to.?  UK). 

The  antibarlierry   regulations  in    Indiana  became  effective   November  29,  191>J, 

rough  an  order  of  the  State  department  of  con.servation,  acting  under  authority  of 

legislative  act  ))aased  in  1919.  Owners  of  bushes  were  given  until  I>ecemlier  M, 
919,  to  get  rid  of  their  common  and  purple  barberries.  Possessing  rust-beaiing 
nshes  now  is  punishable  by  a  line  of  from  SIO  to  ^MO,  to  which  may  bo  a  Ule;l  jail 

rnis  of  from  ,'U(  days  to  (i  months. 

Phe  Iowa  law  became  effective  in  February,  1919.     It  makes  it  unlawful  to  .sell, 

iTKiKirt.  or  permit  to  exist  any  species  of  the  harmful  barberry.     The  State  ento- 

ist  is  charged  with  notifying  property  owners  of  the  pn>sence  of  bushes.     If  they 

II' ■!  remove  them  within  U)  days  the  State  may  do  the  work  and  charge  the  cost  to 

<•  pro|H'rty  to  be  collected  as  a  si>ecial  tax. 

Michigan  outlawed   the  common   barberrv   in  a  law   pa.sse(l   in    1919.     The  State 

iipector  of  orchards  and  nurseries  is  charge!  with  ordering  the  destruction  of  harmful 

;irietit>8.  If  the  biishes  are  found  growing  wild  outside  the  cor|><>ratc  limits  of  any 
ity  or  village  and  the  owner  of  the  pro|>erty  refu.si's  to  destroy  them,  the  State  n>ay  ilo 
lie  work  ami  charge  half  of  the  cost  back  against  the  proi)erty.      If  the  barberries  have 


206  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 


1 


not  been  infected  by  rust  spores  the  owners  of  all  eradicated  bushes  are  entitled  to 
recompense  for  the  actual  value  of  the  plants. 

The  Minnesota  law  was  passed  in  1919.  It  forbids  the  maintenance,  propagation, 
sale,  or  introduction  into  the  State  of  harmful  barberries  and  makes  it  the  duty  of 
property  owners  or  occupants  to  destroy  their  barberries  forthwith.  The  State  ento- 
mologist is  designated  as  the  enforcement  officer.  He  is  required  to  notify  owners  of 
the  presence  of  bushes,  and  they  then  are  granted  10  days  in  which  to  remove  them.  If 
thoy  refuse  or  neglect  to  do  so,  the  work  may  be  done  by  the  State  and  the  cost  col- 
lected from  the  property  owner  by  the  county  attorney.  Violation  of  the  act  is  made 
a  misdemeanor. 

The  State  board  of  horticulture  is  made  responsible  for  the  enforcement  of  Montana's 
stringent  law.  It  provides  for  giving  notice  of  the  presence  of  harmful  barberries  and 
requires  their  removal  within  10  days.  If  the  owner  does  not  destroy  them,  the  State 
horticultural  inspector  may  have  the  work  done  and  the  cost  charged  against  the 
property  in  the  form  of  taxes.  Violation  of  the  act  is  made  a  misdemeanor  punishable 
by  a  fine  of  from  $10  to  $25.  The  sale  and  transportation  of  the  bush  is  prohibited  as 
well  as  its  possession. 

In  Nebraska  the  antibarbeny  law  is  enforced  by  the  sherif?  of  each  county.  The 
plant  pathologist  of  the  State  experiment  station  is  required  to  inform  the  sheriff  of 
places  where  the  bushes  are  growing.  The  sheriff  then  sends  a  written  notice  to  the 
property  owner.  If  the  bushes  are  not  removed  in  10  days,  the  sheriff  may  order  the 
work  done  and  the  cost  collected  as  special  taxes.     The  law  was  passed  in  April.  1919. 

North  Dakota's  law  was  passed  in  March,  I'll?,  and  carried  the  first  public  appropri- 
ation ever  made  for  barberry  eradication.  The  commissioner  of  agriculture  and  lalx)r 
was  required  to  make  rules  relating  to  the  most  convenient  and  expedient  method  of 
eradicating  rust-producing  bushes,  and  .$5,000  was  provided  for  the  work.  It  also  was 
made  the  duty  of  the  board  of  countv  commissioners  in  every  county  to  order  and 
cause  the  eradication  of  barberries.  Provision  was  made  for  notif>"ing  the  owners  of 
bushes  who  were  required  to  dig  them  up  within  10  days.  Failinjj  to  do  so,  the  county 
commissioners  or  State  commissioner  of  agriculture  were  authorized  to  do  the  work, 
the  cost  of  which  constituted  a  lien  against  the  land.  Refusal  to  dig  the  bushes  is  a 
misdemeanor,  punishable  by  a  fine  of  not  more  than  $25. 

The  chief  of  the  State  bureau  of  horticulture  enforces  Ohio's  plant  pest  law  under 
which  barbeiTy  eradication  is  required.  The  statute  contains  the  usual  ]irovision8 
prohibiting  the  transportation,  sale,  or  possession  of  disease  spreading  ))lants  and 
requires  remoxal  in  10  days  after  notice  from  the  secretary  of  agriculture.  Provision 
also  is  made  for  doing  the  work  at  public  expense  if  the  owner  refuses  to  do  so.  and 
collecting  the  cost  as  taxes.  Violation  of  the  act  is  made  a  misdemeanor  with  the 
maximum  fine  fixed  at  $100.  The  probate  court  is  given  jurisdiction  over  cases 
arising  and  i^rosecutions  take  precedence  over  criminal  cases. 

South  Dakota  passed  a  law  in  February,  1919.  making  it  unlawful  for  any  person  to 
permit  any  harmful  barberry  to  exist  on  his  premises  or  to  o'fer  the  bush  for  sale. 
The  State  entomologist  is  required  to  eiiforce  the  act  as  a  police  regulation  of  the 
State.  After  receiving  removal  notices  property  owners  are  given  M)  days  in  which 
to  eradicate  their  bushes.  In  case  of  failure  to  dig  th(>m  \^^  the  State  entomologist 
may  order  the  work  done  and  collect  the  cost  as  taxes.  \'iolation  of  the  act  is  a  mis- 
demeanor ])unishable  by  a  line  of  from  .*;25  to  $500. 

Barberry  eradication  is  re(|uired  in  Wiscon.sin  under  the  terms  of  the  crop  pest  and  I 
nursery  inspection  act  passed  by  the  legislature  of  1915.  The  inn)ortiVtion  of  the 
harmful  varieties  is  prohibited  by  the  1919  statutes.  After  forliidding  the  shiiunent, 
sale,  or  growing  of  the  outlawed  l)arl)erries  the  act  authorizes  the  State  entomologist 
to  eradicates  the  plants.  I'pon  Ix'ing  nolifie-1  the  ]»ro])erty  owner  has  10  days  in  which 
to  remove  his  hushes.  After  that  the  State  may  ilo  it  and  charge  the  cost  to  taxes 
against  the  premises.  Violation  of  the  law  is  a  misdemeanor.  The  line  ia  from  $25 
to  $500. 

The  Wyoming  law  was  passed  in  1921.  It  contains  the  usual  ]irovision  aurainst 
transi)ort,  i)lanting,  and  sale  of  the  harmful  l>arl)eiries  and  makes  it  the  duty  of  the 
State  hoard  of  horticulture  to  causf  the  eradication  of  rust-lK'aring  varieties,  it  the 
owner  of  the  land  on  which  lh<>  l)a'!)('rries  are  fonnd  growing  n-fu.ses  to  nwnove  tiiem 
within  10  days  after  reccuving  a  written  notice  to  do  so  the  State  does  the  work  and 
follecls  for  it  hy  levying  s]>ecial  taxes  against  the  land.  Violation  of  the  statute  is  a 
inisdenicanor  and  the  line  is  from  $10  to  $25. 

Mr.  Fuller.  I  would  liko  to  call  the  atttMition  of  the  commit  Ice 
to  the  losses  fi'om  blaek  stem  rust.  You  will  recall  that  the  static 
ment  has  been  made,  httsed  upon  lii;ures  prepitred  by  the  plant 
disease  sinvey,   that  the  average  ammal  loss  [rom  black  stem  rust 


ACiRK  TLTUIIAL  AlMMt(»l»HI.\T!<>N    HIM..    IW4. 


207 


•  luriti;:  ciu\\  nf  tlu*  tlin'O  years  liM'.J.  l'.»_'i).  ami  I'.rjl  wh-^  .')(). (MM), («»0 
hii-^lu'ls.  Tluit  i-^  a  vrrv  clonic  approxitnntiori.  I  have  lu-n*  an  t^U- 
rn.ito  of  the  loss  diip  t4)  hiark  stom  nist  in  1022  sluiwinj;  an  nmi^o- 
•xato  loss  in  the  area  in  whifh  wo  an*  int«Ti*HU*<l.  <»f  fil  .U7.'J,0(M)  husnoU. 
I  tliink  that  statriiimt  is  rxaj^^rratiMJ  o\vin<4  to  tin*  fa<l  that  tin* 
North  l)akt)ta  ostiniato  is  ohvioiisly  inurh  too  lar«rt'.  I  w«nil«l  lik«* 
to  havo  this  stattMncnt  includtMl  in  tho  rtn'oni.  Th<>s«»  (i^uros  were 
pn'{)arr<l  hv  thr  plant  disease  survey  of  the  I'nited  Stat^-s  Depart- 
nierit  of  Aiiricultwrt'. 

(Sjiid  stjitcniciit  follows:) 

L*>»*t»  dut  lu  blurk  flevx  nut  in  I9JJ. 


I  Production. 


Psfccnt* 
sitelort. 


Buabibkst 


-|. 


Wheat  ...'    KIO.  la.ooo 

B»rtey '    W  •■    " 

0»ta l.-'-M 

Bye ,      7a,.-...^-. 


4.9 
l.K 
I. A 

.  I 


ix.w. 


Thfso  arp  simply  proliminarv  estimates,  of  courso.  and  aro  subiort  to  chanRf.  of 
the  l;{  Slates  iiirlu<le<l  in  the  area  of  our  <am|)ai<;ii.  Colorado,  Wyomins;.  and  Mon- 
tana do  not  report  any  lo!<s.  Th<*9e  arc  the  States  in  which  eradication  of  the  com- 
mon harlx'rry  Ls  practically  complete.  The  other  10  States  in  our  area  report  Io(W<>s 
in  the  three  more  BUsceptiblc  croj)s  as  follows: 


Wheat. 


Baitoy. 


o»t*. 


Illinnb; 

Jtt.noo 
i"i7.  ono 

32.000 
2?is.000 

l.7arOfln 

.■i62,(X10 

>33,  24»,00r) 

721.000 

1,IN6,000 

179.000 

27,000 
274.666  1 

It    (>o 

471, iMj 
.%6,0UU 

1  ndiaiia 

lown 

2.  14'.'.  1  "I 

Mtchipin 

t   \(r2  i«»l 

\'              x 

?  T'''  ' "  •  1 

',  f      ill 

'  J  ■.  .  •  1 1 

Ohin                       ; 

J  I!    'HI 

South  Dakota 

Mil    1  >  1 1 

Wisconsin 

l.iM.'..iaai 

Total 

3S,  418. 000 

3,6.10,000 

19,817.000 

'  The  tlRiires  for  losses  in  North  Dakota  have  bo<>u  ntiestioned.  and  it  is  dniifiifiil  if  they  will  !>■  '. 

when  final  e-stimates  are  made.    It  is  prohahle  that,  afthongh  the  losses  In  N"--rit>  !>iW..t  .  'v..r..ii.   ; 
large,  these  figures  will  Ix-  materially  reduce<l,  thus  re(hici:ig  ihc  totals. 

In  Nebraska.  Ohio,  and  South  Dakota  there  were  losses  of  rye  agJ!T«^«jaMaK  SS.OOO. 
This  ficnire.  added  to  the  totals  for  wheat,  barley,  and  oats  as  piven.  makes  a  urand  total 
of  »il.97:i.(H)0  bushels  as  the  loss  during  the  paist  season  due  to  black  stein  rust  in  the 
an*a  which  we  are  tr>-ing  to  free  from  t>arberries. 

Mr.  FuLLKK.  1  should  also  like  to  include  in  the  record  the  resolu- 
tions which  were  adopted  jit  our  nieetint;  on  the  14th  of  Xoveinher  in 
St.  Paul,  appendinjj:  to  those  resolutions  the  -^iL'tiMtiires  of  the  -V.) 
delej^jites  n>piesentin^  the  13  States. 

Mr.  Andekson.  Without  objection  the  resolutions  inaiy  he  inserted 
in  the  record. 

(.Said  resoluti(»ns  follow:) 

^^liereas  observation  and  experience  <lurinp  the  past  year  have  strongly  reinforced 
the  fact  that  the  common  barberry  is  the  vitjdiy  neceseary  factor  in  the  dissemination 
of  black  stem  rust  and  have  proved  conclusively  that  era>liaition  of  the  common  bar- 
berry Ls  essential  to  the  continued  prowinj;  of  urain  in  the  north  central  pari  of  the 


22028 — 22- 


-14 


1 


208  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924, 

United  States,  and  consequently,  to  the  continued  prosperity  of  the  region  and  the 
Nation  as  a  whole;  and 

Whereas  Congress  appropriated  the  sum  of  $350,000  for  barberry  eradication  during 
the  fiscal  year  1922-23,  which,  in  our  opinion,  has  been  most  wisely  and  effectively 
used,  with  the  result  that  tremendous  jjrogress  has  been  made  in  the  solution  of  this 
great  problem;  Now  therefore  be  it 

Rejiolved,  That  the  conference  for  the  prevention  of  grain  rust  reaffirm  its  confidence 
in  barberry  eradication  as  the  solution  of  the  problem  of  black  stem  rust;  and  be  it 
further 

Resolved,  That  we  earnestly  urge  Congress  to  appropriate  not  less  than  $500,000  for 
barberry  eradication  during  the  ensuing  fiscal  year. 


Whereas  enforcement  of  eradication  of  common  barberry  bushes,  by  reason  of  the 
police  power  involved,  is  preeminently  State  function,  and  certain  phases  of  barberry 
eradication  can  only  be  accomplished  through  State  agencies;  N'ow  therefore  be  it 

Resolved,  That  this  conference  earnestly  urge  every  State  included  in  the  barberry 
eradication  campaign  to  make  adequate  appropriation  through  its  legislature  for  these 
phases  of  the  work,  and  to  memorialize  Congress  in  behalf  of  a  Federal  appropriation  of 
not  less  than  $500,000  for  barberry  eradication  during  the  ensuing  fiscal  year;  and  be  it 
further 

Resolved,  That  the  delegates  to  this  conference  pledge  themselves  to  do  all  in  their 
power  to  promote  the  most  effective  cooperation  on  the  part  of  their  respective  States. 


Delegates  in  Attendance  at  the  Second  Annual  Conference  for  the  Pre- 
vention OF  Grain  Rust. 

state  delegates.  • 

Colorado:  L.  M.  Taylor,  secretary,  State  board  of  agriculture,  Fort  Collins;  Dr.  \. 
K.  Peitersen,  botanist,  Colorado  .\rgicultural  College,  Fort  Collins. 

Illinois:  Frank  I.  Mann,  representing  the  Illinois  Agricultural  .Association,  Oilman; 
O.  T.  Olsen,  superintendent,  division  of  plant  industry.  State  department  of  agricul- 
ture, Springfield;  George  H.  Dungan,  associate  in  crop  production,  agronomy  depart- 
ment. University  of  Illinois,  Urbana. 

Iowa:  C.  W.  Hunt,  president,  Iowa  Farm  Bureau  Federation,  Des  Moines;  I.  E. 
Melhus,  station  plant  j^athologist,  agricultural  ex])eriment  station,  .Ames. 

Indiana:  James  K.  Mason,  director,  Indiana  Federation  of  Farmers'  .Associations. 
Milton;  Dr.  H.  S.  Jackson,  chief  in  botany,  agricultural  experiment  station,  Lafay- 
ette.    (Representing  Gov.  Warren  T.  McCray.) 

Michigan:  James  Nicol,  president,  Michigan  Farm  Bureau  Federation,  South 
Haven;  John  .\.  Doelle,  commissioner  of  agriculture,  Lansing;  W.  F.  Reddy,  State 
leader  of  barberry  eradication.  East  Lansing. 

Minnesota:  J.  F.  Reed,  president,  Minnesota  Farm  Bureau  Federation;  N.  J.  Holm- 
berg,  commissioner  of  agriculture,  St.  Paul;  Dean  E.  M.  Freeman,  College  of  .Agricul- 
ture, St.  Paul;  Leonard  W.  Melander,  State  leader  of  barberry  eradication,  St.  Paul. 

Montana:  A.  H.  Stafford,  president,  Montana  Farm  Bureau  Federation.  Bozeman. 

Nebraska:  H.  D.  Lute,  secretary,  Nebraska  Farm  Bureau  Federation,  Lincoln;  Dr. 
George  A.  Peltier,  station  plant  pathologist,  agricultural  exi)eriment  station,  Lincoln. 

North  Dakota:  Gov.  R.  A.  Nestos,  Bismarck;  Hans  (leorgesen,  president.  North 
Dakota  Farm  Bureau  Federation,  Niagara;  Josei>h  .A.  Kitchen,  commis.-^ioner  of  agri- 
culture and  labor,  Bismarck;  Dean  H.  I..  Bollev,  College  of  .Agriculture,  Fargo:  (Jeorge 
C.  Mayoue,  State  leader  of  barberry  eradication,  Fargo. 

Ohio:  A.  E.  Anderson,  director  grain  marketing  department,  Ohio  l-'arin  Bureau 
Federation:  L.  J.  Taber,  director  of  agriculture,  Columbus. 

South  Dakota:  W.  S.  Hill,  president  South  Dakota  Farm  Bureau  Federation, 
Mitchell;  Frank  M.  Byrne,  commissioner  of  agiiciilture,  Pierre.  (Hejire-seiiting 
Gov.  W.  H.  McMaster.)  M.  K.  lieiiedict,  a.-^sistaut  ('(tmiuissioner  of  agriculture 
and  professor  of  farm  economics,  College  of  .Agriculture,  Brookings;  Di.  .Arthur  T. 
Evans,  associate  agronomist  and  crop  |)athi>l<)gist,  College  of  .Agriculture,  BriH)king8; 
Dr.  N.  E.  Hansen,  ])rofes8or  of  horticulture.  College  of  .Agriculture.  Brookings. 

Wisconsin:  (Jeorge  W.  McKerrow,  president  Wisconsin  Farm  Bureau  Federation, 
Madison;  C.  P.  Norgord,  commissioner  of  agri<Milturt>,  Madison:  Dr  S.  B.  Fracker, 
State  entomologist,  Slate  de|>arlinerit  of  agriculture,  .Madi.son;  William  .A.  Walker, 
State  leader  of  barberry  era<licalion,  Madison. 

Wyoming:  Dr.  A.  F.  Viuis,  professor  of  agronomj',  College  of  Agriculture,  Laramie. 


A(iHl(ri.TI   ItAI.    AIMMIOIMIIATION    HIIJ.,    U>24.  200 

DoIoettU*  ill  laryo:  J.  R.  Howard.  |>n«*iili<nt  nf  thi-  .\m«»n<-sin  Kann  liiin«ti  Fi«l«'ni- 
lion.   (1iinij;i>;    IVurikliri   M     <'r..-liy.  'mpaiiifM.    Minnoapolin, 

('   (V  \Vfl)l>i'r,  n'i>n'S4MiliiiK  irM|ilfiiictii 

Mr.  Fi'Li.KR.  Ill  hri«'f.  flic  rcsoliiiiims  enrfn«stlv  iirj;r  thai  llw  i\m- 
^irss  ji[)|)r<)|)iinto  not  Irss  than  $'>()(),()()()  f(»r  Imrhrrrv  rrmlicntion 
iliirm;;  (Iw  ciisiiiii';  llscnl  yrar. 

If  you  still  liMvr  a  iiiomcnt  to  v^ivv  us.  I  want  to  suininari/r  very 
luii'lly  what  \v««  briicvc  we  luivi'  sljown. 

In  tlw  fii'st  plact'.  w«'  have  shown  tliat  harhrrry  »Tiuliruti<»n  lUu^ 
mean  the  control  of  Mack  stem  rust  in  the  solution  of  tho  problem 
in  which  wc  arc  interested. 

In  the  S(>con(l  place,  we  Imve  shown  that  harherry  eradication  is 
perfectly  possihle  and  perfectly  nractical)le  and  that  the  sj)ee<l  with 
which  it  IS  accomplished  dcpcn(l>  upon  the  enerjjy  and  tlie  money 
uscmI  in  attacking;  the  prohh'ui. 

Wc  have  shown,  and  you  hav«'  also,  the  statement  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Afjriculture  hefore  this  committee,  that  the  $:i.")0.()()()  apf)ro- 
pi'iatcd  for  this  year  has  hccn  well  spent:  that  it  has  paid  its  way: 
and  that  it  has  been  a  wise  approj)rialit»n  on  the  part  of  ('on<;riss. 

We  helievo,  and  we  are  sincerely  convinced  of  this  fact,  that  any 
decrease  in  the  appropriation  will  mean,  hy  the  showinj;  made  hy 
Doctor  (\K)ns.  that  much  of  the  money  which  has  })ccn  ex[)end«'d 
heretofore  will  he  wasted.  The  imrease  in  the  numhcr  of  harhcrries 
is  such  that  the  prohlem  must  he  vigorously  attacked  and  rapidly 
attack(>d  if  the  oarherries  are  not  going  to  get  away  from  us 
altogether. 

W»«  have  showni  that  the  States  are  ready  to  cooperate  and  that 
they  are  going  to  make  ade(|uate  appropriations  for  cooperation  with 
the  PYderal  (iovernment. 

We  have  shown  also  that  this  is  certainly  thi»  time  to  wind  up  this 
ioh  and  wind  it  up  in  good  shape,  hy  reason  of  the  fact  that  a  great 
hody  of  popular  sentiment  has  been  built  up  and  that  the  peo|)le 
themselves  are  |)repared  to  coo[)erate  aside  from  State  appropria- 
tions. We  can  not  t?ll,  of  course,  how  manv  barberrit's  have  actually 
been  removed  by  virtue  of  the  stimulus  of  our  publicity  campaign, 
but  I  venture  to  say  that  the  number  that  has  come  out  and  will 
continue  to  come  out  has  been  increased  tremen<U)usly  by  reason  of 
that  publicity. 

We  h.ive  shown  also  that  the  end  of  the  campaign  is  in  sight.  1 
made  the  statement  a  short  time  ago  that  about  two  years  or  more 
of  Federal  assistance  would  linish  the  job.  as  fai'  a-^  the  F(>deral  (Jov- 
ernnient  is  concerned.  Mr.  Reed.  ^Ir.  Hill,  and  Mr.  Hunt  have 
stated  that  for  Minnesota,  North  Dakota,  and  Iowa  one  more  year 
of  Federal  cooperation  will  probably  do  the  job. 

In  other  words,  the  o|>portunity  is  jir<^sent(>d  for  the  Federal  (lov- 
erniU'.Mit  to  linish  something  it  has  already  undertaken  and  to  hang 
up  for  itself  a  completetl  jol)  which  has  for  its  object  the  preservation 
or  the  food  supply  of  the  I'nited  States,  in  which  we  play  so  impor- 
tant a  part. 

I  should  like  very  much  to  supply  the  membei-s  of  the  committ4^»e 
with  any  <letailed  information  they  may  desire,  but  unless  there  is  a 
re(|uest  for  it  here.  I  will  prepare  it  and  send  it  around  to  the  various 
members. 

If  there  are  no  other  (juesticms.  we  thank  you  for  this  hearing. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  are  much  obliged  to  you  for  your  statements. 


\' 


210  AGRiri'LTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

Friday,  Novp:.\ibeu  17,  1022. 
FOREST  SERVICE. 
STATEMENT  OF  COL.  W.  B.  GREELEY,  FORESTER  IN  CHIEF. 

AREA    OF    NATIONAL    P'ORESTS — RECEIPTS    FROM    SALE   OF   TIMBER    AM) 

GRAZING    FEES. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Colonel,  do  you  want  to  make  a  preliminarv 
statement  before  we  take  up  the  statutory  roll? 

Colonel  Greeley.  I  would  like  to,  Mr.  Anderson. 

Mr.  Anderson,  All  right,  sir. 

Colonel  Greeley.  I  believe  it  desirable  to  orive  the  committee  a 
general  picture  of  the  situation  on  the  national  forests  which  absorb 
the  bulk  of  our  expenditures. 

During  the  past  fiscal  year  the  area  of  the  national  forests  was  in- 
creased by  171,000  acres  and  now  reaches  a  total  very  close  to  157,- 
000,000  acres.  That  increase  has  come  about  chiefly  through  the  pur- 
chase of  lands  in  the  Eastern  States  under  the  Weeks  law. 

The  receipts  from  the  national  forests  in  the  past  year  reached  the 
highest  figure  during  their  administration,  or  a  total  of  -So, 068.000.  A 
portion  of  these  receipts  should  be  credited  to  business  handled 
during  the  preceding  year;  that  is,  the  grazing  business  for  whicli 
payments  were  deferred  by  act  of  Congress.  On  the  other  hand, 
certain  grazing  receipts  that  would  normally  be  paid  during  the  fiscal 
year  just  closed  were  postponed  hy  authority  of  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  until  the  next  fiscal  year,  so  that  the  grazing  receipts 
partially  balance.  The  total  receipts  of  over  $5,000,000  represent 
in  an  approximate  way  the  growing  of  the  national  ftirests. 

I  want  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  receipts  have  now 
reached  a  point  where  they  nearly  offset  the  expenditures  for  pro- 
tection and  administration.  Those  expenditures  amounted  Inst  year 
to  $5,127,000  as  compared  with  receipts  of  So.OtiS.OOO.  We"  are 
gradually  closing  the  gap.  These  figures  ilo  not  include  the  emer- 
gency expenditures  for  fire  fighting  but  are  based  up;)n  the  normal 
cost  of  maintaining  the  protective  organization  and  handling  the 
use  of  resources. 

SALE    OF    TIMBEH. 

Thetimberbusinesson  the  national  forests  last  yearshowodin  receipts 
and  cut  sul)slantially  the  same  volume  as  during  the  picceding  fiscal 
year.  The  cut  was  a  little  over  800.000,000  board  feet,  and  the 
receipts  from  sales  of  timber  $1,S28.00().  The  receipts  during  the 
year  reflected  the  ups  and  downs  in  the  luml)er  markets  of  the  count rv 
and  begiiuiing  last  spring  showed  a  very  rapiil  inci'ease. 

We  made  during  the  year  13,087  timber  sales  with  a  total  of 
2,10(),()00,()0()  board  feet.  "  This  is  the  largest  year's  timber  business 
we  have  yet  had.  It  represents  an  incon\e  of  a  little  over  Jjili.OOO.OOO 
whicli  will  be  realizeil  mainly  within  the  next  10  years.  Many  of 
these  sale  contracts  extend  over  j)erio(ls  of  several  years. 

During  the  last  six  months  the  saU's  business  has  increasi>d  at  a 
veiy  rajjid  rate.  The  cut  during  the  last  three  months  .Iul> , 
August,  and    September     reached    nearly    000,000, 000    board    feet 


I 


A(ilM<ri  Ti  I- \i     vfMM:opKlAri"v   mi.i      \v2i. 


211 


and  ist  hv  fjir  thr  h(»Hvicm  w»»  Imvo  liml  in  any  minrtiT.     Tho  rcfipU 

fh»tin«;  tli)\t  tliMM' rnontlH  period  I        '         ^|i),(MMl,  r  r 

.'{()   per   cent    tin*    liusincss    in    an.     \ ms    jpi"-'  .        in.  v-4 

in<li«att'    the   p;«''^**'*"^    ^itUrtti«»n-  in    the    hrnhcr  with    flu* 

sawmills  of  tho  coiintrv   niovinj;  woHtwani.     Purtiruhirly  iin*   i 
n<»w   inovirifj    wo<twanl    from    the    s  Jtithcrri    |)i?'      "  .\h    Uh 

nurnhcf  of  thorn  si'o'<inj;  wosI'tij  JMr.itin'js  irn'ii  tcitinfMi! 

forost  timhor  is  roniinj*  mon*  an<l  rnoro  int<»  di'mnnil. 

Wo  iirr  «;rM(hiMllv  ronvprtin*^  thi>^  national  rr^iTvoir  i»f  iri  [w  I 

timhor  itito  op«Matin<»  an*  »s  with  a  rut  of  stir  np  i';r  th  it  nn  l<i  n  -r.-nal 
l)iisinr<<s  <'t>n(liti(>ns  can  in*  oxpf  tol  to  inrpf  isc  *J0  to  2'»  |mt  r<'nt  a 
year  until  tho  liinits  arc  nvicho  I  u  hirh  mnst  not  l)c  oxroo  Ip  1  in  or.jrr 
to  make  tho  yioll  of  timhor  ponii;iiiont.  From  tho  olo^j-t  '»ln'fv  wo 
oan  mako  of  tho  situation,  onr  timhor  cut  duritii;  this  current  voir 
will  ho  ahout  1  .()()(),()()().()()<)  foot,  ropro-iontinj^  an  incroaso  of  'i.'!  por 
oont  ovor  tho  former  year  and  an  inoomo  of  somothi'ij;  ovor  $.'J.O(M).(KM). 
Thoro'iffcr  propho-:yin<;  is  rathor  uncertain  hocausc  tho  liimhor  husi- 
noss  of  tiio  West  has  hccn  suhjocl  to  so  many  u|)s  and  downs,  liut 
the  out  of  timhor  in  tho  Wostorrj  Stati»s  is  hound  to  inrroaso  vorv 
rapiilly.  I  loarn  fr  >m  my  frion  Is  in  tho  S')uth  that  ovrry  year  from 
•SO  to  H)  mdU  in  tho  southern  pino  torrit'>ry  aro  cut  r»ut  and  «lis- 
mintlo  I.  Their  work  is  done  an  1  the  capital  release  I  hv  tln'se 
9')uthorn  operations  is  in  largo  nuMsure  looking  for  new  western  loca- 
tions. Wo  have  applications  an  I  i-upiirio-;  f«)r  national  forest  titnher 
that  run  int  >  onorm  »us  figures,  m  I'lv  of  th"n  pundv  tentative,  m mv 
of  then  more  or  le-s  spo  ulative.  liut  there  are  three  or  fo-.ir  hillion 
feet  in  outstanding  applications  to-day  that  represent  new  business, 
which  will  probably  be  consummated  within  the  next  one  or  two 
years. 

INCKEASEI)    DEMAND    IPON    SKRVICE. 

Putting  overvthing  together  we  face  tho  certainty  of  a  rapid 
in  Tease  in  the  demands  upon  this  service  for  handling  the  disposal  of 
national  forest  timber.  1  am  somewhat  concerned  over  our  abilitv 
to  take  care  of  this  increased  business,  not  n.s  to  numbers  of  moii. 
but  fully  as  much  as  to  the  (|Uility  and  experience  of  our  men.  We 
may  he  compelled  before  another  year  is  out  to  reject  applications 
until  we  have  gotten  an  organization  that  can  handle  this  business 
ofTectivolv  and  get  the  rosiilts  needed  in  reforestation  in  the  condi- 
tion in  wliich  the  ground  is  left  for  future  timhor  irrowth. 


ORAZINi;    PERMITS. 


The  grazing  business  has  remained  very  stabh*.  We  grazed  last 
year  about  9, 000, ()()()  head  of  sheep  and  cattle,  representing  an  income 
of  about  .?2. 200, 000.  and  the  herds  of  37,241  grazing  |)orniittees. 
The  grazing  industry  (»f  the  West  has  been  through  a  serious  slump 
financially,  which  has  impos(><l  many  dilliculties  upon  the  Forest 
Service.  We  have  ha<l  many  re(|Uosts  for  deferred  payments  of 
grazing  fees.  Many  old  users  t)f  our  ranges  who  were  manifestly 
unable  to  raise  any  further  money  on  th(Mr  business  or  moot  their 
obligations  to  the  ( i(>\  cnimcnf  wire  involved. 


212  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

We  have  tried  to  meet  this  situation  in  a  human  wav  and  recocrnize 
the  acute  conditions  in  the  industry.  Our  deferred  payments  for 
the  grazing  year  of  1921  have  all  been  cleaned  up  with  the  exception 
of  S78,000,  out  of  a  business  of  S2, 400, 000;  and  a  portion  of  that 
will  be  recoverable  without  legal  action.  Tlie  receipts  for  the  pres- 
ent grazing  season  will  probably  all  be  paid  by  the  time  limits  set, 
with  the  exception  of  a  very  small  percentage,  and  the  great  bulk  of 
that  can  be  recovered  without  the  necessit}'  of  legal  action,  because 
the  grazing  industry  of  the  West  is  gradually  getting  back  on  its  feet. 

Our  great  problem  in  the  handling  of  the  grazing  business  is  the 
intensity  of  the  demand  for  national  lorest  range,  arising  largeh^  from 
the  extent  to  which  the  old  open  public  range  has  been  taken  up 
by  settlement  and  the  fact  that  the  absence  of  any  regulation  of  ihc 
open  public  ranges  still  remaining  has  resulted  in  their  very  serious 
deterioration  at  many  points.  That  is  forcing  a  good  many  stock- 
men to  seek  new  range  and  it  tends  to  crowd  sheep  and  cattle  on  the 
national  forests  and  make  the  administration  of  our  grazing  more 
difficult. 

I  am  going  to  speak  of  that  again  in  connection  with  the  specific 
item  of  range  improvement  because  it  is  a  very  practical  question 
we  have  to  meet. 

LAND    PERMITS. 

I  want  to  refer  briefly  to  the  land  business,  something  that  has  not 
been  mentioned  very  often  in  these  hearings.  We  have  outstanding 
nearly  27,000  permits  for  the  use  of  lands  in  the  national  forests. 
They  cover  almost  every  conceivable  variety  of  land  use.  There  are 
many  industrial  establishments,  sawmills  and  mercantile  institutions, 
fish  canning  plants  in  Alaska,  and  that  sort  of  thing,  down  to  summer 
homes  and  small  pastures  used  in  connection  with  grazing  permits. 

This  demand  for  the  use  of  the  national  forests  in  varied  ways  is 
increasing  very  rapidly,  particularh'  in  connection  with  recreation. 
We  issued  last  year  some  1,500  more  permits  than  at  any  time 
previously,  arising  largely  from  the  demand  of  the  people  as  they  go 
into  the  national  forests  seeking  recreation  for  permits  to  use  small 
bits  of  land  for  permanent  summer  homes.  It  is  a  wholesome  uso 
and  I  think  a  use  that  should  be  encouraged. 

PROTECTION    AGAINST    FOREST    FIRES. 

The  fire  situation  during  the  past  season  has  been  what  I  would  call 
normal  or  average.  The  large  fires  reported  from  the  Western  States 
(luring  the  summer  and  from  ^lijinesota  during  the  fall  were  not  on 
the  national  forests,  although  the  national  forests  shared  in  the  gen- 
eral hazard  to  a  considerable  extent.  In  fact,  the  national  forests 
liave  fafed  very  well  tills  past  summer  considering  the  extent  of  the 
losses  in  the  regions  around  them.  That  is  partly  because  of  our 
organization  and  partly  because,  as  our  lands  lie  usually  at  a  higher 
elevation,  they  fare  ])etter  in  the  periods  of  summer  drought  than  tho 
lands  lower  down  and  around  them. 

W(^  now  have  between  5,800  and  (i.OOO  fires  each  season.  During 
the  past  two  seasons  these  have  burned  over  about  .^70,000  acres  each 
year,  or  al)out  two-tenths  of  1  per  cent  of  the  area  of  the  national 
forests.      I  am  not  satisfied  with  this  showin<r.  as  I  have  set  the  <roal 


AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILU    ^VH.  213 

as  the  reduction  of  our  annual  Iohh  to  one-toutli  of  1  jmt  vful  of  the 
area  uiuler  protrctiuii.  hrfnrr  we  ran  rc'j^'anl  our  lirr  ha/.ard  as  uiulrr 
ct)nlrol.  liif  (lanuit^f  durin;;  tin*  past  two  years  has  heen  <«»inpar- 
ativ»«ly  small,  it  was  ahout  $21  J. MOO  last  year  and  alwiut  $:i22.(MM» 
in  the  summer  of  11)22. 

The  feature  of  our  firi-  [iioicction  that  disturbs  tuv  mo^i  i>  our 
einerj^eney  «'.\pi'iuiiliires  and  the  fact  that  we  are  slill  on  a  «h'h<"ien<*y 
basis  in  meetinp  tln'se  «Mner»;eneies,  In  the  summer  of  19*21  wo  had 
to  spend  So.'iJi.OOO  in  emer«;ency  expenditures  for  (ire  fi^htinj;  and 
we  had  to  «;o  to  Conjjress  for  a  deiicieiuv  appropriation.  During 
the  summer  just  close<l  we  had  to  e.xjH'nd  .?.').i!»,00()  for  emcrjjency 
fire  fijjhtinj;  and  must  a^ain  j^o  to  the  Comnjittec  on  Approriria- 
tions  for  a  deliciency.  As  nearly  as  my  own  jud<;ment  is  »|»|f  to 
size  up  tiic  situation,  these  two  summers  are  what  we  must  c\()cct 
as  a  reijular  thin*;,  and  if  we  fare  better  than  that  in  any  |)articular 
year  it  will  l»e  hecause  of  exeeptionallv  favorable  climatic  condi- 
tions. As  far  as  the  organization  of  the  Forest  Service  fjoes,  we  liave 
^ot  to  take  the  l'.>21  and  the  l'.>22  sejisons  as  normal.  That  meaus 
that  we  must  still  remain  far  too  larj^ely  upon  the  emergency  basis 
in  handling;  our  fire  suppre.ssion. 

Last  vear  we  *;ot  "S  per  cent  of  the  tires  and  this  year  SO  per  cent 
of  the  tires  when  they  were  still  one-man  size,  i.  e..  when  the  patrol- 
man gjot  there  soon  enough  to  put  the  fire  out  unaided.  But  the 
20  or  22  per  cent  of  the  hres  that  got  away  because  they  were  too 
big  when  the  patrolman  got  there,  which  means  in  the  majority  of 
cases  tiuit  we  have  too  few  patrolmen,  caused  these  excessive  ex- 
penditures. 

It  is  impossible  to  e.xpect  the  Forest  Service  to  keep  down  the  num- 
ber of  fires  with()ut  large  emergencv  expenditures  uidess  we  can  put 
a  more  intensive  patrol  on  all  the  forests.  The  emergencv  exp«'ndi- 
tures  can  not  be  wholly  eliminated  but  they  can  be  greatly  reduced 
by  a  more  aderpiate  protective  orrjanization.  I  want  the  committee 
to  understand  the  situation  which  still  confronts  us  in  this  respect 
and  which  forces  us  to  return  to  Congress  year  after  year  for  deficiency 
appropriations.  That  does  affect  one  of  the  changes  in  the  statutory 
roll  and  I  will  speak  of  it  when  T  come  to  it. 

SALARIES. 

On  the  statutory  roll  2'.>  phu-es  have  been  dropped  altogether  and 
three  other  clerical  positions  transferred  to  the  ('ivil  Service  Com- 
mission, making  a  net  reduction  in  the  statutory  roll  as  compared 
with  the  current  year  of  $21,720.  On  the  other  hand,  we  have  trans- 
ferred to  the  statutory  roll  from  various  miscellatieous  rolls  1!)  cleriral 
po.sitions.  In  every  case,  creating  a  net  reduction  in  the  lump  sum 
concerned  except  in  one  item  where  a  special  increase  has  been  recom- 
mended. Those  W)  positicms  represent  an  addition  of  .SJT.TOO  tj>  the 
statutorv  roll,  leaving  a  net  increase  in  the  roll  itself  of  S').1)S0. 
Comparing  the  appropriations  as  a  whole  and  <'onsidering  the  reduc- 
tions in  the  miscellaneous  items,  we  have  cut  the  total  estimate 
$21,720,  by  the  :V2  positions  droppe<l  from  the  roll  or  transferri-o  vo 
the  Civil  Service  Commission. 


214  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATIOX   BILL,   1924. 

TRAKSFER    OK    RANGERS   Tf)   LUMP-SUM    STATUTORY    ROLL. 

There  are  no  changes  in  the  indivichial  items,  no  promotions  or 
any  other  changes  involved  except  the  new  language  which  we  ask 
to  have  inserted  on  page  13o.  The  statutory  roll  has  previously  in- 
cluded 590  rangere,  at  SI, 220  each.  These  men  have  all  heen  em- 
ployed for  the  year-long  period  and  have  been  employed  effectively. 
But  in  endeavoring  to  meet  the  situation  which  I  outlined  in  connec- 
tion with  the  increased  cut  of  timl)or  and  also  to  eke  out  a  little  more 
leeway  to  meet  the  summer  fire  situation,  I  finally  secured  the  Direc- 
tor of  the  Budget's  indorsement  on  this  language,  which  substitutes 
a  lump  sum  of  S200,080  in  lieu  of  164  of  these  ranger  positions.  It 
provides  that  these  places  shall  be  carried  as  forest  rangei's,  guards, 
or  scalers  at  the  rate  of  SI, 220  per  annum  for  periods  of  12  montlis 
or  less.  The  rate  of  compensation  is  fixed  but  leeway  is  given  as  to 
period  of  employment. 

These  164  rangers  heretofore  have  been  employed  as  assistants  on 
our  ranger  districts.  We  have,  all  told,  about  900  permanent  rangea* 
districts,  each  in  charge  of  a  responsible  man  for  the  year  round. 
On  the  bulk  of  these  districts  the  one  ranger  must  handle  the  work 
the  entire  year  with  additional  guards  or  patrolmen  only  during  the 
summer  season.  But  on  certain  of  the  busiest  districts  which  have 
heavy  improvement  or  sales  work  we  have  been  furnished  assistant 
rangers  to  the  extent  of  164  men.  Some  of  these  assistant  rangers 
will  still  have  to  be  employed  the  year  round;  but  in  view  of  the 
urgency  of  the  additional  timber  work  I  would  like  very  much  to 
have  leeway  to  reduce  the  employment  of  some  of  these  men  to  10 
months,  8  months,  or  possibly  6  months  and  use  the  money  saved 
for  an  additional  scaler  or  fu-e  guard  during  the  peak  season's  work: 
that  is,  during  the  summer  when  everything  is  going  full  blast,  lii'e 
protection,  grazing,  timber,  and  everything  else. 

What  this  language  means  is  that  by  exercising  economy  we  may 
be  able  to  save  eight  or  ten  thousand  dollars  on  tlie  services  of  men 
who  have  hitherto  been  employed  the  year  round  and  use  that  amount 
to  reinforce  the  temporary  men  employed  during  the  summer  season. 
That  will  have  to  be  chiefly  to  provide  scalers  to  handle  the  increased 
cut  of  timber. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  would  not  get  much  for  S8,000  or  SI 0.000. 

Colonel  Greeley.  $10,000  might  provide  20  adilitional  scalers 
during  the  logging  season.  This  is  the  only  leeway  we  have  got 
under  these  estimates.  The  Director  of  the  Budget  did  nt)l  find  it 
possible  to  allow  the  additional  men  I  asked  for  in  order  to  take  care 
of  the  timber  business  directly,  and  this  is  the  only  means  of  meeting 
the  situation.  It  will  enable  us  to  employ  a  few  more  men  where 
most  needed  during  the  busiest  season. 

MARKING    OF    FIRE    FIGHTERs'    GRAVES. 

There  is  come  new  language  on  page  140.  That  is  the  first  new 
language  we  come  to  after  the  item  I  just  discussetl.  It  authorizes 
the  Secretary  to  use  not  to  exceed  SoOO  of  the  fun<ls  aj>pr()priate(i 
for  markuig  the  graves  of  fire  fighters  who  lost  their  lives  in  the  1910 
forest  fires  and  are  now  buried  at  St.  Maries,  Idalio,  and  also  for 
caring  for  the  graves  of  another  group  of  men  now  buried  in  the 
cemetery  at  Wallace,  Idaho. 


Aiiiiii  ri.i  I  i:.\i,  Aj'i'i:«)ri:iArioN   lui.i.,   i  •-'•  '^1;) 

Mr.  Andkkson.   How  intmy  «»f  tlifwr  nrr  tht'rr< 

ColonrI  (luKKi-KY.  Al)(>ut    20   at    VVallncp    nnd    alioiit    ."iO   in    th^ 

coin«'forv  »il  St.  Miirifs.  A  |)ri»visior»  in  flic  Mppnipriiition  ,iri  for 
19'2I  iuitlii>ri/.tM|  (lit*  iisr  of  S'iOO  itt  nmrk  llir  ^;ru\('->  ui  \V»illin-c  nrul 
that  was  doinv  Wo  luivo  suhsiMiiiiMitlv  foiuul  that  thr  ^;rnvi»s  of 
theso  fin'  (i^jlitrrs  at  St.  Marios.  Idaho.  )iavr  hoon  utiinikrkoii,  arwl  jt 
seoins  a|)f)n>priato  to  nso  a  small  ainotinf  f>f  inoricv  to  itiiprovi'  tho 
appoaraiKT  »if  tho  «;rav«'s  aixl  to  },'i\r  (ln'm  sonic  sintahlc  niarkitij;  in 
conunonioration  of  tho  fact  that  those  in<'n  lost  thoir  liroM  in  tho 
puhli*'  sorvico  in  pi-otcct in^  the  national  forests  in  that  rojjion. 
That  is  tin'  purpose  of  this  item. 

Mr.  lU  <  MANAN.  That  may  he  lc«;islution,  but  I  am  in  favor  of  it. 

KKillTIN'O    ANI>    ritKVKNTlN<;    FORKST    FIRFS. 


I  Colonel  (iiJKKLKY.  We  lia\('  also  asked  for  rjew  lan<;iiaj;e  in  the 
item  on  pai^e  14<).  for  fi^htinj^  and  prevent inj;  forest  firos.  -  No 
chnn<;e  is  proposed  in  the  amount  uf  this  item.  althou<;h  it  hjis  hoon 
pro,ven  inade(juate  hy  the  experience  of  a  fjjood  many  years.  It 
rocjuiros  us  to  onorato  on  a  defiriency  basis,  hut  tho  conimittoo  which 
handles  the  doticioncy  appropriations  has  understood  our  situation 
verv  fully  and  has  i;iven  us  sympathetic  support. 

We  are  askinj;  for  authoiily  licre  to  expend  not  excoodincj  S'io.OOO 
of  tho  amount  ajipropriated  for  meotin<;  emerj^encios  arising;  from 
attacks  of  tind)or-Killin^  insects.  Down  to  1920.  the  lan*;ua}xe  of 
this  it<'m  authori/.(><l  tlio  use  of  the  money  for  "other* unforeseen 
emergencies"  as  well  as  for  li«:htin»;  (ires.  In  the  hill  for  the  fiscal 
vear  of  1921  the  ''other  unforeseen  emergencies"  disappeared,  and  I 

jihavo  heon  unahle  to  recall.  Mr.  Chairman,  just  why  that  particular 

''  language  was  dropped  out. 

||  TIMHEK-KILI.INO    INSECT   IN VK.STKJATIONS. 

The  situation  is  this:  We  do  m)t  conduct  any  technical  work  on 
forest  insects,  as  that  is  done  for  us  by  the  Bureau  of  Kntom«»loc;y. 
But  from  time  to  time  we  have  these  outbreaks  of  timber-destroying 
insects.  |>articularly  the  pine-hark  beetles,  which  often  assume  very 
Norious  proportions.  For  example,  in  southern  Oregon  a  serious 
MUthroak  of  this  pest  occurred  last  year,  the  beetles  operatin^:  both 
on  private  land  and  forest  reserve  land  and  t<»  some  extent  on  Indian 
reservations.  The  situation  was  such  that  the  State  <^f  Oregon 
passed  a  law  c(unpelling  private  owners  to  clean  up  their  holdings 
imder  certain  conditions,  and  Congress  passed  a  special  deficiency 
'f  S1.')0.0()0  to  enable  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  and  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  to  clean  up  the  (iovornment  holdings. 
;  That  particular  situation  has  been  provided  f«)r,  but  we  have  three 
I  other  points  to-day  whore  the  pine  beetle  is  liable  to  become  danger- 
ous. One  of  them  is  on  the  Kaihah  Plateau,  on  land  which  lies  partly 
in  theCirand  Canytm  National  Park  and  partly  in  the  Kaihah  National 
Forest.  The  Forest  Service  and  the  National  Parks  Service  put  their 
odds  and  ends  of  ai)nroj)riations  together  last  year  and  succeeded  in 
getting  .?2..")(K)  availanle  for  attacking  that  outbreak  before  it  rea<'hed 
lai'ge  proportitnis.  We  will  have  to  do  some  clean-up  w«)rk  there 
next  spring.     Those  outbreaks  occur  at  one  point  or  another  nearly 


11 


216  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

every  year  and  the  situation  is  exactly  analagous  to  forest  fires. 
Ordinarily  if  these  insects  can  be  cleaned  up  promptly  serious  damage 
is  prevented,  but  if  they  run  on  and  reach  what  the  entomologists 
call  an  epidemic  stage,  where  the  swarms  multiplv  at  an  enormous 
rate,  the  damage  may  run  up  into  figures  that  equal  the  damage  from 
forest  fires.  We  have  had  that  happen.  It  happened  in  the  Black 
Hills  about  1900.  It  would  have  happened  in  Oregon  had  not  pro- 
vision been  made  for  suppressive  measures.  So  we  would  like  to 
get  authority  to  use  $25,000  out  of  this  forest  fire  fighting  fund  for 
such  emergencies. 

Mr.  Anderson.  This  $25,000  I  suppose  w^ould  be  used  for  the 
physical  work  of  suppressing  the  outbreak  and  not  for  technical 
investigation  ? 

Colonel  Greelfa'.  No;  it  would  be  used  entirely  for  employing 
labor  to  cut  down  infested  trees  and  to  carry  out  the  physical  labor 
of  control  as  experts  from  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  direct  it.  They 
always  examine  these  areas  and  tell  us  just  wliat  to  do.  In  fact, 
they  usually  furnish  a  man  to  direct  the  work  of  suppression. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  do  not  want  to  build  up  in  the  Forest  ^Service 
another  Bureau  of  Entomology.  I  can  easily  see  that  in  a  work  of 
these  enormous  proportions  there  is  a  certain  amount  of  physical 
work  that  is  done  by  private  owners  when  ownied  by  private  parties 
and  the  Forest  Service  must  do  the  same  thing. 

FOR    SELECTION,    ETC.,    OF    LANDS    ^^^TH^N    BOUNDARIES    OF    NATIONAL 

FORESTS. 

Colonel  Greeley.  The  item  on  page  148,  the  selection,  classifica- 
tion, and  segregation  of  lands  within  the  boundaries  of  natitJunl 
forests  that  may  be  opened  to  homestead  settlement  and  entry 
under  the  homestead  laws  applicable  to  the  national  forests,  etc., 
remains  the  same.  Just  a  word  of  explanation  may  be  in  point. 
The  original  purpose  of  this  item  has  to  a  considerable  extent  been 
accomplished.  That  was  the  classification  of  the  lands  in  the 
national  forests  which  have  agricultural  value  and  their  segregation 
imder  the  forest  homestead  law,  so  that  they  may  be  entered  by 
settlers.  We  have  classified  to  date  approximately  143. 000, 000  acres 
out  of  157,000,000  acres  in  the  national  forests  and  have  openeil  to 
homestead  entry  in  excess  of  3.000.000  acres  as  a  result  of  this 
intensive  classification.  We  still  have  certain  areas  in  Alaska  wiiich 
must  be  clas.sified  and  we  have  a  certain  amount  of  work  to  do  in 
investigating  appeals  or  correcting  the  original  classification  where 
there  appears  to  be  reason  for  reexamination. 

This  item  also  covers  the  cost  of  making  surveys  by  metes  and 
boimds  in  order  to  permit  settlers  in  llie  national  forests  on  lands 
which  liave  not  yet  been  covered  by  the  rectangular  surveys  of  tlie 
General  Land  Office  to  offer  ])roof  and  get  patents.  We  iiave  from 
100  to  200  cases  of  tliat  character  each  year  and  they  cost  us  about 
$200  per  case.  That  is  a  re(|uirement  that  will  continue  probably 
for  another  IWo  or  six  years,  and  then  it  wifi  gradually  disa|)pear  with 
the  completion  of  the  entries  nnule  upon  these  laiuls.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  work  of  handling  exchangcvs  which  is  piovided  for  in  this 
ite  n  is  (ine  that  is  going  to  grow  into  large  j)i-oport  ions.      Last  March 


AOHICt'LTlKAL    AI'IMIOIMIIATIO.N    Hll.l,,    ItrlJ. 


217 


■  nj^ress  nassiMl  a  ^I'lirial  cxcImiiij;*'  law.  whirh  aiilliori/.cd  l\\v  Serro- 

rii's  of  llio  two  «I«'|)artiiu'iits,  Aijriniliiirr  and  IiittTior.  to  oxrliaiiKc 

tioiuil  ft>rc'st  lands  and  liinluT  or  national  forr>t  IumImt  al«inr  for  an 

|iii\al<-nt    value  of  privaU'ly  owned  land  within   tite  l>oundari(>H  of 

the  national  forests.     Over  J.'). ()()(). (K»0  acres  of  private  land  within  the 

i\teri«>r  Ixnmdaries  t>f  the  nalioiukl  forests  an*  availidile  for  ex«'hanj»e 

iiiuier   that    law.   as>iiniin^   the  e\rhani;e   to   he  de.sirahle.      We  are 

•  levelopiiii^  that  work  very  slowly  heeaiise  we  do  not  wish  to  start  any 

a«;«:erated  ideas  on  the  part  of  owners  of  tinjher  lands  in  the  national 

rests    (hat    these  e\chaM;^es  are  jroin«;  to  In-  made  hastilv  or  solely 

•r  the  piuj)«)se  of  enahlin^  a  Unuher   company    t<)   consolidute    its 

lioldinjjs.     Furthermon".    we  are   insistinj^    on    ostahlishinf;    a    very 

iiservalive  hasis  of  valuation.      IJut  the  exchanj^e  work  is  almost 

itnin  to  <;row  to  hir<;(>  proportions  atid  necessitate  iiureascil  future 

;>proj)riations  uiuler  this  item.      For  the  foiiiitii:  \Tiir  we  can  Inindle 

e  work  wo  have  with  this  fund. 


W 


•  N>rKr(   llON    ()!•     SAMTAK'^      lAlILlTIKS     AM)     lOK     HHK-l'UKVKNTl VK 
•MKASl  KKS    ON     I'l  HI.K     (  A.Ml'    (iKOlNDS. 


In  the  item  on  pa<;e  lot)  for  sanitarv  facilities  and  fire-preventive 
measures  on  puhlic  camp  <:rouiids  an  increase  of  .?.").()()()  is  proposed. 
This  money  is  spent  exclusively  in  const ructin<;  latrines,  garhafie  pits, 
land  simple  water-supply  facilities  ajid  for  cleaninj;  up  inflammahle 
jd^'hris  on   the  nvciis  m  tlu'  national   htrests  whicii  are  used   hy  lar»;e 
I  iiumhers  of  j)eople  for  canipin};.     Tlie  appropriation  tiiat  the  com- 
mittee gave  us  last  year  of  SlO.tiOO  to  initiate  this  work  was  a  god- 
i,send   and  cnahled   us   to   take  care   of  some  situations  which  had 
hec(»me  not  only  a  menace  to  puhlic  health  hut  a  serious  aflront  t<» 
':puhlic   decency.     The   ann)unt   of  such  work  needed   is  dilllcult   to 
I  ■>tiiiuitc  exactly.     We  have,  according  to  tiie  reports  of  the  district 
foresters,  hetween  900  and  1,000  camp  grounds  which  are  used  so 
.generally  that  it  is  necessary  to  install  lire-protection  facilities  and 
jisanitary  con\  eniences.     Wherever  possihle  we  are  making  co(»pera- 
jjtive  arrangements  with  local  communities,  chamhers  of  commen-e. 
Jancl  local  associations  of  one  kind  and  another  that  are  interested  in 
Jjthe  use  of  these  areas  fov  camping,  under  wiiich  they  assume  the 
cost  of  constructing  the  toilets  ajid  other  facilities  neeiled.     We  are 
'cttiiig  a  considerahle  numher  trf  areas  provided  for  in  that  way. 
There  remains  a  large  nund)er  on  which  there  apparently  is  no  way 
to  giv(>  the  puhlic  health  reasonahle  j)rotection  and  at  the  same  time 
avoid   tjie  danger  of  a  serious  (ire  hazard   without   tiie  work  heijig 
done  hy  the  Forest  Service  itself.     The  cost  of  what  we  do  on  the 
average  camp  ground  amounts  to  S\'M)  or  S140,  which  limits  im[)rove- 
ments  Iv  the  construction  of  usually  two  or  three  very  simple  pit 
l„j  toilets,  a  garhage  pit  of  some  kind,  cleaning  up  inllammahle  dehns, 
d  throwing  up  a  few  rough  stone  fireplaces  to  confine  the  camp 
es  and  reduce  the  hazard  of  their  escaping. 

The  increiise  of  So, 000  will  eiiahle  us  to  take  care  »>f  a  few  more 
.these  intensively  used  camp  grounds  and  is  very  greatly  neeiled. 


218  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    lf)24. 

FOR   I'l   !{(  MASK  AM)  MMVTENAXCE  OF  FIELD  OFFICE  AND  LABORATORY 

SUPPLIES,  ETC. 

Thcii"  H  ii«>  rliaii;^'!'  in  the  itoin  for  supplies  on  pn^c  lol.  Tluit 
fund  is  cmiplctcly  used  in  (ho  purrhase  of  firt>-ii<i:hting  eouipment. 
needed  oflice  e(|uipment.  und  administrative  ec|uipment  like  com- 
passes, scale  sticks,  and  the  like.  We  have  to  supplement  it  to  some 
extent  hy  huving  ^^iinilur  supplies  and  (Hjuiptnent  fn>m  other  lump- 
sum items. 

INVESTKJATION    OF    METHODS    OF    WOOD    DISTILLATION.    ETC. 

A  net  ino«rease  of  -SI. '),()()()  is  provided  in  the  next  item,  for  invest ipi- 
tion  of  forest  products,  on  |)age  152.  The  actual  increase  indicated 
in  the  item  itself  is  .?10.S00,  hut  it  is  proposed  to  transfer  three 
<-lerical  positions  previously  paid  out  of  this  fund  to  the  statutory 
roll  so  that  the  net  increase  available  for  this  work  will  be  Slo.OOO. 

I  take  it  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  <;o  over  the  general  scope  and 
character  of  these  investigations.  The  increase  is  asked  with  three 
specilic  purposes  in  view.  The  first  is  to  enal)le  the  Forest  Products 
Lahoratorv  at  Madison  to  carry  through  the  technical  work  which 
we  have  been  asked  to  do  by  a  central  committee  representing 
lumber  manufacturers  and  users  which  the  Secretary  of  Commerce 
has  been  insti-umental  in  having  established,  for  the  standardization 
of  lumber  grades  and  specifications  including  nomenclature,  dimen- 
sions, and  grade  sp(>cilications.  Tlio  Forest  Products  Laboratory 
has  done  a  great  deal  of  work  bearing  on  this  subject  for  a  good 
many  years. 

.\s  an  example,  on  the  basis  of  our  mechanical  tests  of  timber,  the 
laboratory  was  a]>le  to  work  out  a  method  of  grading  structural 
timbers  of  southern  pine  in  which  the  grade  reflects  the  actual 
strength  and  structural  value  of  the  timber.  It  is  the  so-called 
"density  rule,"  l)ased  upon  the  number  of  rings  and  the  proportion 
of  heavv  ''smnmer"  wood  which  gives  the  timber  strength. 

The  Departments  of  Commerce  and  .Vgriculture  are  now  endeavor- 
ing to  develop  more  uniform  and  effective  system  of  grading  all  kinds 
of  lumber.  A  committee  of  manufactunM's  and  consumers  is  covering 
the  whole  field — factory  lumber,  yard  lumb(>r,  heavy  structural 
tiiubers.  hardwood  lumb(>r  that  goes  into  furniture  and  t)ther  forms 
of  remanufactures,  etc.  The  Forest  Products  Laboratory  has  been 
designated  as  the  agency  to  get  the  teclmical  data.  It  is  a  very 
large  order  and  represents  probably  a  two  or  three  years'  job.  The 
nroject  is  a  very  irn[)or(ant  oiu'  and  we  expect  to  use  at  least  one- 
naif  of  the  SI .'),()!)()  increase  for  that  purpose. 

The  other  dcNclopments  that  we  have  particularly  iii  mind  in  con- 
nection with  this  increase  are  a  study  of  wastes  in  the  manufacture  of 
paper  and  a  study  of  improving  methods  of  finishing  wood  with  paints 
and  varnishes.  The  paptM*  manufacturers  of  the  country  who  use 
chemi<'al  jiroccsses  for  converting  wood  into  pul]).  like  suliihite  pulp 
from  which  newsprint  is  made  and  soda  pulp  from  wnich  book 
paper  is  nnidc,  have  been  unable  to  avoid  a  loss  of  from  10  to  '20  per 
cent  of  the  raw  material.  They  know  that  so  many  tons  of  pulp  wood 
go  into  their  digesters  nnd  that  so  many  Ions  (jf  chemical  pul|)  come 


A(JRI(  rLTl'RAL   AI'I'IIOIMJI ATION    MII.U    l'»2».  219 

out.  TIkmt  is  a  loss  cvcmi  n\  oiVwuui  plimts  wIimIi  will  oficii  run  from 
10  to  JO  jHT  mil.  'I'hcrc  is  nisn  ii  loss  of  clu'ruicnls  that  r>o\v  t;o  (iff 
with  tin*  waste  oIliiUMits  but  tlu'oretirally  «)ii<;l»l  to  he  rccovoraljlc  for 
further  use.  N(»  one  has  really  been  able  to  {jet  to  the  ))ottom  of  thi» 
j)robl(rn.  and  the  eonnnercial  interests  parti*  ularly  eoiirenuMl  in  it 
iire  anxious  to  have  the  Forests  l'ro(lu<ts  Laboratory  cooperate  with 
them  in  a  joint  attack.  They  propose  U)  furnish  a  consi<lerablo 
amount  of  numev  to  help,  and  we  wouhl  like  to  have  $4,000  or  §.').(MM) 
t<»  tinaiice  the  (ioverrunent  s  end  of  this  work.  It  is  a  v«'rv  practical 
matter  of  conservation  be<ause  if  these  htsses  can  be  prevented  it 
-lu»uld  mean  a  c(>rrespon<lin«;  reductii)n  in  the  current  drain  upon  our 
tind)er 

I  want  to  >.|Hak  in  this  connection  of  the  extent  to  whi'.h  investijxa- 
lions  of  this  character  ou»;ht  to  be  paid  for  by  the  (lovernment  and 
the  extent  to  which  they  ou^jht  to  be  |>aid  for  by  the  commercial 
interests  which  will  benefit  from  them.  We  have  been  developing; 
commercial  cooperation  at  the  Forest  Products  Laboiatory  pretty 
rapidly  during  the  nast  two  or  three  years,  on  the  "general  principle 
I  hat  as  far  as  |)ossible  the  industry  or  the  ^roup  of  nu'n  who  are^omg 
to  <;et  particular  beiielil  fiom  a  (iovernment  inve>ti^ation  ouj^ht  to 
pay  tiie  major  porti»»n  of  ius  cost.  We  now  jjet  contributions  tiii 
that  basis  from  commercial  concerns  amountinj;  to  between  S540.00() 
ami  .•>."i0.000  a  year,  whi<h  jjoes  into  tests  of  boxes,  special  tests  of 
paper-making  processes,  experiments  with  new  methods  of  preserving; 
timber,  courses  of  instruction  in  lumber  seasonini;,  etc..  in  which  a 
particular  industry  or  group  of  men  have  special  interest.  We  are 
ileveloping  the  idea  that  the  wood-using  industries  should,  to  a 
reasonable  extent.  |)ay  their  wav  on  investigations  at  the  laboratory 
which  are  of  distinct  and  immediate  benelit  to  them. 

We  have  gone  into  these  two  problems,  the  wood  finishes  and  study 
of  paper  wastes,  on  that  basis.  What  is  required  is  that  certain 
fundamental  and  technical  investigations  in  the  cliemistry  of  wooil 
cellulose  ami  in  woiul  physics  be  carried  out  at  the  Forest  Prt)ducts 
Laboratory.  For  that  the  use  of  Government  funds  is  reasonable, 
because  it  is  fundamental  work  having  many  scientific  antl  industrial 
bearings  and  possible  applications.  Other  phases  of  these  studies  on 
the  side  of  commercial  praetice.  matrnfacluring  conditimis.  etc.. 
ought   to  be  financed  by  the  industries  immediately  benefited. 

That  is  all  I  have  to  say  on  this  item  unless  the  committee  would 
like  to  see  some  exhibits.  Mere  is  a  sheet  of  paper  made  entirely 
out  of  cotton  linters,  a  process  developed  by  tjie  laboratory,  it 
makes  a  pretty  high  grade  of  book  paper.  Here  is  a  sheet  made  out 
of  oat  hulls,  the  waste  in  the  manufacture  of  oatmeal.  The  tests  on 
paper  maimfacture  from  flax  straw  are  going  along  well.  We  expect 
to  have  that  pretty  well  worked  out  within  another  vear. 

We  recently  produceil  a  very  good  paper  at  the  laboratory  by 
deinking  old  newspapers  under  a  new  process  which  promises  to  be 
profitable  commercially  and  effect  an  enormous  saving  of  raw 
material. 


220  AGRlCl'LTrRAL    APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924, 

Saturday,  November  18,  1922. 
rance  investioatioxs. 

Mr.  Andkhson.  Colonel  Greeley,  we  will  take  up  this  morning  the 
item  on  pa<;e  155.  for  exjicrinients  and  investifrations  of  ran<;e  con- 
ditions witliin  the  national  forests  or  elsewhere. 

Colonel  (iKKKLF:Y.  This  is  the  fund  under  which  the  Forest  Service 
maintains  its  special  <;razinoj  studies  at  the  Great  Basin  Experiment 
.Station  in  Ctali  and  its  studies  in  the  practical  handling  of  cattle 
ranges  in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  where  the  handling  of  cattle 
un(ler  improved  methods  of  rotation  grazing  and  other  improvements 
in  range  management  is  V)eing  worked  out.  The  real  purpose  of  this 
series  of  studies  is  to  flevelop  the  scientific  side  of  tlie  use  of  the  open 
range  lands  of  the  West,  to  put  the  grazing  industry  upon  a  more 
stahle  hasis,  and  at  the  same  time  trying  to  get  hetter  results  in  keep- 
ing up  the  j)roductivity  of  our  range  lands.  A  concrete  illustration  of 
what  this  means,  something  I  had  a  chance  to  check  up  personally 
last  summer,  is  working  out  of  a  system  of  rotation  grazing  on  the 
individual  sheep  or  cattle  allotments.  This  means  that  the  principal 
forage  |)lants  of  the  allotment  must  he  determined,  tlieir  seeding  pe- 
riod and  other  reproduction  hahits  estahlished,  and  a  distrihution  of 
the  cattle  or  sheep  worked  out  under  which  each  portion  of  that 
allotment  will  have  an  opportunity,  every  three  or  four  years,  to 
fully  re-seed  witii  tlie  more  valuahle  native  plants.  As  a  result  of 
these  scientific  studies  this  system  of  deferred  and  rotation  grazing, 
as  it  is  called,  is  now  in  effect  on  a  considera])le  numher  of  the  range 
allotments  m  portions  of  Utah  and  other  States,  where  the  grazing 
conditions  are  most  serious  and  the  demand  for  the  use  of  the  range 
is  most  intense. 

Another  practical  result  of  these  investigations  has  been  working 
out  the  proper  season  for  grazing  the  ranges  of  different  types  and  at 
different  elevations,  rletcrmining  the  time  of  the  year  when  the 
forage  can  he  grazed  without  serious  injury.  We  found,  for  example. 
that  a  postponement  of  grazing  of  only  two  weeks  at  the  beginning  of 
the  season  may  liave  a  very  marked  effect  upon  the  net  returns  from 
the  range  and  its  sustained  |)roductivity,  because  of  the  better  oppor- 
tunity given  the  forage  to  estahlisli  itself.  It  has  also  been  possible 
through  these  investigations  to  establish  for  many  of  (un-  range  types 
the  changes  in  plants  or  forage  types  which  indicate  deteri(U-a(ion  of 
(he  range.  That  has  been  well  worked  out  on  a  luimber  of  the  ranges 
m  I'tah  where  results  show  that  as  a  range  deteriorates  from  excessive 
use  the  character  of  the  j)lants  changes;  that  the  more  nutritious 
wheat  grasses,  for  example,  give  way  to  certain  classes  of  weeds,  ami 
that  as  excessive  grazing  continues  these  classes  of  wccmIs  give  wav 
to  more  inferior  weeds,  until  finally  the  carrying  capacitv  of  the 
range  nmy  ix'  reduced  to  one-third  or  one-fourth  of  what  it  was  when 
in  good  condition.  These  indicator  plants  give  the  forest  supervisor 
und  forest  ranger  a  ready  means  of  checking  up  on  the  condition  of 
Uioir  ranges  and  a.seertaining  where  overgrazing  is  showing  up. 
These  grazing  investigations  are  exceedingly  const ructiv(>  in  char- 
acter, particularly  as  ihev  are  producing  many  things  that  the  live- 
stock industries  of  (he  \Ves(  use  on  (lM>ir  private  ranges,  in  methods 
of  herding  and  salting,  and  that  sort  of  thing,  as  well  as  results  which 
are  directly  used  for  the  hetternieni  of  the  (iovernment  ranges. 


AGRICUI.TUUAI,   APPROPRIATION    MII.U    "^'24.  221 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.  Th<>  items  <all  for  «'X|M'rim<*nls  afid  inv<»stij;ationp 
and  I  prcstiinc  that  is  all  that  is  (lour,  is  it  not  >. 

Coloiu'l  (iKKF.LKV.  TIhto  aro  scvoral  diirrrrut  incthods  of  <-"•- 
<lii(tiii«;  <'X|)<'rim«'rits.     One  is  tho   ostahlisliiiicnt  of  sample  pi 

mall   ran«j<»  areas   perhaps  as  hie  as  this  room,  perhaps  as  large  n.s 

u  (|uarter  section.     These   are   olaced    under   fence,  and    the   actual 

conditions  of  that   rauire  ami  of  its  use  are  carefully  checked   ami 

iu(lie«l  from  year  to  year  in  order  to  determine  tlie  proj;ri*ss  of  the 

nin<;e  upward  or  downward  and  why  the  ehan«;es  are  taking  place. 

Mr.  lil<nA\A\.  Voii  would  not  ikmmI  to  make  much  of  an  investi- 
^'atitm  as  to  the  weeds,  wouhl  you.  hecause  the  cattle  would  eat  all 
(he  trood  «rrass  and  would  not  eat  tho  bad  weeds,  so  that  vou  wouhl 
not  have  to  have  any  study  made  of  them. 

Colonel  (iKKF.LKY.  The  question  then'  is  to  <letermine  ut  what 
point  proper  use  of  the  ran«je  ^ives  way  t(»  excessive  use. 

Mr.  Bi'<HANAN'.  That  is  determined  l)v  experience  alone,  is  it  not? 

Colonel  CiKKKi.KV.  Of  course,  any  class  of  stock  will  eat  the  most 
palatable  fora<;e  first.  'Hie  (piestion  we  are  after  is  a  real  chanjje 
m  the  character  of  the  ranj^e  as  the  result  of  overi^razint;  something 
wjiich  has  actually  happene<l  on  a  good  many  of  those  western  areas. 

Mr.  HrrnANAN.  Do  you  think  the  need  for  this  appropriation 
will  ever  cea.se  ? 

Colonel  GuKELEY.   I  douht  it. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Then  it  is  like  the  brook,  it  will  go  on  forever  ? 

Colonel  Cihkel?:y.  The  proposition  is  so  big.  Mr.  Buclianan.  that 
it  will  probably  go  on  for  a  long  time.  It  affects  12o.0()().()00  acres  of 
range  lands  in  the  national  forests;  it  really  affects  over  SO.OOO.OOO 
acres  of  public  range  lands  outside  the  national  forests,  and  its  results 
!ire  being  used  by  a  great  many  stock  men  on  their  own  lands.  That 
l)eing  so,  I  think  we  have  got  to  anticipate  continuing  for  a  great  many 
years  what  we  are  doing  here.  Wliile  we  have  our  own  land  imme- 
diately in  view,  we  are  doing  for  the  range  business  of  the  West  the 
-ame  sort  of  thing  that  Doctor  Taylor's  work  is  doing  for  agriculture 
and  that  l)itct<tr  Mi^hler's  wotk  is  doing  for  the  intensive  live-stock 
industry. 

Mr.  Andkk.son.  We  will  next  take  up  the  item  on  page  l.5(>,  for  the 
purchase  of  tree  seed,  cones,  and  nui"sery  stock,  etc. 

FOR   PrRrilASE  OF  TREE  SEED,  ETC.,  FOR   SEEDING  AND  PLANTING. 

Colonel  (Ireelky.  The  next  item  covers  tree  planting.  There  is 
no  change  in  the  amount  and  no  change  is  proposed  in  the  general 
character  of  the  work.  We  have  about  l.oOO.OOO  acres  of  lantl  in 
the  natif)nnl  forests  which  have  been  denuded  by  old  fires  and  which, 
as  far  as  j>ur  j)resent  experience  goes,  will  have  to  be  planted  in  order 
to  be  restored  to  timber  growtli.  With  shis  appropriation  we  were 
able  in  the  past  year  to  plant  approximately  9,000  acres  and  to  main- 
tain the  eight  forest  nurseries.  These  nurseries  have  an  annual  pro- 
ducing capacity  of  between  six  and  eight  million  forest  seedlings. 

Mr.  Andek.son.  What  do  you  do  with  that  many  seedlings^ 

Colonel  CIreeley.  We  u.se  them  all;  we  use  about  S.000.000  seed- 
lings a  year  normally. 

Sfr.  Buchanan.   Kight  millions^ 


222  AGRiri'TTI-HAT.    APPROPRIATION    BlIJ.,    VJ2i. 

Colonel  Greeley.  Al)out  iS.UOU.OOO.  You  see,  we  plant  from  800 
to  1,200  soofllincjs  per  acre,  and  we  have  to  allow  some  surplus  for 
possible  losses.  I  should  say.  Mr.  Chahnian.  that  small  amounts  of 
seedlings  from  one  of  the  nurseries  in  Nebraska  are  distributed  to 
settlers  under  special  lej^islation.  but  the  great  bulk  of  them  are  used 
on  Government  lands. 

Mr.  Bit  HASAN.  You  say  you  set  out  9,000  acres? 

Colonel  Gkkeley.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  BucnANA.N.  And  it  costs  you  about  818  an  acre  to  set  them 
out  i 

Col(»nel  Greeley.  Well,  it  would  be  9,000  into  $125,000. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Not  quite  SI 8. 

Cidnncl  Greeley.  It  would  be  about  S14. 

Mr.  Blcilvnan.  Yes;  that  is  about  rij'ht. 

Colonel  Greeley.  That  includes  all  tne  overhead  costs,  of  course, 
and  some  experimental  work  that  is  done  with  this  fund  where  the 
best  methods  have  not  yet  been  worked  out.  We  are  dcnng  some 
planting.  Mr.  Bucluman.  for  -So  an  acre  in  the  sandy  lands  of  Michi- 
gan. In  the  Minnesota  National  Forest  we  have  planted  about  6.000 
acres  with  white  and  Norway  pine,  at  an  average  cost  of  SIO  an  acre. 

Mr.  Blchanax.  If  it  should  cost  more  than  that.  I  think  it  would 
be  justified,  and  1  am  more  impressed  with  this  item  than  I  was  with 
the  previous  item. 

Colonel  Greeley.  We  have  planted  to  date  about  100.000  acres 
in  the  national  forests  successfully.  This  appropriation  enables  us 
to  drive  away  at  the  most  urgent  points  but  without  making  very 
rapid  progress  on  the  big  area  that  ultimately  we  must  expect  to 
reforest  by  this  means.  Some  day  I  e.xpect  to  come  before  this 
connnittce  with  a  planting  budget  and  ask  for  approval  by  Congress 
of  a  program  under  which  these  denuded  lands  in  the  national  forests 
can  he  planted  within  20  or  25  years.  For  the  present  we  are  pro- 
posing simply  to  continue  the  work  on  a  limited  scale. 

Mr.  A.\i)ER.s(^\.  Are  the  States  doing  any  planting? 

Colonel  Greeley.  Yes,  sir;  a  number  of  the  States  have  gone 
into  planting  (|uite  extensivelv.  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and 
Michigan  are  doing  a  good  deal  of  planting  on  their  wState  forests. 
Several  of  the  States,  particularly  Massachusetts,  and  also  New 
York  and  Peimsylvania,  are  furnishing  planting  stock  at  cost  to 
land  owners  within  their  States,  who  will  agree  to  plant  their  lands 
and  take  good  care  of  the  plantations.  wSeveral  of  tlie  prairie  States, 
like  Iowa,  Nebraska,  and  Illinois,  are  doing  a  gootl  deal  of  work  in 
experimental  plantations,  working  out  the  species  and  methods 
adiiptc<|  to  their  soil  and  climatic  conditions.  All  told  the  amount 
of  planting  done  with  State  aid  or  under  State  auspices  probably 
amounts  to  20.000, ()()()  or  25,0()(),0()()  trees  a  year  and  is  increasing 
pretty  steadils 

.Mr.  .\\i)ERsn.\.  l^aiiN  phui I iug  being  done  by  |)rivate  cut-over  land 
owiier>  < 

Colonel  (iuEELEV.  To  som(>  extent  and  to  an  increasing  extent 
from  year  to  year.  There  are  several  paper  manufacturers  in  the 
N<»rlheast  who  hav««  started  the  policy  of  planting  their  cut-over 
lantls,  and  one  of  them  maintains  its  own  nurseries.  1  imagine  that 
several  thousand  acres  are  |)lanted  every  year  by  private  companies 
m  iiurlherii  Maine.  .New  Hampshire.  N'ermont.  and  Xew  York.      La^^t 


AGRICULTURAL  APPRCJPRIATION    blU^    1924.  223 

summer  I  \  isit«Mi  a  <»nnnu'r<'ial  imrnrrv  ut  KriMjc,  N.  II.,  in  thr  (mmiIpf 
of  tlu>  New  ICm^IuikI  wliitr-piiu'  hrd.  wliicli  (iixU  a  >*hI»'  for  fmiu 
;},()()(),0()()  t<»  I. ()()(). 000  youii}^  !)iin'  tre«v«4  ovory  year.  hikI  tlu'v  are 
mostly  purclmsrd  and  nliiiitcil  l)y  commrrcial  coimmtiis.  Farther 
west  vou  iitui  l«'ss  and  loss  of  that,  hut  the  iiitrrest  is  i(i<-r«>asiM)i;. 
The  coiiimittoo  may  h»«  iutonvst<'(l  in  h'ariiiii^  that  withui  this  past 
voar  several  of  the  lar^e  redwood  manufacturers  in  ('alifornia  have 
hecoine  conviitced  that  the  plant  iii<^  of  their  <Mit-over  lands  is  a  jirae- 
tieahle  and  prolitahle  commercial  undertaking;.  They  are  starting  a 
plan  tint;  pro<;ram  on  a  large  scale.  That  is  all  1  have  to  say  ahout 
this  item. 

81LVICULTURAL,      UENDROLOOICAL,      AND     OTIIKR      K.XPKRI.MKNTS      AND 

INVESTKJ.VTIONS. 

Mr.  .Vnder.son.  The  next  item  is  on  pa^o  158,  for  silvicultural, 
dendrolof^ical,  and  other  experiments  and  investij^ations,  etc. 

Colonel  (iuKF.LKY.  Tliere  is  no  chanjje  in  that  item.  That  is  the 
item  under  which  the  forest  experiment  stations  are  maintained 
and  the  investigations  in  tree  growing;  conduct<»d.  We  now  have 
six  small  forest  experiment  stations  in  the  South  and  West  which 
are  working  out  the  prohlems  of  reforestation  in  their  several  regions. 
Some  of  these  stations  have  heen  in  effect  long  enough  to  produce 
very  definite  and  tangihle  results;  hut  others  have  not.  The  latter 
are  producing  reports  on  particular  experiments  hut  have  not  as 
yet  worked  out  the  forestry  science  of  their  region. 

In  the  Northwest,  for  example,  the  stations  in  Washin^jton  and 
Idaho  have  worked  out  practical  reforestation  methods  adapted  to 
those  regions,  and  the  results  ohtained  hy  those  two  stations  are 
to-day  the  principal  hasis  for  State  legislation  and  for  the  impetus 
given  to  forestry  hy  timher  associations  and  private  concerns. 
Thev  have  had  a  very  valuavle  part  in  directing  the  forestry  develop- 
ment of  those  regions. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  If  they  have  completed  their  work  what  is  the 
necessity  for  their  continuation? 

Colonel  Greeley.  I  feel  there  is  a  necessity  for  their  continuation, 
Mr.  Buchanan,  hecause  there  are  still  many  questions  that  we  ought 
to  answer  hcforc  we  can  call  the  job  finished.  Europe  has  experi- 
ment stations  that  have  heen  in  existence  for  100  years. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  say  they  have  been  in  existence  in  this 
country  that  long? 

Colonel  Greeley.  No;  I  said  Europe  has  forestrv  experiment  sta- 
tions that  have  been  in  existence  for  100  years,  and  I  tnink  we  have 
got  to  expect  that  most  of  these  stations,  not  necessarily  all  of  them, 
must  be  maintained  for  a  long  period  of  time  to  get  the  cumulative 
results  in  scientific  observations  that  we  need  to  develop  our  forestry 
science. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  have  six  in  the  United  States  and  two  of  them 
are  in  the  Northwest.  If  they  have  reasonably  accomplished  tiie 
purpose  for  which  they  were  established,  it  looks  to  me  as  though  you 
should  move  them  to  other  sections  and  let  them  study  the  climatic 
conditions  there,  and  other  things,  instead  of  letting  them  stay  there, 
if  they  have  worked  out  the  problems  connected  with  that  siM-tion. 
Have  they  not  worked  out  the  major  problems  of  that  region  i 

220Oi<— 22 15 


224  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Colonel  Greeley.  They  have  worked  out  the  problems  which  were 
of  special  urj^encv  in  those  regions  in  order  to  get  things  started  in  the 
growing  of  timber,  but  there  is  still  a  whole  lot  of  work  that  needs  to 
be  done  on  the  rate  of  growth,  the  yield  to  be  expected  from  second- 
growth  stands,  and  the  best  way  to  produce  timber  of  different  species 
and  different  (lualities.  I  think  it  would  be  a  mistake  to  abandon 
those  stations  for  a  long  time  to  come.  At  the  same  time,  there  are 
other  regions  where  we  need  to  be  doing  the  preliminary  work. 

LOCATION    OF    EXPERIMENT    STATIONS. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  What  station  do  you  have  which  is  nearest 
Texas  ? 

Colonel  Greeley.  We  have  a  station  which  covers  the  southern 
Pine  Belt  with  head(juarters  at  New  Orleans. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  do  not  have  a  station  in  New  Orleans? 

Colonel  Greeley.  No;  just  the  headquarters.  The  field  work  is 
done  and  most  of  the  men  are  stationed  at  points  in  the  forests  of 
Ix)uisiana;  one  of  them  is  in  Florida;  and  one,  I  think,  in  Georgia. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  What  constitutes  the  personnel  of  one  of  these 
stations  i 

Colonel  Greeley.  One  of  these  stations  should  normall}-  have  six 
technical  men. 

Mr.  Bichanan.  That  is.  inchiding  the  overhead? 

Coltjnel  Greeley.  Including  the  director  and  his  assistants. 
There  should  aLso  be  probably  two  clerks. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Two  clerks  and  three  field  men? 

Colonel  Greeley.  Two  clerks  to  six  field  men. 

Mr.  BccHANAN.  And  one  director,  making  nine? 

Colonel  Greeley.  That  would  be  eight;  the  director,  five  assistants 
and  two  clerks,  you  mio;ht  say,  represent  the  normal  organization. 
At  the  present  time  we  have  been  able  to  give  this  southern  station 
four  men  and  one  clerk;  we  would  like  to  change  the  staff  to  six  and 
extend  the  scope  of  their  investigations.  They  should  cover  the 
whole  southern  Pine  Belt.  We  have  another  station  in  the  Appa- 
lachian hardwood  region,  with  headciuarters  at  Asheville,  N.  C. 

Mr.  BcciLVNAN.  Ifave  you  published  bulletins? 

Col(jnel  Greeley.  It  has  published  some  short  bulletins.  Both 
of  those  stations  have  only  been  in  existence  one  year. 

Mr.   Bi(iiANAN.   Has  the  other  one  published  bulletins? 

Colonel  Greeley.  "^Tlie  western  stations  have  published  a  good 
many  bulletins.  For  example,  we  have  one  station  in  the  Southwest 
whicli  has  published  a  number  of  bulletins;  and  now  we  have  in  the 
Government  Printing  Oflice  a  bulletin  which  covers  all  piuises  i>f  its 
10  years  of  work  on  the  reforestation  of  the  western  yellow-pine  region. 
It  is  all  extremely  valuable  contribution  to  American  forestry 
literature. 

Mr.  Anderson.  There  have  been  several  bills  introduced.  Colonel 
(ireeley,  providing  for  the  establishment  of  a  forest  experimental 
station  in  the  Great  Lakes  region.  Can  you  t(>ll  us  anything  about 
the  nt'cessity  or  desirability  of  a  stalit)n  in  that  region  ? 

Colonel  (JiiKKLEY.  I  regard  the  (ireat  Lakes  region  as  one  of  the 
most  urgent  places  for  the  establishment  of  a  forest  experiment 
station  because  of  the  fact   that   it   contains  about  00,000,000  acres 


ACHICl'LTrilAL    Al'PnolMUATION    BILl^    ll»24.  2*25 

of  forest  land,  the  urrcatcr  part  of  \vlu<li  will  |)ri>l)al)ly  ulways  Ik* 
fort'st  laiul.  It  rutw  lias  o\  «'r  10. ()(>(),()()()  acres  of  cut-ovrr  lund.  »i 
^eat  (ion!  of  which  has  boon  soriously  (icnudeil  mid  ih  pructicnliv 
unproductive.  Kvcryonc  in  the  (Ireat  Lakes  rej^ion  who  is  in  touch 
with  their  lan<l  prol)h>in  now  recoijiu/.es  the  nec«»ssity  for  int<'n.sive 
<levelopnient  of  tlie  ri>;ht  use  of  their  forest  lands  which  are  iionu^ri- 
cultural  in  character.  I  wjus  called  upon  to  a<ldress  a  meeting  t>f 
the  'Pri-State  Development  League  last  winter,  which  represents 
priniarilv  the  agricultural  u>t«'rests  and  the  agricultural  boosters  of 
Michigan.  Wi.sconsin.  an<l  Minn<'sota.  While  the  point  of  view  of 
that  nieotin*;  was  primarily  for  ajiricultural  development,  it  was  nlain 
that  the  leaders  had  come  to  reali/e  that  with  their  a^icultural  de- 
vcl«»pment  ihev  must  have  intelli^rcnt  use  of  the  forest  lands,  which 
form  40  percent  of  their  land  area,  in  onler  to  maintain  the  ecom»mic 
welfare  of  those  States. 

The  State  of  Michit;an.  recornii^-inj;  the  same  thin*;,  has  instituted 
an  intensive  soil  ami  economic  survev  c»f  the  northern  half  of  the 
State  in  an  endeavor  to  pet  the  basic  facts  as  to  the  ({uality  of  those 
lands  and  what  they  should  he  used  for.  Michij^an  luus  awakened  to 
the  fact  that  in  the  northern  counties  she  lost  10.2.")0  farms  durinj; 
the  last  dec«'miial  |)eriod;  parts  of  Minnesota  actually  lost  in  farm 
population  durin*;  the  same  10  years.  This  goes  to  show  that  the 
economics  of  the  land  situation  in  the  Lake  States  demand  intensive 
forestry  alonj;  with  intensive  agriculture.  With  that  enormous  forest 
land  area,  largely  unused,  coupled  with  the  fact  that  the  Lake  States 
are  strategically  located  to  supply  the  whole  central  part  of  the 
coimtrv  with  forest  products,  an  intensive  study  of  their  forestry 
problems  wmdd  be  very  well  worth  while.  In  fact.  1  think  that  a 
lorest  experiment  station  is  more  needed  now  in  the  Lake  States  than 
in  any  other  region,  with  perhaps  New  England  cominoj  second. 

Mr.  BrcH.WAN.  Have  you  no  power  under  this  legislation  to 
establish  one  there  i 

Colonel  Greeley.  We  can  as  far  as  the  bmguage  of  the  appropria- 
tion is  concerned. 

Mr.  Ander.sox.  All  vou  need  is  the  money? 

Colonel  CIreeley.  Ves.  sir. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  are  not  limited  to  Government  land  < 

Colonel  (iREELEY.  No.  sir.     Is  that  all  on  this  item? 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  is  all.  We  will  take  uj)  the  ncxi  item  on 
page  160.  for  estimating  and  a|)praising  timlxT  and  other  resources 
on  the  national  forests. 

FOR    ESTTMATINC    AND    APPRATSINO   TIMBER    AND  OTHER    RE.SOrRC'ES   ON 

THE    NATIONAL    FORESTS. 

• 

Colonel  Greeley.  There  is  no  change  in  the  item  or  the  amount. 
This  fun<l  of  SIOO.OOO  is  divided  between  the  surveying  and  appraisal 
of  timber  in  preparation  for  sale  and  the  surveying  of  grazing  lands 
where  we  need  an  intensive  data  cm  the  forage  resources  of  a  particular 
national  forest.  We  are  making  fair  progress  in  our  timber  surveys. 
We  have  about  SO.OOO.OOO  acres  of  merchantable  timber  in  the 
national  forests  and  about  one-fourth  <»f  that  has  been  covered  to 
date.  L'nder  this  item  we  are  able  to  extend  this  work  at  the  rate  o 
400,000  or  500,000  acres  a  vear,  and  it  is  only  needed  in  the  region 


226  AGRU'ULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,    1924. 

where  there  is  an  nrtive  demand  for  timher.  In  many  of  our  large 
forest  areas  which  are  inaccessible  and  shut  off  by  topography, 
lumber  development  is  still  a  long  way  in  the  future  and  no  expendi- 
ture of  this  character  would  be  justified. 

We  have  applications  for  stumpage  at  the  present  time,  many  of 
them  serious,  some  of  them  purely  tentative,  and  some  doubtless 
speculative,  up  to  a  total  of  some  9,000.000.000  feet.  A  part  of 
tnese  applications  cover  areas  which  have  been  surveyed  in  previous 
years.  Approximately  7.000.0()(),000  out  of  the  9,000.000,000  feet, 
however,  represent  areas  that  will  have  to  be  surveyed  and  mapped 
before  we  are  in  a  position  to  fix  the  price  intelligently  and  make  a 
sale.  The  survey  of  this  7,000,000,000  feet  in  itself  would  cost  more 
than  the  entire  item  for  a  single  year.  It  will  be  necessary  to  select 
out  of  these  timber  applications  those  which  are  the  most  promising 
and  where  a  sale  would  be  most  desirable  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
condition  of  the  timber  and  confine  our  surveys  to  those  particular 
applications  We  can  not  at  the  present  time  keep  up  with  the  vol- 
ume of  applications  for  Government  timber,  but  we  can  take  care  of 
the  most  urgent  ones. 

Mr.  BuciiAXAN.  What  is  your  idea  as  to  wh.ether  we  ought  to  be 
in  a  rush  about  selling  this  stumpage  ? 

Colonel  Greeley.  I  do  not  think  we  should  be  in  a  terrible  rush 
to  sell  it. 

Mr.  lircHANAX.  I  am  of  the  same  opinion. 

Colonel  Greeley.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  during  my  two  years  as 
Forester  I  have  rejected  a  number  of  applications  for  national  forest 
timber.  In  every  instance  we  are  limitmg  the  cut  from  a  national 
forest  to  what  it  will  sustain  by  growth  and  after  we  have  reached 
that  am()unt  we  decline  further  business.  Take  the  Coeur  d'Alene 
National  Forest,  in  the  heart  of  the  white  pine  belt  of  northern  Idaho. 
We  have  found  bv  a  close  study  that  that  forest  will  grow  between 
4.3,000,000  and  50,000,000  feet" a  year  and  keep  it  up  perpetually. 
The  annual  sales  are  limited  to  that  amount,  although  we  could  sell 
out  the  entire  forest  in  a  couple  of  years  if  we  accepted  all  applications. 

Mr.  iiucuANAN.  Do  you  not  think  the  Forest  Service  ought  to 
have  some  study  made  and  some  plan  evolved  by  which  it  could 
determine  how  much  ought  to  be  sold  and  how  much  ought  not  to  be 
sold  in  order  to  conserve,  as  far  as  possible,  through  a  sufficient 
period  of  time,  the  timber  resources  of  the  United  States^ 

C'olonel  Greeley.  Our  policy  is  this:  We  have  approximately 
590.000,000,000  feet  of  merchantable  timber  in  the  national  forests; 
and  \\v  liiul  that  we  can  cut  up  to  seven  or  eight  billion  feet  a  year  and 
nianitain  that  cut  perpetually,  probably  increasing  it  in  time. 

Mr.  Ik'ciiANAN.  llow  much  a  year  J 

Colonel  (lUEELEY.  Seven  or  eiglit  billion  feet  a  year,  which  repre- 
sents what  you  might  say  is  the  interest  on  the  capital  investment. 

Mr.  IktUANAX.  And  l<eep  it  up  < 

Colonel  Greeley.  Keep  it  up  perpetually. 

Mr.  lii  <  HANAN.  Is  this  sonu'thiiig  which  you  have  worked  out  and 
deternnned.  or  are  you  merely  studying  it^ 

Cohjnel  (ireeley.  it  is  sonu'thing  we  are  studying  and  checking 
all  the  time;  that  is  our  best  judgment  to  date.^  Our  general  aim 
uiidor  this  it4'm  and  \uu\vv  the  timber  sale  administration  is  to  select 
the  arras  where  cutting  is  uutst  necessary  on  account  of  the  condition 


AdRK'l'LTrRAL  APPKOIMIIATIOX    HllAs,    1924.  227 

of  tlic  tiinlxT.  'I'ht'so  air  all  virgin  fori'sts,  and  a  ^ixhI  iiiaiiv  «>f  them 
have  rcacluMl  a  pdiut  wIhtc  the  tiiulu'r  is  (li'trrioratm^  fmin  old  ai;r  - 
tlecavinj;  ami  whore  U>  poslpono  cuttin^j  wcjiild  In*  n  wa.Htc.  'rh<».sc 
arc  tlic  pliict's  where  we  are  loeatin^  new  eiiltiiit^  operations. 

Mr.  .V.NDKUsoN.  Will  this  SlOO, ()()()  eiiahle  y<»u  to  make  the  surveys 
which  ou«;ht  to  he  made  to  support  the  sales  which  it  will  he  proper 
to  consummate  and  which  it  is  prohahle  will  he  consummat(Ml  '. 

Colonel  (iKKKi.KY.  1  think  luit,  Mr.  Chairman.  In  my  jiul^ment, 
with  this  item  at  its  present  (i;;ure,  we  will  hav«'  to  curtail  the  imreaso 
in  tiinher  sales  whicn  wouhl  he  desirahle  and  proper  from  the  stand- 
point of  the  ctmdition  of  the  stumpa^'c. 

Mr.  BrciiAN.VN.  Ahout  how  many  feet  have  you  surveyed  and  how 
much  will  this  survey  ( 

Colonel  GiiKELEY.  This  ."j;l()(),()()()  ^ 

Mr.  Br(  iiANAX.   Yes. 

Colonel  (iKKELKY.  This  $l()(),U(J()  will  piohahl}  cover  fri^m  live  to 
six  i»illion  feet. 

Mr.  HrciiANAN.  Then  if  you  had  a  demand  for  what  you  have 
already  surveyed  you  would  have  eiiou<;h  to  meet  your  rurrent 
demands,  that  is.  enouji;h  for  you  to  sell  seven  or  eight  hillion  feet  < 

Colonel  Creeley.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  BrcnAXAX.  Because  you  luive  over  2, 000, 000,000  feet  already 
■surveyed  ( 

Coloiu'l  Greei.ky.  Oh,  yes;  we  can  meet  the  situation  partly  in 
that  way.  The  dilliculty  arises,  however,  that  we  ought  to  he  able 
to  extend  the  surveys  much  more  rapidly  than  we  have  been  able 
to  do  in  advance  of  these  applications,  in  order  to  know  where  tlio 
timber  is  that  is  most  in  need  of  cutting. 

Mr.  BrcHANAX.  The  old  timber? 

Colonel  Greeley.  Y^es.  We  have  not  been  able  to  get  a  sufR- 
ciently  broad,  comprehensive  knowledge  of  the  entire  80,000,000 
acres,  which  is  a  pretty  big  parcel  of  land. 

Mr.  BuciiAXAX.  Does  it  take  this  character  of  suney  to  deter- 
mine the  old  timber  { 

Colonel  Crkeley.  It  takes  a  fairly  intensive  survey.  Mr.  Buchanan, 
to  determine  where  the  old  timber  is  and  to  get  the  necessary  infor- 
mation for  a  proper  appraisal.  You  see,  we  are  re(iuired  by  law 
to  appraise  the  commercial  value  of  this  stumpage,  and  with  the 
values  of  some  of  these  sales  running  into  millions  of  dollars  we 
have  got  to  have  exact  data.  It  would  not  be  right  to  sell  the 
timber  without  it. 

MISCELLAXEOUS    forest    IXVESTIGATIOXS. 

Mr.  AxDERsox.  We  will  take  up  the  next  item,  which  is  on  page 
162.  for  other  miscellaneous  forest  investigations,  etc. 

Colonel  (iREELEY.  This  is  another  item  which  is  unchanged.  The 
fund  is  used  for  the  preparation  and  editing  of  publications,  the  fur- 
nishing (»f  information  to  the  public,  and  some  for  the  preparation  of 
forestry  exhibits.  A  portion  of  the  fund  also  goes  into  the  prepara- 
tion and  printing  of  maps  and  the  maintenance  of  statistical  records 
for  all  the  needs  of  the  service. 

Mr.  BrcHAXAX.  This  is  used  to  follow  up  the  work  already  done? 

Colonel  Greeley.  Yes,  sir. 


228  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

CONSTRUCTION    AND    MAINTENANCE   OF   ROADS,   TRAILS.    BRIDGES,    ETC. 

Mr.  Ander.sox.  Wo  will  take  up  the  next  item,  page  163,  for  the 
construction  and  maintenance  of  roads,  trails,  bridges,  etc. 

Colonel  (iREKi.KV.  I'nder  this  item  there  is  provision  for  an  in- 
crease (»f  .S2.S. ()()()  from  .§425,000  to  S448.000.  This  is  the  item 
upon  which  tlie  service  has  to  rely  chiefly  in  extending  over  our 
157.000,000  acres  of  land,  telephone  lines,  lookout  towers,  quarters 
for  tlie  rangers,  cabins  for  the  shelter  of  forest  guards,  bridges,  and 
other  improvements  needed  in  protection  and  administration.  "We 
are  making  fair  progress  in  the  construction  of  these  improvements. 
For  example,  we  have  completed  417  lookout  cabins  or  other  struc- 
tures at  tlie  points  where  the  lookout  watchmen  must  be  stationed 
during  the  summer  season.  We  need  about  200  additional  structures 
of  that  character  to  complete  the  system.  We  have  constructed  to 
date  nearlv  28,000  miles  of  telephone  lines  to  connect  up  the  field 
force  and  permit  of  its  quick  mobilization  in  case  of  fire. 

We  still  need  about  7,000  miles  of  telephone  lines  and  have  other 
urgent  improvements  to  build  which  run  up  to  a  good  many  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  dollars.  As  a  part  oi  good  business  atlminis- 
tration  we  are  finding  it  unavoidable  to  spend  about  8200.000  per 
year  out  of  this  fund  on  the  maintenance  of  the  improvements  already 
constructed  which,  of  course,  reduces  materially  our  ability  to  con- 
struct new  improvements. 

The  increase  of  823,000  which  is  requested  in  this  item  is  sought  for 
the  specific  purpose  of  constructing  more  range  improvements.  We 
have  been  anle  this  past  year  to  put  $25,000  into  the  construction 
of  fences,  either  boundary  fences  or  division  fences  on  our  range 
lands,  the  development  of  water  on  stock  ranges  which-  were  not 
fully  utilized  because  of  the  lack  of  water,  and  the  grubbing  out  of 
poisonous  plants  from  valuable  forage  land  which  was  not  being 
used  because  of  excessive  losses  of  livestock  from  larkspur,  loco  weed, 
and  other  poisonous  plants.  I  spent  the  greater  part  of  the  past 
summer  in  a  personal  inspection  of  our  grazing  situation  in  the 
regions  where  it  is  in  its  most  intensive  form.  I  tab.  Arizona,  and 
New  Mexico,  and  became  satisfied,  from  my  own  investigation  and 
check  upon  the  recommendations  I  had  received  from  many  other 
men  in  the  service  and  outside,  that  the  Government  ought  to  do  a 
good  deal  more  than  we  have  yet  been  able  to  attempt  in  fencing 
and  inipioving  these  national  forest  ranges. 

In  Arizona  particularly  we  are  finding  it  extremely  diflicult  to  con- 
trol our  ranges  to  the  extent  necessary  for  their  protection.  That  is 
still  an  open-range  country  primarily.  The  outside  public  range  has 
partly  <lisaj)p('an'(l  on  account  of  settlement,  and  th(>  rest  of  it  has, 
to  a  large  extent,  become  seiiously  run  down  on  account  of  exces- 
sive and  unregulated  use.  Tliat  means,  from  the  verv  nature  of 
things,  (bat  tlie  live  stock  on  the  outside  are  constantly  crowding 
into  theriational  forests.  The  drifting  of  unperniitted  stock  from 
the  outsi<le  ranges  onto  the  national  forests  is  a  constant  problem 
whicli  we  liavc  on  our  bands.  ^Ve  can  control  it  in  part  by  trespass 
u-ocecdings  and  lliat  sort  of  thing,  but  we  can  never  control  it  ef- 
'ectively  and  build  up  our  own  ranges  to  the  extent  that  thev  should 
)c  built  up  until  we  do  a  lot  of  fencing  in  that  countrv.  l"  became 
p<'rs(»nally  c.mvinccd  of  that  fact  this  past  suninier. 


I 


AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILU   1824.  220 

Mr.  Buchanan.  ^  oh  can  uot  control  it  ut  all  Wy  tronpu-ss  proceecl- 
iii^rt,  can  you  i  If  tlu-  (iovernnu-nt  laiui  it*  not  fonccMl  and  tnes4'  un- 
permitted cattle  jfo  over  on  the  Governnient  land,  how  can  you  con- 
trol the  situation  hy  trespass  proceedin<;s  f 

Colonel  (iijKKi.KY.  We  can  <-ontrol  it  in  this  way:  The  stock  al- 
lowed on  the  Goverinnent  laiul  is  idl  covere<l  hv  j;razin^  pennits.  and 
the  f^ra/in^  of  stock  in  the  national  forests  without  permits  is  a  tres- 
pa.ss.  It  is  reco<;ni/ed  as  such  hy  the  Federal  courts.  If  you  can 
catch  the  unj)ermitted  stock  aiul  identify  its  ownershi|)  you  have, 
theoretically  at  least,  a  perfectly  jjood  trespa.ss  ejisc. 

Mr.  liicHANAN.  Thc(»retically  you  have  hut  practically-  -    - 

Colonel  CiKKKi-KV  (iiittTposinj;).  F^nl  as  a  prattical  proposition  it 
will  not  work. 

Mr.  lUciiANAX.  That  is  hecause  there  will  he  a  trespass  here  and 
there,  and  the  matters  will  he  so  small  that  they  will  not  he  worth 
the  troui)le  ( 

Colonel  (iiiF^KLEV.  Kxactly.  Another  thin<;  which  I  found  from 
my  personal  iiispeetion.  an<l  which  has  lieen  checked  up  hy  our  j^razinj; 
experts  much  more  widelv.  is  tiie  fact  that  we  still  have  a  {^ood  deal 
of  rantje  which  is  not  fully  utilized  hecause  of  lack  of  water.  We 
still  have  many  fjrazinj;  allotments  where  the  stock  crowds  in  around 
the  water  holes  and  a  lot  of  good  foraj^e  is  not  utilized  in  outlying 
parts  of  the  range  hecause  of  lack  of  water. 

RECOVERY    OF   COST   OF   OUTLAY    FOR    GRAZI.NO    LAND. 

Mr.  BucHAXAN.  How  long  wouUl  it  taKe  the  average  grazing  land 
to  pay  hack  the  appropriations  nece.ssarv  to  make  those  improve- 
ments ? 

Colonel  Greeley.  Under  ordinary  conditions  vou  would  recover 
the  cost  of  the  outlay  in  six  to  eight  years  through  increased  grazing 
receipts.  There  have  heen  some  striking  cases  where  the  return  has 
heen  much  quicker  than  that.  To  give  you  an  illustration,  on  the 
Custer  National  Forest,  in  eastern  Montana,  we  found  it  necessary, 
on  account  of  the  drift  of  outside  cattle,  to  practically  fence  the  entire 
boundary.  We  secured  a  good  deal  of  cooperation  from  the  stockmen 
themselves  in  doing  that. 

As  a  result  of  that  fencing  we  stabilized  the  whole  situation:  the 
Government  range  is  to-day  in  much  better  shape;  the  permittees 
are  not  bothered  by  trespassing  stock;  and  we  were  able  to  put  into 
effect  on  that  forest  a  grazing  fee  amounting  to  20  cents  per  head 
more  than  similar  atljoining  range  was  commandino;.  This  is, 
notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  improvement  had  been  partly 
paid  for  bv  the  stockmen  themselves.  That  forest  range  grazes 
23.000  head  of  cattle,  so  that  we  now  get  an  increased  return  ecjuiva- 
lent  to  .S4,t)00  a  year,  because  of  the  construction  of  those  improve- 
ments. 

W^e  have  had  cases  where  the  investment  of  -SI. 500  to  develop  a 
spring  has  made  possible  a  five  months'  range  for  a  band  of  1,200 
sheep,  range  that  fromerly  was  not  used  at  all.  There  are  a  good 
many  cases  of  that  character.  In  the  aggreo;ate.  they  make  up  a 
situation  where  I  feel  that  the  investment  of  a  reasonable  amount 
of  money  in  range  improvements  is  one  of  the  most  constructive 
things  the  Government  can  do.     It  will  benefit  the  live-stock  in- 


230 


AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924, 


dustry  of  the  West  very  greatly.  We  have  had  this  situation :  A  large 
permittee  on  one  of  our  Arizona  forests,  who  was  in  the  same  sort  of 
financial  dilliculties  that  many  of  them  have  been  through  during  the 
last  two  yeai-s.  told  our  supervisor  that  in  endeavoring  to  extend  his 
borrowings  from  Los  Angeles  banks  he  had  been  told  that  his  credit 
could  not  be  extended  until  his  range  was  under  fence;  tliis  was 
because  of  the  experience  of  western  live-stocks  banks  as  to  the 
security  of  cattle  which  are  grazed  on  a  fenced  range  as  distinguished 
from  those  grazed  on  an  open  range. 

That  man's  range  is  partly  in  the  national  forest.  He  came  to  us 
and  asked  how  he  could  get  that  national  forest  range  under  fence. 
Wo  will  probably  be  able  to  work  out  a  cooperative  arrangement  with 
him  under  wliich  we  will  furnish  the  wire  and  staples  and  his  organiza- 
tion will  furnish  the  labor  and  get  that  range  under  fence.  Our  land 
is  bettered  by  it,  his  business  is  bettered  by  it,  and  his  credit  is  bet- 
tered by  it.  It  is  a  very  constructive  thing  and  1  believe  is  thoroughly 
worth  while.    . 

We  can  probably  get  a  dollar  from  the  live-stock  interests  to  go  into 
this  kind  of  development  for  every  dollar  that  the  Government  puts 
into  it.  It  is  important,  however,  that  these  range  improvements  be 
owned  by  the  Government.  In  the  development  of  our  grazing,  the 
necessity  for  adjusting  range  allotments  and  the  need  that  occasion- 
ally happens  for  cutting  do^^'n  the  large  herds  of  an  old  user  to  protect 
the  range  or  make  room  for  the  small  herds  of  a  settler,  the  owner- 
ship of  range  improvements  by  stockmen,  on  Government  land,  is  an 
emoarrassing  thing.  I  think  our  policy  should  be  to  do  this  work 
with  suflicient  Government  funds  so  th^it  the  title  to  the  improvements 
rests  un(|uestionably  with  the  Government,  and  it  is  in  line  witli  that 
policy  tiiat  I  have  asked  for  the  increase  in  this  item. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Mr.  Chairman,  you  will  notice  there  are  some 
omissions  in  this  item. 


CHANGE    OF   LANGUAGE. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  are  omitting  the  two  provisos  in  the  section 
because  they  are  ])ermaneut  law  ? 

Colonel  Greelky.  I  think  it  is  a  useless  waste  of  paper  to  put  them 
in  everv  year. 

Mr.  iJicHANAN.  That  is  permanent  law? 

Mr.  Anderson.  Yes;  we  made  it  permanent  law  last  year. 

The  next  item  appears  to  be  on  page  167. 

APPROPRIATION    UNDER    ACT   OK    MARCH    1,    1921. 

C(»loncl  Ghkelev.  The  ciiange  ])ro])osed  in  the  item  a])])caring  on 
l)ag('  1()7  is  an  extension  of  the  amount  n])])ro])natcd  nn(  cr  the  act 
of  March  1,  11)11,  tiiat  may  be  ex])cn(led  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 
It  involves  no  additional  'a])propriation.  The  act  of  March  1,  1911, 
is  th«'  basic  act  uiKh-r  which  a])i)ro])riations  arc  not  only  made  for' 
tiic  ])urchase  of  national  forests,  but  also  for  coo]HM-at ion  with  States 
in  (ire  jirottiction.  Since  that  act  was  ])assed  a])pi-oi)riations  for  land 
]Hirclia.ses  have  not  increased,  but  the  a])i)roi)riations  for  cooperative 
lire  protect  ion  with  tlic  States  have  been  more  than  trebled.     That 


A4JIUCULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BIM-,   1024.  231 

inak«'s  It  luM-essary  to  incrrusr.  to  som«*  cxii'iit.  tin*  cxpcndituroM  for 
administration  within  the  District  of  Colunihin.  For  tlmt  roHMon  we 
ask  for  an  rxtonsion  of  this  limit.  Wr  nmy  not  find  it  no<Tssary  to 
lis*'  this  full  cxtrnsinn  during  thr  )urs«»nt  yi-ar.  j>aituiihirly  nf  tho 
appropriation  for  hiiul  |)urrhases  is  k('|>t  on  thr  l»asis  r«-<-omincnd(*d 
hv  the  Dirrctor  of  tlu*  liudj^et — that  is.  the  s»irn»'  ninount  as  last  year; 
but  thf  leeway  would  he  liosirahle  as  a  matter  of  good  administration. 

COOPKUATIVK    KIKK    IMK^KCTION    OK    FOUKSTKD    WATKKSIIKDS   «>K    XAVI- 

(JAULE    8TRKAMS. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  Y(»ur  next  item,  I  believe,  is  on  pa^e  '.W.i.  coop- 
erative lire  protection  «>f  forested  waterslie<ls  of  navi;^able  streams. 

Colonel  (Irkelkv.  The  amount  proposed  is  the  same  as  during  the 
current  year.  .?  100, ()()().  That  amount  is  spent  in  this  fashion:  We 
have  c(»onerative  a«;reements  with  2(1  States.  ea<h  «»f  whicli  must 
spend  at  least  as  mu<'h  as  the  Fe«leral  (lovernment  c(»ntributes  and 
most  of  which  spend  a  {jreat  deal  more.  These  26  States  spent  a 
total  of  ?.i7:i,107  of  Ciovermnent  funds  for  the  personal  services  of 
rangers,  lookout  watchmen,  and  patrolmen  who  are  incori)orale<l  in 
the  fire-protection  or<;anization  of  the  State.  The  cost  of  adminis- 
tration amounts  to  $25,702.  There  was  a  balance  of  $1,100  for 
contin<:encies,  but  since  this  statement  was  prepared  it  has  been 
entirely  allotted  to  some  of  the  .States  in  order  to  meet  lire  emer- 
gencies. The  2()  cooperatino;  States  will  expend  during  1922  $1  ,S9t).000, 
or  about  four  and  a  half  times  as  much  as  the  Federal  appropriation. 

Mr.  AxnER.soN.  Let  me  ask  you  there,  is  that  for  their  own  forest 
protection  ( 

Colonel  Greeley.  That  is  on  their  own  forest  protection  exclu- 
sively, leaving  out  other  forest  activities.  In  addition  to  that, 
private  forest  owners  or  as>;ociations  of  forest  owners  will  expend 
this  year  between  81,000,000  and  SI. 200.000.  or  about  two  and  a 
half  times  as  much  as  the  Federal  appropriation.  In  other  words, 
leaving  the  national  forests  out  of  consideration  since  this  money  is 
used  to  encourage  forest  protection  on  private  lands,  the  total  out- 
lay from  all  sources  is  now  apj)roximately  .?;J,827.000  a  year,  of  which 
the  Federal  Government  contributes  12  per  cent  and  the  States  and 
j)rivate  owners  the  rest. 

Mr.  BuciiANAX.  Will  you  furnish  a  statement  showing  the  allot- 
ment of  these  funds  to  the  States  and  the  amounts  expended  by 
them  ? 

Colonel  Greeley.  I  will  be  glad  to  do  that. 


232       *  -VGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

(The  statement  rofcrred  to  follows:) 
Cooperative  expcndiluns  in  fire  protection  under  the  Weeks  law,  fiscal  year  1922. 


State. 

Federal. 

Stole. 

Total. 

»42,150.00 

8,  7S7.  0.H 

4.1.50.00 
1 1 .  450. 00 

1,05.5.09 

4,7.50.00 
26,  892. 84 

7,9.50.00 
27,500.00 

3,000.00 
16,786.55 

6,655.-58 

9,506.91 
10,381.58 
12,600.00 
10,  .500. 00 
143.03 
25,000.00 
12.650.86 
27, 300. 00 
100.00 

8,746.03 
16, 800. 00 

3,146.16 
24,900.00 
27, 455. 3fe 
22, 749. 98 
2.5,792.12 

$228,632.24 

45,  .526.  21 

11.933.62 

67,316.11 

6. 3S4.  .59 

17,181.11 

163,371.19 

34,831.57 

512,190.56 

6, 722. 79 

16, 7.S6. 55 

9,186.19 

9.  .506. 92 

11.566.84 

:»,771.88 

14,(XM.:J5 

679.  00 

140,367.48 

17,:J08.23 

2:«.nil.47 

7,724.00 

15,480.00 

39,98.5.95 

8, 784.  75 

69, 034. 03 

107, 649. 63 

61,983.17 

$270,782.24 

New  ilAmit'^hirc .' 

.54, 313.  M 

Vermont                                             

16,083.62 

78.766.11 

Rhod<   I  ^Innd                     

7. 439. 68 

Con MtTiii'iil                                   ----.-.-. 

21,931.11 

190,264.03 

New  JtTsev                                                   

42, 781. 57 

539.690.56 

M&rvlEnd                                       

9,722.79 

Virginia 

33,  .573. 10 

15,841.77 

North  Carolina     

19,013.83 

Tl'IHU'-iSlH?                                    

21,94&12 

Louisiana 

.52,371.8,8 

Texas                                       

24,504.35 

Ohio •  

822. 0« 

M  ichii^D                                  

165,367.48 

Wisc'cn-sin 

29.959.09 

260.311.47 

.'^oiith  Dakota 

7.S24.00 

•      24,  -226. 03 

Idaho,  nort  h 

56, 785. 95 

11,930.91 

^^  ashin^on *. 

93,934.03 

135,105.01 

California 

84,733.15 

^5. 792. 12 

398, 899. 19 
1,100.81 

1,896.920.43 

2,295,819.62 

Unexi>ended  balance , 

Appropriation                                                  

400,000.00 

RESULTS    KECEIVED    FUO.M    COOPERATION    WITH    LOCAL    AGENCIES. 

Colonel  Greeley.  This  activity,  I  believe,  is  a  splendid  demon- 
stration of  wliat  can  ])e  accomplished  through  cooperation  with  local 
agencies  with  comj)ai'atively  small  Federal  outlavs.  When  this  work 
was  started  in  1912  the  expenditures  of  all  the  States  for  forest  pro- 
tection did  not  exceed  8350,000  a  year.  In  the  11  yeai-s  during  which 
this  work  lias  l)een  conducted,  and  to  a  considerable  extent  as  a  result 
of  Federal  cooperation,  State  expenditures  for  fire  protection  have 
increased  nearly  si.xfold,  and  tlie  private  expenditures  for  fire  pro- 
tecti»)n  iiave  increased  at  least  threefold.  The  States  cooperating 
with  tlic  FedcM-al  Government  have  increased  from  11  in  1012  to  2() 
in  1022.  That  means  that  in  these  11  years  15  States  which  had  no 
forest  protection  system  liave  organized  one  and  have  qualified  for 
cooperation  by  establishing  wliat,  in  the  judgment  of  the  Forest 
Service,  is  a  reasonably  ellicient  system  for  protecting  their  forest 
lands.  The  acreage  which  is  jircttectcnl  has  increased  from  about 
(il.OOO.OOO  acres  in  1012  to  about  KiO.OOO.OOO  acres  in  1922. 

Aside  from  the  increase  in  expeiiditin-es  and  acreage,  this  cooper- 
ation has  resulted  in  s(»me  striking  betterments  in  the  forest  laws  of 
the  States.  We  inaUe  a  good  deal  of  oui'  insj)ection  under  this  law. 
We  have  experienced  and  competent  men  who  inspect  the  protective 
Work  of  «>ach  of  the  coopeiating  States  everv  year.  The  inspector 
does  a  great  deal  more  than  simjily  check  up  the  elliciency  with  which 
the  Federal  <-ontribution  is  Ix-ing  expeiuled.  He  tal<es  the  good 
HUgge.stions  and  good  methotls  devel(»ped  liy  one  State  to  the  next 


AORK  TLTIRAL  APPR(»PRIATIOX    BIIJ^    \\f2*.  283 

^tate;  ho  is  an  instructor:  ho  gots  a  lino  on  a  oartimhir  situtilion  in  a 
Stato  that  is  not  hoin^  ofTortivoly  hnndltMi  and  jjivos  th«  stalo  offir^rs 
practical  sn«;;;ostions  an<l  advij-o.  By  usint;  oxpcrioncoii  and  turlful 
jnon  *n\  this  work,  wv  have  hoon  al)h'  to  ^cl  ov«'r  a  ;;oo<|  nianv  sug- 
•jostions  which  havo  h'd  to  ijnj)rovcnionts  iti  tho  State  or;'ani/atj«»ns 
and  to  hotter  State  hiws  (h«ahnj^  with  lire  protortion  and  slnsh  din- 
posal. 

'  «»<>PKItATI<)\    WITH    STATKS. 

Ill  t\s«>  or  lliifc  ruses  hxws  Jiave  l)Oon  roceived  which  re(|Uire 
financial  contrihutions  to  the  Slates  lire-i)rotection  system  hy  tJio 
(twnors  of  tho  hind.  Thoro  aro  ahont  half  a  (lozon  Statosln  tho  country 
that  now  fiavo  loj^ishition  of  that  cliaractor  in  one  form  or  another: 
and  it  represents  an  important  phase  of  this  m(»voment  for  nation- 
wi(h'  forest  protection,  in  whicli  the  Fed«'ral  cooperation  has  heen  n 
lonchiifj  factor.  Another  thin*;  which  wo  havo  ompha-sized  in  our 
inspections  everywhere  has  ])een  t!M>  poHcy  that  th<'  Federal  funds 
must  not  ho  used  to  protect  vahiahh'  merchantahle  timher.  which  wo 
rejjard  as  an  ohh^ation  that  the  owncT  of  the  hmd  sh(tuM  assumo, 
hut  primarily  to  extend  tho  protection  system  over  the  cut-over 
lands,  the  denuded  hnuis.  and  lands  containinjr  vounjr  {growth,  in 
which  tho  owner  may  not  have  any  very  <;reat  intorost. 

Thoro  aro  enormous  areas  of  such  lands  in  tho  country  which  aro 
hoing  hold  hy  tho  owners  without  any  very  tanjjihlo  idea  of  what  they 
are  winjr  to  do  with  them  and  without  much  intorost  or  concern  over 
what  ha])])ens  to  them.  By  extending  the  ]>rotoction  system  over 
these  cut-over  and  second-growth  lands  we  are  inculcating  every- 
where the  idea  that  this  protection  is  for  tho  sake  of  future  forest 
ijrowth.  From  that  standj^oint  alone  the  Federal  coo])oralion  has 
been  of  very  great  value.  That  is  all  I  have  to  say  on  this  item.  We 
are  still  short  of  what  we  ought  to  he  doing,  hut  the  times  do  not 
look  propitious  for  securing  an  increase. 


AC'QLaSlTlON    OF    ADDITIONAL    FOREST    LANDS. 


Mr.  Ander.son.  We  will  take  uj)  tho  item  on  page  315  for  the 
acouisition  of  additional  lands 

Colonel  Greeley.  The  National  Forest  Reservation  Commission 
recommends  an  appropriation  of  $2,000,000  for  forest  purchases  under 
the  act  of  March  1,  1911.  The  item  as  it  comes  to  you  from  the 
Bureau  of  the  Budget  is  the  same  as  for  the  present  year,  $450,000. 

Up  to  July  1  of  this  year  a  total  of  $12,577,000  has  heen  actuallv 
expended  or  ohligatod  for  tho  ])urchase  of  land  under  the  act  of  Marcli 
1,  1911.  In  return  for  this  ex])enditure  the  Government  has  acquired 
title  to  2,142,000  acres  of  forest  land,  at  an  average  cost  of  $5.87  per 
acre.  That  average  cost  includes  the  overhead  expenses,  the  cost  of 
the  land  examinations  hy  a])])raisers.  the  cost  of  tho  examination  of 
titles,  which  is  often  high  on  account  of  tho  exacting  retiuiromonts 
of  the  Department  of  Justice,  and  the  cost  of  cadastral  surveys  to 
determine  tho  exact  area  of  each  tract. 

PURCHASE    OF    LANDS. 

During  the  last  fiscal  year  purchase  agreements  wore  made  covering 
241.000  acres  at  an  average  cost,  for  tho  land  itself  and  excluding 
overhead  charges,  of  $3.31   per  acre.     I  monti<Hi  that  hocause  it  is 


234  A(}RICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

the  lowest  nverajie  cost  for  wliich  lands  have  been  purchased  since 
this  policy  hcjran  and  because  it  indicates  that  the  cut-over  land 
market  iii  the  Eastern  States  at  the  present  time  is  distinctly  a 
buyer's  murkct.  Wc  have  to-day  the  most  favorable  opportunity 
to  get  l)ar}iains  in  forest  lanil  that  we  have  ever  had. 

The  National  Forest  Reservation  Commission  up  to  the  present 
time  has  approved  23  purchase  units.  If  the  committee  is  interested 
in  knowing'  just  where  they  are,  it  can  see  them  on  this  map.  The 
j)urchase  units  in  dark  green  are  the  ones  which  have  been  approved 
i)V  the  commission  and  on  which  active  purchases  are  in  progress. 
Tlie  hatching;  on  each  little  diagram  shows  the  extent  to  which  the 
ownership  of  that  area  has  been  accpiired  by  the  Government.  The 
units  indicated  in  light  green  have  been  examined  or  are  under 
consideration,  but  none  of  them  have  yet  been  approved  by  the 
commission  as  purchase  areas.  Before  purchases  in  any  locality  are 
begun,  the  commission  must  approve  a  specific  purchase  unit  therein. 
Tlu>  apj)roval  of  the  Geological  Survey  as  to  the  beneficial  relation 
of  the  forest  cover  in  that  region  to  the  fiow  of  navigable  streams  is 
also  n'(iuired. 

Mr.  Blcha.nan.  Are  these  all  mountain  lands? 

Colonel  Grkkley.  These  are  all  jnountain  lands.  This  purchase 
unit  covers  the  White  Mountains  in  New  Hampshire.  This  piuchase 
unit  [indicating]  is  on  the  Allegheny  watershed,  one  of  the  units  in 
which  the  i)eople  of  Pittsburgh  and  Cincinnati  are  very  much  inter- 
ested on  account  of  flood  control.  These  purchases  [indicating]  run 
down  the  crests  of  the  southern  Appalachian  ranges. 


TIMBER   GROWTH. 


Mr.  IkicHANAX.  Do  these  lands  have  any  young  timber  growth 
on  tiiem  ? 

Colonel  (iuKKLEY.  They  have  a  great  deal  of  timber  growth,  both 
voung  and  old.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  w^ith  our  two  million  one  hun- 
dred and  forty-odd  thousand  acres  of  land  we  have  acquired  about 
'),()()(), OOO.OOO  feet  of  timber.  Some  of  it  is  inaccessible  and  some 
of  it  is  land  from  which  the  i)etter  species  have  been  culled.  We 
have,  however,  a  good  deal  of  timber  of  high  commercial  value. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  we  are  now  obtaining  from  these  national  forests 
a  yearly  income  of  between  SDO.OIH)  and  $100,000  from  timber 
sales,  contiiuiing  again  the  same  policy  of  cautious  cutting  and  keep- 
ing within  ihr  growing  capacity  of  the  forests. 


VAhUK    OK   TIMHKIi    LAND    BOUGHT. 


Mr.  lU'ciiANAN.  What  percentage  of  the  S')0,000  or  S100,000  does 
it  take  to  get  the  timber  out  and  pay  the  overhead  charges?  Is  the 
work  self-supporting  >. 

('Olonel  (iKKKi.KV.  Those  forests  are  now  about  self-sustaining;  that 
is,  aMtocinrent  costs  for  j>rotecti<Mi  and  administration.  Of  couinc,  to 
date  Wc  have  been  cautious  i;i  making  s  des  in  these  area-^.  We  !U*e 
Nsatching  the  watershed  situation  very  closely  and  W(>  make  no  sales 
at  all  until  they  have  been  thoroughly  considered.  The  Ciovernnicnt 
now  ha.s  a  very  valuable  tind)er  property  in  those  forests  and  it  has 
increiiscMJ  a  good  deal  in  value  since  the  land  was  bouglit.  In  fact, 
tiur  e.xperience  in  this  j)urchas('  work  eniphasi/.(>s  a  rejuark  made  by 


AJiUrci'LTnUL   AlMMinlMUATlON    HII.U    l'*'-^-  235 

ji  former  disf  iiii^iiisluMl  citizen  of  votir  Stute.  Mr.  Clmirmnn.  tho  nldor 
Wt'ycrliaiiscr.  who  1ms  Imm'Ii  oillc*!  Anirrirn's  •  lutiil)rr  kifi^.  "  lie 
was  aski'd  whrdior  he  evor  lost  money  in  Imyirj^  tinihiT  and  he 
replied  (liat  the  oidv  time  lie  lost  money  was  when  he  did  not  Imy 
limherhmd.  'rh«»se  forest  hinds  that  tlie  (lovernmi-nt  has  hou^ht 
since  101  1  have,  in  the  a«^<;re^ate.  aheady  a|)|)reciate<|  in  value  to  n 
considerahle  de;;r«»e.  Two  summers  a|;o  I  itisnected  an  area  in  the 
Pisi;idi  National  Forest  in  Xorth  Carolina,  wliere  we  had  made  n 
sale  of  ohl  poplar,  auk,  and  chestnut  stumj)a{;e.  1  f(»und  that  the 
timher  sale,  which  cov(>red  ahout  one-third  of  one  of  the  tracts 
purchased,  would  return  more  than  the  entire  cost  of  the  whole  tract , 
timher  and  land  comhined.  and  leave  us  two-thirds  of  the  tract 
still  uncut. 

Mr.  HircH.vNAN.  Takin«;  all  of  these  pucchnses  together,  will  the 
sale  of  timher  pav  all  the  overhead  charges  as  well  as  charges  for 
carint;  for  the  Innu  ( 

Cohtnel  (.iKKKi-KV.  Yes;  sir;  excluding  charges  for  special  improve- 
ments, like  roads. 

Mr.  lUcHANAN.  Then  tiie  Government  would  get  free  the  growth 
of  timher  after  reforesting^ 

Colonel  (iKKKi.KV.  Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  BucuAXAX.  You  think  it  would  pay  all  the  overhead  charges  i 

Colonel  Gkeklf:v.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  BiiiiAXAN.  And  all  the  Government  would  lose  would  he  the 
interest  on  the  money  C 

Colonel  Greeley.  That  is  all.  The  Government  would  get  the 
further  henefit  of  the  appreciation  in  timber  values,  as  well  as  the 
protection  of  the  watersheds. 

In  the  purchase  units  which  the  National  Forest  Reservation  Com- 
mission has  approved,  about  31  per  cent  of  the  area  has  been  bought. 
It  is  our  policv  to  have  enough  purchase  units  within  which  lands 
may  be  ouered  to  maintain  a  considerable  degree  of  competition  in 
the  offerings  to  the  Government.  That  is  one  reason  why  we  have 
been  able  to  get  these  lands  at  relatively  low  prices.  We  now  have 
outstanding  offers  in  those  units  which  afjgregate  801,000  acres  and 
between  $5,000,000  and  Sti.OOO^OOO  in  tlie  oflored  price.  We  can 
probably  get  that  land  at  considerably  less  than  the  offered  prices 
uy  making  a  careful  appraisal,  finding  out  exactly  what  there  is, 
and  then  negotiating  with  the  owner  for  a  favorable  option,  witli  the 
owner  knowin*;  that  his  option  will  be  considered  \n  competition 
with  options  obtained  from  other  owners  in  that  purchase  unit  or  in 
other  units  and  that  only  what  we  regard  as  distincllv  desirable 
purchases  will  be  submitted  to  the  National  Forest  Reservation 
Commission. 

EDUCATIONAL    VALUE. 

There  is  another  effect  of  this  purchase  work  that  I  want  to  speak 
of,  and  that  is  its  educational  value.  We  find  in  each  of  these  regions 
where  we  establish  a  national  forest  and  put  into  effect  a  system  of 
fire  protection  and  a  conservative  system  of  cutting  tiiiiber,  and  have 
rangers  and  supervisors  on  the  ground,  that  inside  of  six  or  ei^ht 
years  you  can  negin  to  see  the  effects  upon  the  local  people.  The 
national  forest  becomes  more  or  less  a  center  of  organizecl  fire  pro- 
tection.    We  endeavor  to  cooperate  with  the  owners  of  adjoining 


236  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRL\TION    BILL,    1924. 

lands  and  induc-o  them  to  protect  tlioir  own  lands.  It  is  good  busi- 
ness for  us  to  do  so.  because  if  their  hinds  are  well  urotected  our  lands 
are  safer.  Adjoining  owners  ask  to  see  our  timner  sale  contracts; 
they  see  how  our  cutting  is  done;  and  there  have  been  manv  cases 
where  land  ownei*s  have  copied  provisions  from  Forest  Service  sale 
contracts  in  the  sale  of  their  own  stumpage.  All  of  our  work  has  a 
great  educational  value  to  the  locality  and  the  owners  of  adjoining 
lands. 

Mr.  BrniANAN.  I  understood  you  to  say  that  31  per  cent  had 
been  bought. 

Colonel  Greeley.  Thirty-one  per  cent  of  the  area  of  these  ap- 
])roved  units. 

Mr.  Brcii.WAX.  Sup])ose  the  other  69  ])er  cent  is  bought.  Is  the 
work  then  over? 

Colonel  Greeley.  If  the  other  percentage  is  bought,  the  units 
would  be  c()m])lete  and  the  buying  in  those  areas  would  be  finished: 
yes,  sir.  The  question  then  woukl  be  how  far  the  Government 
should  extend  this  policy;  but  as  to  those  specific  units  which  the 
commission  has  approved  the  thing  will  be  done. 

Mr.  IkciLVXAX.  And  on  the  31  per  cent  how  much  did  you  say 
was  .s])ent  '. 

Colonel  (iREELEV.  On  the  31  per  cent  we  have  spent  a  little  over 
$12,000,000.  Multi])ly  that  by  three  and  you  get  approximately 
the  co.'^t  of  finishing  these  purchase  areas. 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.  About  .?4(), 000, 000  more  ? 

Colonel  Greeley.  We  will  not  recommend  100  per  cent  purchases 
in  all  of  those  units,  probably  not  in  any  of  them.  There  are  certain 
lands  which  may  be  held  at  such  high  prices  that  we  could  not  recom- 
mend their  purcliase  as  a  business  proposition.  There  are  certain 
other  lands  whose  owners  have  put  into  effect  a  good  system  of  pro- 
tection and  management.  We  do  not  recommend  that  the  Feneral 
Government  buy  such  holdings.  You  might  say  that  on  the  average 
HO  per  cent  would  represent  the  completion  of  these  units. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  After  you  finisli  tliat  area  then  would  it  be  the 
policv  (»f  the  department  to  go  on  to  other  areas? 

Colonel  Gheelev.  1  think  it  should  be  done  within  reasonable 
limits.  Right  in  line  with  that  ([uestion  I  would  like  to  advance  an 
additional  idea  or  two.  This  work  has  been  continued  without  a 
break  since  1011  and  the  initial  program  has  hoon  accomplislied  to  the 
extent  of  31  per  cent.  The  showing  to  date  makes  it  very  clear  that 
the  outlays  for  this  |)urpose  are  really  investments  rather  than 
e.xpenditures.  because  the  Government  is  building  up  a  valuable 
property  and  that  property  is  eidiancing  in  value.  We  c<ndd  close  out 
this  pr(»p<»si(i(>n  in  a  .short  time,  if  Congress  ordered  us  to  do  so,  and 
roine  out  with  a  nrofit  over  and  above  the  entire  cost  of  the  enterprise, 
including  what  has  been  spent  for  the  protection  of  the  lands  after 
t'lev  were  purchased. 

TIh'  present  is  a  favoral>le  time  to  make  such  purchases  because  the 
liruincial  depression  has  resulted  in  a  lowscale  of  values  for  forest  lands, 
particularly  cut-over  lands.  We  liave  b(M>n  able  to  buy  large  tracts 
in  the  Allegheny  Mountains  of  l\>iiM.sylvajiia  at  .'?"J..')()"per  acre  anil 
other  large  tracts  in  West  Virginia  for  cttrrespondinn;  prices.  If  the 
iM'deral  Governineiil  intends  to  i)ursue  this  policy  it  probably  will 
never  have  a  more  fav(»rable  tim«'  to  buy  forest  lands  at  low  prices. 


AGRICULTURAL   APPRorRLVTION    BILI,,    l««.  "I'M 

KXTKNHION    I  KATl'IlKR. 

Now,  in  roj;ar«l  to  its  cxtorisioii.  I'rom  tlu*  stiindpoint  of  profoct- 
iijf;  watcfshjMls,  of  ^rowin^  fimhcr  nml  of  ^ivin^  a  [)rariical  diTnon- 
stration  in  fon>strv  to  tlw  people  of  a  rr«;ioii.  tlicn*  an*  (-rrtairi  key 
areas  where  a  small  I-'edeml  national  forest  wouM  he  very  di'sirahle. 
We  have  not  covered  them  all  hy  any  means  in  this  list  of  approved 
units.  I  think  it  would  he  a  very  desirahle  thin^,  for  exnmple.  to 
have  a  small  national  forest  in  the  Ozark  Mountains  of  Missouri. 
That  is  a  re«;ion  where  there  is  an  enormous  area  of  rouj^h  mountain 
land  not  suited  for  agriculture,  where  tlie  l)ulk  of  tlie  merelumtahle 
timher  has  h(>en  ciil  and  where  the  land  is  now  more  or  less  liiin<;inj; 
in  the  halance.  Much  of  it  is  hurried  over  frecpii'fitlv.  is  deterioratin}^, 
and  is  producing;  little  or  nothin<;.  Somehody.  1  fliink,  should  j;o  in 
there  and  (h»monstrate,  in  a  practical  way,  what  can  h(>  dotu'  with 
that  kind  of  land.  I  think  it  would  he  a  j;ood  thin<^  to  have  a  national 
forest  or  two  in  the  mountains  of  Kenlu<ky,  where  we  have  none. 
Of  course,  it  is  a  (piestion  of  j^jeneral  policy  as  to  how  far  such  |)ur- 
chases  shouhi  be  carrierl. 

The  Government,  ohxiously,  can  not  huy  any  lar^e  |)roportion 
of  the  privately  owned  hinds  in  the  country,  hut  1  would  favor  the 
creation  of  small  national  forests  at  points  where  the  three  pur- 
poses, watershed  protection,  the  {;rowin<;  of  timber,  and  the  demon- 
stration of  ^ood  forest  practice  give  the  Federal  (iovernment  the 
best  chance  to  make  a  ten-strike. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Does  real  timber  grow  on  thc.se  mountains  or 
just  scrubby  stuff? 

Colonel  Greklev.  Real  timber;  the  finest  poplar  and  white  oak  in 
the  world  grow  in  the  southern  Appalachians. 

OLYMPIC    NATIONAL    FOREST. 
DISPOSAL    OK    AND    PROTECTION     FROM     FIRE    OF    WINI»-THRO\VN    TIMHER. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  item  is  on  page  341. 

Colonel  Greeley.  That  is  the  item  which  relates  to  special  protec- 
tion on  the  Olympic  National  Forest.  We  have  recommended  a 
reduction  from  "S33,000  to  S25,000  for  the  ensuing  year.  We  hope 
it  will  not  be  many  years  before  this  item  can  disappear  altogether. 
We  have  been  able,  by  very  intensive  methods  and  with  fine  coop- 
eraticm  from  the  State  of  Washington,  to  carry  this  Olympic  blow- 
dowii  through  two  fire  seasons  without  any  destructive  fires  at  all. 
That  has  meant  an  intensive  protection  organization  over  2,200 
square  miles  of  land,  which  contains  more  or  less  blown-down  timber, 
batches  of  wind  falls  being  scattered  all  over  it.  It  will  re(iuirc 
approximately  §22,000  to  maintain  the  present  organization  of  men 
and  equipment  and  S2o,000  will  give  us  a  leewav  of  about  $3,000  for 
keeping  up  and  extending  the  trails  and  telephone  lines  which  are 
a  vital  factor  in  the  protection  of  this  enormous  area. 

I  presume  the  committee  understands  that  what  we  are  really  pro- 
tecting, in  cooperation  with  the  State  of  Wa.shington,  is  one  of  the 
largest  reserves  of  timber  anywhere  in  the  country,  on  the  Olympic 
Peninsula.  The  Olympic  Peninsula  contains.  I  suppose,  ninety  or  one 
hunclred  billion  feet  of  timber,  partly  in  Government  ownei-ship,  but 
more  largely  in  private  ownership.     The  timber  has  not  yet  been  cut 


238  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

to  any  extent  and  it  constitutes,  by  reason  of  its  location,  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  valuable  reserve  areas  in  the  United  States.  This 
blow  down  went  right  through  the  heart  of  it,  and  in  protecting  the 
damaged  strip  we  are  protecting  primarily  the  enormous  and  very 
valuable  timber  region  around  it.  With  two  or  three  more  vears  the 
growth  of  vegetation  and  rotting  of  the  blown-down  timber  will  greatly 
reduce  the  lire  hazard,  and  I  hope  we  can  cut  this  item  from  time  to 
time  and  in  the  course  of  no  great  length  of  time  absorb  it  entirely  in 
our  regular  appropriations. 

Mr.  Jump.  1:  ou  will  observe  that  that  item  carries  a  decrease  of 
$8,000  for  1924. 

FOR   PROTECTION    OF   OREGON    AND   CALIFORNIA    RAILROAD   LANDS    AND 

COOS    BAY    WAGON    ROAD   TRAILS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  item  is  on  pa^^e  343.  As  I  recall,  this  is 
a  proposition  that  was  taken  over  by  the  Department  of  the  Interior 
some  years  ago. 

Colonel  Greeley.  That  is  work  which  the  Forest  Service  has 
assumed  at  the  re(juest  of  the  Interior  Department.  The  protection 
of  these  railway-grant  lands,  which  have  been  revested  in  the  United 
States,  was  fii-st  provided  for  in  the  sundry  civil  bill  for  1916.  In  the 
fiscal  vear  1022  the  Forest  Service  assumed  it  at  the  request  of  the 
Interior  D(>partment,  because  a  large  part  of  the  lands  are  inter- 
mingled with  the  national  forests  in  Oregon.  The  actual  cost  of 
protecting  these  lands  has  ranged  from  S37.000  to  S43,000  a  year, 
dopending  on  tlie  character  of  the  season.  During  the  last  fiscal 
year  the  actual  cost  was  S4 1,000. 

An  appropriation  of  $35,000  means  that  we  have  got  to  protect 
tile  laud  h)r  less  than  15  mils  per  acre,  which  is  less  than  we  can  do, 
e.\ce|)t  in  an  unusually  favorable  season.  The  cost  of  protecting  the 
national  forests  as  a  wiiole  amounts  to  17  mills  per  acre  in  a  normal 
year.  We  re(|uested  the  Bureau  of  the  Budget  to  increase  this  item 
to  -SIO.OOO  on  ti\e  basis  of  the  average  cost  actually  incurred  during 
tlie  past  live  years,  but  the  Director  of  the  Budget  thought  we  ought 
to  hold  it  at  S35,000.  This  means  that  we  have  got  to  ask  for  a 
deficiency  unless  we  have  an  exceptionally  favorable  summer.  The 
hind  contains  about  forty  or  (ifty  billion  feet  of  timber  and  is  an 
extremely  valuable  property.  There  is  no  question  about  the  need 
of  sustained  pr()tection. 

Mr.  Ander.son.  We  will  take  up  the  item  on  page  350.  That  is 
apparently  an  apropriation  already  made. 

Colonel  (iKKKLEV.  The  item  on  page  35t)  is  simply  an  enumeration 
of  appropriations  previously  made. 

FOREST    ROADS    AND    TRAILS. 

AUTIIOHIZATION    UV    Ari'lUtriUATION    IN    FEUKKAl.    HUIHWAY    AlT. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  next  take  up  the  item  on  page  359. 
forest  roads  and  trails. 

Colonel  (iRKF.i.KV.  The  item  on  pa'^e  359  is  an  apj)ropriat ion 
authorized  bv  Con'M'ess  but  not  hitherto  specilicallv  nuule.  In 
passing  the  F«Mleral  hi«;hway  act  of  November  9,  1921,  Congress 
defined  the  general  policv  that  anDronriati<»ns  for  the  e<mstruction 


AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   Itti*  239 

(if  ritnds  and  trnils  in  tlir  nutidnal  fon'sts  should  ^rt^  hand  in  hand 
with  iippntprintions  for  KtMh>ral  aid  to  post  roads.  That  act  appro- 
priated .<").()()().()()()  for  tho  lisriil  year  19'22  and  $I().OO0.(X)O  for  the 
liscal  year  iO'J.i  for  the  construction  of  roads  and  trails  within  (»r 
adjjuont  to  tiational  forests.  A  sul)sc<picnl  act,  that  of  Jimc  11>, 
\0'2'2,  anthorizoil  jui  apjiropriation  of  S<).o(M),U(K)  ca«h  for  the  li.-jcal 
years  ll>-'4  and  1925,  in  pursuance  of  this  Bamo  pohcy.  The  Director 
of  the  Butl^et  now  re<-onirnends  an  nppnjpriation  for  ll>24  of 
•Sii.ODO.OOO  out  of  the  Sti.oUU.OOO  which  was  autliorized  hy  Con^rttis. 
I  do  not  know  how  far  the  ooniinittoe  wishes  me  to  fjo  into  a  di.s<Mis- 
sion  of  this  road-liuihhn}^  program. 

Mr.  Andkrson.   I  wouhl  hke  to  jjo  mio  it  pictis   ihoiou^^hK. 

Colonel  (iKKKLKY.  It  is  a  pretty  l)i;;  sul)ject  and  has  heen  tlireshed 
out  before  con^j^ressional  c<tmmittees  several  times,  hut  I  will  he  very 
ijlad  to  t(>ll  you  the  story  if  you  wish  to  listen. 

Mr.  .IiTMP.  Mr.  Chairman,  suppose  we  defer  consideration  of  this 
item  until  Mr.  MacDonald  aj)peai"s  in  connection  with  the  Federal 
aid  road  item? 

Mr.  Andkrson.  That  will  be  satisfactory. 


Wednesday.  Xovkmber  22.  1M22. 

FOREST    RO.VDS    AND    TR/Ul.S. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  liear  Colonel  (ireeley  with  reference  to  the 
item  on  page  359  for  national  forest  roads. 

AUTHORIZATION    FOR    APPUOFRI.VTIOX. 

Colonel  Greeley.  Mr.  Cliairman.  as  I  explained  to  the  committee 
the  other  day.  Federal-aid  legislation  as  expressed  in  the  last  two 
statutes,  the  Federal  highway  act  of  November.  1921,  and  the  act 
of  June  30.  1922,  has  recognized  the  need  for  the  construction  of 
roads  in  and  adjacent  to  the  national  forests  as  a  part  of  the  Federal 
road  policy.  Sums  were  authorized  for  continuing  the  forest  road 
work  in  tlie  last  general  legislation  dealing  with  this  subject,  to  the 
extent  of  -SO, 500,000  each  for  the  fiscal  vears  1924  and  1925.  This 
item  comes  before  you  now  as  a  part  of  our  1924  Budget,  with  the 
recommendation  of  the  Director  oi  the  Butlget  that  $3,000,000  bo 
appropriated  out  of  the  authorization  of  $0.. 500, 000. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Was  the  $(>,500,000  authorized  to  be  expended  in 
any  particular  period  ? 

('olonel  Cirkelky.  According  to  the  terms  of  the  legislation  it  re- 
mains  available  until  expended.  The  law  authorizes  an  appropria- 
tion for  a  certain  fiscal  year,  to  remain  available  until  expended. 
You  mean,  is  there  a  limit  on  the  period  of  the  authorization  ( 

Mr.  Ander.son.  Yes. 

Colonel  Greeley.  My  judgment  would  be  that  this  authorization 
expires  with  the  fiscal  year  1924.  The  authorization  is  made  spe- 
cifically for  the  fiscal  year.  Is  that  your  understanding  of  it.  Mr, 
MacDonald,  as  a  matter  of  law  ? 

2202S— 22 16 


240  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  MacDon'ald.  I  neror  thought  of  that  ouestion  before.  Mv 
own  behef  has  been  that  those  authorizations  nold  until  expended. 

Mr.  Anderson.  My  recollection  is  that  there  was  a  three-year 
authorization  in  the  general  program. 

Mr.  MacDonali).  Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  would  only  carry  appropriations  for  the 
three  years  for  which  the  authorization  was  made.  I  was  wonder- 
ing whether  this  S6.o00.000  was  carried  under  language  which  would 
Eermit  making  the  appropriation  for  any  one  of  three  years  covered 
y  the  general  proposition,  or  whether  this  only  covered  one  year. 

Colonel  Greeley.  I  have  here  the  act  itseff.  This  is  section  4. 
paragraph  2,  of  the  act  approved  June  19,  1922,  as  follows: 

For  the  purpose  of  carrving  out  the  T)ro\-isions  of  section  23  of  the  Federal  high- 
way act.  approved  November  9,  1921,  triere  is  hereV)y  authorized  to  be  appropriated 
for  forest  roads  and  trail.«,  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  other\\i.«e  ajjpro- 
priated,  the  following  additional  sums,  to  be  made  available  until  expended,  in 
accordance  with  the  provisions  of  said  section  23:  The  sum  of  six  million  five  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1924.  The  sum  of  six  million 
five  hundred  thousand  dollars  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1925. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  only  covers  two  years. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  It  expires  with  the  appropriation  for  that  fiscal 
year. 

Colonel  Greeley.  That  would  bo  my  impression. 

Mr.  JcTMP.  If  it  said  "during"  the  fiscal  year  1923. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  The  very  wording  of  the  act,  making  one  appro- 
priation for  one  year,  1924,  and  another  appropriation  for  the  follow- 
mg  year,  1925,  shows  that  it  was  intended  to  have  that  for  each  year. 

Mr.  Jump.  Our  impression  was  that  they  intended  to  make  that 
amount  of  money  available  until  the  rate  of  expenditures  required 
further  appropriations  under  the  authorization. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  It  says  in  accordance  with  section  23.  AVhat  is 
section  23  ? 

Colonel  Greeley.  Tliat  is  section  23  of  the  act  of  November  19, 
1921.  It  is  a  section  that  covers  a  printed  page  of  the  act.  I  have  it 
here  and  will  read  it,  if  you  desire  to  have  it  read. 

1  might  say,  Mr.  Chairman,  that  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of 
that  section,  to  whicli  Mr.  Buchanan  referred,  any  appropriation  made 
for  the  construction  of  forest  roads  up  to  an  amount  of  SO, 000, 000 
in  any  year  is  divided  ecpially  between  roads  of  primary  service  to 
the  States,  counties,  or  communities  in  the  national  forest  regions, 
and  roads  and  trails  of  primary  service  for  the  protection  and  adminis- 
tration of  tile  national  forests  themselves.  In  other  words,  the  legis- 
lation recognizes  the  two  bio;  purposes  to  be  served  by  forest  roads; 
first,  the  extension  of  public  hignways.  State  roads,  county  roads, 
and  community  roads  over  the  national  forests,  making  them  contrib- 
ute a  reasonable  share  toward  the  comnlelion  of  the  j)ul)lic-road 
system  in  their  regions;  and,  second,  building  on  to  that  public-road 
systciii  the  roads  and  trails  needed  |)rimarily  to  protect  the  national 
fore>its  themselves  and  to  develop  their  resources. 

Under  the  terms  of  the  law  anv  appropriation  up  to  SO, 000, 000  is 
split  e<|ually  between  those  two  chusses  of  roails.  Our  method  of  ex- 
jx-nditurc,  as  dclincd  by  regulations  of  the  Secretary  of  Agi-icultiire, 
pn.vijjfs  for  a  cooprralivc  working  out  of  highway  plans  >vith  the  State 


AGRim.TURAI,  ArPIKH'UIATION    HII-U    IW^.  241 

hij^lnvny  commissions  and  the  liurcnu  of  l*iil)lic  Komls,  which  Imndh-s 
the  tochnicjil  ciij^iiiccriii;^  fciiturcs  of  this  work  throiij^hoiit.  We 
(U^voh>p  a  common  phiii,  as  far  an  nossihh»,  with  th*'  .Statrs.  niul 
(h'sij^mitc  im<h'r  that  tlic  roads  which  lit  into  these  two  chisses. 

The  puhlic  roads  which  form  componcJit  nnrts  of  tlic  hi^jhwiiy 
system  of  the  States  or  counties  arc  neccssurilv  rou<Ls  of  tlie  hi^hj'r 
stanchirds,  which  re(|uire  the  apphcation  «)f  hijjhway  enjjineering. 
Those  roads  are  huilt  t'titirely  hy  the  Bureau  of  Puhlic  Iloads.  The 
protection  and  devch>pment  roads  cominj;  tiiKh'r  the  otiier  chissifica- 
tion  consist  huj^elv  of  rouf^h,  inexpensive  roatis  Imill  chcaj)ly  to  open 
up  our  inaceossihh'  rej»i«>ns  in  tlie  national  forests.  They  an*  roa<ls 
wliicli  do  not  recpiire  any  particular  dej^re*'  of  technical  hi<;hway  skill 
in  their  construction,  and  are  huilt  hy  our  field  organization  ()f  rauj^ers 
and  supi'rvisors. 

Anv  attempt  to  estimate  the  roads  needed  to  complete  the  |)uhlic 
road  system  throuj^li  the  national  forests  and  also  supply  the  pro- 
tective facilities  rcouired  on  tliese  (iovernment  properties  themselves 
are  necessarily  rou^it  and  run  up  into  very  high  figures.  We  estimate, 
however,  that  nearly  l.),0(K)  miles  will  be  necessary  ultimately  to 
compl(>t<>    the    puhlic    roads    which    must    traverse    national    forests. 

Those  1."), ()()()  miles  are  estimated  to  cost  in  the  neigld)<>ih<>(>d  of 
.?ir_>.00( ).()()(). 

Wo  estimate  that  the  protraction  anil  development  roads  needed  to 
open  uj)  the  national  forests  will  ultimately  amount  to  a  little  over 
14.000  miles,  costing  about  §54.000, 000,  "and  thai  the  trails  still 
needed  for  protection  and  administrative  purposes  will  run  up  to 
about  40,000  miles,  with  a  cost  of  something  over  §11,000.000.  The 
whole  program  of  roads  and  trails  nms  up  to  something  like  SI7S,0()0,- 
000,  necessarily  requiring  a  long  time  to  build;  ami  of  course  con- 
taining items  of  varying  degrees  of  urgency.  This  represents,  in  a 
rough  way,  the  ultimate  system  that  we  must  plan  for.  The  work 
to  date  has  progressed  under  former  appropriations  to  a  point  that 
represents  a  very  substantial  beginning.  I  do  not  know  wnether  the 
committee  cares  for  any  of  these  progress  tables  showing  what  has 
actually  been  done. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  tliink  it  would  be  a  good  idea  to  put  them  in  the 
record. 

Colonel  Greeley.  They  amount  to  a  total  of  4,785  miles  of  roa<ls 
constructed,  6.710  miles  of  trails  constriict<jd,  and  approximately 
8,000  miles  of  n)ads  and  trails  maintained. 


242 


AGRICULTrR.\T.   .\PPR0PRT.\T10X    BILL,    1924. 


(The  tables  referred  to  are  as  follows:) 

Construction,  imjirovemeni,  anA  maintenanre  of  roads  and  trails  front  forest  road  appro- 
priations and  other  Federal  and  cooperative  funds,  hy  Stales. 


Calendar  vear 

1921. 

Total  to  Dec.  31,  1921. 

E.\pend!tures  to  Dec. 
s 

M,  1921. 

State. 

f 
Roads  1  Trails 
con-        con- 
struct- 1  struet- 
ed.     ;     ed. 
1 

Roads 

con- 
struct- 
ed. 

Trails 

con- 
struct- 
ed. 

Rnnds 
and 
trailii 
main- 
tained. 

Federal. 

Cooperative. 

Total  fund-s. 

'Vliibiiniii 

Afilu. 

mies. 

J/ite. 

Miles. 

Miles. 
10.0 
37.5 

209.0 

227.7 
4,030.0 

137.  8 
42.0 
80.0 

338.9 

$73.3.50 

485,096.81 

845, 736. 87 

237, 129. 13 

2, 298, 906.  26 

1,400, 792.  .50 

70,  -291. 41 

116.610.95 

2, 134, 207. 01 

2,111.51 

6, 169. 42 

3,263.26 

90,798.53 

1,312,502.75 

8,637.32 

177,  .378. 5:$ 

19, 285. 60 

820, 185.  75 

177,787.71 

65.75 

6, 230. 81 

1,790,199.16 

3,356.11 

47,310.43 

168,691.53 

76, 258. 57 

856,841.75 

31,382.73 

1,426,246.31 

1,319.54 

809,  :«)2. 61 

• 

$733.  .50 

AliLsIca 

22.4 

85.2 

9.7 

79.8 

77.9 

.2 

7.5 

139.6 

.    _ 

17.2 
268.5 

28.7 
221.5 
228.3 

428.9 

62.6 

295.3 

78.9 

33.3.8 

331.2 

45.2 

8.5 

711.2 

3.4 

57.3 
481.1 

46.1 
619.2 
467.6 

'32.'s" 
1,010.9 

$164,806.16 
648,892.98 

24.184.98 
679, 900.  58 
433,  4.52.  81 

56,600.00 

649.902.97 

.Vrir.ona 

1,494.629.80 

.VrkaiiiJas 

261,314.06 

California 

2, 978.  S06.  84 

Colorado 

^KU.  24.5. 31 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Kansas  .. 

136,891.41 
1 16, 610. 95 

874,705.35 


3,00S.912.:J6 
2,111.51 

Maine - 

30.0 

35.0 

6. 169.  42 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Montana 

Nebraska 

7.1 
22.0 
29.6 
15.0 
46.8 

2.0 
5;j.8 
14.4 

"'29.0' 
29.6 

""■79."5" 
2:1.0 
147.2 
14.5 

40.4 

3a4 

230.7 

23.8 

217.6 

,5.0 

229.2 

51.7 

1.0 

i86.'05 

90,905.11 

362, 122. 50 

3, 45a  21 

29.0 
202.9 

"m.o 

•235.0 

464.7 

45.5 

78.7 

316.1 

7.0 

92.2 
246.0 
451.8 

44.6 

ISI.703.64 

1,674,625.25 

8,637.32 

Nevada 

New  Hanii>shire. . . 

New  Mexico 

Norih  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

93,773.75 

220.25 

179,095.32 

31,951.17 

271, 152. -28 

19,  .50.5. 94 

999,281.07 

309,738.88 

65.75 

Oklahoma i 

26.6 
68,5.0 

20.0 
5.3 

26.9 
211.0 
173.3 
322.0 
588.0 

925.66 
1,3&3,813.77 

7, 155.  81 

Oregon 

155.5 

180.2 

734.1 



524.0 
20.0 

'"'me' 

28.5 
595.2 

50.5 
314.0 

3,174,01X93 

Porto  Uico 

3,;J56. 11 

South  Carolina 

South  DakoU 

Tennessee 

5.3 

23.3 

8.0 

155.0 

i7.'6' 

13.0 

106.5 

5.3 

66.1 

11.7 

709.5 

4.0 

270.5 

11.000.00 
90.«;<8,93 
64, 5.59. 38 

5W,001.06 
2,409.91 

835,696.29 

.58. 310. 43 
259,  :J3a  46 
140.S17.95 

Uuh 

1,:J89,  M2.8I 

Virginia 

33, 792. 64 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

58.7 

40.0 

2,261.942.60 
1,319.54 

Wyoming 

85.6 

1,066.6 

284.6 

j,265.8 

167.5 



229,051.32 

1,0:?8, 3.53. 9.3 

Total 

1,101.4 

2,9.59.0 

4, 785. 7 

6,710.7 

8,744.3 

15,  424,  KiO.  21 

6,791,893.47 

22. 216. 7-23. 68 

Mr.  Anderson.  May  I  ask  you  whether  the  program  you  have  been 
(lisrussing  is  in  addition  to  what  has  already  been  accomplished,  or 
does  it  include  roada  already  constructecW 

Colonel  Greeley.  The  program  I  have  referred  to  is  in  addition  to 
the  mileage  actually  built.  These  are  figures  up  to  December  31. 
19J 1 .  Tlu're  are  available  for  this  program,  however,  certain  amounts 
remaining  from  last  year's  a])i)roi)riations  and  other  une.\i)ended  bal- 
ances of  forest  road  funds. 


Ari'ltOIMMATlON.s    .\V.\n.AUI.E. 


-Mr.  .V.NDKicsoN.  Will  you  make  ii))  a  statement  showing  the  sums 
whicii  you  aie  at  hberty  to  s])end  for  those  voiuU  and  trails^ 

Colonel  (Jrekley.  lliave  that,  Mr.  Chairman.  Tiiere  have  been 
four  acts  of  (/ongress  making  substantial  ai)])ro])riations  for  forest 
roads.  These  are  in  addition  to  the  provision  incorporated  in  our 
appropriation  ad  severid  years  ago.  which  autoinaticidly  ai)i)roi)riates 
10  ner  cent  of  the  gross  recei])ts  from  the  national  forests  for  roail 
ancl  trail  building  within  their  boundaries.     That    10  per  cent   item 


AGRICTLTURAI.   APPROPRIATION    BIIJ-.,   IfiW.  243 

amounts  now  to  ahout  $.')()(). 000  a  year.  Asi(lt>  from  lliut,  wliich  i.s  a 
currfnt  itt-m  and  which  is  almost  entirely 'obh^aliHl  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  roads  and  trads  formerly  l>uilt,  we  had  availahle  at  the  lie- 
ijinnin^  of  this  lis(  id  year  a  total  sum  t»f  SIT.OOO.OOO  for  rojid  and  trail 
et)nslruetion.  That  is  made  u|>  of  the  unexpendiMJ  Imlanees  of 
amounts  for^nerly  a|>j)ro|>rialed. 

There  is  the  special  act  of  Fehruary  JN.  I'.HK.  the  Kcih-ral  forest 
road  <'onstruction  act  as  it  is  called,  who^e  npi>r«)priations  have 
ti'rmmated.  hut  under  which  ar>  unexpended  halaine  <if  .S7«».').0(M) 
remains.  Then  we  had  the  appropriation  of  $l.i,000,0()0  carried  hy 
the  Fedeitd  hi^diway  act  of  hist  S'oviMnher.  and  the  current  appropria- 
tion which  hecame  availahle  under  the  post  roads  act  of  l'Jl«i.  This 
act  appropriate*!  SI. 000, 000  a  year  for  a  period  of  ten  years.  These 
aj)pr(»priations  ami  balances  ^ave  us,  actually  availahle  at  tiie  be^in- 
run«;  of  the  (iscal  vein-  P.fJ.'i.  .•?  1 7.000.000,  which  iip[)lies  against  the 
program  1  indicated.  That  inonev  will  he  huj^'ely  expended  (hning 
the  next  two  fi.scal  years. 

Our  j)rofrram  to  date  antl  the  pr(»<;ram  of  Mr.  Ma<I)omdd  s  orp;an- 
izati(»n.  which  handles  the  contracts  on  all  of  the  hi^h-standard 
roads.  (H>ntemplate  an  expenditure  of  about  $1  1 .71."i.000  durinj;  this 
current  fiscal  year  out  of  the  $17,000,000  available  at  its  be«;inninfj. 

PLAN    OK    WORK. 

The  whole  point,  as  I  see  it.  is  this:  Work  of  this  cjiaracter.  to  be 
done  elliciently.  requires  a  threat  deal  of  [)lannin^.  It  rocjuires  carry- 
ing; on  the  examination  of  j)rojects,  and  their  cooperative  considera- 
tion with  the  State  authorities  and  other  local  ajjeneies  interested  in 
road  buildinj;  for  at  least  two  years  ahead  of  actual  constru<'tion. 
We  need  the  resources  to  carry  the  forest  road  program  ahead  at  a 
reasonable  pace,  keepintr  the  examination  of  projects  normally  two 
years  ahea(l  of  construction  and  survevs  normally  one  vear  ahead  of 
construction.  No  construction  shouh)  bo  ordered  witbotit  advance 
cost  estimates  based  uj)on  surveys,  so  that  all  of  us  in  the  dej)ariment 
who  are  re.sponsible  for  this  work  may  be  assured  that  the  money  is 
beinfi:  spent  to  the  best  advantage. 

For  these  reasons  wo  need  to  keep  two  years  ahead  on  our  appropria- 
tions. That,  in  my  judgment,  is  the  most  imp(jrtant  feature  of  this 
item.  An  appropriaticm  of  S.3. 000,000  for  the  next  fiscal  year  is 
less  than  half  what  Congress  authorized  for  this  purpose.  It  was 
arrived  at  by  the  Director  of  the  Budget  from  this  standpoint,  that 
the  road  work  must  be  continued  with  reasonable  provision  year 
by  year,  so  that  it  can  be  properly  planned,  but  that  m  view  of  the 
present  situation  of  tlie  Treasury  an  appropriation  of  $3,000,000  for 
the  next  fiscal  year  is  rea.sonable  and  sutlicient. 

I  n<ler  appropriations  at  tliis  rate,  it  is  going  to  take  us  a  good  many 
veal's  to  complete  even  the  most  urgent  construction  necessary  to 
<levelop  the  national  forests  and  facilitate  their  protection.  The 
building  of  these  roads  not  only  has  a  very  important  relationship  to 
the  protection  of  the  national  forests  but  also  to  the  development  of 
their  income  producing  business.  That  was  a  factor  which  had  a 
great  <leal  of  weight  with  the  Committee  on  Koads.  which  originated 
the  ba.sic  legislation  dealing  with  this  subject. 


244  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\T10X   BILL,   1924. 

We  now  have  one-quarter  of  the  merchantable  timber  of  the  coun- 
try in  tlie  national  forces.  We  could  cut  timber  to  the  extent  of 
$18,000, 000  a  year  at  present  stumpage  rates,  were  the  forests  acces- 
sible. The  opening  up  of  tlu'sc  regions,  through  the  construction  of 
roads,  is  going  to  enable  more  and  more  of  our  timber  resources  to  be 
used  and  to  be  used  in  a  rational  and  intelligent  way.  ,It  is  going  to 
enable  the  timber  cut  to  be  more  properly  distributed  rather  than 
concentrated  at  a  fcAv  points  where  there  is  some  special  industrial 
development.  Road  building  is  a  very  important  factor  in  the  full 
development  of  these  national  properties  to  serve  all  the  purposes 
for  which  thev  were  established. 

That  is  all  1  have  to  say.  I  ask  the  committee  to  provide  for  con- 
tiiuiiiig  this  work  on  a  reasonable  basis,  because  it  is  the  steady, 
unbroken  pull  that  counts  on  a  job  of  this  character. 

OTHER   APPROPRIATIONS   AVAILABLE. 

Mr.  Ander.sox.  Are  there  any  appropriations  made  in  other  acts 
which  mature  this  year? 

Colonel  Greeley.  The  act  of  1916  carries  an  appropriation  of 
SI, 000, 000  yearly  up  to  and  including  the  fiscal  year  192G.  Under 
that  act  an  appropriation  of  .SI, 000, 000  becomes  available  July  1, 
1924.  That  is  the  only  continuing  appropriation,  with  the  exception 
of  the  10  per  cent  of  gross  receipts  which  I  spoke  of  and  which  is 
largely  absorbed  in  mamtenance. 

Mr.  MA(iEE.  You  are  authorized  to  expend  $6,500,000  < 

Colonel  Greeley.  The  appropriation  has  been  authorized  but  not 
made. 

Mr.  Ma(;ee.  Is  that  a  continuing  appropriation  ? 

Colonel  Greeley.  That  was  authorized  for  two  specific  years. 

Mr.  Magee.  If  we  appropriate  $3,000,000  this  year  what  becomes 
of  the  balance  ? 

Colonel  Greeley.  Well,  it  is  simply  unappropriated.  W^hether  it 
remains  authorized  for  appropriation  or  not  I  do  not  know. 

Mr.  Magee.  That  is  what  I  was  getting  at. 

Colonel  Greeley.  That  is  a  tedinical  ([uestion  I  would  not  attempt 
to  answer. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  do  not  believe  it  continues. 

Mr.  Ju.MP.  If  that  is  true,  I  think  the  Budget  Bureau,  in  passing 
on  these  it<'ms,  <h(l  not  have  it  in  mind.  We  received  the  distinct 
impression,  in  our  (h-alings  with  the  Budget  Bureau,  that  they  hail 
in  mind,  in  recommending  to  Congress  that  merely  a  portion  of  these 
atithorizati(»ns  be  appro|)riated,  that  the  balance  could  be  recom- 
mciKh'd,  through  tht?  bureau,  of  course,  and  if  passed,  tiieu  appro- 
|)riiilt(l  by  Congress,  as  it  saw  lit,  under  the  existing  authorizations, 
when  tlic  rate  of  cash  withdrawals  from  the  Treasury  made  that 
ncccssai'v. 

Mr.  Ani)KI{s<)\.  1  (h)  not  see  how  that  conclusion  can  be  arrivetl 
at  under  the  language  of  the  authoiization. 

Mr.  .liMi".  That  (juestion  will  become  much  more  serious  wiien  we 
get  to  the  next  il«'Mi  that  is.  so  far  as  volume  is  concerned  because 
there,  of  the  S(i.'),()(n),()Ol)  authorized  for  I'.lJJ.  S.i.l.OOO.OOO  is  deferre<l. 

Mr.  Anderson.  But  you  have  some  achiitional  language  there, 
which,  as  I  recall,  authorizes  you  to  make  contracts? 

Mr.  .IiMi'.    It  did  (luring  l\)'2;i  and  it  is  in  here  for  192  I;  that  is  true. 


AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILU    W2*-  245 

Mr.  A.NDKUSOX.  Of  ctiui-xc  timl  would  l>i'<"(>inc  a  coiitiiiuiu^  (ihli- 
gution  ill  any  ovciit.  ami  un<lor  our  rulw  we  could  appropriate  without 
specific  authorization,  hut  in  a  <'ase  of  this  kind  it  HtM>nis  to  me  that 
under  the  lanj;un«;e  of  the  act  itself  it  siin[)ly  makes  a  maximum 
authorization  which  is  conlroliin'^'  upon  this  committee,  at  least,  in 
making  tho  apnropriation. 

Mr.  .liMi'.   It  that  is  true,  that  is  a  very  seriou>^  thin;;. 

Mr.  .VNDKitsoN.  From  a  le^al  point  of  view  the  ohli^ations  of  the 
Government  may  he  an  entirely  dilferent  (piestion,  hut  my  i«lea  is 
that  so  far  as  the  rij^ht  of  this  committee  to  report  an  appropriation  Is 
concerned  it  is  an  authorization  for  oiu'  year,  and  if  we  ap[)ropriate 
oidy  a  part  of  that  autiiorizjition  then  the  authorization,  as  far  a**  it 
j^oes,  is  exhausted  hy  whatever  we  appropriate  un<ler  our  rul(!s. 

Mr.  M.vtiKK.  You  followed  the  recommendation  oi  the  Director  of 
the  Budf^et  f 

Colonel  (iKKKLKY.  Well,  ves;  we  followed  it. 

Mr.  Andku.son.  Or  he  followed  you? 

Mr.  Ma«ek.  vSometimes  the  man  at  the  har  has  a  very  serious 
contention  with  the  judjje. 

Mr.  Andekso.n.  1  rect)<;nize  your  attitude,  hut  my  feeling  ahout  it 
is  that  this  committee,  at  least,  is  not  bound  by  the  judgment  of  the 
Bureau  of  the  Budget  as  to  any  question  of  policy;  if  we  tlo  not  think 
it  is  good  business  policy  to  appropriate  .S3. 000. 000  we  can  apprc>- 
priate  .SI. 000. 000,  and  if  we  think  it  is  better  business  p<)licy  to 
appropriate  .S5,000,000  we  can  appropriate  §5,000,000.  Now.  if  there 
are  any  reasons  why  we  ought  to  appropriate  S.5.000,000  for  this  item 
I  would  like  to  have  them. 

URGENCY    DEMANDS   APPROPRIATION    BE   CONTINUED. 

Colonel  Greelky.  Well,  sir,  may  I  reopen  my  statement  ?  The 
only  facts  I  would  like  to  bring  before  the  committee  from  that  stand- 
point are  these;  We  have  a  long  program  ahead  t>f  needed  roads  and 
trails  of  these  several  classes.  Tnere  can  be  no  question  about  their 
urgency,  both  from  the  standpoint  of  the  national  forests  as  Federal 
property  to  be  protected  and  developed  and  also  from  the  standpoint 
of  our  obligations  to  these  States  and  counties  to  do  a  reasonable  part 
toward  extending  their  public  road  sj'stem  over  Federal  lands. 

Tlie  Bureau  of  Public  Roads  and  the  Forest  Ser%-ice  together,  each 
in  their  respective  fields,  are  organized  to-day  to  continue  this  work 
on  a  scale  of  at  least  56,500,000  a  year.  We  expect  to  put  through 
SI  1,000,000  of  road  construction  *  between  the  two  organizations 
during  the  fiscal  year  1923.  A  drop  to  S6,500.000  means  a  very 
substantial  cut  in  the  product  of  the  orp;anization  that  is  now  actually 
in  existence  and  built  up  with  trained  men,  efiuipment,  warehouses 
for  equipment,  and  all  that  sort  of  thing  about  which  Mr.  MacDonald 
can  tell  you  more  than  I  can.  We  are  organized  and,  I  think, 
prettv  well  organized  with  personnel  and  equipment  to  tlo  this  work 
on  a  minimum  basis  of  SO, 500, 000  a  year.  Cutting  that  appropiiaticm 
in  two  means  that  the  organization  will  have  to  be  reduced  and  that 
a  loss  of  efTiciency  will  necessarily  result. 

I  do  not  know-  that  I  can  sav  anvthing  more  than  that.  On  the 
basis  of  §0,500,000  a  year  it  will  tal^e  at  least  25  years  to  complete 
the  needed  forest  roads  and  trails.  If  that  is  cut  in  two  or  cut  at  all 
the  length  of  time  required  to  complete  these  necessary  facilities 


246 


AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 


will  have  to  he  extended  proportionately.  It  is  mv  personal  judg- 
ment that  a  general  plan  of  completing  these  needed  facilities  in  the 
space  of  25  years  should  be  a  minimum  period  and  that  we  ought  to 
adhere  to  that  rather  than  to  extend  it.  On  the  contiarv,  there  is  the 
viewpoint  of  tlie  Director  of  the  Budget  as  to  what  the  Federal 
Treasury  will  stand,  and,  of  course,  I  can  not  dispute  that  point  of 
view. 

Mr.  Am)ER.<;on.  I  recognize  the  fact  that  it  is  always  a  question  of 
offsetting  the  needs  against  the  money  you  actuallv  have.  I  simply 
wanted  to  get  into  the  record  the  full  situation,  so  tliat  the  committee 
coultl  act  upon  it  intelligently  from  the  standpoint  of  the  whole 
program. 

Ml-.  .IiMP.  In  view  of  the  (|uestion  that  has  arisen  about  this  item, 
would  not  this  be  the  common  sense  thing  for  us  to  do:  Between 
now  and  Monday  have  the  department — Colonel  Greeley,  Mr.  Mac- 
Donald,  and  myself — -see  General  Lord  and  get  a  clearer  understanding 
of  what  they  had  in  mind.  This  authorization  says  there  shall  be 
appropriated  for  the  fiscal  year  1923,  for  the  fiscal  year  1924,  and  for 
the  fiscal  year  1925.  I  think  the  word  '"for''  is  the  deciding  factor. 
If  it  said  certain  appropriations  are  authorized  ''during"  the  fiscal 
year  1923,  I  think  tliev  would  have  construed  it  just  as  you  have. 
We  will  go  back  to  the  l3udget  Bureau  and  see  how  they  loofe  upon  the 
matter. 


Monday,  November  20,  1922. 

BUREAU  OF  CHEMISTRY. 

STATEMENTS  OF  MR.  W.  G.  CAMPBELL,  ACTING  CHIEF:  ER 
W.  W.  SKINNER,  ASSISTANT  CHIEF;  MR.  H.  S.  PAINE,  IN 
CHARGE  OF  CARBOHYDRATE  LABORATORY;  AND  DR.  S. 
P.  VEITCH,  IN  CHARGE  OF  PAPER  AND  LEATHER  LABORA- 
TORY. 

salaries. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  take  up  this  morning  the  Bureau  of 
Chemistiv,  on  page  171.  Do  3'ou  want  to  make  any  prehminary 
statements  l)efore  we  take  up  the  statutory  roll? 

Mr.  C.v.MPBKLL.  I  do  not  think  any  statement  is  necessary,  but  1 
can  mj»4i('  statements  as  we  go  along  in  connection  with  each  par- 
licuhii-  item. 

Ml.  Andei{son.  Then  we  will  take  up  the  statutory  roll,  in  which 
tlu'ic  apjxMirs  to  be  a  decrease  of  $14,100. 

Ml-.  CA.MruKj.i..  This  is  tlue  to  the  dropping  of  20  places.  The 
dni|)ping  of  these  j)laces,  of  course,  is  the  result  of  a  concerted  effort 
to  mimifcst  economy,  in  every  way  in  the  world  we  possibly  can. 
\('i\  imtuially.  in  the  development  of  an  organization  to  meet 
<iirrent  (((iiditions,  which  are  clumgiMg  from  lime  to  time,  we  en- 
(h'avor  to  make  an  arrangement  by])rigading  the  work  in  a  fashion 
thai  will  lend  itself  (o  (lu.  employment  of  the  fewest  possible  men. 

We  have  made  a  strenuous  ellorl  in  that  direction  and  have  con- 
cluded we  can  di(>j>  20  of  the  nlaces  that  were  ])rovide(l  for  in  the 
statutory  roll  of  last  year,  and  that  will  effect  a  reduction  of  S 11, 100. 


AGRICULTUKAl.   AITIMUMIIATION    BII.I,,    IWI.  247 

There  is  niiotlier  ehnnj^e  in  iliat  item.  Ai  tlir  prrM'rjt  tiiiu"  there  is 
pn>vi:ij{)ii  for  nine  hihornlory  liel])ers  und  for  «»ne  skilled  luhorcr  at 
salaries  of  $S4()  each.  Wv  have  ask(>(l  that  these  he  ])la<(Ml  under  one 
heading;  and  «;iven  as  10  iahoratory  helpers  or  lah«»rers,  without  any 
ehan«;e  in  salary  at  all.  Tlu'  pui-]>ose  of  that  is  to  make  it  im-vsihle 
for  us  to  jjet  from  the  civil  servue  rejjister  the  type  of  man  that  mi^ht 
he  re<|uired  for  some  work  wiiich  we  have  in  the  Iahorat«»ries.  and  we 
can  iret  more  ellicit'nl  men  and  men  to  nu'et  the  needs  of  lahoratories 
in  certain  sections  more  readily  if  we  «lo  not  have  the  tw»»  lists  and 
can  ap])oint  them  either  as  Iahoratory  heljx'is  or  lalmrers. 

Mr.  Andkk.son.  Are  the  places  you  have  dro|)])ed  m»w   \  aeant '. 

Mr.  Ca.mi'UKLI,.  Sonu*  of  them  are  va<ant  now  and  all  of  them  will 
he  vacant  we  ct)ntemplate  hy  the  time  this  hill  »;oes  into  effect. 

IXVESTIC.ATION     OK     AIMM.lCATlON     OF     CHKMISTKY     TO     ACiRlC  TLTURK. 

The  next  item  is  for  a»;ricultural  investijjations.  This  is  the  appro- 
priation out  of  which  the  fundamental  a}.jricultural  clu'mical  research 
work  is  supported.  We  have  various  lines  «»f  chemical  activity  in  the 
lield  of  aj^riculture  paid  from  this  fund.  All  of  these  projects  of  work 
are  formulate<l  and  promoted,  of  coui-se,  with  an  vyv  to  the  under- 
lying:; economic  significance  of  them.  I  may  say  to  you.  and  perhaps 
this  would  he  the  pertinent  place  to  hring  it  in.  that  the  work  of  the 
Bureau  of  Chemistry  divides  itself  naturallv  int<^  two  primarv  suh- 
divisions.  The  first  is  the  research  work  or  investigational  worl\.  and 
the  second  is  the  regulator}-  work,  such  as  the  enforcement  of  the 
food  and  drug  act,  as  well  as  tea  importation  act.  Now .  the  research 
work  is  of  two  types.  First,  that  work  which  has  to  do  with  primary 
research  in  the  field  of  agriculture  looking  toward  cultural  phases,  and 
second,  that  work  which  has  to  do  with  the  emph)yment  of  chemistry 
in  the  solution  of  those  prohlems  which  exist  in  manufacturing  estah- 
lishments  utilizing  agricultural  raw  materials.  In  other  words,  it  is 
technological  rather  than  cultural,  but  both  of  which  have  economic 
importance. 

Some  of  the  work  in  the  technological  field  is  supported  hy 
specific  or  particular  appropriations.  Those  we  will  come  to  later. 
Hut  all  of  tne  fundamental  research  work  of  a  cultural  kind,  in  which 
chemistry  is  employed  in  the  whole  agricultural  scheme,  is  supported 
from  this  particular  appropriation. 

Those  which  have  economic  significince,  illustrated  in  the  most 
direct  way,  of  course,  are  such  undertakings  as  the  utilization  of 
agricultural  waste  materials  for  some  beneficial  purpose.  That  can 
be  illustrated  by  the  work  which  has  been  done  in  a  stuily  of  classes 
of  waste  materials  and  their  suitability  and  value  for  use  as  stock 
feeds.  One  of  the  laboratories  in  the  bureau  has  been  working  on 
this  thing  for  some  few  years,  and  bulletins  have  been  published  on 
the  basis  of  materials  which  lend  themselves  to  tiiat  use.  Of  course, 
you  are  familiar  with  the  work  we  have  done,  more  particularly  in 
California,  in  the  citrus  fields  and  the  utilization  of  cull  oran<jes, 
products  which  formerly  found  themselves  valueless  and  which,  when 
they  had  a  sale,  would  bring  nothing  more  than  approximately  S'2  a 
ton  hut  which  are  now  being  sold  regularly  and  contracte<l  for  (m  the 
basis  of  somethinjr  like  $30  a  ton. 


248  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Buchanan'.  What  use  have  you  found  for  them? 

Mr.  Campbell.  We  have  found  use  for  tliem  in  the  manufacture 
of  oils  from  the  citrus  fruits,  the  use  of  the  peel  of  the  fruit,  in  the 
manufacture  of  citrate  of  hme.  citric  acid,  and  also  their  employment 
where  the  fruit  is  of  n  nualitv  to  enable  its  use,  in  the  manufacture 
of  a  base  for  marmalade.  There  are  some  several  well-established 
factories  in  southern  California  as  a  result  of  the  work  we  have 
done  there. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  What  did  you  say  was  the  difference  between 
the  former  price  of  culled  oranges  and  the  price  at  the  present  time  ? 

Mr.  Campbell.  Formerly,  wnen  they  had  a  sale  at  all,  it  would 
be  about  .S2  a  ton.  rangino:  from  $2  to  S4  per  ton,  while  now  it  is, 
in  roaind  numbers.  $W  a  ton. 

VALUK    OK    KESEAIUH    WORK. 

Mr.  BiciLvxAN.  Do  you  attribute  this  exclusively  to  the  research 
work  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  ? 

Mr.  Campbell.  Entirely,  becau.se  these  products  had  no  virtue, 
no  value  at  all;  they  represented  a  waste  material. 

The  work  we  are  doing  now,  through  the  laboratory  that  has  been 
interesting  it.self  in  this  matter,  is  that  of  determining  some  plan  by 
which  we  can  detect,  before  marketing,  the  extent  of  damage  that 
may  have  been  done  by  a  freeze.  Periodically  the  citru.s-fruit  growing 
sections  of  the  country  are  visited  by  frosts,  with  the  result  that  if 
the  oianges  are  frozen  there  is  eventual  evaporation  to  a  degree  that 
renders  that  fruit  unfit  for  food  purposes.  You  will  find  it  is  abso- 
lutely dried  up,  but  there  is  no  indication  of  that  fact  from  an  inspec- 
tion of  the  outside  of  the  orange.  Now,  this  evaporation  does  not 
manifest  itself  immediately.  The  freezing  seems  to  protluce  a  con- 
dition in  the  cell  tissue  of  the  fruit  that  brings  about  this  drying  out 
or  evaporation  frc(|uently  several  weelcs  after  the  freezing  has  oc- 
curred. If  that  fruit  could  be  put  on  the  market  immediatelv  and 
consumed  before  this  evaporation  takes  place  there  would  he  no 
()bjection  to  it,  but  if  the  producing  industry  ships  that  fruit  and 
linds  that  l)y  the  time  it  gets  to  the  Atlantic  seacoast  it  has  begun 
tu  eva|)orate  it  not  only  sustains  a  loss  which  would  be  visited  upon 
it  through  the  destruction  of  the  fruit,  but  in  has  in  addition  the 
charges  of  transportation,  packing,  and  shipping.  Our  effort  now  is 
^)  work  out  some  way.  if  it  is  practicable,  which  will  make  it  pos- 
sible in  this  industry  to  determine,  prior  to  shipment  and  promptly 
after  the  freezin*^,  wliether  there  had  been  a  damage  to  this  truit  that 
would  warrant  its  destruction  there  or  the  witlmolding  of  it  from 
luiirkets  as  remote  as  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 

Mr.  Bu(  ilvnan.  You  say  you  are  not  able  to  determine,  under  a 
specific  temperature,  that  a  particular  freeze  has  been  sulhcient  to 
cause  evaporation.  Of  course,  the  farmer  knows  when  there  has 
been  a  frost. 

Mr.  Ca.mi'hell.  lie  knt>ws  when  he  has  had  a  freeze,  but  unfortu- 
nately, .Mr.  Buchanan,  we  fhid  that  these  freezes  are  not  univei-sal. 
The  cold  IciiipcrMlure  you  will  get  in  a  certain  section  will  not  be 
rrllected  in  the  matter  of  the  fruit  that  is  j)roduced  in  that  entire 
Nuality.  You  will,  in  .some  sections,  through  a  depression  in  the 
surface,  find  that  the  fruit  will  be  very  materially  allected.  while  in 
a  mon-  clcvntcd  Held  it  will  not  be  nd'ivted  at  all.      Now.  tli(>  freeze 


AC.IUCULTURAL  AI'PI{()1>IUATI()N    BflJ^    1914.  249 

\vt'  liiul  in  ('alif<»niiji  last  yrar  showrd  that  this  rrtntiition  roiihl  ho 
ns<rihi'<|  to  certain  hxahtios.  hut  thai  there  woiihl  he  iMtints  Hoiith 
of  some  of  the  frozen  soctions  where  there  would  he  no  freezing,  atul 
then  points  farther  south  where  (here  wouhl  he.  so  that  [><»s^ihlv  the 
free/in<j  or  hu'k  of  freezin;;  depends  altogether  on  the  ilepressmn  and 
elevation  of  the  land.  But  even  where  tliere  luus  heen  a  freeze,  where 
they  have  had  a  fairly  low  ten»j)erature  and  there  are  indications 
that  some  of  the  fruit  has  heeji  (faniaged.  it  does  not  follow  that  all 
the  fruit  on  a  particular  tree  <»r  all  the  fruit  in  the  grove  will  he  dam- 
aged, and  the  question  is  the  determination,  m*  promptly  »us  pcmsihle. 
of  that  which  has  heen  frozen,  so  that  it  may  he  (diminnted. 

The  only  thing  that  is  heing  done  hy  us  to  detect  that  condition 
now  is  the  employment  of  a  plan  which  was  <levise<l  hy  the  hureiiu 
hftsed  on  the  specific  gravity  of  the  fruit,  hut  it  is  a  plan  which  vou 
can  not  em|)loy  until  some  several  weeks  have  elapsed.  That  is  just 
a  flotation  |)rocess,  hecause  after  it  evaporates  it  oecomes  lighter,  so 
that  the  heavier  oranges  under  this  plan  would  go  to  the  hot  torn 
while  the  lighter  oranges  would  float  off  on  top.  But  it  takes  time 
to  do  that;  you  have  got  to  wait  until  aft<>r  evaporation  takes  pla<*e, 
and  that  is  merely  a  means  of  detection  after  the  injury  has  already 
taken  place. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  can  do  that  as  well  hy  opening  up  your 
oranges,  can  you  not  ^ 

Mr.  Campbell.  Yes:  hut  our  experience  is  that  if  you  take  a  ho.\ 
of  oranges  antl  cut  into  half  a  dozen  of  them  and  they  run  had  you 
can  go  ahead  and  cut  25  and  they  will  run  good,  oranges  taken  from 
the  same  Held  and  from  the  same  section. 

UTILIZATION    OF    BY-PKODUCT8. 

There  is  also  reflected  in  the  plan  of  utilization  of  waste  hy-products, 
the  work  the  bureau  has  done  on  corncobs.  I  think  we  have  told 
vou  formerly  of  the  progress  we  have  made  and  how  in  that  work  we 
have  found  that  corncobs  will  produce,  in  addition  tt)  ailhesive, 
which  seems  to  have  commercial  value,  a  product  known  tis  furfural; 
furfural  is  an  article  which  lends  itself  to  the  manufacture  of  certain 
classes  of  products  requiring  a  resinous  base. 

Furfural  was  an  expensive  chemical  formerly,  but  the  iliscovery 
of  a  supply  of  material  from  which  it  can  be  made  will  reduce  the 
cost  of  it.  It  is  now  used  in  the  manufacture  of  printing;  plates, 
phonograph  records,  and  products  of  that  sort.  Our  especial  concern 
at  this  moment  is  the  determination  of  just  exactly  the  point  at 
which  the  material  can  be  used  to  the  most  economic  advantage  in 
the  production  of  these  two  products,  the  adhesive  and  furfural. 

We  are  also  studying  other  classes  of  products,  such  as  rice  hulls, 
cottonseed  hulls,  oat  hulls,  and  that  chuss  of  material  which  lends 
itself  to  the  recovery  of  furfural. 

IV\K"iTI''.  ^TI'>V    <>(■■    >-Mp<>V    AS    A     rtFVFRAC.F. 

Another  type  of  work  that  is  heing  done  in  this  same  line  is  the 
utilization  of  casina.  I  spoke  to  you  last  year  about  this  in  con- 
nection with  a  specific  request  for  an  increase  in  this  bill  in  the 
amount  of  $5,000  to  undertake  some  experimental  work  on  the  use 
of  casina  for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing  a  beverage. 


250  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRL\T10N    BILL,    1924. 

Mr.  JJuciiANAN.  'I'liat  is  the  yaupon  work? 

Mr.  Ca-MPBELL.  Yes;  and  I  think  you  said  that  the  discovery  of 
any  utihtarian  purpose  to  which  this  could  be  placed  would  be  a 
godsend  tc)  some  of  the  southern  States. 

Mr.  Buc  HA.NAX.  I  said  there  was  plenty  of  yaupon  in  the  southern 
States. 

Mr.  Ca-mpukll.  Yes.  We  made  an  arranjijement  to  establish  a 
small  exj)erim('ntal  station  near  Charleston.  S.  C,  and  the  work  has 
been  done  in  an  extremely  economical  way  because  of  our  ability  to 
borrow  a  lot  of  material  that  was  reciuired,  and  we  found  out  that  a 
very  satisfactory  beveraji:e  can  be  made  from  this.  South  America 
very  largely  uses  verba  mate  as  its  drink  instead  of  tea.  You  take 
the  Argentine  Republic,  and  the  supply  of  yerba  mate  is  approxi- 
mately 143,0()(),()l)()  pounds.  They  produce  themselves  less  than 
2.000, 000  pounds  of  that  and  they  depend  on  the  northern  part  of  the 
continent  for  the  remainder  of  their  supply.  Now.  the  utilization  of 
casina,  or  the  yaupon  bush,  as  a  beverage  of  the  same  sort  as  that 
used  in  South  America  has  an  economic  significance  which  can  be 
appreciated  at  once.  Very  naturally,  there  must  be  determined  some 
plan  by  which  that  beverage  can  be  made  in  an  economical  way. 
One  of  the  reasons  for  the  high  cost  of  tea  is  the  fact  that  the  leaves 
are  hand  picked  in  a  very  careful  way,  and  an  attempt  to  manu- 
facture the  casina  product  or  leaves  into  a  foundation  for  beverage 
making,  in  a  fashion  comparable  to  the  production  of  tea,  is  some- 
thing which  is  entirely  too  costly. 

Mr.  BrciiANAN.  You  said  they  would  treat  them  with  steam  and 
then  they  would  break  off  ( 

Mr.  Campbkll.  That  is  right,  and  that  is  what  we  are  doing,  but 
if  you  treat  them  with  steam  an  action  takes  place  which  prevents 
them  from  fermenting,  so  that  what  we  have  (lone  witli  that  condi- 
tion is  this:  That  by  taking  the  small  cjuantity  of  leaves  which  can 
be  obtained  by  hand  picking  and  running  them  through  the  rollers 
at  the  same  time  the  juice  that  exudes  from  the  leaves  which  have 
not  been  sterilized  or  steamed  is  sufficient  to  infect  the  wliole  that 
you  run  through  the  rollers,  and  thus  you  make  possible  the  subse- 
<|uent  fermentation  that  is  desired  in  order  to  put  the  material  out 
in  tlie  form  (Icsired;  it  is  actually  being  put  on  tne  market  now  in  an 
expeiimcntiil  way. 

l.KATMKK    AM)    I'ATEU    INDUSTKY. 

Out  of  this  same  fund  we  are,  in  our  leather  and  paper  laboratorv. 
giving  consideration  to  the  leather  situation  of  the  country.  ^Ve 
recognize  that  there  is  a  l)i*^  lield  of  work  in  ft^stering  the  more 
economic  employment  of  leather  and  hides  ami  the  better  utilization 
niid  prrpnnitioii  of  these  hides.  The  spread  between  tlie  price  the 
fariMcr  gels  for  hides  and  the  nrice  at  which  he  has  to  buy  leather 
has  been  a  matter  of  universal  protest  on  the  part  of  the  farming 
industry. 

In  the  last  few  years  we  hiiM'  issued  hulh'tins  on  the  better  treat- 
ment (»f  liitles;  how  to  picpare  them  in  a  manner  to  get  the  maximum 
pri<('  for  I  hem,  and  also  on  the  treatment  and  keeping  of  leather. 
I'here  are  several  lines  «»f  work  that  ought  to  be  taken  up  in  connec- 
li<»ii  with  thai.  We  recognize  that  in  this  country  the  supply  of 
hides  and  leather  is  hy  no  means  ade(|uate  for  our  (ieinands  and  that 


AORK  rr,TTTHAI-   APPROPRIATIOX    BIIJ^    1W4.  251 

tho   tamiiiij;  rimfn-iuU   iImmiispIvos  arr   instifrHimi.      Tlw   I.  '         '■•r\- 
has  iiinhT  consith'ratioii  sul>stitii(«'s  for  taimiri<;  |)ur()«»s»'s,  m...  ...  ^  m 

stu<lv  <»f  tlu'  propiT  pn'sorvatiotj  of  tlir  liMitluT.  Oiu*  of  the  thinu'- 
involved  i.s  the  rhiss  of  jjroases  and  <»ils  (hat  arc  used  for  «tiitrm{; 
purposes.  The  life  of  h'ather  «h'peii<ls  upon  this  sfuffiii*;.  and  its 
(Uirahihtv  (h'p«'nds  up«»n  that.  Furtherm(»re.  the  piohU-ms  <»f  a  <-hem- 
iral  and  pliysieal  kind  inv(dve<l  in  leatlier  testing,  hs  to  dtirahihty 
and  vuUie  whieh  the  h'ather  possesses,  is  the  basis  iipon  whieh  we 
control  all  of  our  other  efT(trts  and  all  of  our  other  uoik. 

WATEUHUUOKINJi    OF    rABRIlH. 

Tlie  .same  lahoratory  is  now  actively  concerned  in  u  consideration 
of  llie  waterpn»olin^  of  fahries.  Tlie.se  fabrics  that  are  use<l  in  tlie 
nature  of  canvas  for  shock  and  liay  coverings,  for  horse  coverinjj^s. 
paidins.  and  the  like,  represent  in  tlieir  ajjfjrefjate  a  very  material 
expense  to  the  farmin*;  industry.  Tlie  same  tliini;  is  true  with  re- 
spect to  that  secti<)n  wliich  uses  certain  types  of  fal)rics  for  tobac<-o 
growing  in  certain  areas.  The  outlay  in  money  is  considerable,  and 
our  concern  has  been  to  determine  some  plan  by  which  tliese  fabrics 
can  be  made  both  water  and  mildew  pro(»f  aiul  prolong  the  life  of 
the  articles.  As  an  indication  of  tlie  value  of  that  work  I  may  say 
that  the  War  Department  consulted  our  bureau  in  connection  with 
purchases  of  fabrics  such  as  we  have  in  mind,  and  in  one  notable 
instance  they  called  to  our  attention  a  saving  of  .?24.0()()  that  was 
efTected  in  a  single  purduuse,  not  mentioning  at  all  the  advantage 
thev  set  out  of  the  material  bv  reason  of  more  intensive  service;  that 
is.  its  increased  durability. 

8TUHY    OF    DIFFERENT   TYPES    OF    PROTEINS. 

This  fund  also  supports  the  work  in  our  protein  lab<uatorv.  The 
protein  laboratory  is  concerning  itself  with  the  study  of  different 
types  of  proteins.  We  know  that  one  of  the  essentials  for  animal 
tissue  is  nitroojen.  and  that  thev  get  this  onlv  through  the  proteins 
they  take  in  tlie  form  of  their  food.  Formerly  it  was  believed  that 
all  proteins  served  the  same  purpose,  but  we  have  shown  that  is  not 
true  at  all.  The  work  of  the  laboratory  has  demonstrated  that  there 
are  different  types  of  proteins  and  that  some  of  them  are  lacking  in 
certain  amino  acids  t)f  which  all  proteins  are  supposed  to  be  composed. 
We  found  with  respect  to  com  that  two  of  the  essential  acids  are  lacking, 
and  that  if  fed  on  corn  exclusively  an  animal  will  not  thrive  ami  not 
develop  as  it  ought  to.  The  atlvantage  of  this  is  that  it  gives  knowl- 
edge as  to  the  defects  in  certain  types  of  foods  and  al.so  knowledge  as 
to  the  particular  types  of  proteins  out  of  which  these  defects  can  be 
supplied.  If  you  take  a  corn  pioduct  and  supplement  it  with  soy- 
bean meal  or  peanut  meal,  you  will  have  a  completely  balanced  food. 

There  is  a  tremendous  field  for  development  in  this  direction  and 
also  in  the  emj)loyment  of  certain  types  of  our  own  vegetable  oiks, 
the  fostering  of  a  more  intensive  use  of  them  and  a  stuciy  of  their 
chemical  compt»sitions.  That,  and  the  fundamental  work  we  have 
under  way  on  crop  chemistry,  rpiestions  to  which  Doctor  Skinner, 
the  assistant  chief  of  the  bureau,  has  been  giving  his  particular  atten- 
tion, 1  would  like  to  have  stated  in  a  brief  wav  bv  him,  with  your 


262  AGfllCULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

permission.  I  want  to  have  him  point  out  the  significance  of  this 
work,  because  we  are  asking  for  an  increase  of  S22.500  in  it.  which,  in 
the  aggregate,  will  make  a  small  appropriation  for  the  support  of  the 
various  lines  of  work  we  have  under  way,  especially  when  vou  recog- 
nize the  scope  of  the  field  in  which  this  work  should  oe  carried 
on  and  consider  tiie  fundamental  economic  significance  of  it.  Doctor 
Skinner,  will  you  make  such  a  statement? 

DEVELOPMENT   OK   THE    WORK    OF   THE   CROP   CHEMISTRY    LABORATORY. 

Doctor  .Ski.nnkr.  A  part  of  this  increase  will  be  used  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  work  of  the  crop  chemistry  laboratory.  This  work  con- 
templates a  careful  study  oi  crop  composition  and  is  made  desirable 
and  necessarv  by  recent  developments  in  agricultural  chemistry,  and 
particularly  In  nutrition,  by  which  we  have  been  made  aware  of  the 
significance  of  some  things  which  have  been  overlooked  in  the  com- 
position of  crops,  such  as  the  recently  discovered  vitamins,  and  the 
character  and  composition  of  the  proteins  to  which  Mr.  Campbell 
has  just  referred,  and  also  our  greater  appreciation  of  the  significance 
of  some  of  the  inorganic  materials  contamed  in  crops,  such  as  iron  and 
calcium.  Heretofore  research  work  in  agriculture,  especially  in  agri- 
cultural chemistry,  has  been  aimed  ver}-  largely  toward  increased 
production  and  without  a  thorough  appreciation  of  the  necessity  for 
an  understanding  of  what  I  .should  like  to  term  the  (|uality  basis, 
rather  than  the  (piantity  basis,  of  crop  production,  using  the  word 
"quality,"  in  the  sense  which  I  have  tried  to  indicate ;  that  is,  the  funda- 
mental character  of  the  material  used  in  its  relation  to  nutrition. 

It  is  rather  difficult  in  work  of  this  kind  to  prophesy  or  indicate 
its  economic  significance,  but  such  Avork  is  basic  in  its  cliaracter  anil 
may  be  the  (letermining  factor  in  great  economic  developments. 
One  thing  we  have  in  mind  to  do  in  this  laboratory  as  illustrating 
the  possible  economic  significance  is  this:  There  is  a  prejudice  in 
Ein*oj)e  against  American  corn.  It  is  believed  tliat  the  flint  corn, 
which  is  grown  so  largely  in  South  America,  particularly  Argentina, 
is  of  more  value  in  feeding  than  our  softer  varieties  of  corn.  One  of 
the  reasons,  perhaps,  is  that  in  Europe  practically  all  of  the  corn 
is  used  very  finely  ground,  while  in  this  country  we  use  a  great  deal 
of  corn  ungiound  or  cracked.  But  there  is  that  feeling  that  our 
corn  is  inferior.  In  Spain,  if  my  memory  serves  me  correctly,  only 
about  10  pel-  cent  of  the  inijjorted  corn  comes  from  America,  the 
icmaindcr  coming  largely  from  Argentina.  Therefore  we  need  to 
make  a  study  to  determine,  first,  if  theie  is  any  real  basis  for  the 
alleged  superiority  of  the  flint  corn  over  our  varieties  of  corn.  If 
that  is  found  to  be  true  from  this  research  work,  then  it  behooves  us. 
either  to  develop  a  better  strain  of  dent  corn  or  to  undertake  the 
{)ro<Juction  of  a  larger  amount  of  flint  corn,  especially  for  the  export 
trade.  If  it  is  found  that  there  is  nothing  in  the  alleged  superiority  A 
of  the  flint  corn,  then  it  will  be  necessary  to  undertake  educational  " 
work  to  suppoit  a  j)i-opa;;aiula  to  increase  the  export  of  coin.  W.-isimI 
on   actual  experimental  an<l   research  determined   facts. 

Another  portion  t)f  the  increase  which  has  been  asked  lor  wiii  be 
devoted  to  the  wt)rk  of  the  protein  laboratory  that  is.  in  ex[)anding 
that  very  important  work.  Mr.  ("anipbell  has  already  touchc«i 
upon  that.  TiH'  work  done  l)y  this  laboratory  is  the  very  basis  of  a 
clear  understanding  of  the  lu'eds  and   the  development    of  rational 


AQRlCULTUnAI.   AIMMIOPUIATION    BIIJ-,    1«24.  253 

nK'tlioils  of  feeding.  For  yraiN  we  liiivo  rr>ranl»'«|  thr  tliror  Inr-_'«- 
coinponciits  of  food  i.  o.  fats.  <'ail)oliy<lrat<'s.  and  protriris  as  lia\  ni_' 
cortain  woll-dcfiiiod  sifjnifiranco,  and  rations  have  l)Pon  huilt  tip, 
and  textbooks  have  hccn  written  on  the  std)jeet  of  nutrition,  based 
on  tliose  three  proxiniates  of  food  niatermls.  It  is  oidy  witliin 
recent  voars  that  it  has  })eon  determined  that  all  proteins  arc  not 
alike;  t1iat  thev  vary  p*<Mitly  in  the  value  of  the  aniino-aeids  eom|)os- 
in«;  them,  l)iit  nothing  has  been  done  in  an  attempt  t«)  ^row  crops  of 
specific  j)rotein  content. 

RE8BAKCH    WOKK    IN    OIIJ4. 

Another  phase  of  this  research  work  lias  to  do  witli  oils.  Here 
we  cjin  point  with  some  definite  si»;nilicance  to  the  icsults  of  research 
wt)rk  in  an  economit;  way.  A  <;oo(l  many  decaih^s  a<ro  cotton  scetl 
was  almost  a  waste  product,  but  finally  metliods  of  relitiin;;  cotton- 
seed oil  were  worked  out  by  the  chemist,  and  there  was  made  avail- 
able a  «;reiit  source  of  fat  for  human  consumj)tion.  Back  of  that, 
however,  there  had  been  reseajch  work  done  looking  t«»  the  substi- 
tution in  some  of  the  organic  acids  of  certain  chemical  eh^ments 
which  would  change  the  character  of  the  oroduct. 

The  chemist  who  first  determined  that  hydrogen  could  be  injecte<l 
into  a  molecule  of  oleic  ucid,  thereby  changing  it  into  stearic  acid, 
made  it  possible  to  change  an  oil  to  a  solid  fat.  The  significance  of 
that  was  not  apparent  when  it  was  done,  but  that  very  thing  has 
been  worth  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  to  a^jriculture  in  this 
(•ountry  and  especially  the  agriculture  of  the  Soutli.  Acconling  to 
the  latest  statistics  I  have,  one  firm,  that  puts  out  Crisco,  manu- 
factures annually,  or  did  in  1010.  (iO, 000.000  pounds  of  hardened  fat. 
based  on  this  chemical  investigation,  which  made  it  possible,  throu^'h 
a  proper  chemical  reaction,  to  make  liquid  fat  into  a  solid  material 
which  could  be  used  for  shortening  purposes.  Of  the  approxhnately 
1,400,000.000  pounds,  according  to  the  latest  statistics  we  have,  of 
crude  cottonseed  oil.  about  80  per  cent  is  now  used,  either  directly 
or  indirectly,  in  the  hardened  fat  preparations.  This  has  added 
materially  to  the  wealth  of  the  Nation,  and  particularly  to  the  wealth 
of  the  South,  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars. 

STUDY    OF   THE    LOSS    IN    HANPUNO   CRUDE    COTTONSEED   Oil.. 

Another  project  which  we  wish  to  expand  is  a  study  of  the  refining 
loss  in  the  handling  of  crude  cottonseed  oil.  The  unsaturated  com- 
pounds of  the  cottonseed  oil  would  theoretically  account  for  a 
refining  loss  of  only  about  2  or  2.^  per  cent,  but,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  it 
is  nearly  10  per  cent,  due  to  the  l^act  that  there  are  certain  physical 
and  chemical  difiiculties  in  the  matter  of  refining  that  have  not  yet 
been  solved.  If  we  could  reduce  the  refining  loss  .)  per  cent,  indeed, 
if  we  could  reduce  it  only  1  per  cent,  on  the  basis  of  1,000,000,000 
pounds  of  cottonseed  oil,  the  economic  gain  would  be  enormous. 

These  are  three  of  the  main  projects,  on  which,  if  this  increased 

appropriation  is  allowed,  we  propose  to  concentrate.     Our  plan  has 

been  to  concentrate  on  those  things  which  seemed  to  have  the  most 

important  economic  significance,  and  1  think  this  statement  perhaps 

'     covers  sufficiently  the  three  projects  which  we  propose  to  expand. 


254  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOX  BILL,   1924. 


CARBOHYDRATE    INVESTIGATIONS. 


Mr.  Anderson.  I  notice  that  you  are  apparently  abandoning  the 
work  of  the  carbohydrate  investigations? 

Doctor  Skinnku.   No;  Mr.  Campbell  will  e.xplain  that. 

Mr.  Campbkll.  There  is  a  special  appropriation  for  the  work  of  our 
carbohydrate  lal)oratorv  in  connection  with  the  manufacture  of 
sugars  ami  sirups,  which  we  will  come  to  under  the  particular  items 
later  on.  The  carbohydrate  laboratory  has  been  giving  its  attention, 
largely,  to  two  classes  of  conditions.  First,  that  which  involves 
agri(  ultural  rosparcli  primarily  on  carbohydrate  products,  and,  second, 
tlie  study  of  industrial  prol)lcms  with  which  the  manufacturer  is 
concerned  in  the  utlization  of  agricultural  raw  materials,  such  as 
in  the  nuinufacture  of  cane  sirup  and  the  manufacture  of  sugar 
itself.  Recently  the  work  of  the  laboratory  has  been  directed  in  an 
intensive  way  to  some  of  the  technological  industrial  proTilems  be- 
cause of  the  urgency  with  which  a  need  for  their  solution  was  pre- 
sented. Our  force  has  taken  that  up  actively  and  has  studied  on  that 
to  the  exclusion  of  other  lines  of  work  in  the  belief  that  we  could 
solve  those  problems  in  something  like  a  year.  So  we  suspended 
action,  temporarily,  on  the  strictly  agricultural  research  in  the 
carbohydrate  field  and  employed  our  force  on  the  technological 
matters. 

If  the  appropriation,  however,  is  not  sufficient  to  make  possible  the 
study  of  technological  problems  in  the  way  we  had  in  mind,  very 
naturally,  a  rearrangement  of  that  project  will  be  effected  for  the  pur- 
pose of  continuing  the  basic  agricultural  investigation  which  is  now 
supported  out  of  the  agricultural  investigational  fund  in  a  part  of  the 
carbohydrate  laboratory. 

COLLABORATION      WITH      OTHER      GOVERN.MENTAL      DEPARTMENTS. 

The  lU'.xt  item  is  for  collaboration  with  other  departments  of  the 
Governnu'iit  desiring  chemical  investigations.  The  Bureau  is  called 
on  in  a  great  many  ways  to  do  work  for  other  departments.  The 
greatest  amount  of  w^ork  we  had  to  do  was  during  the  period  of  the 
war,  when  there  was  such  a  heavy  demand  on  the  part  of  the  Army, 
the  Navy,  and  Marine  Corps  for  the  examination  of  supplies  of  food 
that  were  l)eing  purchased.  While  that  demand  is  not  existent  now, 
the  variation  is  in  degree  only,  because  we  do  consult  with  them  with 
regard  to  the  specifications  tliey  issue  as  a  purchasing  basis  and  then 
make  examinations  of  the  food  upon  delivery  to  see  whether  or  not 
they  comply  with  those  specilications  and  the  terms  of  the  purchase 
contracts, 

COOPERATION    WITH    POST    OKFUK    PKPARTMKNT. 

Ill  addition  to  that  we  are  working  with  the  Post  Ollice  Depart- 
ment in  t!i'«  enrorcement  of  their  post  id  fnnid  laws  as  those  laws 
rehite  to  patent  medicine  preparations  particularlv.  haiulling  those 
niallers  from  the  standpoint  of  the  use  of  the  mail  for  iho  purpose 
of  eirectin-,'  their  sale.  .Most  of  tilis  money,  in  fact.  g«)es  tor  that 
very  |)urpose.  the  Post  OlHce  Di-partment  recognizing  that  it  is  not 
e<Hiippe,l   to  give  consideration  either  to  the  chemical  composition 


AGRICULTURAL  APrilOPRlATION   BIU^   1924.  255 

(tr  to  tlu»  extent  to  whicli  there  was  fniuil  involved  in  the  therupi>uti(- 
chiiins  nuuh'  for  certain  pre[)iirationH  und,  therefore,  the  I^wt  OHice 
Department  has  caUed  M|)on  the  liineau  of  CheniiHtrv  for  uMHiNtanee 
in  this  work.  We  have  appreeinted  that  it  was  an  iin<h"rtaking 
synipatht'tic  with  the  purposi's  of  tlie  food  and  drw^  act  itself  and  we 
have  us<'d  the  hi^jjest  portion  of  this  fiiiul  for  that. 

INVESTIGATIONS    OF    K.\W    M.VTKKI.VLS    KOK    ('OI.(>ltlN«i .     IK. 

'I'he  next  item  is  for  tlip  investijjation  and  experiment  in  the 
utih/ation  for  (•t>h)rin«;.  medicinal  and  technical  purposes,  of  raw- 
materials  jjrown  or  produced  in  tin*  liiited  States.  This  is  the  fund 
that  supports  the  work  of  the  color  lahoratorv.  This  af)propriation 
was  asked  at  a  time  when  the  department  or  bureau  undertook  to 
assist  the  color  manufacturinj:^  industry  in  this  <-ountrv  hy  a  deter- 
mination of  methoils  by  which  it  would  not  only  utilize  the  inter- 
mediates available  but  could,  in  fact,  manufacture  them  and  not 
be  dej^endent  upon  forei«j:n  soun-es  for  that  supply. 

That  work  has  chanrjed  in  its  character  very  materially  since  then. 
You  know  that  some  of  the  work  of  the  laboratory  has  elfected 
tremendous  economy  in  the  manufacture  of  some  of  these  color 
products  or  the  basic  material  from  which  they  are  made,  such  as 
phthalic  anhydride,  and  its  attention,  instead  oif  being  given  now  so 
much  to  the  cjuestion  of  tonnage  production,  as  was  the  case  origi- 
nally, is  bein^  directed  to  some  special  phases  of  color  work  which 
the  industry  itself  is  not  taking  up.  One  of  the  ti^reatest  difficulties 
confronting  the  industry  in  color  manufacture  is  some  means  by 
which  there  can  be  a  definite  and  correct  identification  made  of 
colors.  It  is  essential  to  make  that  study  from  the  standpoint  of 
art  and  the  value  of  those  colors  for  dyeing  purposes.  We  have  been 
working  in  the  past  year  upon  methods  ot  identification  by  which, 
upon  proper  analysis,  definite  colors  could  be  identified  and  the 
extent  of  the  impurities  made  known. 

IN'VESTIOATION   FOR   A    STABLE    BIOLOGICAL    9TAIS. 

In  addition  to  that  we  have  also  been  giving  particular  attention 
to  a  concern  which  has  been  manifesting  itself  on  the  part  of  the 
scientific  w^orld,  and  that  is  for  a  stable  biological  stain.  This  bio- 
logical stain  is  used  by  bacteriologists,  pathologists,  physicians,  and 
veterinarians  in  staining,  studying  and  identifying  disease-producing 
or^janisms. 

That  particular  stain  was  derived  exclusively  from  Germany 
before  the  war.  The  firm  that  manufactured  that  stain  went  out 
of  business  as  a  result  of  tiie  war,  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  it  is  ni)t 
being  manufactured  at  all  now.  It  is  no  longer  available,  and  because 
of  the  fact  that  it  is  not  a  tonnage  proposition,  it  is  a  question  that 
does  not  in  itself  appeal  to  color  manufacturers.  But  the  replace- 
ment of  that  particular  stain  or  the  tleterniination  of  some  other 
stain  that  will  answer  the  purpose  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the 
scientific  world.  The  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  in  cooperation  with 
scientific  agencies  that  are  undertaking  to  test  out  the  fabricated 
dyes  for  this  purpose,  is  now  trying  to  determine  some  stain  that 
will  answer  that  particular  service. 

22028—22 17 


256  AGRICULTUBAT,  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924,  |, 

MANUFACTURE    OF   SYNTHETIC   THYMOL. 

There  is  another  thin*:  that  is  comint;  up  in  connection  with  the 
work  of  that  lahoratorv  that  I  may  refer  to  here  and  that  is  the 
employment  of  cymene.  whidi  is  a  waste  material  from  paper  facto- 
ries, as  a  basis  for  the  manufacture  of  synthetic  thymol.  Thymol  is  a 
disinfectant  that  has  l)ccn  used  extensively  by  the  medical  fraternity 
in  this  country  and  it  also  has  another  significant  use  in  the  treat- 
ment of  hookworm. 

This  product  has  been  brought  from  abroad  exclusively,  but  we 
have  found  it  is  possible  to  manufacture  from  cvmene  a  synthetic 
thymol  which  seems  to  have  every  attribute  that  the  product  that  we 
have  heretofore  depended  upon  possesses.  Thymol  now  sells  for 
about  S4.50  a  pouncl  and  we  calculate  it  can  be  made  in  this  synthetic 
fashion  for  about  .§2. .50  a  pound.  When  you  consider  that  there  are 
something  like  2,000,000  gallons  of  cymene  wasted  each  year  in  the 
paper  factories  of  this  country  and  Canada  the  economic  significance 
of  that  is  apparent.  So  that  our  line  of  work  right  now  in  this  color 
laboiatory  is  in  specializing  on  matters  connected  with  assisting 
color  manufacturers  in  putting  outcolors  on  a  tonnage  basis  not  only, 
but  in  giving  consideration  to  those  feature  of  color  fabrication  and 
color  identification  that  are  essential  but  which  do  not,  on  account  of 
the  smallncss  of  the  output,  give  any  particularly  inviting  reason  for 
manufacturei's  to  engage  in  that  study  themselves. 

INVESTIGATION     OF     METHODS     AND     MANUFACTURE     OF     SfRUPS     AND 

SUCiAR. 

The  next  item  is  for  the  investigation  and  development  of  methods 
for  the  manufacture  of  table  sirup  and  sugar  and  of  methods  for  the 
manufacture  of  sweet  sirups  b}'  the  utilization  of  new  agricultural 
sources. 

We  are  asking  for  an  increase  in  this  appropriation.  I  told  you 
last  year  of  the  work  that  our  carbohydrate  laboratory  was  doing 
in  the  South  in  fostering  the  use  of  invertase  in  the  manufacture  of 
cane  sirup  as  a  means  oi  preventing  fermentation,  on  one  hand,  and 
crystallization  on  the  other.  That  work  has  been  accepted  with  an 
enthusiasm  on  the  part  of  the  cane  sirup  producing  sections  that 
exceeded  anything  we  anticipated.  In  fact,  last  year,  you  may 
recall,  that  the  demand  was  so  extensive  that  we  felt  it  should  be 
submitted  to  the  fiepartment  and  the  dei)artment,  in  turn,  through 
the  Bureau  of  the  Budget,  submit  it  to  Congress.  We  took  it  up 
with  Congress  and  you  efiected  an  even  o:reater  increase  in  that  item 
to  ineci  the  emergency  at  that  time.  In  adtlition  to  the  work  on 
cane  siruj)  we  are  also  studying,  in  an  intensive  way.  some  of  the 
technological  difiicuhies  with  which  the  su^ar  manufacturinir  interests 
of  this  country  are  confronted  at  the  present  time  because  of  their 
failure  to  get  a  proper  \  ield  of  sugar  from  the  material  out  t)f  which 
they  are  numufact wring  it.  You  take,  for  instance,  the  beet  sugar 
interests  of  the  country,  and  outside  of  the  State  of  California,  and 
particularly  in  tlio.se  .sections  where  storage  is  necessary,  there  is  a 
very  (lecided  diinitnition  in  the  actual  yield  from  wliat  Is  the  actual 
sugar  in  the  product  itself.  Tliat  loss,  "which  is  borne  jointly  by  the 
farmer  and  by  the  manufacturer — and  incidentallv,  in  this  instance 


AOniCULTUKAL   AI'IMIOI'UIATIOX    BII.I^    1924.  25/ 

the  niannfiictiircr  Itiiusclf  is  in  most  iristaiu-cs  ii  fnnuor  has  hrcn 
variniisly  cstimati'd  at  from  $«'..()()().()()()  or  $7.(M)().()00  to  SI().()(K),(H)0 
Hiinuall\ .  We  have  Ixm-ii  workirij;  on  that  |>r<)l)lcni  in  tlio  lafxtrutory 
and  at  this  point  I  would  like  to  ask,  with  your  pmniMsion.  Mr. 
I*ainr  to  make  a  hrirf  slali'nicnt  with  r«'<;ard  to  it 

rANE-HUn'l-   INnUHTRY. 

Mr.  Pai.ne.  Tho  cano-sirup  work  has  for  its  object  the  assistanro 
of  th<^  cane-sirup  industry  in  the  South.  At  the  pn^ent  time  sujjar 
cnne  is  raised  ;;enerally  throu<^hout  Fh»ri(hi.  the  southern  part  of 
South  Carithna  and  the  southern  halves  of  (leor^ia.  Alaharna,  Mis.sis- 
si[)pi.  liouisiana.  and  l'>ast  Texjis,  J'ractieally  the  sole  use  of  su^ar 
cane  is  in  making  cane  sirup,  outside  of  Louisiana,  at  the  present 
time. 

Mr.  Andehson.  >'(>u  >-m\'  that  in  llic^c  otiirr  >.liiic<  if  i<  t\<>\  \i<r<\ 
for  nnikinj;  su<^ar  f 

Mr.  Paine.  In  liouisiana  it  is  used  in  nuikin«;  su^ar  and  sirup, 
while  in  the  other  States  it  is  in  f^en(>ral  only  used  for  makinj;  sirup. 

•Mr.  BrcjiANA.N.  They  make  suj^ar  in  Texas,  do  t\\t'v  not  ( 

Mr.  Paine.  A  small  amount. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Are  not  the  bi«;g;e,st  refineries  in  the  United  States 
in  Texas  ? 

Mr.  Paine.   I  tio  not  think  so. 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.  One  of  the  bifjj^est.  anyway? 

Mr.  Patxe.  There  is  a  lar*;e  one,  but  I  do  not  think  it  is  the  largest. 
At  the  present  time  cane  sirup  is  made  by  a  lar<;e  rnnnl)er  of  farmers; 
it  varies  greatly  in  (juality  and  has  no  stable  and  establisluul  com- 
mercial outlet;  it  has  prinnuily  only  a  neighborhood  sale. 

One  of  the  objects  of  this  work  is  to  assist  cooperative  cane  sirup 
asst)ciations  in  producing  a  uniform  ^radc  of  cane  sirup  that  can  be 
.sold  through  regular  commercial  cnannels.  We  are  cooperating 
with  the  farm  bureau  federations  in  Texas  and  Alabama  with  the  idea 
of  assembling  the  siruj)  at  central  blending  and  canning  plants  for  the 
purpose  of  mixing  it  to  uniform  irrade  and  giving  it  suflicient  treat- 
ment by  the  invertase  process — wnicb  we  have  developed  for  prevent- 
ing crystallization — and  be  able  to  turn  out  cane  sirup  of  high  and 
uniform  <|uality. 

High-grade  cane  sirup  should  have  tbe  following  points  of  {|uality: 
Freedom  from  crystalization,  clearness  and  freedc^m  from  dregs  and 
sediment,  and  attractive  color  and  flavor  and  standard  density. 

PLANT    AT    I.IKKIN.  TEX.,   FOK    BLENDINf},   PUOCESSINO.  AND   CANNINn    SIRUP. 

This  is  the  j)sy(hological  time  to  do  this  work,  if  it  is  ever  going 
to  be  done;  and  if  it  is  ever  going  to  be  done  it  will  have  to  be 
through  an  organization  of  farmei"s,  and  it  has  only  been  in  the  past 
year  or  two  that  this  has  been  made  jjossible  through  farm  bureau 
organizations.  They  have  no  facilities  for  the  technical  j^art  of  the 
work,  and  thev  have  asked  us  to  give  them  the  necessary  techni<-al 
assistance.  We  have  drawn  up  plans  for  such  a  central  plant  and 
method  of  proce<lure;  and  this  first  plant  of  its  kind  is  now  being 
erected  at  Lufkin,  Tex.,  and  is  expected  to  be  in  operation  in  about 
two  weeks. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  large  an  investment  do  these  plants  require  i 


258  AGRICULn'RAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 


1 


Mr.  Pafne.  This  plant  at  Liifkin  will  require  about  S2o.000  capital. 

Mr.  Anderson'.  What  would  be  its  output,  normally  f 

Mr,  Paine.  They  expect  to  handle  about  300.000  gallons  of  sirup 
this  year;  this  is  expected  to  be  increased  later  to  500.000  gallons. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  would  that  be  worth? 

Mr.  Paine.  The}-  should  get  at  present  prices  about  75  cents  a 
gallon. 

Mr.  BicHANAN.  In  this  plant  you  are  speaking  of,  is  it  for  the 
manufacture  of  some  substance  to  keep  the  sirup  from  fermentation 
and  from  solidification,  or  is  it  to  manufacture  sirup  ? 

Mr.  Paine.  The  sirup  is  made  by  the  individual  growers,  the 
farmers  themselves. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  know,  but  what  is  the  plant  for? 

Mr.  Paine.  The  plant  is  simply  a  blending,  processing,  and  can- 
ning plant.  The  finished  sirup  is  made  in  the  customary  manner  by 
the  growers,  and  the  output  of  the  individual  producers  is  brought  to 
this  plant  and  mixed  on  a  sufficiently  large  scale  to  give  uniformity 
of  quality,  which  they  do  not  have  now;  it  is  then  treated  with  inver- 
tase  to  prevent  crystallization  and  finally  canned. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  This  plant,  then,  crushes  the  cane  to  get  the  juice 
out  of  it  and  then  boils  tiie  juice  to  sirup;  and  then  you  mix  it  ( 

Mr.  Paine.  No;  they  have  individual  mills,  just  as  they  have 
always  had. 

Mr.  BuciL^NAN.  The  individual  producers  of  the  sirup  bring  it 
there  ? 

Mr.  Paine.  They  bring  the  finished  sirup  there. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Then  why  could  not  this  mixture,  or  treatment, 
or  whatever  it  is,  be  maile  right  at  the  mill  that  manufactures  the 
sirup  ? 

Mr.  Paine.  Because  the  sirup  varies  in  quality  as  made  by  these 
individual  producers.  The  producer  himself  at  his  mill  is  not  able 
to  turn  out  the  same  quality  of  sirup  constantly  throughout  the 
sea.son,  and  no  two  growers  produce  the  same  quality  of  sirup. 

Mr.  Bi'CHANAN.  Lrct  US  scc  about  that  a  minute:  You  take  this 
cane  and  crush  it  and  get  the  juice  out  of  it,  aiul  then  you  j)ut  it  in 
the  vats  or  pans  and  vou  boil  it,  and  you  have  an  instrument  with 
which  to  determine  the  sirup-making  point  to  which  it  should  be 
boiled  f 

Mr.  Paine.  Yes. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  That  instrument  will  determine  that,  if  it  is  the 
same  character  of  instrument  in  all  mills? 

.Mr.  Paine.  Yes. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  could  boil  it  down  to  exactly  the  same 
density,  I  suppose  you  would  call  It  ( 

Mr.  Paine,    i  es. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  \\\i\  why  would  it  not  be  the  same? 

Mr.  Paine.  You  get  the  same  density,  but  you  do  not  j^et  the  same 
<|ualily,  the  same  flavor  and  color,  because  the  flavor  aiulcolor  of  the 
.sirii|)  varies  with  the  variety  of  cane,  the  type  of  soil  it  is  grown  upon, 
and  the  facilities  availai)le  and  care  used  in  making  the  sirup. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Do  you  recommend  a  treatment  of  the  juice 
through  sidpluir  fumes  to  give  it  a  uniform  commercial  color? 

Mr.  Taim:.   .\o. 

Mr.  Br(  iiANAN.    Do  vou  condemn  that  ( 


ACniCl'LTrilAL   AI'IMIOIMIIATION    BIM^    1024.  'I'yd 

Mr.  Paine.  No;  we  do  not  coiuloinn  it  citlior.  btit  wi»  «lo  not  think 
it  is  mvossary. 

Mr.  IU(HAN'\x.   You  hnvo  seen  it  donr,  hav<«  youi 

Mr.  Pain'K.   Yes;   I  nm  tlionm^lily  familiar  with  it. 

Mr.  Hi'CHA.NAN.  You  know  that  it  gives  the  sirup  a  beautiful 
color  i 

Mr.  Pai.ne.  Yes.  IJut  a  great  nuuiy  people  do  not  like  the  flavor, 
and  1  <lo  not  think  the  chances  are  vor}'  great  for  extending  the 
market  for  sulphured  sirup. 

Mr.  lirciiANA.N.  Then  it  would  cost  $25, ()()()  to  make  mw  of  these 
mi.xing  plants.  What  do  you  do  ^  In  standardizing  the  sirup,  do 
you  hoil  it  again  < 

Mr.  I'atne.  It  is  only  lu'cessary  to  hoil  it  a  little  to  hruig  it  to  the 
pn»per  ilensity,  in  case  the  density  is  not  constant  when  (h'livered  at 
the  plant.  But  the  princioal  object  is  this,  to  mix  the  sirun  on  a 
sudicientlv  large  scale  so  tliat  vou  get  a  uniform  product  wnich  is 
constant  In  flavor  and  color.  Vou  see,  by  mixing  on  a  large  scale, 
you  e(jualize  all  tlutse  dilferences  in  the  sirup,  as  made  by  the  large 
number  of  individual  producers  on  a  small  scale.  The  cost  of  the 
plant  is  much  less  than  $2o,()()0.  I  was  referring  to  the  capital 
rentiinMl. 

Mr.  Bi'CHAXAX.  Can  you  not  preserve  the  sirup  from  solidifying 
into  sugar  or  prevent  fermentation  without  all  this  standardization 
that  you  speak  of  i 

Mr.  Paine.  This  process  that  we  have  developed,  which  is  in  use 
in  a  great  many  mills  at  the  present  time  for  preventing  crystalliza- 
tion, can  be  used,  if  desired,  at  the  mill  where  the  sirup  is  made. 

Mr.  Bi'CHANAN.  You  say  "for  preventing  crystallization."  How 
about  fermentation  i     Tliat  is  more  important  than  crystallization. 

Mr.  Paine.  We  prevent  fermentation  indirectly  by  making  the 
sirup  thick.  The  thick  sirup  will  not  ferment  as  readily  as  thin 
sirup,  but  the  thick  sirup  would  crystallize  almost  solid  if  it  were 
not  treated  by  this  method. 

Mr.  BiTiiANAX.  But  you  prevent  the  sirup  sourincj  by  making  it 
thick,  and  then  adopt  a  metnod  to  prevent  crystallizing  into  sugar  i 

Mr.  Paine.  That  is  the  point. 

Mr.  Skinner.  That  is  accomplished  by  the  use  of  invertase.  This 
thick  simp  would  crystallize. 

Mr.  BucHAXAX.  I  know  that;  I  used  to  make  sirup. 

Mr.  Skinner.  This  is  a  method  for  preventing  that. 

Mr.  BiciiANAX.  I  see.  What  do  you  get  this  invertase  from  and 
where  do  you  ^et  it  ? 

Mr.  Paixe.  We  make  it  from  beer  yeast,  a  by-product  of  manid"ac- 
ture  of  near  beer. 

Mr.  BrciiANAN.  A  man  could  not  have  that  thing  in  stock,  coidd 
he  ff     [Laughter.] 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  there  anvthing  further  on  this  i 

Mr.  Paine.  I  want  to  explain  why  the  invertase  is  iLsed  at  the 
central  plant.  This  is  because  we  are  going  to  assemble  all  this 
sirup  there,  anyhow,  to  mix  and  can  it,  and  that  is  the  cheapest  place 
to  use  the  process. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  large  a  production  area  will  a  plant  of  this 
size  take  care  of  i 

Mr.  Paixe.  It  is  a  question  of  transportation  costs. 


260  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION  BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  is  whas  I  am  getting  at. 

Mr.  Paine.  Thcv  arc  trviii":  to  «rot  a  rofining-iii-transit  rate.  Thev 
expect  to  get  tliat   in  Texas,  and  that  will  facihtate  matters  greatly. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  it  possible  to  take  this  invertase  and  use  it  at  a 
little  mill  in  manufaetiiring  this  sirup  and  preserve  the  sirup? 

Mr.  Paine.  Yes,  sir;  they  can  do  that.  A  great  many  mills  are 
using  it  that  way. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  That  is  the  practical  way,  and  it  is  the  only  prac- 
tical way. 

Mr.  Paine.  I  want  to  say  this,  however,  that  I  am  convinced  that 
tlie  only  salvation  for  the  cane  sirup  industry  is  through  concerted 
action  of  organizations  of  farmers  who  will  get  tt)gether  and  furnish 
a  sufhcientlv  large  volume  of  uniform  sirup  to  create  a  stable  com- 
mercial outlet.  If  they  do  not  do  that,  there  is  nothing  to  be  hoped 
for,  so  far  as  extending  the  market  for  cane  sirup  and  increasing 
the  acreage  of  sugar  cane  is  concerned. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  think  you  are  quite  right.  A  man  will  wo  down 
to  the  grocery  store  and  he  will  buy  some  cane  sirup.  It  does  not 
taste  just  right.  Then  he  will  go  down  and  get  another  can  and  it  is 
all  right.  But  once  he  ^ets  one  of  these  cans  that  is  not  right,  he  will 
(|uit  buying  that  kind  of  sirup. 

Mr.  BuciiAN.\N.  Of  coui-se,  if  you  want  to  pay  for  sirup  produced 
at  a  little  mill  and  ship  it  to  a  central  plant  and  remanufacture  it  in 
order  to  get  everything  tasting  just  riglit — -if  you  are  willing  to  pay 
for  that,  go  ahead.  But  I  am  talking  about  the  practical  part  of  it 
now. 

Mr.  Paine.  I  think  that  is  the  most  important  part  of  this  matter, 
reilly.  In  talking  to  farmers  in  Texas,  a  number  of  them  told  me 
that  they  would  rather  extend  their  acreage  of  sugar  cane  than  that 
of  any  other  crop  they  grow;  that  if  they  can  get  a  reasonably  stable 
return,  there  is  more  money  in  it  than  in  any  other  crop  thev  make. 
If  they  grow  1  acre  or  so  they  can  sell  the  sirup  to  the  neighborhood 
market  and  there  is  no  trouble,  but  if  a  man  wants  to  grow  20  or  50, 
or  perhaps  200  acres  as  one  man  told  me,  he  has  got  to  have  some 
stable  commercial  outlet,  and  he  has  got  to  sell  through  established 
commercial  channels.  There  are  a  great  many  people  who  want  to 
extend  their  acreage  of  cane.  There  are  large  areas  of  cut-over  pine 
land  in  southern  Mississippi,  northern  Florida,  southern  Georgia, 
and  Alabama  where  the  lumber  companies  are  trying  to  find  some 
good  ciop  to  grow  on  that  land.  They  are  paying  a  great  deal  of 
attention  to  sugar  cane  at  the  present  time.  There  is  a  tendency  to 
increase  its  acreage. 

But  whiil  is  (he  use  of  trying  to  incretise  the  acreage  of  sugar  cane 
or  bother  al)out  the  problems  of  growing  it  iniless  you  can  sell  the 
sirup  '.  And  you  can  not  sell  it  successfully  unless  you  can  create  a 
a  uniform  article,  and  if  you  have  not  a  stable,  uniform  article  you 
can  not  sell  it  to  consumers  thi'ough  established  commercial  chan- 
nels.    That  is  (he  key  to  the  whole  thing. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  is  the  trouble,  as  I  ap|)rehend,  with  (he  whole 
agriculdnal  si(ua(ion     j)roducing  .somediing  that  nobody  wants. 

.Mr.  ni<  UANAN.  The  (rouble  with  us  was  that  W(»  could  not  sell  it 
di»wn  honu'.  and  the  thing  would  not  keep:  i(  would  eidier  becitnu' 
sugar  oi'  sour. 

Mr.  Skinnek.  Thi-  uielhod  is  going  to  |)reveu(  (hat. 


AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BIIX,   1924.  261 

Mr.  BrCHANAN.  If  tlirn*  WCIf  tun  or  tlirrr  roltl  tHMiillis.  It  would 
keep,  luit  just  us  soon  as  llu*  Wfatlu'r  vT"'  hk'"'  ''  umiiI.I  fi-nin'Ht  nr 
sour.     Tliat  was  tlu»  trt)ul>lc'  witli  us. 

Mr.  Skin.nkk.   W'r  have  solvo*!  that  probU-in. 

INVKHTKIATION    Of   BEET   HUOAK. 


Mr.  C.v.MrMKi.i..  \\  on  i  you  sun  ■iomcthiiit^,  too,  about  tlio  w(»rk  at 
tlu"  l)0(»t-sugjir  factorii's,  ln'causc  tliat  is  ono  of  the  serious  prohloni.s 
we  have  to  concern  ourselves  with.  Tell  something;  about  that,  since 
we  are  askinjj;  an  increase  on  thi-i  item. 

Mr.  P.MNK.  This  is  ici:ar(hn<;  the  waste  in  |)ro<luction  of  beet  sugar 
after  the  beet  crop  is  nnuh'.  After  tlie  full  expense  of  raising  beets 
has  been  incuiTed  there  is  a  loss  of  something  like  $10,000, ()()()  annually 
in  destruction  of  sugar  or  failure  to  recover  sugar.  .V  considerabU* 
part  of  this  lo.ss  is  in  failure  to  recover  sugar  eJIiciently  from  linal 
molasses.  In  making  cane  suf^ar  they  do  not  recover  sugar  from 
limil  or  exhausted  molasses.  In  the  Wet  sugar  industry  they  use 
such  a  process  jind  if  the  process  they  use  were  perfect  there  w(Mdd 
be  no  molasses;  in  other  words,  after  rect)vering  all  the  sugar  from 
beet  molasses  which  can  be  obtained  by  crystallization  the  remaining 
sugar  can  be  extracted  by  a  chemical  process.  In  parts  of  California 
the  process  used  is  practically  100  per  cent  eflicient.  In  other  parts 
of  the  country  there  is  a  big  loss  which  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
sugar  beet  does  not  fully  mature  in  hardly  any  section  of  the  country 
except  southern  California;  also,  it  is  stored  in  other  sections.  They 
must  harvest  the  beets  faster  than  the  factory  can  use  them  in  parts 
of  the  country  outside  of  California,  and  pile  them  up,  and  they 
imdergo  deterioration  in  storage. 

There  is  a  loss  during  storage  of  some  10  per  cent  of  the  sugar  in 
the  beet,  which  is  lost  \vhile  they  are  piled  up.  This  also  unfavorably 
affects  the  process  of  recovering  sugar  from  molasses,  so  that  the 
factories  are  only  able  to  utilize  about  65  per  cent  of  the  molasses  for 
recovery  of  sugar;  the  other  3.5  per  cent  has  ti>  be  sold  for  whatever 
it  will  bring.  The  latter  has  formerly  been  used  very  largely  in  the 
manufacture  of  mixed  stock  feeds. 

Mr.  BuciiAXAX.  In  other  ^vords,  they  are  getting  only  a  certain 
per  cent  of  sugar  out  of  the  beet  now,  when  they  ought  to  get  a  great 
deal  larger  percentage? 

Mr.  Paine.  That  is  it  exactly.  As  long  as  they  got  a  pretty  good 
price  for  molasses  for  stock  feed  it  did  not  make  so  much  difference, 
out  the  price  now  is  largely  nominal  and  some  of  it  can  not  be  disposed 
of  at  all.  We  have  been  studying  this  problem  and  have  been  making 
considerable  progress.  We  hope  before  long  to  have  the  means  of 
making  the  process  j)ractically  100  per  cent  eflicient. 

Mr.  Ander.son.  Ii  you  have  got  to  store  these  beets  you  can  not 
stop  that,  can  you? 

Mr.  Paine.  1  am  referring  to  the  recoyer}'  of  sugar  from  molasses. 
Of  course,  they  have  got  to  store  the  heels.  The  only  thing  they 
can  do  there  is  to  learn  more  efhcient  methods  of  storage  and  reduce 
the  loss  there  as  much  as  possible. 

Mr.  Campbell.  There  are  some  beets  ^rown  under  certain  con- 
ditions that  lend  themselves  to  storage  without  as  much  loss  as  other 
types  of  beets  in  other  sections.     We  have  already  made  specilic 


262  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

recommendations  which  will  obviate  the  loss  due  to  the  storing  of 
loeets  indiscriminately.  Tliis  work  has  been  directly  under  the  super- 
vision of  Mr.  Paine.'  They  have  been  concerning  themselves  par- 
ticularlv  with  the  removal  of  those  impurities  that  are  in  beets  or  in 
the  molas.ses  as  a  result  of  the  deterioration  of  the  beet  through 
storage  which  prevent  crvstalization.  Tlie  solution  of  that  question 
is  a  complicated  inchistrial  chemical  problem. 

We  have  made  splendid  progress  on  it.  We  have  made  applica- 
tion for  a  pul)li('  service  patent,  and  we  are  expecting  to  effect  arrange- 
ments bv  which  the  results  obtained  on  a  laboratory  scale  can  be 
worked  out  in  actual  factory  production. 

FOR    EXFORCEMENT   OF   THE    FOOD   AND    DRUGS    ACT. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  now  go  to  the  next  item. 

Mr.  Campbell.  The  next  is  me  appropriation  for  the  food  and 
drugs  act,  page  178.  We  are  asking  for  an  increase  in  that  appro- 
priation, ^lr.  Chairman.  I  stated  to  you  last  year  that  while  we 
were  asking  for  no  increase  at  that  period  I  foresaw  that  the  appro- 
priate representative  of  the  bureau  would  come  before  and  ask 
very  early  for  an  increase  in  the  fund. 

The  enforcement  of  this  law  is  getting  more  difficult  and  more 
expensive  every  year.  That  is  naturally  to  be  expected.  The 
conditions  with  which  we  are  confronted  at  the  present  time  in  its 
enforcement  are  quite  different  from  those  that  obtaineil  originally. 

The  forms  of  sophistication  that  exist  now  are  more  subtle  and 
more  devious  than  those  that  were  originall}'  encountered.  The 
enforcement  of  the  law  does  not  involve  the  simple  mechanical 
operation  of  going  out  and  collecting  a  sample  and  showing  that  it 
had  been  shipped  in  interstate  commerce  and  in  making  a  simple 
examination  to  prove  that  the  product  claimed  to  be  in  that  package 
was  not  that  product  at  all.  Proper  enforcement  now  requires 
thorough  study  to  determine  methods  which  can  be  emploved  by 
these  laboratories  engaged  in  the  simpler  form  of  work,  for  the  pur- 

fose  of  identifying  tlie  type  of  adulteration  that  has  taken  place, 
t  is  necessary,  in  those  cii'cumstances,  to  devote  some  of  this  fund 
to  the  laboratories  that  we  designate  as  staff  laboratories  in  the 
bureau,  which  are  giving  concentrated  study  to  these  types  of  adul- 
teration and  to  the  question  of  evolving  some  methocf  by  wliich, 
upon  tlie  examination  of  an  objective  sample,  this  form  of  adulteration 
can  be  detected. 

Of  course,  that  is  no  simple  and  no  easy  matter.  And  to  the  ex- 
tent that  we  employ  money  for  that  purpose  in  carrvin^  on  those 
various  studies  which  are  essential  and  which  form  the  basis  upon 
wJiicii  all  of  our  work  depends,  to  that  extent  we  witlulraw  from  the 
active  field  opei-atioiis  funds  that  would  otherwise  be  spent  in  the  eiii- 
j)loyiiient  of  inspectors  and  analysts  to  be  stationed  in  our  branch 
laboratories.  We  have  a  very  material  dej)letion  in  force,  from  the 
standpoint  of  field  activity.  We  have  now  less  than  40  inspectors 
where  we  forineriy  had  n  staff  of  al  inspectors.  The  force,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  if  we  are  to  niainlaiii  the  same  standard  of  elliciency  in  our 
operations,  .siiould  be  increa.sed  in  proportion  to  the  increasing  dilli- 
cultie8  that  we  encounter,  but  the  convei-se  of  that  is  true  now. 


AORK'ULTl'KAL  Al'PRoiMUATION    BII.U    l'.'«4.  263 

ISHI'KrTION    OK    IMI'OUTKIi    »«)0|)    A  Mi    l>UI  i.h 

In  addition  to  looking  iiftcr  llu>  doinoslii-  truilir  vsc  nrv  r(><|iiin'd 
also,  as  yoii  know,  lo  ^i\»'  allrntioii  to  import atioiis.  The  law  ap- 
plies t«>  f)olli  import  and  rxooit  Iraliic. 

Siiic«»  thn  war  we  have  hau  n'ally  more  work  to  do  than  we  had  at 
any  time  pnnious  to  that,  with(»iit  regard  at  all  to  the  volume  of 
food  imported  into  tlie  rountry.  Hefor«'  that  tiim-  tlirre  had  heen 
something  in  the  naturi'  of  a  ( lassilication  or  standardization  in  certain 
chusses  of  food  products  in  certain  sections  «)f  foreign  count ri«*s  fnun 
whicii  they  came.  But  that  was  torn  to  pieces  (hirin<;  the  period 
of  the  war.  and  we  hav*?  found  products  that  seem<'d  to  he  made 
formerly  in  an  unohiectionahle  way  hein<^  od'erj-d  for  entry  in  thi.s 
country  with  entirely  diirerent  composition  from  that  which  wo 
originally  knew. 

vSo  the  work  really  has  increased  very  materially  from  tlw  standpoint 
of  imj)ort  control.  We  are  not  ahh'  to  m(>«'t  the  situation  at  all  with 
our  present  force,  and  1  do  not  pretend  to  say  that  we  will  completely 
meet  it  at  all  if  we  are  «jranted  the  increase  that  is  asked  here. 

1  told  you  last  year  of  a  visit  that  we  had  rec<Mved  from  a  committee 
of  importers  represenliuf;  the  import  trade  in  New  York,  who  had 
come  to  Washini^ton  for  the  purpose  of  seeing  you  and  the  correspond- 
ing committee  in  the  Senate  to  ask  for  an  increase  to  this  appropria- 
tion, to  he  applied  specifically  to  the  Xew  York  field,  to  increase  the 
force  and  the  facilities  there  for  doing  our  import  control  work  in  a 
more  expeditious  way.  After  we  explained  the  circunistances  to 
them  they  went  hack  to  Xew  York.  But  the  industry  realizes  the 
situation  and  has  dealt  with  us  in  a  sympathetic  way  on  the  score  of 
our  limitations. 

It  is  a  serious  thing  when  you  effect  delays  in  import  products 
particularly.  You  take  the  congested  sections  in  Xew  York,  where 
they  do  not  have  adecjuate  storjige  facilities  under  Government 
supervision,  and  it  is  only  a  very  short  time  until  the  demurrage 
will  eat  up  all  of  the  importers'  prohts.  vSo  it  is  imperative  that  such 
action  as  we  do  take  he  taken  promptly  if  we  are  to  give  any  con- 
sideration at  all  to  the  welfare  of  the  trade;  and  we  do  this  hv  using 
our  judgment,  in  so  far  as  our  experience  will  permit,  in  discrimi- 
nating in  the  class  of  products  that  we  give  atUnition  to. 

4 

M.MNTENANCE    OF   LABORATORIES. 

It  is  necessary  to  nuiintain  laboratories  at  certain  of  the  jiorts 
of  the  country  for  the  pui'])ose  of  e\])edilious  consideration  of  im])ort 
shi])ments.  The  overhead  is  fixed  and  definite.  But  u])  to  the 
present  time  we  have  not  the  operating  funds  to  make  our  activity 
economical,  because  it  is  not  at  all  a(lc(|uate  from  the  stand]>oint 
of  our  existing  overhead.  If  we  get  this  money  that  we  are  asking 
for  here  our  ])urj>ose  is  to  employ  it  in  bringing  the  force  u])  to  some- 
thing approaching  normal,  by  the  ap])ointment  of  additional  in- 
s])ectors  and  additional  chemists. 


264  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,    1924. 

IXSPECTIOX    OF    IMPORTED    FOOD    AND    DRUGS. 

Mr.  BucHAN'AN.  Do  you  inspect  food  that  is  shipped  in  here  ? 

Mr.  Campbell.  Oli,  yes;  imported  in  here. 

Mr.  Buchanan.   How  extensively  do  you  carry  that  work  on  ? 

Mr.  Campbell.  We  should  ilo  it  with  respect  to  every  importation 
that  is  brought  in,  but  we  can  not  do  it.  The  law  itself  provides 
that  the  Secretarv  of  the  Treasury  in  his  consideration  of  products 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  assessment  of  duties  shall  tleliver  to  the 
Secretarv  of  Agriculture  samples  u])on  request  of  the  latter  for 
examination. 

When  this  is  done,  if  our  examination  shows  the  product  to  be 
adulterated,  we  report  that  fact  to  the  collector  of  the  port,  and  state 
to  him  that  it  is  in  contravention  of  the  Food  and  Drugs  Act,  and 
recommend  detention  of  the  shipment.  But  we  should  do  it  with 
respect  to  importations  of  foods  and  drugs  at  every  port  in  the 
country.  That,  however,  is  a  physical  impossibility,  and  could  not 
be  done  if  the  fund  appropriated  were  multiplied  several  times, 
when  you  take  into  account  the  entries  of  all  of  the  border  ports, 
not  only  on  the  seaboard  but  on  the  Canadian  and  Mexican  borders. 
We  do  have  in  cooperation  with  the  customs  officials  what  we  think 
is  a  sufficiently  well  established  plan  to  permit  fairly  reasonably 
adequate  control  of  the  importations  of  all  types  of  foods  and  druojs. 

Mr.  BucHAXAX.  You  merely  have  an  understanding,  then,  with  the 
customs  officials  at  certain  ports  that  if  any  commodity  looks  sus- 
picious to  send  you  samples  ? 

Mr.  Campbell.  Our  men  go  to  the  ports  and  they  attempt  to  teach 
them.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  we  attempt  to  train  the  customs  official 
into  a  food  ofKcial.  You  take  a  port,  for  instance,  in  the  nature  of 
New  Orleans,  or,  say,  Galveston,  and  that  port  will  have  several  sub- 
ports  of  entry,  acconling  to  the  customs  scheme  of  ten-itorial  division. 
The  ofhcer  that  will  be  stationed  at  the  Mexican  border  points,  for 
instance,  will  report  to  this  collector  or  officer  at  Galveston. 

We  endeavor  to  have  our  laboratories  established  at  points  where 
the  collectors  themselves  are  located,  and  through  their  deputies 
aiTange  for  appropriate  supervision  of  all  importations  of  foods  and 
drug  products  at  these  subports,  and  if  they  themselves  realize  the 
comhtion  of  the  kind  we  have  described  to  them  they  forward  samples 
to  us  and  liold  up  tlio  shipment  and  we  make  the  examination. 

FOR  ENFORCE.MEXT  OF  ACT  TO  PREVEXT  IMPORT.VTIOX  OF  IMPURE  AND 

UNWHOLESOME    TEA. 

The  next  is  the  enforcement  of  the  import  tea  act.  This  act  and 
the  body  enforcing  it  was  transferred  from  the  Treasury  Department 
to  the  .Vgriculturnl  DcnarluKMit  aixuit  two  vears  aj?o,  I  think.  Fortv 
thousand  was  (lu>  aniount  that  was  appropriated  at  the  time  it  was  in 
ft)rce  in  tlu>  Treasury  D'partment. 

We  arc  asking  for  an  appropriation  of  -SiiS, ()()(),  which  is  the  amount 
wr  bad  last  year.  We  arc  using  that  organization  fairly  well  intact, 
attcinoting  to  hrigiidc  it  with  our  food  ami  ilrug  organization  so  as 
(o  make  the  work  between  the  two,  as  far  as  it  is  possible  to  do  it, 


Ariinrn.TiFiAi.  APPnopitiATiox  Rir.u  him.  205 

los  r\|)('tisiv('  (liMii  would  utln-rwisr  lir  tUv  casj'  if  thov  W<'ro  working 
iii(h'p('ii(l('ntly. 

Mr.  BimiANAN.  An*  you  finding  anv  impure  irnportrd  \vn*. 

Mr.  Camphklf,.  Oh,  yvn;  we  fouruf  iiu)n'  im|)un'  iii)[)ortpd  Ivns 
flti-^  \nM  year  tlinii  perhaps  has  l)een  found  in  stune  i\t>7.ru  years. 

Mr.  BrciiAN  \\.  hoes  any  of  it  have  any  injurious  efreds  inx.n  tlie 
human  system  '. 

Mr.  ('AMpnKi.r..  .No;  we  <an  not  sav  that.  Mr.  IJueharum;  attd 
examination  really  has  not  h«'en  ma<le  with  that  in  mind.  You 
know  th«'  tea  import  aet  is  an  e.\tremelv  arhifrarv  law.  It  gives 
tho  authority  for  the  creation  of  statKJanls  of  different  types  of  tea, 
and  a  lea  that  does  n<tt  compare  with  this  standard  whi<h  has  l)een 
a»;ree<l  upon  and  set  asi<h'  eillier  from  the  standpoint  of  the  im- 
purities it  possesses  or  frtun  the  stan<lpoint  of  the  cu[)  <iuality  it  ha.s 
IS  not  permitted  entry.     So  the    work  really  is  on  that  r)a.><is. 

\VV\I.    STORKS    INVK.STKJATIONS. 

'Pile  next  is  the  item  covering;  invest i*;at ion  of  jjradinj;,  wei«;hinjr, 
handlini;,  transpoitation,  and  uses  of  naval  stores,  dednite  ty[)e 
samph's  thereof,  etc.,  and  we  are  askinj;  for  no  increase  on  tins  item. 
This  is  an  item  which  represents  somethin*;  in  the  nature  of  con- 
tinuous work.  Doctor  \  eitch,  who  is  chemist  in  charge  of  our 
hihoratory  having  to  handle  that  particularly.  I  would  like  to  have 
make  a  statement  of  a  few  minutes'  length  to  you  on  that,  so  you  can 
appreciate  in  a  general  way  just  what  we  are  doing. 

Doctor  Veitcii.  Mr.  Chairman,  perhaps  I  can  hest  illustrate  this 
work  hy  this  statement:  Ahout  a  month  ago  we  were  asked  to  join 
with  the  Turpentine  and  Hosin  Producers'  Association  in  the  in- 
spection and  study  of  a  hig  lumher  plant  in  Alahama,  which  for 
several  years  had  not  been  making  much  money  on  turpentine  and 
rosin.  A  party  of  us  went  there  and  spent  ahout  24  hours  on  the 
job,  and  we  reached  a  unanimous  conclusion  that  due  to  faulty 
methods  of  operation  that  company  had  failed  to  make  ahout  $24,000 
that  it  could  have  made  with  good  up-to-date  rational  methods  of 
operation  and  at  a  cost  of  appro.ximately  84.000. 

That  condition  exists  very  largely  throughout  the  turpentine- 
producing  belt.  Many  operators  are  in  exactly  the  same  condition, 
and  we  propose  to  be  in  a  position  to  help  them  to  eliminate  these 
uneconomic  practices,  to  prevent  their  losses  at  the  still  and  in  the 
woods,  and  to  bring  their  production  methods  and  manufacturing 
methods  up  to  the  practice  of  the  best  operators.  That  will  save  a 
considerable  amount  of  m(»nev  to  tlie  producers. 

On  the  other  hand.  Mr.  Chairman,  we  are  constantly  having  prob- 
lems presented  to  us  in  regard  to  the  use  of  turpentine  and  rosin.  You 
doubtless  know  rosin  is  being  more  and  more  largely  substituted  for 
fossil  resins  in  the  manufacture  of  varnishes  and  j)aints.  This  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  these  lesins  are  becoming  scarcer  and  hi«;her  priced, 
and  we  are  learning  to  use  rosin  more  succcssfuUv.  modifvinjr  it  to 
take  the  place  of  these  resins  with  better  results.  But  every  once  in 
a  while  somebody  hits  a  snag,  and  they  think  that  |>crhaps  we 
can  help  them  out.  Here  is  an  example  of  such  a  problem  [illustrating 
samples  of  varnish  to  the  subcommittee]  that  has  come  to  us  recently. 
Here  is  the  nornnil  varnish,  for  instance,  that  should  be  produced 


266  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TIOX   BILL,   1924. 

with  a  normal  rosin,  but  when  the  paint  manufacturer  undertook  to 
make  a  varnish  in  accordance  with  his  usual  practice  from  a  shipment 
of  rosin  this  is  what  he  got  [exhibiting  another  sample  of  varnish],  and 
so  he  asks  us  to  try  to  help  liim  solve  that  problem.  We  have  not 
(juite  ilone  that;  we  are  on  the  road  to  it.  1  am  just  bringing  this  up 
to  show  you  the  class  of  problems  that  are  constantly  coming  up. 
That  fact' right  there  [indicating]  injures  the  sale  of  rosin.  It  injures 
the  utility  of  tbc  rosin  to  the  manufacturer  and  to  the  user  of  the 
varnish.  A  varnish  made  like  that  would  not  be  of  any  use;  it  would 
crystallize  right  out. 

So,  Mr.  Chairman,  just  along  these  lines — of  increasing  our  pro- 
duction of  rosin  and  turpentine,  preventing  losses,  demonstration 
work  in  the  South,  and  in  eliminating  some  of  the  problems  in  the 
production  is  the  way  we  hope  to  continue  this  work.  Furthermore, 
we  have  got  this  (juestion  ol  adulteration  and  misgrading  which  we 
are  stil!  (hiding  is  exceedingly  extensive.  We  must  keep  the  types  of 
rosin  which  we  have  devised  in  perfect  condition  all  the  time. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  there  any  legislation  now  which  authorizes  the 
establishment  for  a  standard  for  rosin  and  turpentine — any  method 
of  enforcing  the  adherence  to  standards  i 

Mr.  Veitc'II.  No,  sir.  This  item  permits  the  Secretary  to  devise 
standards  and  types  for  rosin,  but  they  can  not  be  enforced  under  it. 
They  are  only  adopted  by  courtesy  of  the  industry.  The  industry 
has  approved  them  and  is  using  them  steadily,  but  it  can  drop  ihem 
to-morrow  if  it  wants  to. 

.\UULTEIIAT10N    I\    MA.NUK.VCTUKE    OF   TURPENTINE. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  there  much  adulteration  by  firms  manufac- 
turing tliese  products? 

Mr.  Vkitch.  It  is  increasing,  Mr.  Chairman,  due  probably  to  the 
very  liigli  price  of  turpentine.  Turpentine  to-day  is  around  SI. 50 
H  gallon  in  the  South.  By  the  time  the  individual  user  buvs  it.  he 
pays  around  S2  or  more  a  gallon  for  it.  That  stimulates  adulteration 
with  stuff  costing  20  or  30  cents  a  gallon,  and  I  am  sorrv  to  say 
that  it  is  increasing  some  in  the  South,  but  I  do  not  think  it  is 
increiising  in  the  Soutli  anything  like  it  is  in  the  paint-using  dis- 
tricts. In  some  States  I  have  found,  in  asking  for  turpentine,  that  1 
have  been  delivered  mineral  oil  straight,  without  a  bit  of  turpentine 
in  it,  under  the  name  of  turpentine,  and  other  places  when  I  inquired 
into  the  matter  it  was  stated  tliat  prices  were  so  high  that  turpentine 
was  dri\('ii  od'  the  market.  Achillcration  is  lielping  to  i\o  tiiat.  <>f 
course. 

l'AV\ll\r     liil'     siitvi.   iv     ItKNIlKUKIt     IMUVIDUALS     AND    »()MPAM1< 

-Mr.  lU'tiiAN.\N.  Wlicn  you  go  out  and  undertake  the  assistance  of 
the  |)riva(e  indivicbial  or  corporation,  do  tlu>y  pav  any  of  the  ex- 
penses incident  t(»  such  help^ 

Mr.  Xkitcii.  They  heve  not.  They  have  olVered  to  (hi  it.  Mr. 
iiiichiiniin.  1  do  not  see  how  we  could  receive  it.  We  have  no  real 
authority  to  receive  it,  and  we  have  (hme  this  work  under  our  general 
authority  here  as  n  matter  of  investigation  and  for  our  information 
to  show  what  can  he  (h)ne  to  improve  production. 


AGRU'ULTUnAL  APl'lUHMlIATION    BIl.I^    l'.>24.  207 

Mr.  Brc  iiANAN.  This  vory  appioiJiijitioii  suys  *' in  cooijcratiou  with 
tlu'  individuals  and  coinpaiiirs,  "  and  1  was  juMt  woiulcrin^  if  they 
oiii^ht  not  t<i  [)ay  for  tliat  service.  You  leiuhT  them  u  vahiahh' 
scrvire  when  N«m  j;<»  (here  in(h\  i(hjally  and  sjipervise  if  and  deinon- 
strat*'  it.  I  do  not  mean  tliat  in  jrettin;;  out  any  information  or 
huUetins  tliey  shouhl  pay  for  that.  liut  when  you  j^o  there  j)er8on- 
allv,  or  so'ine  of  your  men  (h>,  you  supervise  it  and  you  render  a  very 
valuahh'  servi«e  to  them.  1 1  hxtks  hke  they  ou«;l)t  to  hear  the  expenses 
of  tliat  tri[). 

Mr.  Ca.mimiki.i..  Mr.  Buchanan,  it  would  he  interestn^  to  determine 
jiLst  what  would  he  an  e<|uitahlc  charge  in  that  matter.  We  appre- 
ciate tliat  urnler  the  authority  you  have  fjiven  us  nn<l  flu'  money 
you  iiavc  appropriated  for  the  support  of  tliat  work  that  a  study  of 
existing  coTiditions  is  imperative  on  our  part,  ami  when  we  da  that 
it  is  more  from  the  standpoint  of  the  study  of  the  condition  of  the 
industrv  as  a  whole  than  in  respect  to  some  particular  individual. 
Naturally,  you  can  not  j^et  a  knowledi^e  of  the  condition  of  the 
industry  as  a  whole  without  takinj;  into  consi<leration  the  a«j«^re<>^ate 
as  it  exists  on  the  part  of  individuals.  And  in  doin<;  that,  we  have 
heen  f«)llowinj^  out  what  we  thought  were  the  specific  pur{)oses  under- 
lyinj^  this  special  aj)propriation  and  were  not  disposed  to  consider  a 
charge. 

I  daresay  that  the  work  that  has  ])een  done  is  of  sufhcient  interest 
to  tlie  industrv  as  a  whole  that  the  industry  in  most  cases  would  he 
willin*^  to  incur  the  exj)enses  of  our  service,  especially  after  the 
service  had  ])een  performed  and  the^'  appreciate  the  benefit  of  it  to 
them. 

Mr.  Bi'tiiA.NAN.  Would  vou  have  any  authority  under  the  existing 
law  to  make  any  reasonable  charge  ^ 

Mr.  Camimjell.  We  do  not  think  we  have. 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.  Tliorc  is  no  reason  whv  they  should  not  pay  a 
little,  at  least,  for  what  valuable  services  they  receive. 

Mr.  Campbell.  Of  coui-se,  that  is  a  matter  entirely  for  Confess. 

Mr.  \'EiTcn.  Nearly  all  producers  who  need  this  help  are  small  and 
can  not  well  afTord  to  bear  the  expense.  The  work  is  practically  farm 
demonstration  work  for  the  turpentine  farmer.     We  have  had  this 

Froposition  presented  to  us  within  the  past  two  weeks,  Mr.  Buchanan, 
have  seen  a  specification  that  was  arawn  concerning  the  purchase 
of  rosin,  and  without  our  knowledoje  of  it,  that  stated:  In  ca.ses  of 
dispute  concerning  the  grade  of  this  rosin,  it  shall  be  submitted  to 
the  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  and  the  findings  of  the  IJureau  of  Chemistry 
shall  be  regarded  as  final,  and  the  party  at  fault  shall  pay  such  chart^es 
as  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  may  make  for  that  work.  The  tjuestion 
with  us  is.  Have  we  any  authority  to  make  such  a  charge  ( 

Mr.  Buchanan.  We  have  that  being  done  in  some  other  depart- 
ments. 

Mr.  Anderson.  There  are  several  acts  under  which  inspections  are 
made  or  arbitrations  performed,  in  which  one  department  or  another 
acts  as  arbitrator. 

Mr.  BiCHANAN.  There  is  some  shipping  act  in  respect  to  the  con- 
ilition  of  grain  or  fruit. 

I  think  where  a  private  company  receives  services  of  the  Govern- 
ment they  ought  to  be  willing  to  pay  a  little  part  t)f  the  expense. 


268  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

INSECTICIDE    AND    FUNGICIDE    INVESTIGATIONS. 

Mr.  Camphkkl.  Tlio  next  is  tho  item  for  investigation  and  develop- 
ment of  methods  of  manufacturing  insecticides  and  fungicides.  The 
work  under  this  item  has  been  devoted  to  a  study  of  the  conditions 
found  to  exist  in  commercial  insecticides  and  fungicides  that  are  (m 
the  market  now.  Certain  chisses  of  insecticides  and  fungicides  or 
disinfectants  have  been  tested  against  a  certain  organism,  upon 
which  the  standard  of  that  product  would  be  gauged.  \  ery  naturally 
we  have  been  curious  to  know  whether  or  not  it  would  be  equally 
effective  against  other  cla.sses  of  in.secticidal  or  fungicidal  attack  and 
to  determine  whether  or  not  the  standard  serving  as  a  basis  for  the 
estimate  of  the  value  of  this  product  applied  with  respect  to  its 
application  to  all  classes  of  organisms,  and  we  found  that  it  has  not 
been  so  in  some  cases. 

We  have  also  found  this,  that  in  the  class  of  nicotine  products, 
for  instance,  the  packao:es  containing  them  seemed  after  a  while  to 
lose  their  potencv  for  msecticidal  use:  after  a  while  they  did  not 
seem  to  possess  the  strength  or  the  value  that  they  were  claimed  to 
have  originally,  and  we  found  that  there  was  a  deterioration  in  the 
product  itself'  under  certain  conditions,  and  gave  attention  to  the 
methods  under  which  the  products  should  be  prepared  in  order  to 
maintain  their  potent  condition  for  a  protracted  period  of  time. 

The  work  of  fundamental  importance  under  this  appropriation 
very  naturally  is  to  try  to  find  some  type  of  an  insecticide  or  fungi- 
cide that  will  i)e  effective  in  destroying  the  parasites  but  at  the  same 
time  work  no  injury  to  the  plant  itself  or  to  man  or  animal  in  the 
application  of  them  and  at  the  same  time  have  the  advantage  of 
being  cheap;  that  is  the  ideal  product. 

Mr.  Bl'chanan.  It  is  rather  a  hard  job,  too. 

Mr,  Campbell.  It  is  rather  a  hard  job.  It  is  something  that  can 
not  be  done  in  a  minute,  but,  nevertheless,  we  are  working  on  that, 
and  we  do  have  right  now  under  way  the  study  of  certain  compounds 
of  a  chrtnical  kind  that  bid  fair  to  supplant  certain  types  of  msecti- 
cides  we  have  had,  particularly  nicotine  products,  that  will  have  the 
advantage  of  being  as  potent  as  the  nicotine  product  itself  and  at  the 
same  time  very  much  cheaper. 

After  you  work  things  of  that  sort  out  on  a  laboratorj'  scale  very 
naturallv  you  have  to  determine  from  the  standpoint  of  the  cost 
involved  whether  it  is  a  practical  proposition  to  do  it  on  a  commercial 
scale. 

INVESTIGATION    OF   CALCIUM    ARSENATE. 

We  have  just  had  this  experience  recently  in  connection  with  work 
that  was  done  under  this  fund.  Calcium  arsenate,  you  know,  is  being 
manufactured  and  shipped  extensively  into  the  South  for  the  purpose 
of  ((inibnling  I  lie  boll  weevil  and  it  has  l)een  found  that  dilferent 
shipments  acted  in  dilFerent  ways;  in  other  words,  the  water-soluble 
arsenic  that  was  found  present  has  been  sullicient  to  burn  the  plants 
in  a  great  many  rases,  and  one  of  our  men  from  the  lal)oratorv  made 
a  stu<ly  of  that  situation  in  the  South.  He  f(»und  that  it  was  not 
altogether  cliniati*-  conditions  that  were  responsible  for  this  excessive 
water-soluble  arsenic,  but  it  appeared  that  some  of  the  mineral 
f)roperties  which  the  plant  itself  had  exuih'd  and  were  found  to  be  in 


AnRIC;iTLTrRAL  APPHOPRIATION    BII.U    l'*"-*.  209 

the  (lew  seeined  to  a<M*entuute  the  clevclupmeul  (»f  WHter-soiul>le 
arsenic  or  that  (MHiditioii  which  is  responsihlr  for  the  hurniii);  of  the 
phmt. 

Tlmt  oix'iis  up  ii  ftiiuhiinciital  (-oiisidcratioii  that  we  had  not 
particuhirlv  thou>;hl  of  heretofore,  and  that  is  that  certain  phitits 
themselves  throiijjh  indiviihial  idiosyncracy  will  cause  certain  types 
of  insect icidt's  or  fun^i<Mdcs.  that  may  have  heen  heretofore  c«»n- 
siden'd  lus  havinj;  a  comj)arahle  or  standiuili/.ed  eireci  on  all  cln^^cs 
of  plants,  operate  in  dilferent  ways  on  difTer«'nt   plant- 

Our  work  on  this  has  Ix'en  do?ie  in  a  limited  way  only.  Ii  has  not 
heeii  devi'loped  sullicicntly  to  speak  with  finality  iihout  it. 

FOR    W(H)I.-srOUKlNO    WA.STK    INVKSTKJATIONS. 

Keft'rrin«;  to  the  item  on  paj^e  ISS  for  the  investijjation  and  develop- 
ment of  methcMls  of  utilizin<j  wo(d-scourin<;  waste:  At  the  time  this 
was  formulated,  it  did  not  appear  that  we  W()uld  he  ahle  to  complete 
that  work  hv  the  .'{Oth  of  .June,  hut  since  the  formulation  of  this 
estimate  we  liave  found  that  we  could  «;et  the  work  through  within 
that  time,  and  the  de|)artment  htus  asked  the  permission  of  the 
Bureau  of  the  Hud^ret  to  withdraw  this  in  its  entirety. 

Mr.  Andkuson.   We  will  withdraw  it  for  you. 

FOR    THE    STUDY    AND    IMPROVEMENT    OF    METHODS    OF    DKHYDRATING 

MATERIALS    ISED    FOR    FOOD. 

Mr.  C\\MPBELL.  The  next  item,  page  186,  for  the  study  and  improve- 
ment of  methods  of  dehydrating  materials  used  for  food.  That 
work  is  continued  in  atti-mpting  to  determine  the  technological 
prohlems  involved  more  [)articularly  with  reference  to  the  dehydra- 
tion of  vegetahles.  The  work  very  largely  in  the  past  has  been  done 
in  connection  with  fruits.  The  work  nas  heen  concentrated  in  one 
laboratory,  and  that  laboratory  is  the  citrus-prtxiucts  laboratorv  in 
Los  Angt'les.  Calif.  We  have  made  arrangements  that  will  make  it 
possible  to  obtain  the  fruit  at  little  or  no  cost.  The  attempt  was  for 
the  purpose  of  stuilying  the  best  methods  for  dehydration  and  to 
get  concerns  that  were  interested  in  having  products  dried  to  pur- 
chase those  products,  iurnish  us  raw  material,  and  let  us  turn  over 
to  them  the  finished  article,  so  that  we  could  make  our  study  in  that 
fashion  without  the  expense  involved  in  the  j)urchase  of  the  material 
ourselves  and  attempting  U)  market  that  afterwards,  which  ct)uld 
not  be  done  in  a  commercial  way  bv  us,  and  our  whole  efforts  have 
been  with  the  purpose  in  view  of  determining  what  the  proper 
technological  method  was.  moie  especially  in  regard  to  what  is  the 
best  method  for  the  dehydration  of  vegetables. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Have  you  done  anything  in  the  way  of  develop- 
ment for  a  market  for  these  products  ( 

Mr.  Campbell.  That  thing  has  been  urged  by  the  industry  itself, 
Mr.  Anderson,  but  1  can  not  see  that  that  is  any  part  of  our  business; 
and  we  ourselves  have  not  attempted  to  do  anvthing  with  that.  Very 
naturally  it  could  not  be  (hme  with  a  fund  of  tbis  size,  and  our  concern 
is  to  make  available  through  the  investigatiitns  that  we  have  under- 
way the  methods  which  should  be  employed  for  the  manufacture  of  a 
standardized  article  and  then  (|uit  with  that. 


270  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  1  mean  is,  is  there  any  real  development  in 
the  sale  of  these  products  commercially? 

Mr.  Cami'BF.i.l.  In  (•crtiiin  products  there  are.  Certain  products 
are  beinj:;  put  out  in  fairlv  well  standardized  fashion  now.  and  very 
naturallv  the  departmentis  getting  inquiries  all  the  time  where  there 
is  a  desire  to  undertake  this  on  a  cooperative  plan  by  agricultural 
communities  themselves  in  the  establishment  of  dehydrating  plants. 
But  until  the  department  is  in  a  position  to  prescribe  the  method  by 
which  this  can  be  done  and  arrive  at  some  logical  and  accurate  con- 
clusion concerning  the  cost  that  would  be  involved  and  the  type  of 
supervision  that  should  be  maintained,  it  can  not  speak  in  a  definite 
fashion  regarding  the  financial  advantage  that  would  accrue  to  a 
communitv  from  an  undertaking  of  this  sort. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  When  you  speak  of  "dehydrating"  you  simply 
mean  drying  ( 

Mr.  Campbell.  Yes. 

^ir.  Buchanan.  Are  the  markets  filled  \v\t\\  dried  fruits  and  vege- 
tables, or  is  there  any  considerable  market  for  dried  fruit  now  ( 

Mr.  Ca.mpbkll.  Oli.  ves;  dried  fruit  is  a  pretty  well  established 
industry,  but  on  vegetables  it  is  hardly  that,  and  1  do  not  think  that 
dehydration  will  ever  be  an  industry  actively  supported  in  this 
countrv  until  we  shall  have  determined  some  plan  by  which  a  stand- 
ardized or  stabilized  product  can  be  made.  The  experience  that  the 
chairman  in(licated  a  moment  ago  about  cane  sirup  applies  precisely 
to  this  situation. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  is  the  item  on  page  187. 

FOR   PREVENTION   OF   GRAIN-DUST  AND  OTHER    DUST    EXPLOSIONS    AND 

FIRES. 

Mr.  Ca.mpbell.  That  is  the  item  for  investigation  and  improvement 
of  methods  for  prevention  of  grain-dust  and  other  dust  explosions 
and  resulting  fires,  including  fires  in  cotton  gins  and  cott(m-od  mills. 
Our  work  under  that  anpropriation  has  divided  itself  into  three  ilif- 
ferent  classes — the  wotk  that  was  done  and  is  being  done  in  a  con- 
sulting way  and  in  an  advisory  capacity  on,  firet,  the  threshing- 
machine  explosions  and  fires,  and,  second,  the  fires  and  explosions 
that  take  place  in  t^rain  elevators  and  in  industrial  establishments, 
and.  third,  our  work  on  cotton  gins  and  in  oil  mills. 

By  devising  a  mechanical  separator  or  remover  for  the  dust  on  the 
threshing  machine,  and  also  oy  making  provision  for  appropriate 
wiring  to  remove  static;  electricity  generated  in  the  threshmg  opera- 
tion and  which  was  the  cause  of  ignition  in  most  cases,  these  explo- 
sions in  threshing  machines  have  been  reduced  to  a  very  material 
extent.  Our  i-eal  problem  has  been  in  getting  an  observation  of  the 
precautions  we  have  recommended.  This  work  has  been  promoted 
very  largely  })y  State  agencies,  especially  in  the  region  of  northern 
Idaho,  eastern  Washington,  and  northeast  Oregon.  There  has  never 
been  'recorded  a  fire  and  explosion  in  one  oi  the  mills  where  the 
devices  reconuiu'nded  by  the  nureau  have  been  adopted. 

Mr.  .\m)KUs<)n.  Have  any  of  tiie  threshing  machine  companies 
adoj)ted  this  method  or  device^ 

Nlr.  Cami'Bem..  They  are  working  with  us  on  that  basis,  and  they 
undertake    to    manufacture    the   e(|uipnu'nt    and    install    it   on    their 


AOUICULTURAL  APi'HOl'KIATlON    BILI^    1W24.  liTl 

iiirtrhinos  and  nro  (loiti^;  thnt  in  somo  rasos  pxtonsivrlv,  having  thoir 
own  ap'iits  advocato  the  us«>  of  that  in  the  sah-  of  all  fncsv  niachini'H. 
Tho  insurance,  by  the  way,  you  will  he  interest^'d  in  knowing;,  wan 
withdrawn  on  thcsf  tnachines  in  tlial  particular  r<'<;ion  soinr  years 
a}^o  ahsohitclv  denied  in  everv  respect;  and  then  wln-n  the  insur- 
ance companies  enteretl  this  held  aijain  they  charged  [)rohihitive 
rates.  Those  rates  have  heen  reiluced  now  to  a  noint  wlu're  they  arc 
fairly  reasonahh»  if  the  o[)erator  has  eni{jioyed  tne  preventive  niean- 
ures  we  have  advocated. 

KXPLO.moNS    AND    FIHKS    IN    (IRAIS    EI.RVATORH    ASD   INUt'HTRIM.    PLANTS. 

'I'he  (|uestion  of  preventing  th(»  exolosions  anri  the  (ires  that  look 
place  in  grain  elevators  and  industrial  plants  is  a  much  more  difficult 
one  than  involved  in  the  threshing  machines.  We  are  studying  the 
causes.  That  involves  analytical  study  of  all  these  explosions  that 
take  place.  We  attemj>t  to  do  that  just  so  soon  as  we  f)ossihly  can, 
with  an  idea  of  determining  what  is  the  fundamental,  responsible 
cause  for  the  lire  and  the  explosion  itself.  It  is  a  simple  enough 
thing  to  advocate  the  construction  of  elevators,  for  instance,  in  away 
so  that  there  will  be  the  least  possible  facility  given  for  the  accumula- 
tion of  dust.  But  we  found  that  that  within  itself  will  not  solve  the 
problem. 

You  know  that  dust  with  a  proper  admixture  with  air  is  just  as 
explosive  as  gas  and  a  proper  admixture  of  air.  That  fact  has  been 
demonstrated  by  the  bureau,  and  we  are  concerned  now  -it  varies, 
of  course,  with  (lifferent  products — in  determining  just  what  the  sit- 
uation may  be  in  a  plant;  that  is,  measuring  the  amount  of  dust  in 
suspension  in  the  air  in  various  establishments,  to  detcnnine  whether 
or  not  the  danger  point  is  being  approached  in  the  atmospheric  sit- 
uati(m  in  a  particular  plant;  we  have  found  out  that  an  explosion  of 
a  violent  character  will  take  place  if  you  have  as  much  as  one-fiftieth 
of  an  ounce  of  grain  dust  in  suspension  in  1  cubic  foot  of  air. 

We  are  working  in  cooperation  with  other  a^jencies  of  the  Govern- 
ment, particularly  the  Bureau  of  Mines,  througn  their  special  interest 
in  the  prevention  of  mine  explosions  from  dust,  and  also  on  the  part 
of  the  Public  Health  Service  for  the  purpose  of  health-control  meas- 
ures as  that  relates  to  dust  carried  in  suspension  in  the  atmosphere 
of  particular  places. 

We  are  now  perfecting  a  means  for  the  measurement  of  the  amount 
of  dust  in  suspension  in  the  air.  If  that  can  be  reduced  to  a  simple 
proposition,  it  will  be  an  easy  enough  matter  for  the  agency  itself ,  for 
the  industrial  organization  itself,  or  for  the  State  agencies  concerning 
themselves  with  this  problem,  to  make  an  inspection  of  an  esta])lish- 
ment  and  determine  whether  or  not  there  is  a  tlangerous  condition 
existing  at  a  particular  time,  and  whether  or  not  attention  should  at 
once  be  given  to  the  removal  of  that  condition  in  so  far  as  it  is  possible 
to  do  so. 

There  are  two— as  Mr.  Price  explained  to  you  last  year— explo- 
sions at  least  that  are  found  to  take  place  in  connection  with  these 
catastrophes,  the  first  of  which  within  itself  is  not  so  violent  and  not 
so  signihcant,  but  it  is  the  secondary  explosion  that  is  alwavs  the  one 
that  creates  the  damage.  There  must  bo  an  ignition  of  the  dust  in 
some  way,  just  exactly  as  there  is  required  to  be  a  spark  in  order  to 
effect  an  explosion  in  a  mixture  of  air  and  gas. 
22028—22 18 


272  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL^TTON   BILL,   1924. 

If  that  thing,  in  the  first  place,  could  be  obviated  and  removed,  it 
would  prevent  the  explosion.  But  so  long  as  you  recognize  that  in 
mining  operations  you  are  going  to  find  occasionally  and  beyond 
human  prevention  the  presence  of  metallic  products  or  mineral 
products  that  will  of  themselves,  when  (hr(•^\^l  against  machinery, 
Ignite  a  spark  which  will  of  itself  be  suilicieiit  to  set  off  the  explosion 
in  that  whole  establishment,  you  can  appreciate  the  difficulty  of 
attacking  it  from  that  standpoint. 

One  of  the  things  that  has  been  advanced  and  has  been  usually 
found  to  be  eifective.  too,  is  what  we  call  the  inert  atmospheric  con- 
trol. If  we  could  provide  an  atmospheric  situation  at  the  plant 
where  ignition  takes  place,  for  instance,  by  the  use  of  carbon  dioxide, 
we  would  stop  in  that  way  the  transmission  of  this  flame — through 
the  conveyor  and  other  agencies  that  get  into  the  bins  where  the  dust 
will  be  found  in  suspension  and  where  the  extreme  explosion  takes 
j)luce  always  producing  damage. 

Whether  or  Jiot  that  is  a  practical  proposition  remains  yet  to  be 
determined,  and  we  are  maknig  progress  m  the  study  of  that  whole 
question  through  observations  that  are  made  and  experimental 
work  that  is  being  done  in  the  laboratories  and  in  the  estaolishments 
themselves. 

I 

Monday,  November  20,  1922.  p 

BUREAU  OF  SOILS. 

STATEMENTS    OF    DR.    MILTON    WHITNEY,    SOIL    PHYSICIST 

AND  CHIEF,  AND  DR.  C.  E.  MARBUT,  SCIENTIST.  J, 


SALARIES. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Wc  will  take  up  your  statutory  roll  as  found  on 
page  190. 

r)o(tor  WiuTNEY.  There  are  three  decreases. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  the  places  fdled  ? 

Doctor  Whitney.  One  position  of  laborer  is  filled. 

Mr.  Anderson.  But  you  can  get  along  without  it,  I  suppose? 

Doctor  Whitney.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Then  wi'  will  take  up  your  next  item,  general 
expenses,  Bureau  of  Soils.  Suppose  you  tell  us  a  little  about  what 
you  are  doing  under  this  item  on  page  192,  for  chemical  investiga- 
tions of  soil  types,  etc. 

Doctor  Whitney.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  have  prepared  a  statement 
showing  the  work  of  the  bureau  as  a  whole  and  if  you  like,  it  can 
go  in  tin-  record. 

Mr.  A.NDERSON.  It  nniy  go  in  the  record. 

OENKHAL    STATKMENT    OK    WOUK. 

TIh'  liun-uu  (ii  S(iiln  (IcuIh  with  tlic  inot<f  fuiKliimcntal  iiiul  lnu^io  inaterial  in  asjri- 
cultiirc  -  the  noil.  It  locatcM  and  cliiwitirM  the  dilTcront  t*u\\  typet*  ami  issues  reporla 
Mliowin^  llic  location  of  thcHc  soil  ty|H's,  the  kind  oi  aj,'rii-ulliirc  practiced  and  crops 
lnvNt  ^Town  upon  the  dilferenl  types'.  It  studies  the  coin])osition  and  j)roi)erlies  ()f  tlie 
auil  in  order  to  discovor  tlioso  most  important  and  corrective  means  t»)  lit  thorn  bettor 
for  ttjfriculluriil  use.     It  investipato«  th.-  fundamental  jirohloms  connoctod  with  the 


!■ 


A(iRI(ULTURAL   Al'lMlolMtlATlOX    BILI^    IW24.  273 

cheiaicul  uiul  physical  characUTifltic*  of  t\\o  Huil.  It  titii<iioft  r«nurr«>M  of  iiiutohaUi 
.MuiUiMo  for  iiHo  an  fcrtili/<TH  or  noil  anien<iiiK'rit<*  aii<t  atliMiiptH  u>  'liftrovor  now  nourcoa 
of  rnat4>riul  uixl  a  I)ftt4-r  \^H^>  of  tlioH<>  inatiTialH  at  prffo-nt  known. 

Soil  itnrify.  T\w  Hoil  mirvi'V  i«  the  larijtfit  work  uii'l<Ttiik<'n  l»y  thin  >iur(>au  \ 
Hurvt'y  \\nH  Imm'ii  iimil<'  of  ov«'r  oix'  tliinl  the  coiiliiH'iiUil  area  oi  tin-  rmU-il  Su»t«i(  ami 
the  Hotlti  liav*'  Ihm'I)  chu-^tilii'il  atxl  iiiapixMi  and  rv]M)Ttn  itwiii'ii  ri'^rdinK  the  noil  ty|Kti. 
This  work  finhrawjt  a  hir(j«'  U'rritory  ami  haw  corrolated  motf  M)iln  than  any  other 
Hiinilar  work  in  th<'  world.  Tho  noil  map,  an  itwucd  by  the  Hiirvpy,  ih  of  larifp  hh«»  In 
farmort*  or  to  thoMc  contfinplatinR  pnrchawiii^:  fann  landu;  it  fiiniitthott  th<-rti  with  a 
basiw  ui)on  which  to  ju<1v,h'  tin*  auriiidtural  valiu'  of  nuch  landn.     Th*-  ■  '  aro 

U!<im,'  tht'.x*'  majw  in  lar>,'i'  numht-r  in  their  devtdoj)m('nt  work,  and  roa<l  eh..  .  ;  -  and 
Hanil.iry  en)fin»'erw  are  dfrnamlint;  them  t*)  an  inereiwinR  extent.  Th«>  fami-loan  bank 
and  the  Kedprai  rt'SiTvc  bankn  are  nsiny  them  as  a  eherk  in  the  valuation  rif  farm 
landH,  fon-strr**  are  fmployin>r  them  iw  a  ba^l^<  of  lh«'  value  of  Hoilw  wh«'n  tin*  timlxT 
hiLM  bfcn  cut.  Thi-  Kfclamation  Ser\iee  i.n  making;  use  of  the  ma]>s  ifir  di'vdopmfnt 
work.  |)artieu!arly  in  proviilin^  ellieient  dniina^fe  and  in  the  prevention  of  the  ns<'  of 
alkali:  public  schools  of  the  country  are  usinij  th<'  ma|)«  for  the  e<lucation  of  th«'  chil- 
•  Iren  rt'ijardinjj  the  physical  structure  an<l  the  ai;ricultural  wealth  of  communitiej'. 
The  Post  (Klicv  Department  and  the  Department  of  Justice  make  use  of  them  for 
ruiiiiini;  down  Iniudulent  land  caf<es.  The  War  ("ollege  and  other  bureaus  of  the 
War  Department  have  usetl  them  for  the  selection  of  sites  for  military  maneuvers  and 
other  purpows,  and  investment  companies  are  employinp  them  in  calculatinp  risks 
involved  in  agricultural  occupation  and  health  conditions. 

Durinir  the  last  year  surveys  were  comi)leted  and  bepun  in  «5f)  counties  in  29  dif- 
ferent States.  The  area  covered  by  detail  surveys  amounted  to  27 .'.V.i7  square  miles 
reconnaissance  surveys  were  (•om|>leted  in  an  area  comi)risinp  1S.:{|  I  stpiare  mile. 
In  carrying;  out  survey  work  this  bureau  has  the  coo]>eration  of  27  Stat«'s.  namely, 
Alabama.  Arkansas.  California,  (leorpia,  Idaho.  Indiana.  Iowa.  Marylaiwl.  Ma.H>sachu- 
setts.  Michigan.  .\Iinne.sfjta.  Mi3ais8i])pi.  Missouri.  Nebraska.  Xew  .Jersey.  .\ew  York. 
North  Carolina.  North  Dakota.  Ohio.  Oresjon.  Pennsylvaiiia.  South  Dakota.  Tennessee. 
Texa.-),  I'lah.  West  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin. 

The  Mureau  of  Soils,  throtiph  its  cooperation  with  th«!se  several  States  is  able  to 
correlate  and  unify  the  work  in  soil  surveving  as  undertaken  by  these  States.  The 
claKsitication  and  names  of  soil  types,  as  adopted  by  this  bureau,  have  been  followt'd 
by  the  ditTeriMit  States  and  this  bureau  is  looked  to  for  pviidance  as  the  leader  in  this 
work.  If  the  soil  surveys  in  the  different  Slates  are  to  be  oi  any  peneral  utility  there 
must  be  stime  central  agency  which  can  correlate  and  unify  them.  The  experiment 
stations  are  usinp  the  .soil  maps  as  a  haais  for  extendinp  their  work  in  farm  manapement 
studies  and  in  their  advice  to  farmers  as  to  fertilizer  needs  and  their  experimental 
work  which  is  carried  on  in  the  field.  In  addition  to  this  repular  work  of  the  survey 
there  has  been  cooperation  with  the  Department  of  Justice  and  other  bureaus  of  the 
(.lovernment  where  iniestions  of  soil  clas.silication  and  determination  of  land  values 
has  been  involved.  The  stiil  maps  are  used  by  several  States  in  determininp  (he  basis 
of  taxation. 

Fertilizer  invest igalions. — For  several  years  attention  in  the  fertilizer  investipations 
has  been  directed  to  concentrated  fertilizers,  with  the  object  of  presenting  the  pcwsi- 
bility  of  nianufacturiu",'  cheaper  materials  for  the  farmer.  The  importance  of  this 
has  lieen  esju'cially  impre.s.-<ed  upon  us  l>ecause  of  the  gradual  al)sorption  into  feed  stutTs 
of  much  of  the  nitropenous  material  that  heretofore  has  been  used  in  fertilizers.  We 
are  now  working  along  the  lines  of  the  [)reparation  of  high-grade  concentrated  fertilizers 
from  low-grade  or  waste  material,  or  materials  not  hitherto  readily  a\tiilable.  The 
f)rei)arati()n  of  such  materials  is  dependent  upon  a  new  volatilization  |)rocess  for  the 
manufacture  of  ohosphoric  acid.  With  phospohric  acid  at  a  satisfactory  price,  there 
may  lie  prepared  compounds  of  ammonium  phosphate,  ammoniiun  nitrate,  ])otassium 
phosphate,  or  ammonium  potassium  phosphate,  which  may  be  mixed  with  am- 
monium nitrate  or  ammonium  chloride  from  nitro}j;cn  lixation  products  to  supply  the 
farmer  with  a  highly  concentrated  fertilizer  material. 

The  work  on  nitrogen  lixation  with  which  the  bureau  has  l>een  concerned  during  the 
last  year,  in  cooj)erati<m  with  the  Fixed  Nitrogen  l,al»oratory,  has  had  as  its  object  the 
improvement  of  processes  for  the  removal  of  ammonia  from  the  gaseous  mixture  after 
its  formation  in  the  catalytic  chamber.  One  of  the  main  difhculties  in  the  ojjeration 
of  the  so-called  Haber  pmcess  is  the  efficient  remtival  and  collection  of -the  ammonia 
afteritsformation.andin  our  work  on  this  prol)lem  we  have  discovereil  certain  .solvents 
which  give  promi.se  of  effectinp  this  removal  more  efficiently  than  has  been  i>ot<sibIe 
before.  A  small  unit,  designed  for  this  purpose,  has  l)een  constructed  and  is  being 
tried  out  ex|)erimentally  in  ct>operation  with  the  Fixed  Nitrogen  Researdi  l,at)oratory. 
In  addition  to  the  work  of  the  bureau  on  the  fixation  of  nitrogen  from  the  air.  work  is 


274  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TION    BILL,   1924. 

being  carried  on  to  discover  methods  of  utilizing  the  various  waste,  nitrogenoup 
products  which  may  take  the  j)lacp  of  some  of  the  more  expensive  nitrogen  product? 
now  going  into  feed  stuffs. 

Phosphoric  rtriV/— Investigations  on  the  utilization  of  run-of-mine  and  low-grade 
phosphate  material  have  led  to  the  discovery  that  these  materials  may  be  used  in  a 
process  for  the  volatilization  and  recovery  of  phosphoric  acid.  As  already  pointed 
out,  the  manufacture  of  concentrated  fertilizer  material  is  dependent  upon  the  volati- 
lization proce.x.x  of  making  i^hosphoric  acid  cheaply,  and  by  the  utilization  of  this  run- 
of-mine  material  a  cheaper  source  of  the  manufacture  of  this  phosphoric  acid  is  assured. 
Material  heretofore  of  little  value  has  been  utilized  for  direct  smelting  in  the  fuel-fed 
furnace.  This  material  carries  a  low  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  and  too  much 
aluminum,  iron,  and  lime  to  make  it  available  for  use  in  the  ordinary  manufacture  of 
superphosphate,  but  these  characteristics  which  are  undesiralde  in  manufacturing 
superphosphates  impart  a  good  slagging  quality  to  the  charge  used  in  smelting.  These 
experiments  carried  out  with  a  small  oil-fired  furnace  have  been  highly  satisfactory 
and  a  larger  and  improved  furnace  has  been  installed  at  Arlington  and  is  now  ready 
for  experimental  runs.  The  earlier  work  of  the  bureau  on  the  volatilization  of  phos- 
j)horic  acid  was  done  in  an  electric  furnace.  This  method  was  so  successfully 
demonstrated  that  the  process  has  been  taken  up  by  an  industrial  concern  and  furnaces 
installed  at  Anniston.  Ala.  This  company  is  now  manufacturing  phosphoric  acid  la- 
this process,  although  all  the  product  at  present  is  going  into  high-grade  chemicals 
and  medicinal  or  food  products. 

Potash. — The  Bureau  of  Soils  is  continuing  to  investigate  the  available  sources  of 
American  potash,  although  at  the  present  large  amounts  of  German  and  Alsatian 
potash  are  coming  into  this  country.  The  former  work  of  the  bureau  has  shown  a 
numbeii  of  different  sources  from  which  potash  may  be  obtained,  and  these  present  a 
potential  supply  of  such  capacity  that  the  emergency  needs  of  this  country  could  be 
met  under  conditions  similar  to  tho.se  prevailing  during  the  war.  when  the  supply 
of  (ierman  potash  was  cut  off.  Our  demonstration  of  available  American  sources  of 
potash  renders  the  position  of  this  country  secure  in  the  event  that  exorbitant  prices 
shoulcl  be  charged  for  the  foreign  material.  F'urther  research  may  develop  more 
eliicient  methods,  so  that  American  potash  may  compete  normally  with  that  from  a 
foreign  source. 

A  difficulty  experienced  in  the  use  of  American  potash  a  few  years  ago  was  the 
pres(!nce  of  deleterious  amounts  of  borax  in  .the  material  produced  from  the  Searles 
Lake  brines.  This  bureau  quickly  discovered  the  source  of  this  undesirable  material 
and  developed  methods  for  detecting  and  determining  the  quantities  of  borax  present 
in  the  potash.  After  our  order  designating  the  amount  of  borax  permissible  in  potash 
the  companies  immediately  changed  their  methods,  so  that  all  danger  from  this  source 
has  been  eliminated. 

Chemical  investigations. — The  work  of  the  Chemical  Division  is  closely  interrelated 
with  that  of  the  Soil  Survey  and  at  the  same  time  this  division  is  depended  upon  for 
the  investigation  of  fundamental  chemical  changes  taking  place  in  the  soil.  I  think 
farmers  and  all  those  engaged  in  supplying  the  farmer  with  practical  information  con- 
cerning soil  management  will  agree  with  me  that  fundamental  soil  chemical  investi- 
gations are  recpiired  before  we  can  give  certain  aspects  of  farm  practice  the  scientific 
certainty  nt^eded  to  make  farming  a  less  venturesome  business.  1  refer  particularly  to 
the  adaptation  of  crop  to  soil  and  the  u,se  of  lime  and  fertilizers. 

A  large  number  of  complete  chemical  analyses  of  soils  must  be  made  each  year  if  the 
work  of  soil  cliussilical ion  by  the  Soil  Survey  is  to  be  conducted  properly.  The  com- 
plete cliemicai  analysis  of  a  .soil  is  an  exacting  and  time-consuming  o])eration.  and 
although  \\i'  have  developed  rajtid  petrographic  methods  for  the  examination  of  certain 
Boil  constituents,  soil  analysis  forms  a  large  ])art  of  the  work  of  this  division.  From 
time  to  time  also  a  consideralde  amount  of  chemical  soil  work  on  special  ]>roblems 
inuHl  be  done  for  other  liurc^aus  in  the  (leparUnent  and  forother  departnu-nts  of  the 
(jo\ernini'iit. 

The  investigation  of  fumlamcnlal  soil  i)roce.s.ses  for  the  past  year  has  been  directeil 
chielly  to  th«'  colloidal  mutter  in  soils.  Nlethods  for  determiniiig  the  total  ((uantity  of 
colloidH  in  soils  an-  i>eing  develo])ed.  and  we  have  fouiul  that  soils  tontain  from  'i  to  'h) 
percent  of  colloidal  material  instead  of  I  to  ?.  ])er  cent,  as  some  of  the  earlier  .soil  scien- 
tittls  sujiposeil. 

Ina-imucli  us  one  kind  of  colloid  may  affect  one  properly  of  the  .soil  and  another 
colloid  alferi  uiiotlirT  property,  it  is  obviously  important  to  develop  methods  for  deter- 
mining llie  dilfereni  kinds  of  colloids  in  the' soil,  ("erlain  colloids  niav  inlluence  the 
retention  of  plant  f(M)d.  which  may  bt>  with  or  without  much  effect  (in  the  i)hvsical 
prr>i)(«rtieH  of  a  soil,  or  conversely. 

'I  his  is  a  <omi)arativeiy  unworked  field  of  soil  investigation  which  gives  promiso  of 
being  moHt  pnxhK-tiv*'  of  both  scientili*-  and  practical  results. 


A(;iiicrLT»'nAi.  appropriatiox  biij*,  uri*.  275 

Soil  111  tin-  iii\  c-ti^Miioii  i>l  •xiil  phynicM  Htu<Ii(f<  an-  iiunl*-  <»|  the  ph>xi<al 

<-hani<  !  of  thf  soil  in  tlicir  rflalimi  to  th«'  optiiiiiini  nuil  i-onilitioiin  (or  planl 

^Towtii  OiH-  of  th)'  iiii|>or(aiit  Mludii'H  in  thiH  coiitiiTtion  ix  that  of  lh<*  iti(M-haiiii-ul 
or  f«'Xtimil  r-onij)o.Mition  of  the  ooil. 

Ilfvi'iitly  a  >rn>at  a<lvan<'<»  ha*<  In-^-n  iimWc  in  th<-  ntinly  of  th«'  |)h\^iral  roinjjonition 
(»f  the  soil  in  the  n>rojfnition  of  the  vnry  important  r<M«'  which  .'«>il  <olloi(|n  play  in  it. 
A  nrw  nn'tho(|  i>  l>cinK  Icst«'<l  out  in  whi<h  arcount  is  lukcu  of  iIm-  iitiunlitv  r>f  cullnid 
prfS4'nt      Th«' work  hits  shown  that  nnuh  of  th<' nuili'riul  fornuTl  1 

and  silt  j:roups  ri^:htfully  ln>lon>;s  in  the  Kroup  of  colloids      The  f'  -, 

ao-onlinf;  to  this  new  method,  will  cxpri'ss  the  perr-rtitaKi'  of  colloid  j>r(>(M-ni  in  the 
soil.  This  will  Iw  of  imi)ortan<T.  hccjiiise  it  ha.H  lon^  U-cn  rerotjni/.e<i  that  the  phyH- 
i«-al  londition  stiitalile  fos  tillage  or  other  soil  o|MTalions  is  rIo*<4'|y  n-lated  lo  the 
rolloitl  content. 

KxpiTiincnts  have  shown  that  the  hearing  strenjfth  of  soiIh  varies  with  thf  Chanel's 
in  the  relativ*-  amount  of  <olloid  and  olln-r  >(ra<les  of  soil  material,  su(  h  as  silt  and 
sanci.  pp'Sfnt  Work  is  pn)c«HHlinK  at  prer^ent  with  a  view  to  c^ftabliiihing  the  rela- 
tions h«'tw<KMi  the  comp«wition  uiuj  variations  in  hearing  streiiKth. 

In  addition  t4>  the  funtlamenlal  rest-arches  on  the  physical  condition  of  the  <«oi!, 
n)utinc  analyses  of  mechanical  comiM>sition  are  carried  out  on  samples  of  Sfiil  collecte<l 
hy  the  .^oi I  Survey  in  order  to  assist  them  in  determining  the  claHsilic-ation  of  the 
various  .soil  typ-s.  .\side  from  the  work  done  lor  the  soil  survey  there  is  considerable 
demanil  for  work  by  other  orpinizations,  such  a^  the  Geological  .Survey,  the  Miflsisflippi 
River  I.evee  CommisKion,  the  lUireau  of  I'liblic  Roads,  and  other  agencies  Cf)ncernecl 
with  the  use  of  soil  material  in  structural  work.  The  demand  from  these  various 
sounvs  show  the  wide  applicability  of  mechanical  analysis  to  the  practical  i)roblem8 
in  relat.i«m  to  the  soil. 

In  this  division  there  are  designed  and  constructed  sjjecial  ])iece8  of  apparatus 
re(|uired  lor  the  projier  pn)secution  of  the  investigations  along  .soil  lines  and  which 
have  wide  api)licability  in  the  study  of  .>*oil  problems.  One  such  in.strument  designed, 
namely,  the  electrical  bridge,  h;u»  been  adopted  for  use  in  studying  alkali  lands,  not 
only  in  this  country-  but  in  Egypt  and  other  alkali  regions. 

The  pivsi  y<'ar  has  been  exceedingly  fruitful  in  bringing  together  the  results  achieved 
by  the  lUireau  during  it.s  (|uarter  centur>'  of  existence  into  a  modem  concept  of  the 
.•<oiI.  its  various  functional  activities,  giving  us  a  comprehensive  view  of  the  soil,  which 
has  never  been  clearly  understood  before. 

FOR    CHE.MICAL   IXVESTKJATIOXS    OF    SOIL    TYPE.S,    ETC. 

Doctor  Whitney.  The  work  of  the  cliemical  inve.stiojation.s  has 
progressed  very  satisfactorily.  I  feel  that  in  the  last  year  or  in  the 
last  two  years,  with  the  discoveries  and  investigations  Mfe  have  made 
of  the  soil  colloiils.  we  have  a  concept  of  the  soil  we  have  never  had 
before.  We  have  completed  the  separation  of  the  functional  activities 
of  the  soil  into  its  ctmiponent  parts.  Heretofore  the  world  has  been 
working  along  different  lines  of  soil  investigation,  on  chemical  lines, 
on  physical  lines,  and  on  practical  lines,  and  we  have  been  pushing 
each  (if  these  lines  along  as  far  as  we  can.  It  has  only  been  possible, 
since  our  work  on  the  soil  colloids,  to  bring  them  all  together  and 
present  a  fair  picture  of  the  functional  activities  of  the  soil  as  a  whole. 
We  know  now,  through  our  investigations,  the  differences  in  the 
functional  activities  in  this  soil  [indicating]  which  is  a  truck  .soil  and 
not  adapted  tt)  general  farming,  and  the  functional  activities  of  this 
other  soil  [indicating]  which  is  the  strongest  type  of  agricultural  soil 
in  the  country — that  is,  for  general  agriculture — and  while  there  will 
alwavs  be  a  great  deal  of  work  to  do  to  find  the  spe<'ific  faults  we  know, 
in  a  general  way,  why  these  soil  types  differ. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Can  you  tell  us  wh\'  one  soil  is  best  adapted  to 
truck  while  another  soil  is  be.st  adapted  to  grains  ? 

Doctor  Whitney.  Yes,  sir.  We  are  understanding  those  things 
in  our  present  concept  of  soils.  We  have  brought  all  of  these  things 
together,  the  physical  properties,  the  chemical  properties,  and  the 


276  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

biochemical  chancres  in  soils;  we  have  shown  their  interrelation  and 
the  control  we  have  of  them  through  drainage,  irrigation,  cultivation, 
and  cropping.  In  the  chemical  investigations  we  have  been  studying 
the  properties  of  the  soil  colloids.  It  is  the  material  that  causes  soils 
to  shrink  or  contract  when  dry  or  wet;  it  is  the  material  that  holds 
the  grains  together  and  makes  them  plastic  or  hard  when  dry,  and 
it  is  the  seat  of  the  absorbing  power  of  soils  for  moisture  and  for  gases, 
and  is  the  seat  of  the  important  chemical  changes  that  ^o  on  in  the 
soil  from  releasing  the  so-called  mineral  plant  foods  and  is  the  home 
of  the  biochemical  changes  that  are  essential  to  a  healthy  soil. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  direction  are  your  investigations  taking 
now  *. 

Doctor  Whitney.  Well,  we  have  the  material  out;  we  are  writing 
up  now  and  have  nearly  ready  for  publication  methods  for  deter- 
mining the  amount  of  colloids  in  soils.  Tliat  is  something  we  have 
never  hail  before.  There  are  some  peculiarities  about  the  methods 
due  to  some  peculiarities  about  the  colloids,  but  we  have  methods 
to  propose  for  determining  the  amount  of  colloids  in  soils.  Then  the 
constitution  of  these  colloids  is  a  subject  that  will  require  a  great 
deal  of  research. 

Mr.  Anderson.  If  I  should  send  you  a  sample  of  soil  from  Min- 
nesota what  could  you  tell  me  about  it  ?  | 

Doctor  Whitney.  I  could  tell  3'ou  the  amount  of  colloids  in  it. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  would  not  mean  anything  to  me.  j 

Doctor  Whitney.  Well,  it  would  mean  a  great  deal  to  us  in  the  ? 
advice  we  would  give  you  as  to  the  treatment  of  the  soil  and  as  to 
its  adaptation.  Of  course,  that  is  not  all.  I  am  not  claiming  that 
this  is  the  one  thing  that  makes  soils  productive  or  nonproiluctive, 
but  it  is  the  missing  Uiik  that  the  world  has  been  lookino^  for  to 
bring  all  of  these  properties  into  their  proper  relationship.  Oi  course, 
as  I  nientioneil  last  year,  we  have  a  very  small  appropriatiiui  for  the 
study  of  the  chemistry  of  soils.  We  are  not  only  working  on  the 
constitution  of  soils  but  we  are  working  on  the  composition  of  soils 
at  considerable  depth  below  the  surface.  We  are  finding  more  and 
more  tiiat  in  onhM'  to  understand  the  surface  soil  we  have  got  to  find 
out  what  there  is  in  the  deep  depths.  We  have  frei[uently  heretofore 
worked  on  material  at  6  feet  oelow  the  surface  but  now  we  want 
to  go  100  feet  or  1,000  feet,  if  we  can  get  samples.  Then  we  are 
doing  a  great  deal  of  routine  work  for  the  other  bureaus  anil  other 
di'Mjirtnients. 

Sir.  Buchanan.  Is  it  your  iiU^a  that  the  character  of  the  soil  100 
feet  deep  or  ')00  feet  deep  l\as  an  inlleunce  upon  the  surface  soil? 

Doctor  Whitney.  Yes;  we  think  it  has. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Even  though  there  are  watercourses  and  rock 
between  them  >. 

Doctor  WinTNKY.  Yes.  We  do  not  think  it  has  an  ellVct  to-ihiy, 
but  we  tliink  it  has  had  an  effect  in  the  past  ages  in  modifying  the 
present  soils  we  are  working  with. 

Mr.  Br<  MANAN.  In  past  ages  the  soil  100  feet  ilown  might  have 
i»een  surface  soil  { 

Doctor  Mauiu  t.  Doctor  Whitney  has  in  mind  the  fitrmation  of 
caliche,  whiith  is  so  abundantly  distributed  over  Southwestern  Texas, 
and  the  question  has  i)i'(>n  legitimately  raised  as  to  whether  that 
caliche,  which  is  now  close  to  the  surface  and  a  part  of  the  soil,  diil 


f  It 


AORICULTL  KAL   APPROPHIATION    llll.l^    11»24.  277 

not  come  from  very  j^reut  doptlis.     Five  lnindnMl  foot,  of  course,  is 
just  u  fi^^uro,  hut  at  loust  from  jjrojil  (lt'|)ths. 

I)()ct(tr  WiiiTNKV.  Wv  Imvc  nlkuli  salts  which  we  hfiiovo  luive 
come  from  a  very  {^real  drpfli,  iinirh  di'cpcr  ih)in  \vc  ha\i'  t-vrr  sup- 
posed heretofore. 

FOR    rilYSICAL   INVKSTICATIOXS   OF    IMroHTANT    ri{OI'KKTIE«   OF   SOII^S. 

Mr.  Andkuson.  We  will  take  up  the  next  item  on  page  193. 
Apparently  the  only  tliin;;  which  distitif/uishes  this  from  the  prec<'ding 
item  is  that  this  has  to  do  with  physical  investin;ations  ? 

Doctor  WiiiTNKY.  Yes,  sir;  out  re(juirin<^  (liircrent  methods  and 
dilferent  men,  men  of  dilferent  training,  and  it  supplements  the 
other.  Both  the  chemical  and  physical  investigations,  of  course,  are 
hased  largely  upon  our  soil  surveys. 

Mr.  Andkuson.   We  will  take  up  the  next  item  on  page  194. 

FOR    INVESTIGATION    OF    FERTILIZKR    RESOURCES. 

Doctor  Whitney.  For  the  investigation  of  fertilizers? 

Mr.  Anderson.  Yes. 

Doctor  Whitney.  We  have  had  a  very  favorable  year  in  our  work 
on  flie  study  of  fertilizer  stock,  and  fertilizer  materials.  .\s  I  have 
explained  to  the  committee,  it  is  divided  into  nitrogen  work,  phos- 
phoric acid,  potash,  and  miscellaneous  soil  amendments,  such  as 
lime,  etc..  and  we  have  made  very  good  progress.  I  think  I  told  the 
committee  last  year  that  we  have  been  working  for  some  time  on 
concentrated  fertilizers.  The  trade,  the  farmers,  and  the  experiment 
station  workers  have  all  realized  for  a  lon^  while  that  concentrated 
fertilizers  arc  cheaper  and  more  economical.  With  the  introduction 
of  nitrogen  fixation  methods,  which  started  in  Germany  and  have 
been  most  largely  developed  in  Germany — in  the  fLxation  of  atmos- 
pheric nitrogen  into  ammonia  gas — we  have  got  to  make  certain 
products  that  are  not  adapted  to  the  chemical  mixtures  that  our 
industry  has  been  putting  out  in  the  past. 

They  have  been  using  a  great  deal  of  waste  products,  and  they  have 
been  making  a  rather  dilute  form  of  acid  phosphate.  They  have 
been  making  it  with  Ki  per  cent,  whereas  the  rock  as  it  is  in  the 
ground  carries  32  or  more  per  cent.  Their  method  of  converting  the 
rock  phosphate  into  acid  phosphate  dilutes  it  approximately  one- 
half,  so  that  we  get  a  weaker  product  than  we  had  in  the  mine.  Then 
our  method  of  mining  the  rock  for  treatment  with  sulphuric  acid  has 
been  a  very  wasteful  one,  because  we  have  only  been  able  to  use  the 
purer  form  of  rock  and  have  thrown  on  the  dump  about  Go  per  cent 
of  the  phosphorus  we  have  mined.  But  with  this  methotl  of  vola- 
tilizing the  phosphoric  acid,  which  we  have  developed  in  the  bureau. 
we  are  able  to  use  the  run-of-mine  rock,  thus  saving  the  material 
that  now  goes  to  the  dump  and  cutting  out  the  expenses  of  the  origi- 
nal preparation,  because  we  use  a  lower-grade  material. 

M^r.  Andehson.  Is  anybody  using  tiiis  new  process  now? 

Doctor  Whitney.  Yes,  sir;  there  is  a  concern  at  Birmingham.  Ala., 
which  is  using  it  for  the  preparation  of  phosphorus,  for  the  prepara- 
tion of  phosphate  salts,  first  for  food  products  and  incidentally  as 


278  AGRICULTI^RAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

fertilizers,  but  their  attention  has  been  given  heretofore  to  the  prepa- 
ration of  food  or  chemical  phosphates. 

Mr.  Axdf:rson'.  What  are  you  doing  in  the  matter  of  nitrogen 
fixation  ? 

NITROnEV    FIXATION. 

Doctor  Whitney.  In  nitrogen  fixation  we  are  working  in  coopera- 
tion with  the  fixed  nitrogen  laboratory  on  methods  for  recovering 
the  ammonia  gas  from  the  gases.  We  have  been  working  on  that  for 
some  time  and  it  appears  that  we  have  a  very  successful  method  for 
separating  the  ammonia  from  the  mixed  gases  and  one  which  I 
thmk  is  likely  to  be  of  a  great  deal  of  benefit  in  its  manufacture.  That 
has  been  one  of  the  ^reat  difficulties  of  the  past.  As  to  potash,  we  are 
working  on  the  possible  methods  of  extracting  potash  from  our  waste 
materials,  from  the  iron  furnaces  and  from  the  cement  mills.  Of 
course,  we  have  dropped  the  kelp  plant,  but  we  are  working  on  some 
of  the  mineral  sources. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You /have  a  method  of  recovering  from  cement 
plants  now,  have  you  not  ? 

Doctor  WinTXEY.  Yes;  we  have  the  method.  We  have  made  a 
survey  of  the  entire  industry  but,  unfortunately,  they  have  run  into 
difficulties  in  the  separation  of  the  potash,  which  is  due  to  methods  of 
manipulation.  If  they  collect  the  dust  too  near  the  source  of  the  heat 
some  of  it  appears  to  be  bound  up  and  has  been  reconverted  so  that 
it  can  not  be  economically  extracted.  If,  however,  we  allow  the  fumes 
to  escape  and  we  have  a  dust  catcher  interposed  between  the  place 
where  we  collect  the  coarse  dust  and  the  fine  dust  we  are  finding  that 
we  can  get  a  product  that  is  almost  completely  usable.  So  that  there 
are  many  things  to  work  out  and,  apparently,  thej'  vary  with  different 
localities,  and  with  the  different  kmds  of  materials  they  use  for  ce- 
ment. We  are  satisfied  we  have  a  source  of  potash  in  this  country  if 
it  can  be  produced  at  a  low  enough  cost.  Tne  whole  question  is  the 
cost  and  tnat  means  the  details  oi  manufacture. 

FOR     SOIL     SURVEY     INVESTIGATIONS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  pext  item  is  on  page  196,  for  the  investigation 
of  soils,  etc. 

Doctor  Whitney.  That  is  the  soil  survey. 

Mr.  Anderson.  In  this  item  you  have  a  reduction  of  $48,200, 
What  is  the  idea? 

Doctor  Whitney.  I  am  unable  to  answer  that  question,  Mr. 
Chairman. 

Mr.  .Vndek.son.  Maybe  I  can  develop  it.  In  how  many  States  are 
3'ou  working  this  year? 

Doclor  Whitney.  We  are  working  in  cooperation  with  some  29 
States.     .VII   these  States  appear  to  be  verv  enthusiastic  and  very         i  i  J 
well  satisfied.  *  ' 

Mr.  A.NDKusoN.  II(.\v  inimy  will  you  hnw  lo  ciu  out  as  the  result 
of  this  retlucfioii  ? 

Doctor  Whitney.  Of  coui-se,   I   have  made  no  plans  as  to  this,         | 
•Mr.  CliiiiriUMii.      It  is  a  cut  of  about  2')  per  cent  in  our  soil  survey 
api)rot)nation.  which  would  mean  a  cut  of  nearly  ")()  j)er  cent  in  our 
fi«'ld   force. 


'   c 


A(?HI(  ri.Tl'RAI.   .XPIMIOPIII.VTIOX    MIA^   1024, 


279 


Mr.  Andkk.son.  .Vrc  thcsr  cot^pcnitiiif;  .Statr.s  putting  up  «l«»llur  f(»r 
(htlhir  or  more  tlmn  that  ( 

Doctor  WiiiTNKY.  On  the  wholf.  tlu'V  an*  piittin^j  up  moro,  or  ju.'«t 
al)ont  the  saiuc,  I  think.  Tlu'V  put  ii[)  mIxhiI  $I.')0. ()(»()  last  vcar. 
I  think  thcii-  ai)prt»priation  now  i.s  cio.sc  to  .?1. ")().()()(),  hut  not  all  wouhi 
be  iis(mI  for  litMti  work,  hocauso  thoy  rcscrvp  somr  for  llu'ir  lahoratory 
invest ifjat ions  and  thus  supplement  our  work.  They  do  that  the 
same  as  we  have  to  cnrrv  a  ••eitain  (tverhend  heri'  for  the  dirt-rtion 
and  inspection  of  the  work. 

Mr.  Andkkson.    How  mucii  of  this  sum  is  sp<'nt  in  the  field  work  '. 

Doctor  Mahiu'T.  .Vround  :<1  ()(),()()(),  or  a  little  more.  If  you  will 
allow  me.  1  will  say  that  tlu^  rest  of  that  money  is  spent  for  informa- 
tion that  is  just  as  valuable  for  the  soil  survey  jis  is  the  field  work. 
For  example,  a  {jjreat  deal  of  that  is  spent  in  carrvin};  on  investijjation.s 
in  the  field  on  the  soil  type  for  the  purpose  of  determining;  the  reac- 
tion of  the  crop  to  the  soil  type  an(l  also  the  reaction  of  fertilizer  to 
the  soil  type.  That  is  the  State  work  and.  as  I  say.  of  the  ?1. ")(),()()(), 
which  is  State  money,  some  is  spent  for  that,  but  that  is  just  as  im- 
portant for  the  soil  survey  as  is  the  field  work. 

Mr.  Andkk.son.  I  will  try  to  i;et  at  these  divisions.  Of  the 
.S1()S,2()()  of  Federal  money,  how  much  wjus  spent  on  Held  work,  how 
much  on  lai)oratorv  work,  and  how  much  on  overhead  ( 

Doctor  M  VKIUT.  The  Soil  Surv(>y  has  never  e(jui|)ped  a  laboratory. 
The  physical  analyses  of  soil  samples  is  done  by  the  Division  of  Physi- 
cal invest ifjation  of  soils  and  ino  chemical  juialysis  by  the  Division 
of  Chemical  Investio;ations  of  Soils. 

Doctor  Whitney.  We  spent  about  two-thirds  of  the  money  in  the 
field. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  wish  you  would  furnish  me  with  a  statement 
showing;  the  amount  you  spent  in  each  State  and  the  offset  of  the 
State  money  as  a<;ainst  that. 

Doctor  Whitney.   \'ery  well. 

Stdleinent  shotring  Fe<leral  mul  Stale  Junris  expeiukd  during  Jiscnl  year  19JJ  in  StaUs 

cooperating  in  soil-survey  work. 


Statp. 

Federal 
funds. 

State  funds. 

StatP                       Federal 
**"**•                      fuuds. 

State  funds. 

.Vlahama 

Ariirona 

$4,  753.  .50 

».3,9ft5.,3ti 

1,267.00 

'  .5, «».  00 

4.  4<W.  1.1 

•  S,  000.  00 

1,020.91 

4,9is.i5 

'  IS,  000. 00 

362.  .50 

9.50.  6;i 

769.  07 

.5,  172.  .53 

4,  962.  94 

2,044.10 

\  7.56. 60 

'7,500.00  ' 

1 

New  Jersey $.5,  (Hi;<.  2^ 

New  York 3,  709.  :f2 

S5y60l.8M 
1,027.6S 

Arkan.sas 

4,  (X)7. 03 
<>,  679.  ."v-* 
6,  300.  70 
1,. 517.  .59 
4.  46,5.  .5.S 
10, 779.  -29 
326.03 
.3,9KI..SS 

1,  4,57. 43 
4,  204. 2.5 

2,  939. 60 
.5..^57.93 
3, 293.  27 
5^455.16 

North  Carolina 7, 3.59.  ss 

North  Dakota 1, 9.5\  76 

Ohio .3,7S«.6«> 

OrcRon 3,  liJ.  41 

Pennsylvania                          l,;W6. 12 

6,  1 13.  44 

California 

1,7.5,3.70 

(ieorgia 

Idaho 

Indiana 

>  4,  001).  00 

>  1,.VI0.00 
1, 262. 79 

Iowa 

South  Dakota 3,  (Wl.  S6 

Tenne.ssee 2,  470.  29 

Texas 17,  722.19 

'2,50aOO 
2, 1.33. 19 

Koiiturkv 

.Maryland 

IU4(il   6.^ 

.Ma.'isachusotts 

rtah 793.  .52 

MiohiKan 

Minnesota 

West  Virginia 729.  IM 

Wisconsin 6,6I2.3S 

fifln.00 

10,146.36 

Mississippi ;... 

.Missouri ».w^- 

Nebraska »... 

«  1-23, -.fli.  .54  j        124,  I3.S.63 

'  Ksti mated. 

'  Actual  field  expenses  only.     Does  not  indnde  in»>rliead,  ins))cction  and  correlation,  ma|>  work,  and 
work  in  noncoo|)eratinK  States. 


280  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL^TION   BILL,   1924. 

COOPERATION    WITH    STATES. 


( 


J 


Mr.  Anderson.  Ajo  you  now  cooperating  with  all  tho  States  that 
have  requested  cooperation  and  are  willing  to  cooperate  in  the  matter 
of  finances  as  well  a.s  otherwise? 

Doctor  VVniTNEV.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  are  now  taking  care  of  all  the  rec}uests  ? 

Doctor  Whitney.  We  are  taking  care  of  them  but  not  as  fully  in         ' 
some  cases  as  they  would  desire  and  not  as  fully  as  their  appropria- 
tions would  warrant. 

Doctor  M.VKBUT.  The  lack,  if  we  may  put  it  so,  of  full  cooperation  . 
on  the  part  of  the  bureau  consists  largely  in  our  having  to  employ 
cheaper  men  than  the  States  employ  in  order  to  balance  up  the  same 
numoer  of  men  that  the  States  have.  The  States,  as  a  rule,  pay 
higher  salaries  than  we  do  and  we  employ  a  greater  number  of  young, 
inexperienced  men  to  balance  up  the  number  of  men  the  States  put 
in  on  cooperation.     The  deficit  lies  largely  in  that.  i 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  kind  of  people  do  you  use  in  this  work?  ' 

Doctor  Marbut.  Agricultural  college  graduates  or  college  gradu- 
ates, usually  agiicultural  college  graduates.  We  have  a  few  men 
from  other  colleges  than  agricultural  colleges. 

Mr.  Ander.son.  Do  they  have  to  have  any  special  training  in 
this  kind  of  work  ( 

Doctor  Marbut.  They  have  the  special  training  they  can  get  in        | 
this  kind  of  work,  but  there  is  no  pjjfice  in  the  United  States  where 
a  man  can  get  training  enough  for  soil-survey  work  to  go  right  in 
the  field  and  do  perfect!^'  satisfactory  work  without  previous  training. 
He  must  learn  to  do  it  by  doing.  | 

Doctor  Whitney.  And  it  takes  two  years,  at  least,  with  the  best        ^ 
man  before  he  can  be  put  in  charge  of  a  soil-survey  part}'. 

Doctor  Marbut.  Yes;  fully  two  years. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  do  you  pay  men  in  the  field  ? 

Doctor  Whitney.  Our  salaries  range  from  SI, 320  to  about  S2,300. 

Doctor  Marbut.  I  think  there  is  no  man  in  the  field  j^ctting^even 
men  who  have  been  20  yeai-s  in  the  service — a  salary  of  over  S2,280. 
Of  course,  they  have  an  allowance  for  field  expenses  in  addition. 

Mr.  Ander.son.  Under  this  reduction  what  do  you  propose  to  do  ? 
Will  you  diniinish  your  work  in  all  the  States  or  will  you  have  to 
cut  some  of  them  off  { 

Doctor  Whitney.  We  will  probal)ly  have  to  cut  a  number  of 
them  oil";  we  will  probably  have  to  icduce  and  also  cut,  because  this 
is  a  pretty  heavy  cut,  you  see. 

soil-survey  maps. 

Mr.  liucnANAN.  Is  the  only  result  of  this  appropriation  and  this 
cooperation  the  soil-survey  maps  you  produce? 

Do(t»tr  Whitney.  Well,  we  produce  the  soil-survey  maps  and  a 
report.  You  are  familiar  with  the  report  describing  the  character 
of  the  soils  ? 

Mr.  MucHANw.    It  is  attached  to  the  maps? 

Doctor  Whitney.  Ves,  sir.  In  addition  to  that  the  States  are 
interested  because  it  gives  them  a  basis  for  field  experiments  with 
regard  to  varieties  of  crons.  nu'thods  of  farming  and  fertilizer  appli- 
cation,     it  gives  them  a  basis  for  studving  that  is  h.xed  and  reliable. 


AORICULTrRAL   AI'lMUiPKIATlOX    HIM>,    l!r24.  281 

Mr.  liri  ii.WAN.  Tln'ri.  us  I  uiul«Tslatnl  it.  llu*  result  of  this  appro- 
priation is  t!u»  |)ro<In<"tiori  of  innf)s  with  the  urcompMiivint;  pxpla- 
natious  f 

Doctor  Whiim:^.    "l  cs.  Mr. 

Mr.  JiiiiiANVN.  ( >f  rourst',  my  Slati'  is  ti  cotnparativplv  now 
State,  tluit  is.  a  yoiin<;  State  from  an  agricultural  standpoint,  hut 
in  tlu'so  older  States,  \vh«*re  the  land  is  npjoniinp  inipovi-rished  hy 
eoiisfant  use.  are  they  iisini^  these  maps  to  any  extent  f 

Doctor  WniTNKY.  Oh,  yes;  they  are  usirjj^  them  in  the  older  States 
and  in  the  Western  and  newer  States.  Here  is  a  sample  map  (indi- 
catin<;l. 

Mr.  Bt  (  II  AN  AN.    I  have  seen  the  maps. 

Doctor  \\  iiiT.NKY.  This  is  a  proi^ress  mat)  of  the  soil  survey. 

Mr.  BiTHAXAN.  The  reason  I  tusked  tlie  cjuestion  was  this:  My 
county  has  heen  surveyed  and  I  have  ahout  five  or  si.\  thousand  maps 
of  it  at  my  httme.      1  have  puhlished  the  fact  that  I  have  them 

Doctor  Whitney  (interposin«]j).   You  <mly  had  2. ()()(). 

Mr.  Bi'cHANAN.  Well,  it  looks  like  five  or  six  thousand.  They  are 
stacked  up  there,  anyway.  I  puhlished  the  fact  that  I  have  them  for 
<iistril)Ution.  hut  1  ran  not  jjjive  them  away. 

Doctor  Whitney.  Have  you  taken  it  up  with  Doctor  Younj^hlood. 
who  is  in  charjie  of  the  State  (  He  looks  after  tho.se  thiiiop  in  the 
State. 

Mr.  Bic  HANAN.  1  have  not  taken  it  up  with  him,  hecause  the  maps 
are  on  the  crn)und  and  the  people  are  dowii  there  on  thejrround. 

Doctor  Whitney.  1  do  not  know  what  our  requests  are  for  that 
particular  locality.  In  what  part  of  the  State  are  you — in  the  east- 
ern or  western  part  ( 

Mr.  Buchanan    In  the  south-central  part. 

Doctor  Marbut.  Washington  County,  is  it  ^ 

Mr.  BicHANAN.  We  have  some  poor  land  there,  too.  and  we  are  not 
fertilizing;  it. 

Doctor  ALvRBUT.  I  think  you  are  rather  assuming  a  function  for  the 
Soil  Survey  that  is  not  its  most  important  function.  The  real  function 
of  the  Soil  Survey  maps,  in  addition  to  giving  the  farmer  certain 
information,  is  to  furnish  the  experiment  stations  with  a  hasis  for 
further  study  or  follow-up.  as  we  call  it,  of  the  Soil  Survey.  The 
experiment  station,  for  example,  goes  on  to  the  soils  that  are  identified 
in  Washington  County 

Mr.  BuciLvxAX  (interposing).  The  real  purpose  of  the  maps,  then, 
is  a  scientific  purpose  and  it  is  for  those  who  are  scientifically  trained  { 

Doctor  Marbit.  It  is  for  a  scientific  purpose  and  it  is  for  those  *vho 
are  scientifically  trained,  yes,  and  it  is  used  hy  those  who  are  scien- 
tifically trained  as  a  hasis  for  further  investigations  in  order  to  get 
information  that  is  directly  applicahle  to  the  farmer.  That  is  the 
object  of  the  Soil  Survey. 

Doctor  Whitney.  It  has  a  scientific  basis  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
the  Soil  Survey  map  is  relied  upon  by  settlers  who  are  seeking  informa- 
tion about  new  localities.  Then,  too,  it  is  used  by  the  banks,  the 
farm  loan  banks,  and  the  Federal  reserve  banks.  A  member  of  the 
Federal  Reserve  Bank  of  Chicago  was  in  my  office  last  week  in  order 
to  complete  his  list  of  the  maps  of  their  territory,  because  they  find 
those  maps  of  very  great  help  to  them  in  connection  with  the  banking 
business  they  do. 


i 


282  AGRICULTURAL  APPR()PRL\T10N    BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  BrciLVNAN.  My  idea  is  that  tho  soil  survey  maps,  as  far  as  the 
average  farmer  is  concerned,  are  a  failure.  Of  course,  if  they  are 
supposed  to  be  for  scientific  men  and  for  the  experiment  stations  of 
the  States  that  is  a  difTerent  proposition.  If  they  are  produced  for 
the  purpose  of  enablini;  the  scieiitilic  men  and  experiment  stations 
to  fij^ure  out  the  character  of  fertilizer  needed  for  certain  lands  that 
is  another  proposition,  but  for  the  uses  of  the  ordinary  farmer  they 
are  a  failure. 

Doctor  Whitney.  Take  the  ca.se  of  Baldwin  County,  Ala.  Lontj 
before  that  map  was  issued  we  had  requests  for  50  per  cent  more 
than  the  law  allowed  us.  We  fjet  1.000  copies.  That  means  that 
the  entire  edition  was  exhausted  in  a  week  by  reason  of  retjuests 
that  came  to  us  from  other  parts  of  the  country,  not  only  requests 
from  farmers  in  Baldwin  County,  Ala.,  but  requests  from  farmers  in 
Iowa.  New  York,  or  some  other  section  of  the  country,  farmers  who 
mav  be  tliinkinjic  of  moving.  All  of  the  department's  cjuota  goes  to 
incjuirers  of  that  kind.  Congres.smen  have  2.000  copies  and  many  of 
them  use  their  cpiota  and  many  of  them  ask  for  more. 

Doctor  Mahiut.  Mr.  Chairman,  may  I  say  a  word  ^  The  timber 
cruiser  goes  into  a  forest  and  maps  the  distribution  of  timber;  he 
makes  a  map  of  it  and  that  map  is  published.  On  that  map  should 
he  necessarily,  in  order  to  perform  his  function,  tell  how  to  perform 
the  technical  work  of  the  milling  of  that  lumber.  The  Geological 
Survey  goes — —- 

Mr.  Buchanan  (interposing).  Certainly  not,  and  that  is  hardly  a 
parallel  case. 

Doctor  Makbut.  It  is  exactly  the  same  thing. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Xo;  that  is  another  proposition  altogether. 

Doctor  Mar  BUT.  The  Geological  Survey  maps  the  geology  of  the 
Tnited  States;  it  shows  the  did'erent  formations  over  the  United 
.States;  it  does  not,  however,  go  into  a  technical  discussion  of  either 
the  quarrying  of  the  different  rocks  for  different  purposes,  for  the 
mining  or  for  utilization  at  all.  It  is  a  fundamental  thing,  and  the 
same  is  true  of  the  soil  survey.  It  is  a  fundamental  thing  to  be 
used  as  a  basis  for  furtiier  work. 

Mr.  Bucilvnan.  I  would  not  be  surprised  if  there  were  not  a  great  , 

many  maps  published  at  the  expense  of  the  United  States  which,  so         | 
far  as  practical  use  is  concerneo,  are  failures.     I  do  not  mean  that  ' 

scientilK-  men  and  scientific  colleges  would  not  make  good  use  of 
them,  but  from  my  knowled*'e  of  the  soil  survey  maps  1  do  not  believe 
that  the  average  farmer  malves  use  of  them;  at  least  he  does  not  in 
my  kcction.  and  he  does  not  in  my  county.  That  may  be  true  as  to 
fore,stry  maps  and  as  to  Geological  Survey  maps,  but  as  far  as  the 
average  nian  is  concerned  they  are  of  no  use;  out  from  a  scientific 
standpoint,  1  suppose,  they  are  all  right,  and  it  takes  a  scientist  to 
UMdt'i'>taM(l  them. 

Doctor  Makbct.  If,  however,  the  results  reach  the  farmei-s  through 
the  experiment  stations,  is  that  any  argument  against  the  funda- 
mental work  ( 

Mr.  Bi  (  HANAN.   1  a(lmitte«l  that  to  start  with. 

Doctor  Whitnkv.  You  understand  that  the  reason  you  got  those 
2.000  copies  was  because  the  law  says  you  shall  have  that  many.  We 
have  Jiothing  to  do  with  it. 

Mr.  Br(  HA.NAN.  1  am  not  making  any  particular  complaint  about 
that,  but  my  idea  is  that  if  they  are  for  the  use  of  the  general  farmer 


of 


A(ini(  II.TIKAL   AI'I'HOPICIATIO.V    HILI,,    Hr_>4.  283 

tlu'V  arc  Wjisli'tl.  I  Imvi'  alrrady  stated  llmt  ihrsr  iiin|)>  mij^ht  bi- 
of  tis(>  t(i  sci(Mitilic  iiH'ti  uiui  rxpcriiiiciil  stutiotis,  hiuI  it  may  l>i'  tluit 
tlu'  maps  will  t)ulv  Ix'  iisrful  in  lutor  yours  if  they  an*  nrcsiTvi'd. 

Doctor  Hai.i,.  You  have  Im'ch  makiiij;  a  just  criti«'ism,  l>craiisc  I 
l)clicvc  those  maps  are  not  sent  when'  they  should  he.  They  are 
!*cientific  maps  to  he  used  for  «jen»>rati(>ns  to  ronie,  hut  instead  thoy 
are  sent  out  widely  and  distrihuted  amonj;  farmers,  politieians,  and 
>torekee|)ers  who  do  n<»t   know  their  value. 

Mr.  lii(iiA\A\.  Then  n<»u  reco^ni/e  mv  criticism  f 

Doctor  Ball.  Your  criticism  as  to  their  distribution,  ves;  but 
that  distribution  is  somethin«j  over  which  we  have  no  control.  That 
distribution  is  made  by  reason  of  a  law  passed  by  Contjress  and  we 
have  no  contfol  over  it.      We  would  like  to  have  it   chanired. 

Doctor  WniTNKY.  That  is  the  point  I  was  trying  to  nnike.  that 
they  «;o  out  by  law;  we  do  not  send  them.  Let  me  say  that  these 
soil-survey  maps  siTve  a  v«>rv  useful  [)urpose  in  the  way  of  stabiliz- 
ing; the  values  of  land.  A  <j;reat  many  real  estate  deah'rs  throu<;h- 
out  the  country  are  exhibit injj  these  maps  as  a  basis  for  sellinjj  land 
and  they  have  brought  about  the  salt*  of  lands  at  somewhat  their 
real  value.  These  maps  havt*  cut  out  a  «ijood  many  of  the  fraudulent 
sales  and  misrepresjMitations.  Then  in  some  of  the  States  they  are 
beinj;  used  for  taxinor  purposes. 

Mr.  Bi'CHANAN.  It  is  stranjje  that  scientific  and  practical  minds 
always  come  in  conflict.  You  say  these  maps  aid  in  stabilizing  the 
values  of  land.  There  is  no  way  on  the  face  of  the  earth  ()f  stabilizin 
the  value  of  land  or  the  products  of  land,  because  as  the  products 
land  go  up  the  value  of  the  land  goes  up,  and  if  they  go  down,  then 
the  value  of  the  land  ^ijoes  down.     You  can  not  stabilize  land. 

Doctor  Whitney.  Well,  relatively  you  can.  If  there  is  a  swampy 
section  in  here  [indicating]  that  is  shown  on  the  map;  the  map  would 
show  that  there  was  this  swamp  there  and  that  much  of  tne  land 
was  nonproductive,  so  that  now  it  is  very  dillicult  for  a  real  estate 
agent  to  sell  that  as  productive  land. 

FOR  EXAMI.NATIOX  OK  SOILS  TO  AID  CL.VSSIFICATIOX  OF  AGRICULTURAL 

LANDS. 

Mr.  Andf.rson.  We  will  take  up  the  next  item  on  page  19S.  for 
examination  of  soils  to  aid  in  the  classification  of  agricultural  laiuls. 

Doctor  Whitney.  That  is  for  the  classification  of  agricultural  lands 
and  that  has  been  going  on  just  as  heretofore.  We  have  been  work- 
ing T^ith  many  of  the  departments,  the  Reclamation  Service,  the 
Geological  Survey,  the  Pt)st  Oflice  Department,  and  the  Department 
of  Justice. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  does  the  Post  Office  Department  have  to  do 
with  the  classification  of  lands  ^ 

Doctor  Whitney.  Well,  they  have  very  important  functions  in  land 
fraiul  cases.  They  are  calling  on  us  constantly  for  help  in  the  classi- 
fication and  examination  of  lands  to  see  wh(>ther  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  hav(>  been  broken.  We  havi'  had  several  verv  large  cases  of 
that  kind  that  have  come  up  in  the  last  few  years.  ^^  e  have  one  that 
has  been  dragging  for  over  six  or  eight  years,  and  the  Post  Office 
Department  is  still  after  the  alleged  fraudulent  us(«rs  of  the  mail. 

Doctor  Mahbut.  May  I  state  that  that  appropriation  this  year  has 
been  spent  largely  in  reconnaissance  work  ?     For  example,  in  northern 


284  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Minnesota  we  are  making  reconnaissance  surveys  for  land  classifica- 
tion at  the  reouest  of  the  State  to  determine  wEat  is  forest  land  and 
what  is  agricultural  land. 

Mr.  BuciLWAX.  Is  it  State  land  or  private  land  ? 

Doctor  Makbit.  Part  of  it  is  State  land  and  part  of  it  is  private 
land.  It  is  land.  We  do  not  inquire  as  to  the  ownership  of  that 
land  at  all. 

FOR    GENERAL    ADMINISTRATIVE    EXPENSES. 

Mr.   Anuerso.n.  On   page    199  you  have  your  general   item  for 
administrative  expenses,  which  is  tne  same  as  last  year. 
Doctor  Whitney.  Yes,  sir. 


Monday,  November  20,  1922. 

Bl'REAU  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

STATEMENTS  OF  DR.  L.  0.  HOWARD,  ENTOMOLOGIST  AND 
CHIEF;  DR.  A.  L.  QUAINTANCE,  ENTOMOLOGIST  IN  CHARGE 
OF  FRUIT  INSECT  INVESTIGATIONS;  MR.  W.  R.  WALTION, 
ENTOMOLOGIST  IN  CHARGE  OF  CEREAL  AND  FORAGE 
INSECT  INVESTIGATIONS;  DR.  W.  D.  HUNTER,  IN  CHARGE 
OF  SOUTHERN  FIELD  CROP  INVESTIGATIONS;  MR.  B.  R. 
COAD,  IN  CHARGE  OF  BOLL  WEEVIL  INVESTIGATIONS; 
DR.  JOHN  E.  GRAF,  DR.  E.  A.  BACK,  DR.  A.  F.  BURGESS,  IN 
CHARGE  OF  GYPSY  AND  BROWN  TAIL  MOTH  INVESTIGA- 
TIONS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Doctor  Howard,  do  you  desire  to  make  any  general 
statement  ? 

Doctor  HowAKi).  I  have  a  general  statement  which  I  have  prepared 
for  the  record,  if  yon  desire  to  have  it  incorporated. 

Mr.  Anderson.  It  will  be  inserted  in  the  record. 

GENERAL    ST.\TEMENT    OP    WORK. 

Tlu'  iiiim'icr  and  sr-rioiisiicss  of  the  prohlcins  ooimected  with  insect  tlaniaiie  which 
thp  foiintiv  has  to  confront  seem  to  he  incicasinjT  an(t  demand  untirinj;  work  on  the 
part  of  the  enloinoloj^iHtH  of  the  Kederal  departniont  and  tho.se  connected  with  the 
different  Slates.  The  lnid},'et  for  thi;  li.scal  year  I9J4  lias  been  restricted  to  the  lowest 
l)a«Hil)Ie  limit  and  shows  a  decrease  of  $JUJ  from  the  amount  approjiriated  for  the 
current  fiscal  year.  There  is  an  increa.se  of  .^lli.OOO  (re])resented  hv  the  reijuested 
increases  of  $•_'.'). ()(K)  for  deciduous-fruit  insects,  $.5,000  for  forest  ins?cts.  and  $i;?.000 
for  truck-croji  in.sectsi,  l)Ut  this  is  more  llian  offset  l>y  a  reduction  of  ?!1,.')()0  in  the 
statutory  roll  and  $;{!!. J!»2  in  the  workiu},'  funds  of  the  "  rreventinp;  spread  of  moths" 
appropriation. 

WORK  ON  THE  MAIN  PROBLEMS  OK  THE  YEAR. 

JafxuiiMi  />rW/.  -  Work  a;:3iii.st  the  .lajianese  beetle  is  beinp;  vigorously  prosecuted, 
in  coopt  :.ition  \<,\l\i  the  .New  .'ersey  and  l'eniis>  Ivania  State  departments  of  a;;ri- 
culiure.  ,\  K<-dcral  <piarantine  (No.  48)  and  (luarantines  liy  the  States  of  New  .lersey 
and  I'eiiiisylvania  are  Ix-in^  operated,  refiulatinjj  interstate  and  intrastate  traMic. 
Necj'MHury  ntli-ntion  is  lieinn  jjiven  to  the  inspection  of  veijctaide  products,  especiallv 
sweet  corn,  which  is  most  likely  to  dislrilmti-  liie  l.cfllcs.  l>uriu;^'  ihe  seiuson  of  lit.'J, 
SOUK-  '.;o.'»  (MMI  li;Hk<t>  iif  corn  were  inspected  and  more  than  ■|,(ioo  l>eclles  removed 
from  within  llie  tips  of  the  ear-s,  some  of  which  numlxr  niii^dii  oilierwis.'  luvv(>  been 


I 


II 


f 


A(;UI('ULTl'RAI,  AITROPIUATION    HIIJ^    H>24.  285 

(listrihutod  uIouk  with  llio  corn  l<»  |H)intH  inoro  or  l»*fw  ri'inotr  fn»m  ihi*  itifiwlcl  an-a. 
Active  BCOiititiK  work  to  dotiTininf  tin*  limilw  of  iiif<'?<lution  of  thi«  iM-nt  liaA  l>oen  rarriinl 
on.  covorinB;.Hoin«»  4<X)  H<nuin>  inilfM.  with  thn  n'»»tili  that  thf-n-  wax  foniul  to  bo  inf«f<t«»«| 
api»roximal<'ly  2\'.i  8<|Uiin'  niil<'f<  in  \i«w  .Ii'pm'V  and  .')7  M'|uar«'  mil*-?*  in  I'onnMvlvaniu 

AloriK'  with  the  (|uariintin<>  work  l>ioloi;l«;il  Mtiidi**  of  thf  in-o'vt  ha\  <•  hi-i-ri  |'  ■  >i 

with  tnufh  Hiicct'HH.     Invosiiniitioii."*  of  iii.««'cticidi>?<  and  nifthixlM  i>i  rmiirol  )i  ■  n 

Kiv(>n  a  proniinont  phuv,  itictudini;  thf  tr<'  ilnwiit  of  tlio  >;riil>H  in  the  i*oil.  u»m-  oi  ]f\    ■!> 
and  r('i>i'lhintsHpr.iy«'<|  on  foliiii;<>.  th»>  <iiwiruriion  of  th»>  t'rulw  hy  airriiidtnral  n)«>thii<lH. 
otr.     Muili  iitlcntion  has  IxM'n  K'^'f'i  ♦"  '''•'  inHptn-tion  of  nnrwry  Ht<K-k  in  th«'  infmted 
t(>rritorv,  and  proviriion  made  for  moWnK  thin  wht>n  ixxwiblo  undor  thn  qitarantinn 
roixuhitioiiH 

A  liiru'f  ninnlxT  of  panirtitos  of  llic  .lapuni'sr  Ix-t'th'  huvo  lici-n  ini|K»rt<-<|  from  Japan. 
Thi\><e  aro  boini;  propa;;at«'<|  and  cxttMLsivc  lilMTationn  of  the  i»anu<ito«  will  lu-  rna<lo 
in  the  Hpring.  \n  investigation  of  parasites  in  other  jmrts  of  tne  world  than  Jafian  in 
pianntnl.  in<-liidini;  an  many  regions  as  [Kxwildi'  whoro  tin-  .Fajmnfflo  JK'etlo  or  itn  nr-ar 
rolativ»>H  arc  known  to  occur. 

Furopfiiii  corn  futrer. — -In  .Xii^Mmt.  1!I21.  the  corn  l>orcr  wa*»  di.-M-ovcrod  to  havo  bo- 
como  di8tril)Ut«Hl.  probably  by  fli^rht  from  Ontario,  alon^'  tho  cut  ire  Hoiithcrn  shore 
of  Lake  Krie  in  PonnHylvania!  Ohio,  and  Mif-hi^fan.  In  order  to  «tudy  the  infle<-t  in 
it.s  new  environment,  a  tield  lal>oratory  waw  established  at  Sandusky.  Ohio.  Head- 
cpiarters  for  the  scouting:  work  and  the  inspei-tion  and  certilication  of  crojifl  were  alno 
eatalili.sheii  at  ('lev«>lan(i  and  Toledo.  Durini:  the  summer  of  1!''J2  very  little  chaii>re 
hai«  occurriMl  in  the  distribution  of  the  insect  in  fhe  regions  mentionecl.  alfhouirh  a 
elierht  spread  into  contiffuous  tertiitory  ha«  been  ol>served.  No  rommercial  damage 
has  yet  become  a])parent  there,  but  it  is  fearetl  that  serious  damape  to  the  corn  crop 
will  result  within  a  few  years  if  the  insect  is  not  kept  in  check  by  timely  action  on 
the  part  of  agricultural  workers.  In  the  western  New  York  area,  near  HutTalo.  an 
extensive  eastward  sprea<l  occurre<l  during  the  fliirht  season  of  the  moths  this  year. 
The  edpe  of  this  infestcKl  area  now  coincides  with  the  eastern  border  of  Wyoming 
t'ounty.  A  slight  increase  in  the  amount  of  injury  to  corn  was  noted,  but  the  losaen 
incurred  are  not  yet  of  a  very  serious  character.  In  eastern  New  York  little  change 
has  been  noted.  The  spread  has  been  slight  and  the  intensification  of  injury  almost 
imperceptiitle. 

In  Mas.sachu.seltts,  where  the  corn  borer  has  two  broods  per  annum,  a  very  con- 
siderable increast'  in  injury  to  garden  crops  in  general,  an<l  especially  to  celery,  beets, 
and  beans,  has  occurred.  Serious  injury  has  also  been  observed  on  certain  flowering 
plants  grown  for  market  purposes,  such  as  gladioli,  dahlias,  a.-^ters,  and  chry,«an- 
themums.  A  very  marked  and  exten.sivc  dispersion  by  flight  has  occurred  in  New 
llamixshire.  Khode  Island,  and  Maine  during  the  late  .summer  a.s  a  result  of  the  dense 
character  of  the  infestation  in  the  areas  existing  immediately  surrounding  Boston. 

The  research  work  on  the  corn  borer  has  been  vigorously  pressed  to  detcnuine 
practicable  means  of  control,  and  a  farmers'  bulletin  giving  the  results  of  these  investi- 
gations is  ill  press.  This  will  contain  recoinineiulalions  lor  the  control  of  the  pest, 
chiefly  by  means  of  changes  in  agronomic  practice  and  the  consumption  of  the  infested 
crops  in  a  manner  to  destroy  the  insects  contained  in  them.  Investigations  l(X)king 
toward  the  discovery  of  an  elHcient  insecticide  are  being  conducted,  but  as  yet  do 
not  promise  success.  The  fumigation  of  dried  crops  for  possible  movement  from  the 
infested  areas  has  received  much  attention. 

The  work  of  introducing  the  natural  enemies  of  the  corn  l)orer  from  Kurope  has 
progres-'^ed  rapidly,  and  more  than  1, ()()(), t)(K)  individuals  of  a  single  promising  species 
of  parasitic  wasp  have  been  liberated  in  Massachusetts  during  the  past  summer.  At 
present  another  distinct  species  is  being  propagated  with  similar  treatment  in  view. 
Several  additional  in.sect  parasites  have  been  discoveriKi,  which  it  is  believed  may 
function  beneliciary  when  introduced  into  Ameri<a. 

Cotton  boll  wenil. — Excellent  pro^re.ss  hius  been  made  in  the  control  of  the  Im)II 
weevil  by  the  calcium  arsenate  dust.  \'ery  many  planters  have  used  this  procees 
with  prolital)le  results  during  the  year,  and  it  has  l)een  constantly  simpliliiHi  and  cheap- 
ened and  adapte<I  to  different  regions.  Hxperiments  have  l)een  made  in  the  use  of 
the  airplane  which  show  that  in  this  way  the  amount  of  iv)ison  i-an  be  cut  in  half  and 
which  indicate  the  possible  use  of  this  instrument  for  dusting  on  large  plantations  or 
in  regions  of  almost  continuous  cotton  culture  and  suggest  that  it  may  come  into  play 
in  community  service. 

The  general  feeling  throughout  the  regions  where  the  boll  weevil  has  been  present 
for  several  vears  is  one  of  encouragement.  an<l  it  has  been  shown  in  many  cases  that 
by  the  application  of  cultural  methods  recommended  by  the  department  even  the 
small  planter  on  comparatively  poor  soil  may  raise  cotton  under  boll  weevil  conditions 
at  a  profit. 


286  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,    1924. 

Meciran  bean  beetle. — Inve^ti^tioos  on  the  Mexican  bean  beetle  have  been  contin- 
ued in  the  southeastorn  United  States,  jmncipally  in  Alal)aina.  the  work  being  spe- 
cially devoted  to  control  methods.  Arsenicale  of  all  tvpes  have  l^een  tested  and  will 
l>e  continued  in  cooperation  with  entomologists  of  all  infested  States  in  relation  to 
injury  to  l)ein  plants  and  to  the  destruction  of  the  insect.  Biologic  studies  liave  been 
continued,  a  proinisiiit;  tachinid  parasite  has  been  imported  from  Mexico,  and  efforts 
are  bein;;  ma<k'  to  colonize  it  during  the  next  year.  The  beetle,  first  reported  in 
Alai)ama  in  1;»20.  has  since  invaded  Georgia,  Tennessee.  Kentucky.  Virginia,  and  the 
Carolinas.  and.  at  the  present  rate  of  spread,  will  soon  reach  Indiana.  Ohio,  and  West 
\'irginia,  and  probably  Mississippi.  ])esided  increasing  its  range  in  all  of  the  States 
first  mentioned.  In  the  Kstancia  Valley  of  New  Mexico  the  ravages  of  this  beetle  are 
enormous  and  growers  are  asking  the  department 's  aid. 

Gi/)-iij  moth  and  brotm-tail  moth. — At  the  beginning  of  the  fiscal  year  the  work  was 
resumed   with  an  a])pr<»priation  of  $400,000,   while  $500,000  was  really  needed   to 

Srojierly  carrv  out  the  bureau  s  program  of  restricting  the  spread  of  the  gipsy  moth  in 
ew  Kngland  and  to  follow  u])  the  exterminative  measures  inaugurated  in  the  large 
infested  area  in  New  Jersey,  as  well  as  treatment  of  small  colonies  in  New  York  State. 
When  additional  funds  became  available  on  May  11,  the  work  was  at  once  enlarged 
and  vigorously  j)rosecut('(l.  though  the  results  were  seriously  interfered  with  by  the 
abnormal  heavy  rainfall  during  June.  A  colony  of  gipsy  moths  found  at  Greenport, 
lx)ng  Island,  and  a  small  colony  at  Patchogue,  Long  Island,  were  carefully  treatetl 
and  sprayed.  Five  small  colonies  in  other  localities  in  New  York  were  carefully 
inspected  and  treated  and  no  infestation  was  discovered  this  year.  It  is  therefore 
believed  that  the  in.sect  has  been  exterminated  in  these  colonies.  The  nine  isolated 
colonies  in  New  Jersey  ai)pear  to  have  been  eradicated  as  no  infestation  has  been  found 
in  any  of  them.  These  areas  will  be  rescouted  another  season  and  treated  if  infesta- 
tion develojjs.  The  Somerville  (N.  J.)  infestation  was  thoroughly  scouted  by  lat* 
spring,  though  insufficient  funds  made  i#  impossible  to  accomplish  the  amount  of 
cutting  work  desirable  on  several  river  bottom  areas.  While  a  large  amount  of  spraying 
was  done  in  New  Jersey  it  proved  less  effective  on  account  of  almost  continuous  and 
heavy  rains  during  May  and  June.  The  work,  however,  resulted  in  a  sharp  decrease 
in  the  number  of  caterpillars  over  the  previous  summer,  and  in  no  place  in  the  State 
was  there  any  serious  ciefoliation  by  the  gh^sy  moth.  No  trace  of  the  insect  has  been 
found  in  the  area  jjreviously  infested  in  Pennsylvania. 

()n  July  1,  1922.  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board  placed  under  quarantine  for  the 
giix^y  moth  additional  areas  in  New  England,  representing  a  total  of  3,C45  square  miles; 
on  the  other  hand,  several  towns  were  released  from  quarantine  as  no  infestation  was 
found  at  the  time  they  were  examined. 

Some  scouting  has  been  done  along  the  border  of  the  brown-tail  moth  infestation, 
and  as  a  result  of  this  work  a  heavy  decrease  in  infested  areas  during  the  year  has  been 
noted.  Two  tiiou.sand,  three  hundred  and  forty-two  square  miles  have  been  released 
from  quarantine,  including  areas  in  Maine,  \'ew  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  and 
Rho<ie  Island. 

The  parasite  investigations  have  l)een  enlarged  by  the  dispatch  of  one  expert 
assistant  to  Ja|)an  and  one  to  Kiir()i)e.  These  men  wili  make  a  careful  study  of  gipsy- 
moth  comlit  ions  in  th('se  countries  and  ship  parasites  and  other  natural  enemies  to 
Americ"a.  It  is  hojx'd  that  information  may  be  obtained  as  to  the  causes  of  the  tluctu- 
ation  of  the  insect  in  its  original  homes,  which  knowledge  may  be  hel])ful  to  us.  The 
parasites  and  other  natural  enemies  of  the  gipsv  moth  and  brown-tail  moth  already 
eBtal)liHhed  in  New  Kngland  are  being  found  in  large  numbers  in  some  localities. 
Uolonization  work  has  been  contiinied  ami  areas  in  all  infested  States  received  ])lant- 
'\n\p^  of  parasites  where  thcne  did  not  occur  there  before.  The  temi)erature  during  the 
wint<'r  was  extremely  low  in  many  sections  of  New  Englaml.  resulting  in  the  failure 
to  hatch  of  many  egg  dusters  of  the  gii>sy  moth.  Defoliation  therefore  has  been 
less  than  in  previous  years,  particularly  in  the  localities  where  the  egg  clusters  were 
laiil  high  on  the  trees  and  not  protected  (hiring  the  winter  by  snow  or  ice, 

OTHER   INVKSTIOATIONM. 

In  addition  lo  ih*-  main  pests  nuntioned  al  o\e,  notable  jirogiess  has  been  ma<le  in 
the  «-ttnn»aign  for  the  suppression  of  th«'  |)liim  cnrculio  in  the  iieorgia  ]>each  belt  and 
also  in  North  Carolina,  The  u.se  of  paradichlombenzene  for  the  control  of  tlH>  peach 
borer  has  become  (piite  general  among  coniniercial  peach  orchardisis  and  has  resulted 
in  larv'e  sa\  inu't*  in  the  co.m  oi  control  of  this  insetl.  .Manv  practical  points  have  been 
discovered  in  ili<.  work  on  the  codling  nioth  in  the  Pacilic  Northwest,  A  new  sjirav 
has  lnH-M  developed  for  the  San  Jo.se  scale  winch  is  t'.xjieciallv  applicabh-  in  the  Ozark 
n»sfion  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas  as  well  as  in  southern  Illinois  ami  Indiana,     This 


Ai:..i^  1  l/nilAL   Al'l'HOPRIAl  M..N    ull-l.,    l.C'l.  287 

coiiflistH  of  a  2  pur  cent  oll^iuc  oil  thuruuKhly  oiuiilflifKHt  with  |>oLajili-fiith-oi|  noap  aiul 
i8  u.himI  om  a  dormant  trratmnit  for  (h<<  Hcain,  coHliiig  about  oii«  half  litw  than  the 
Ht^iinlurd  liiuc  Hul])hur  \va.Mh 

StudicH  of  th»'  .MorKlmm  mid^'«-,  tlic  xo-callfd  (;rt'<«ri  \>\ni  of  {iti-uI  jtojih  in  th<*  South 
\vt*Mt,  and  of  the  n('.'«<ian  ll\ ,  havr  Ix-ru  contitnu'd  with  •'xcfllcnt  rcttulLi.     ( »rufleiho|i|MT 
investiRatioiiH  w(»r(<  i-arriod  on  in  Wyoming,  NfonUna,  and  North  Dakota,  om  wpII  a-  m 
(Iropon,  raliforniu,  Arizona,  and  T«'xa.M      r'lirthcr  provT''"*"  ^'nn  niado  toward  tho  <  "M 
trol  of  th«'  alfalfa  wi-evii   l>v  a  tnetiuHi  of  diiHtin^;  with  arm-nii-alM  whirh   |iri>rni-4<v-< 
.'<inii>l<'r  and  cheaper  control      Work  ha^  lieen  continued  with   '  in- 

cludinj;  the  horn  worm,   Ilea  lieetle,   Innlwonn.  an<l   toliacio  tin  .villi 

suear-cane  in.HCi-t.s 

In  forcst-iiuM'ct  fontn)l,  a  verv  fllriking  c«M)perativt'  hit  of  work  ha.s  heen  crarrieil  on 
in  the  Northwent  a)^int<t  th«>  yellow  pine  hark  hectic.  In  thia  work  the  Fore«t  Service 
the  National  I'arkw  Service,  tfie  office  of  In«lian  .Vffairx,  and  JiHsociutioiLs  of  private  own- 
ers ha\e  ciH)perat«Ml,  and  diirinj;  the  .spring;  r)f  IIL'J  coiitml  work  wa.H  carried  on  in  the 
Klamath  re<;ion  of  Ore^fon  which  pronu.><e.H  to  ^'iv«'  resulf.s  of  ^jreat  valne. 

The  work  on  the  .sweet  potato  weevil  erudn-ation  ha.M  heen  continued  in  I'Morida, 
Cieorgia,  Alaiiania,  and  Mi.'viH^ippi,  with  very  favorahlo  rcuulta  in  the  (irHt  three 
States.  In  Mi.'wi.s.si])i)i,  however,  a  nund)cr  of  now  infe.statinna  have  heen  reported 
The  pea  aphif,  whicti  hius  hecoine  a  .^eriouH  ju'.st  in  recent  vearH,  esiK'cially  in  New 
York,  California,  ami  \\'iHeon!<in,  on  cannery  pea.^,  ha.s  heen  inten-sively  .stuilied,  an<l 
there  if<  every  prwpect  of  the  workinj;  out  of  a  cheaj)  and  satisfactory  metho<i  for  it^ 
control.  A  newly  imported  potato  and  tomato  weevil  has  made  ita  appearance  in 
Mississippi  and  is  heinj;  intensively  studied. 

The  experts  enj^'^god  in  the  invest ij^it ion  of  insects  a ffectine  stored  products  have 
Iteen  at  work  upon  the  in.sects  attacking  wheat,  corn,  and  other  grains  in  farmers' 
liins,  warehouses,  p™*"  cars,  ships,  ami  elevators.  Intensive  studies  have  ln'cn 
made  of  the  Angoumois  grain  moth,  or  fly  weevil,  that  has  done  much  damage  to  the 
litliJ  crop  of  winter  wheat  in  the  Eastern  States.  Investigations  have  heen  carried 
on  in  cooj)en»tion  with  the  Bureau  of  (Chemistry  to  discover  a  more  satisfactory  fumi- 
gant  for  grain  cars,  and  studies  have  heen  made  of  weevils  attacking  heans,  i>eas,  and 
cowpeas  in  storage.  Inst>cts  affecting  fahrics  made  of  wool,  hair,  furs,  ancl  feathers 
have  heen  stu<iied. 

Many  important  studies  have  heen  continued  with  reference  to  hee  culture,  all  the 
prohlems  of  imi>ortance  to  practical  beekeeping  being  borne  in  mind. 

THE    DECREASES    SUBMITTED. 

The  amount  for  statutory  salaries  is  reduced  in  the  estimates  by  $-t,000,  which  is 
explained  by  the  fact  that  five  preparator  i)laces  at  $840  have  been  dropped. 

The  amount  submitt<'d  for  the  investigations  of  the  gipsy  moth  and  brown-tail 
moth  is  $')31,00(),  which  is  an  apparent  decrease  of  .ffJQ.OOO  from  the  amount  aj»pro- 
priated  h\st  winter.  However,  as  .$100,000  of  the  amount  apj)ropriated  last  year  was 
set  aside  as  immediately  available,  on  account  of  the  lateness  of  the  season  only 
tt  portion  of  it  was  spent  before  the  end  of  the  fiscal  vear,  leaN-ingan  actual  decrease 
of  $39,292.  This,  with  the  decrease  of  .statutory-  salaries  ($4,200)  is  $43,492.  which 
shows  a  total  decrease  of  estimates  from  last  year's  appropriation  of  $492. 

THE    INCREASES    SUBMITTED. 

Under  deciduous  fruit  insects,  an  increase  of  $25,000  is  requested,  $20,000  of  which 
is  to  provide  for  the  strengthening  of  the  work  against  the  Japanese  beetle.  The  ra{>id 
spread  of  this  beetle  ami  the  tremendous  increase  in  its  destructivene.ss  durinj;;  the 
past  year  have  so  increased  the  i)roblem  of  its  control  that  an  entire  reor^r-mization 
of  the  work  will  be  necessary.  It  is  projKwed  to  abandon  the  project  of  certification 
and  inspection  of  fielil  crops,  such  as  sweet  corn,  etc.  The  area  of  infestation  now 
includes  so  many  large  nurseries  that  the.  expense  of  inspecting  nursery  stock  will 
require  all  the  funds  available  for  in-senction,  leaving  the  increase  asked  for  to  provide 
for  the  extension  of  research  work  ana  the  develo])ment  of  control  measures.  If  the 
continuation  of  the  field  inspection  work  is  to  be  considered,  this  will  neOd  to  be  done 
on  an  entirely  different  basis  from  that  in  effect  at  present  and  will  involve  much 
larger  sums  of  money  than  this  appropriation  ])roviiles. 

The  other  $'»,000  of  the  $2"),(K)0  asked  for  will  be  exjiended  in  the  investiiiation 
of  pecan  insects,  especially  the  green  soldier  bug  and  the  pecan-nut  case  borer  which 
have  recently  become  seriously  destructive  in  Georgia  and  Florida.  This  investi- 
gation is  urgently  demanded  by  pecan  growers  in  the  Southeastern  States. 

22028—22 19 


288  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

An  increase  of  $5,000  is  asked  for  forest-insect  investigations.  Of  this  amount  it  is 
proposed  to  expend  $2,500  for  experiments  with  methods  for  iireventing  losses  from 
timber-boring  insects,  includin;,'  studies  of  tlie  treatment  of  green  logs  with  chemical 
mixtures  and  in  other  ways,  and  other  practical  methods  of  handling  forest  products 
to  prevent  insect  damages.  Work  of  this  character  was  begun  on  a  small  scale  in 
(ieorgia,  South  Carolina,  and  Virginia,  and  has  resulted  already  in  great  savings  in 
limber. 

The  remaining  .$5,500  will  be  spent  in  a  special  study  of  insects  affecting  shade  trees 
and  hardy  shrubs. 

Under  the  head  of  insects  affecting  truck  crops  and  stored  products  an  increase  of 
$13, (MM)  is  asked.  Of  this  amount,  $4,000  will  be  spent  in  an  investigation  of  pea 
aphis  injury  to  <"annery  peas,  which  will  be  carried  on  at  the  urgent  request  of  the 
National  ('anners'  .\s.sociation  and  of  many  growers  of  peas  for  canning  purposes. 

Three  thou.sand  dollars  will  be  spent  in  the  study  of  the  new  Irish  potato  and  tomato 
weevil  in  Mississippi.  This  is  an  insect  pest  entirely  new  to  this  country,  recently 
accidentally  introduced,  and  it  should  be  intensively  studied,  since  it  may  possibly 
become  a  serious  pest. 

Three  thousand  dollars  more  of  this  amount  will  be  spent  in  the  study  of  insec-ts 
affecting  textile  fabrics.  Ver\'  little  research  work  on  this  group  of  insects  has  been 
possible  up  to  the  present  time,  on  account  of  lack  of  funds. 

The  remaining  $3,000  will  be  spent  in  the  study  of  the  effect  of  low  temperatures 
upon  the  life  of  insects  that  attack  articles  placed  in  cold  storage.  The  department 
so  far  has  been  unable  to  give  authentic  data  to  business  firms  making  incjuiries  in 
this  direction. 

SALARIES. 
REDUCTION    IN    STATUTORY   ROLL. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  take  up  first  the  item  for  yonr  statutory 
roll.     There  appears  to  be  a  reduction  of  S4,200  in  that  item. 

Doctor  Howard.  We  drop  out  five  entomological  preparatoi-s. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  all  oi  those  places  vacant  now  ( 

Doctor  Howard.  Nearly  all  of  them  are  vacant,  j^es;  because  wo 
can  not  get  anybody  to  work  for  that  salary. 

FOR    deciduous    FRinX    INSECTS    INVESTIGATIONS. 

JAI'ANE.SE    BEETLE. 


i 


t 


The  next  item,  on  page  202,  calls  for  an  increase  of  $25,000. 
Doctor  Quaintance  will  explain  that  item. 

Mr.  Andej{SO\.  For  what  purpose  do  you  want  that  increase  I  * 

Doctor  QuAiNTANCE.  Mr.  Chairman,  that  is  to  enlarge  the  work.  | 
and  c.s|)('(ially  the  research  features  of  the  work.  Tlie  Japanese 
hectic  is  proving  to  be  a  very  troublesome  insect.  We  are  carrying 
on  investigations  along  various  lines  and  we  need  additional  funds 
to  successfully  prosecute  these.  We  are  handling  nursery  inspection 
and  scouting  work  also  under  the  research  allotment.  The  territory 
covered  l)^-  the  Ix-ctic  is  raj)i(lly  increasing,  being  now  ahnost  twice 
as  much  as  last  year. 

Mr.  Andkrsox.  This  is  the  bug  tliat  attacks  the  soya  bean  ^ 

Doctor  (.|i  AiNTANCK.  Xo;  that  is  the  Mexican  i)ean  beetle  in  the 
South.  This  Jaj)anc.s('  hectic  is  located  around  Phihulclj)hia  and 
itdiacent  New  Jersey. 

Sfr.    Iir<  nAN.\N.   What   docs  it   attacks 

Doctor  C^iALNTAN(  K.  It  attacks  a  large  variety  of  plants;  it  is 
especially  injurious  to  fruit  and  shade  trees,  and  infests  certain  field 
«rops  like  sweet  corn  and  certain  other  vegetables.  This  increase  in 
funds  is  needed  to  increa.s<>  the  research  work  and  the  inspection  of 
nursery  stock,     'i'here  are  a  nuinher  of  important  activities  to  provide 


ACRK  ri.TritAi.  APPRornrATiox  hii.u  I'-'i*.  289 

for.  us  additioniil  sroutinj;  work.  In  MsciTtiiin  tlu»  fiirtlior  sprrjul  of 
tin*  ins«'ct,  Hs  wt'll  Hs  («»  iiicn'asr  ccrtuiri  proji'cts  of  rrs<«arfli  <l«'Hliri;; 
with  inspcticidcs.  disinfection  <»f  nursery  stock,  and  to  cnlnrj;c  the 
s«>arch  for  parasites  from  foreign  c(Hintrics. 

Mr.  Andkkso.n.   W  here  is  this  hu^  h>cated  now  '. 

Doctor  QiAiNTANc  K.  It  o<'curs  in  the  rejjion  of  IMiihidelphia. 
Here  is  Phihidelphia  County  i  indicating;  on  map):  here  is  the  Dehiware 
Kiver  an<l  this  part  is  New  Jersey  iindicate<h.  The  iii'^e<-t  is  on  hoth 
sides  of  the  river.  This  (it)dicatin;;)  represents  the  territory  infested 
in  1021.  270  .scpiare  iniUvs;  the  i;reen  area  represents  the  11122  area, 
which  is  773  square  miles. 

There  are  several  nurserio  iii  ilial  lcrriiur\.  ."-"onic  of  the  hir;;e-,t 
nurseries  in  the  I  niled  Stales  are  near  Phihidelphia  and  are  hx  ated 
wliere  those  {greenish  spots  appear  on  this  niaf)  <  lose  to  the  infested 
area.  The  nui-serynien  themselves  are  very  much  perturlx-d  ahout 
the  effect  this  insect  may  have  uj)on  their  nnrserv  husiness,  especinllv 
in  the  view  of  the  tyf)e  of  stock  they  <;row.  They  propa;;at«'  manv 
ornamental  plants,  especially  everjjreens.  and  these  must  have  aroun(f 
the  roots  a  small  hall  of  earth  so  that  they  will  live  when  replanted. 
Now,  this  insect,  in  o!H' of  its  stai;«'s,  is  a  ^ruh,  like  the  common  white 
^rul).  It  mav  jret  into  the  soil  around  the  roots  of  the  nurserv  .>to<k. 
It  is  almost  impo.ssihle  to  disinfect  these  balls  of  earth  and  ship  them 
out  safely.  One  important  reason  for  askin<;  an  increase  in  this  item 
is  for  research  work  to  ascertain  a  method  of  doinj;  awav  with  the 
halls  of  earth  around  the  nurserv  stock,  or  of  treating  them  so  that 
they  ean  be  shipped  and  replanted  with  succe.ss.  We  have  installed 
in  some  apparatus  that  lowers  or  raises  the  temperature  suddetdv. 
We  have  been  putting  the  plants  through  that.  We  have  been  usiiig 
<;ases  and  solutions  of  various  sorts.  We  have  been  doing  this  in  the 
hope  of  showing  the  practicability  of  safely  replanting  coniferous 
stock  with  earth  removed  from  the  roots.  It  is  estimated  that  this 
insect  will  soon  afTect  nursery  interests  valued  at  S 10, ()()(). ()()()  or 
S20,0()0.000,  and  we  are  anxious  to  do  something  this  year  for  the 
nurserv  trade  in  that  section  of  the  countrv. 


KEDERAI.    AND    STATE    QCARANTINES. 


Mr.  Andkksun.   Is  a  (juarantine  now  maintained  against  this  area  ^ 

Doctor  QiAiNTANCE.  There  are  Federal  and  State  (|Uarantines  on 
now;  yes. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  does  that  operate  and  what  does  it  operate 
against '. 

Doctor  QiAiNTANCE.  It  involves  the  produce  likelv  to  distribute 
the  insect,  especially  the  sweet  com  in  this  area.  The  adult  beetle 
has  the  habit  of  entering  the  tip  of  the  ear;  the  ear  ^\  hen  pulled  off  is 
sent  to  market  in  baskets.  We  inspect  all  of  the  sweet  corn  from  the 
territory  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  spread  of  this  beetle  to 
distant  places,  but  permit  the  produce  to  go  to  local  markets  where 
the  insect  occurs.  Ninety  per  cent  of  this  corn  goes  into  the  Phila- 
delphia market.  We  have  foinul  some  four  or  live  thousanil  beetles 
this  year  in  the  tips  of  ears  of  sweet  corn,  and  if  we  had  not  found 
them  the  chances  are  that  some  of  them  would  have  been  .scattered 
long  distances.  Our  principal  concern  is  to  prevent  the  long-distance 
spread  of  the  l)«'etle,  realizing  that  we  can  not  prevent  its  normal 
spread  frt)m  year  to  year. 


290  AGRICULTUR-\L  APPROPRIATION   BILL,    1924. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  There  is  no  known  method  of  eradicating  it? 

Doctor  QuAiNTANCE.  No.  The  nature  of  the  country  in  this  area 
is  such  that  it  would  be  impossible.  It  is  thickly  settled  with  small 
properties:  it  is  a  suburban  district  and  it  can  not  be  done. 

^Ir.  Andkrsox.  To  wliat  extent  has  it  interfered  witli  the  growth 
of  truck  crops  and  other  crops  in  that  district? 

Doctor  QuAiXTAXCE.  It  has  caused  a  material  interference  with  the         i 
jnowth  of  peaches  and  apples.     The  beetles  are  out  on  the  wing  as  j 

peaches  are  ripening  and  as  early  apples  are  ripening;  the  beetles 
collect  on  the  fruit  and  spoil  it  for  market  purposes.  Along  with  that 
tliev  defoliate  the  trees,  and  it  is  necessary  to  protect  these  orchards 
bv  spraying.  To  do  this,  spraying  is  necessary  at  a  time  when  it  is 
(|uite  unwise  to  spray,  because  the  fruit  may  cany  more  or  less  of 
ar.senic,  objectionable    from   various   standpoints.     So    there    is    an  | 

awkward  dilemma;  if  you  protect  the  fruit  from  the  beetle  you  may 
poison  it.  At  the  same  time  the  beetles  are  attacking  shade  trees  in 
various  parts  of  the  districl  and  defoliate  them  more  or  less.  We  are 
working  on  other  insecticides  which  will  not  be  so  objectionable,  and  we 
hope  we  can  secure  one  that  will  enable  us  to  spray  the  ripening  fruit 
and  not  possibly  interfere  with  its  sale. 


\ 


FEDERAL   AND   STATE    CONTRIBUTIONS. 

Mr.  Andersox.  And  how"  much  are  you  spending  on  this  bug 
altogether? 

Doctor  Qu.viXTAXCE.  We  are  spending  at  the  rate  this  year  of 
$100,000,  S65,000  for  research  worK  and  the  balance  for  this  (juaran- 
tine  and  inspection  work. 

Doctor  Ball.  You  should  make  clear  the  change  in  program  next 
year. 

Doctor  QuAiXTANCE.  We  are  planning  to  spend  another  year, 
SSo.OOO  on  research  work  so  that  tlie  entire  increase  of  S20,000  will  go 
toward  increasing  that  work,  and  maintaining  the  inspection  service 
at  S;io,000,  the  same  as  at  present.  The  area  infested  has  become  so 
large  that  considerable  additional  money  will  be  necessary  to  handle 
the  (|uarantine  and  inspection  of  field  crops  and  prevent  its  long  dis-  h 
tance  spread.    That  item  has  not  been  asked  for  yet;  I  think  you  will  '* 

lind  a  note  to  that  effect  in  the  Book  of  Estimates.    We  expect  that  the 
states  of  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  will  support  the  work  liber-         \ 
ally:    in  fact,  we  think  that  Pennsylvania  will  perhaps  appropriate 
as  much  as  SoO.OOO.     The  entomologist  and.  perhaps,  other  oliicials 
have  committed  themselves  to  that  recommendation. 

You,  probably,  are  not  interestcnl  in  the  dillerent  plans  for  handling 
this  <)iicstioii  of  (|naiantiTU'  of  field  crops,  but  bricflv  one  invt)lves  the 
throwing  of  the  entire  Philadelphia  area  open  to  the  unrestricted 
movement  of  prtxluce  from  the  infested  area.  In  that  way  we  would 
be  relieved  from  a  large  amount  of  inspection  and  all  we  would  have 
(o  look  out  for  would  be  the  (ranshipnient  of  the  protluce  along  the 
:<»a(ls  by  tnieks  and  now  and  then  by  rail.  Another  plan  would  be  to 
juaki'  inspection  of  field  products  in  the  held  at  the  source,  as  we  have  2 
Im'cii  doing,  which  we  figure  would  cost  materially  more.  It  is  a  ques- 
tion of  tln'  relative  elliciency  of  the  two  |)lans  and  funds  available. 

Mr.  AxDKU.soN.  They  are  able  to  produce  crops  of  vegetables  and 
fruits  ovnn  with  the  progress  of  this  bug  < 

Doctor  QiALNTANCK.  Oh,  yos. 


ACHU  Tl.TrRAL   APPROPHIATION'    Hll.l^    VrZl.  291 

Doitor  Bali..  Its  ilHiim«;('  is  not  so  imii-h  to  the  orofiuction  of  tlic* 
(■ro|)s  as  it  is  to  the  sale  of  tlii'tn  on  accoiiiit  of  the  (iistril)iitioi)  of  the 
luij;.  If  we  take  olf  this  (|iiaraiit iM(>  an<l  allow  froe  tnovpinent  thon 
its  <lama<;t'  to  the  truck  crops  will  luA  ho  ^^rcat ;  its  «laitia<;o  is  to  tho 
meadow  ;;rass»'s  in  its  i^'iiih  ^tn;^c  and  to  the  fruit,  cherries,  aj){)I(>H, 
|)<Miches.  and  grapes,  and  ji  lar;;e  lunnher  of  shftd«'  trors  in  the  hoctlo 
stajje.  It  does  not  dainajjce  tlie  truck  to  any  j^reat  extent  hut  it 
daina<;es  the  sale  of  it.  The  a|)[)rc»|)rintion  you  are  heinj^  asked  t<» 
consi(ler  now  contains  no  it<MU  at  all  for  Miainlannr><;  this  «|inirantuie 
a«;ainst  truck  crops  hut  does  contain  money  to  maintain  the  (piaran- 
tine  on  nursery  stock  whi<h  will  jjo  all  over  the  I'nited  States. 

I>KHTRC(TI<>N    OP   COKN,    THKKH,     KTI'  ,    HY    BKKTI.K. 

Mr.  lUcMA.NAN.  ^  ou  say  it  attacks  sweet  com:  doc^  it  ever  attack 
ordinary  corn  i 

Doctor  QiAiNTANCK.  '\\>  a  limited  extent. 

Mr.  BrcnAXAN.  Do  vou  have  any  rea.son  to  helieve  that  it  will 
hecomc  a  menace  to  oroinary  <'orn  * 

Doctor  QiAi.NTANCK.   I  do  not  believe  it  will. 

Mr.  Bi'ciiAXAN.  It  goes  in  the  end  of  the  ear  just  like  the  old  corn 
w«)rm  ( 

Doctor  t^iAiNTANCK.  Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  BiHiiANAN.  Is  it  like  the  old  corn  worm? 

Doctor  OuAiXTANCE.  Xo;  it  is  a  little  bronze  colored  beetle, 
about  that  long  [indicating]. 

Mr.  Bi  {'iiANAX.  Is  it  a  worm  i 

Doctor  Qi  AiXTAXCE.  No;  it  is  a  hardshelled  beetle. 

Doctor  Ball.  It  is  a  blue  June  buo;. 

Mr.  AxDKK.soN.  You  say  that  in  the  beetle  stage  it  attacks  both^ 
fruit  and  foliage  ( 

Doctor  Qi.uxTAXcE.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  AxDERSON.  To  what  extent  does  it  eat  the  foliage  i 

Doctor  QiAiXT.vxcE.   It  will  deft)liate  trees. 

Mr.  AxDEU.sox.  Then  it  will  kill  them? 

Doctor  QiAi.NTAXCE.  It  will  kill  them;  yes.  1  have  seen  old  ap])le 
trees  almost  defoliated  as  well  as  the  young  growth  in  many  orchards. 

Mr.  Andersox.  Do  you  have  any  reason  to  believe  that  it  will  be- 
come so  numerous  in  the  infested  area  that  if  not  curbed  it  will  de- 
stroy all  the  trees  ? 

Doctor  QiAixTANCE.  There  is  every  indication  of  that.  Since  the 
insect  was  found  in  the  center  of  this  territory  it  has  been  increasing 
at  a  verv  ra]>id  i-ate.  This  summer  it  occurretl  literally  by  the  thou- 
sands where  it  occurred  by  huiulreds  last  year. 

Doctor  liALL.  In  the  center  of  that  area  they  stripped  every  sinj^le 
leaf  off  of  practically  every  cherry  tree  within  an  area  of  a  mile 
s<|uare. 

Mr.  BucHAXAX.  If  this  beetle  feeds  on  leaves,  why  is  it  not  ea.sy 
enough  to  poison  it  ? 

Mr.  C^i  AIXTAXCE.  it  is  very  sensitisi-  to  any  foreign  matter  (»n 
the  foliage,  and  often  refuses  to  eat. 

Mr.  BiTHAXAN.  Does  it  feed  on  a  specific  kind  of  trees,  or  does  it 
feed  on  nearly  everything? 

.Mr.  (^rAfXTAX<  E.    It   feeds  (.n  about  everything,  including  weeds. 


292  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TIOX   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Has  it  done  any  damago  whore  it  came  from  in 
Japan  i 

Mr.  QuAiNTANCE.  It  is  held  in  check  there  very  well  hy  climatic 
conditions  and  parasites:  we  have  two  of  our  men  in  Japan  study- 
ing it. 

Mr.   Buchanan.   Have  they  done  anything  over  there  trying  to 

kill  the  heetle  ( 

Mr.  Quaintance.  It  is  not  an  economic  pest  there,  except  locally 
and  in  occasional  years. 

Doct<>r  Ball.  Japan  has  no  grass  lands.     The  white  grub  breeds       J 
in  grass  lands. 

ATTACK.S    KRIITS    OF    AM.    KINDS. 

Mr.  BrciiANAN.  Does  it  attack  fruits  of  any  character  except 
apples  and  peaches  ? 

Doctor  Quaintance.  It  attacks  cherries,  grapes,  and  pears,  and 
probably  plums;  it  will  eat  almost  anything.  Our  records  of  its 
injuries  to  plums  are  meager,  because  plums  are  not  grown  to  any 
great  extent  in  the  area. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  think,  then,  if  it  lives  in  JapauMt  will  live  in 
nearlv  every  section  of  the  United  States  ? 

Doctor  Quaintance.  There  is  every  reason  to  believe  it  will 
spread  in  every  direction. 

Mr.  Bi:cHANAN.  Its  greatest  damage  seems  to  be  to  grass:  is 
that  it  ^ 

Doctor  C^iAiNTANCE.  In  golf  courses  it  eats  the  grass,  especially 
on  the  putting  greens,  where  the  turf  can  sometimes  be  rmled  up 
like  a  blanket. 


PECAN    INSECT    WORK. 


i 


Doctor  Howard.  There    is    another   slight    increase    in     this    of 
$5,()UU,  Mr.  Chairman. 

Doctor  Quaintance.  That  is  an  enlargement  of  the  pecan  insect 
work  in  the  South — in  Georgia,  Florida.  Alabama,  etc.  There  have 
appeared  there  recently  two  serious  insect  pests  of  the  pecan:  One 
the  so-called  southern  stink  bug,  which  is  a  green  foul-smelling  bug 
that  breeds  especially  on  the  cowpeas,  grown  largely  in  the  orchards 
for  soil  improvement  purposes.  They  cut  these  peas  for  forage  or 
they  die  down  and  the  bug  migrates  to  the  pecan  trees  and  punctures 
the  nuts  which  at  that  time  are  still  tender.  The  result  of  the 
puncture  apparently  is  to  cause  dwarfing  or  deterioration  of  that 
part  of  the  kernel  in  the  shell  —the  meat — that  was  puiu-tured:  and 
last  year  and  the  year  before  there  was  a  very  heavy  loss  reported  of 
this  peculiar  charactei".  The  nuts  looked  all  right  and  were  sent  out 
to  the  trade,  and  then  the  ct)mplaints  came  in,  and  the  brokers  and  « 
growers  were  (|uite  at  a  loss  to  detect  the  tr(Ui]>le  .'ind  stop  it.  That 
is  one  of  the  insects  that  the  pecan  growers  ha\  (>  made  representatit>ns 
to  the  department  about. 

Another  is  a  small  caterpillar,  the  larva  of  a  little  nu>th,  that 
appears  in  the  spring  about  the  tim(>  th(>  little  pecans  ai"c  fornuMl.  It 
bores  into  the  nuts  and  the  nuts  fall,  and  the  injuries  have  been  veiy 
severe  in  the  Southeast  for  a  couple  of  yeaj-s  and  is  on  the  increase. 
This  insect  has  be<>n  (|uite  bail  in  Texas  and  some  yeais  d(\stroys  the 
bidk  of  their  crop  on  the  river  bottoms.  In  (Jeorgia  we  think  it  <|uit(> 
possible  to  stop  that  trouble  by  sjiraying. 


A(;Ki(  ri.Tl'RAL   AHPROPUIATION    BIM.,    H>24.  293 

Mr.  Ik'CifANAN.   Vi»u  hav«'  ;jot  a  linni  ji»l»  to  spray  jxM'aii  tr<»«». 

Doctor  QiAiNTANCK.  Wc  would  iu>t  In-  ablo  to  spray  Trxas  rivi-r- 
bottom  trees  economically. 

Mr.  A.NDKKSON.  Have  you  tinisluMl  with  your  increases  under  this 
item  i 

CKKKAI.   AND    FOltA<JK    INSECTS    INVESTIGATIONS   AND  FOK  THE  CONTROI. 
AND    DESTRITCTION    OK    GRASSHOPPERS. 

Doctor  Howard.  There  is  no  increase  itsked  for  under  the  next 
item  nor  under  the  item  following  that.  Of  course,  if  you  wish  to  ask 
anv  <|Uestions  we  an^  Iwre  to  answer  them. 

^Ir.  Andkr.son.  Have  there  been  any  serious  <)uthreaks  of  the 
Hessian  lly  this  last  year  f 

Mr.  Wakton.  No:  there  have  not  been  any  severe  outbreaks 
•  liirin;;  hist  year. 

Mr.  IkciiANAN.   Wiiat  does  it  attack? 

Mr.  Walton.   It  attacks  wheat,  rye,  and  barh'y. 

FOR   INVKSTKJATIONS  OK   INSECTS   AKKECTINO   SOUTHERN    FIELD  <  ROPS. 

Mr.  Ander-son.  The  next  item  is  on  naoje  20b.  investijiations  of 
insects  aflfectinij  southern  field  crops,  includint;  in.sects  affecting  cot- 
ton, tobacco,  rice,  supir  cane.  etc.  Does  this  item  on  ])at;e  200 
include  cotton  boll  weevil  * 

Doctor  Howard.  Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  HucHANAN.  What  have  you  been  able  to  do  with  the  boll 
weevil  ( 

Doctor  Howard.   I  will  ask  Doctor  Hunter  to  tell  you  about  that. 

PROr.RESJ*    OK    TMK    HOl.l.-SVEEVlL    I  AMI'AliiN. 

Doctor  HiNTER.  Mr.  Coad  is  the  man  right  from  the  lirint;  line, 
and  he  could  answer  questions  more  specifically  and  more  directly 
than  1  could.  However,  a  large  part  of  the  campaign  this  year  was 
in  testing  out  poisoning  in  different  localities.  A  number  of  jiroblems 
have  arisen  with  reference  to  the  local  conditions  and  their  effect  on 
this  j)rocess  of  controlling  the  weevil  by  poisoning.  In  your  State. 
Mr.  Buchanan,  of  Texas,  in  1921  we  had  a  number  of  ex]>erimental 
areas  where  the  a])]>li(ation  of  the  poison  was  made  by  our  men.  In 
all  cases  the  results  were  successful:  that  is,  an  increase  in  the  crop 
was  obtained  that  more  than  covered  the  cost  of  o]>erfttions. 

This  year  we  had  no  specially  supervised  experiments  in  Texas, 
but  a  great  many  farmers  all  over  the  State  applied  poison.  Toward 
the  end  of  the  season  we  made  an  effort  to  check  up,  to  get  some 
reading  on  the  practical  experience  of  these  farmers. 

In  every  case  in  our  publications  and  in  lettei's  anil  other  communi- 
cations we  have  emphasized  the  importance — this  applies  more 
especially  to  Texas,  nut  applies  more  or  less  ever^'^vhe^e — of  the 
necessity  on  the  part  of  farmers  providing  some  check  area  where 
the  poison  is  not  applied  so  that  they  will  he  able  to  figure  out  what 
results  the}'  actually  obtained. 

In  Texas  we  made  an  effort  to  <;et  a  complete  list  of  all  users  of 
calcium  ai-senate.     We  succeeded  through  the  jobbei's  and  from  other 


( 


294  AGRICULTTRAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

sources  in  obtaining  a  Tmt  of  110  users.     We  liad  an  agent  visit  each 
one  of  those  farmers  scattered  throuo;hout  the  State  to  find  out  what 
resuhs  they  had  obtained,  whether  they  had  provided  checks  or  not.         j 
Unfortunately  in  only  29  out  of  the  110  cases  had  the  farmers  pro-        ' 
vided  checks.'    So  there  was  no  direct  reading  of  the  results  they  nad 
obtained.     In  28  out  of  these  29  there  was  an  increase  in  production        { 
ranging  from  one-seventh  of  a  bale  up  to  fully  a  bale  to  the  acre.  » 

Mr.  Buchanan,  They  did  report  an  increase  of  a  bale  to  the  acre, 
did  they  ? 

Doctor  Hunter.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  am  afraid  there  is  another  Ananias  Club  down 
there. 

Doctor  Hunter.  Some  of  them  were  your  good  citizens  in  the 
county  of  Hidalgo.  I  have  a  full  record  tnat  I  will  be  glad  to  place 
in  your  hands. 

In  the  majority  of  cases  the  farmers  did  not  provide  checks;  they 
did  not  seem  to  realize  the  importance  of  doing  that  sort  of  thing. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Does  the  cost  still  remain  about  S6  or  S8  an  acre  ? 

Doctor  Hunter.  It  seldom  goes  as  high  as  that. 

COST   OF   POISON    PER   ACRE. 

Mr.  CoAD.  The  averages  from  costs  from  the  various  points  this 
year  vary  somewhat  from  the  States,  but  around  S2  to  85  an  acre. 
I  do  not  believe  we  have  any  over  S5  an  acre  for  seasonal  treatment. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  that  poison  applied  with  the  big  machines? 

Mr.  CoAD.  P^very  type  of  machine  available  is  included  in  the 
records.     For  example,  we  have  very  excellent  work 

Mr.  Buchanan  (interposing).  How  many  applications  ? 

Mr.  Coad.  Well,  it  varies  even  on  the  same  property.  For 
example,  you  take  a  single  property  and  in  striking  vour  average 
on  the  place  some  land  may  receive  one  or  two  applications  and 
another  part  as  much  as  six  applications.  You  wdi  find  it  costs 
right  around 

Mr.  Buchanan  (interposing).  1  am  not  talking  about  the  cost  per 
a(Te  of  one  application  or  two  applications;  I  am  talking  about  the 
cost  per  acre  with  one  or  two  applications  that  are  essential  to  get 
the  desired  results. 

Mr.  Coad.  Yes,  that  is  what  1  was  talking  about,  the  season's 
treatment,  in  other  words. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  ()n<>  or  two  applications  is  not  a  season's  treat- 
•  iK'iit,  is  it  i 

Mr.  OoAi).  It  is  for  some  lands;  yes.  Take,  for  example,  a  great 
deal  of  Texas  area,  and  sometimes  in  Louisiana  and  Mississippi, 
you  have  some  areas  adjoining  timb(>rland  or  gins  or  ))oints  of 
nibcrnation,  from  where  tlie  boll  weevils  come  out  after  hibernation 
that  mav  rcfpiire  four  to  six  apj)lications.  Other  areas  adjoining 
those  will  take  perhaps  but  two  to  four:  other  areas  infested  only 
late  in  the  season  re(|uire  (me  or  two  applications  merely  to  prot<?ct 

flw    VolU)'/  linlls. 

UKVKI.UPMKNT    MKTIIODH   TO    CONTROI-    BOI.I.    WEEVIL. 

Mr.  Bu(  HANAN.   lias  the  department  given  any  consideration  to        ' 
the  reconunendatictn  «>f  this  Florida  university^  ^ 


I 
I 


AORUTLTrnAL   APPnoiMUATlOX    BIIJ^    lft24.  29r> 

l)()(tin  Htntrk.  Tliat  nnnoiinconiont  wns  riiiul*'  v«tv  rorontly 
and  marks  a  very  ini|)«irtant  advance  in  tlw  rontrol  motluMls  «»f  ih\' 
woovil  and  hriiifjs  up  a  iinriilMTof  (|U(>stioii.s  wliidi  iiood  to  b<»  invosti- 
;;at«Ml  with  a  ;,'rcat  dral  of  ran*,  rndoiihtrdly  a  vrrv  imporfant 
advance  has  l)i'('n  nnnh'  in  lliat  wttrk.  hul  (hen-  hav<'  hccri  points 
rarsod  by  the  author  of  the  hwlh'tin  hirnsolf  about  tht*  apjjhcabibtv 
of  it  to  other  conditions. 

Mr.  Andkuson'.  What  is  this  new  f)ro|)osition  ?  I  did  noi  -re  ihe 
buUetin.      I  <;ot  a  cinidar  on  it.  but   I  (bd  not  p>t  th<'  bulletin. 

Doctor  ih'NTKR.  In  brief,  it  is  simply  this:  Pbmt  the  cotton  about 
the  ordinary  time,  and  <b)  nolhinfj  t<t\vard  the  control  of  the  boll 
W(>evil  until  about  the  ")th  of  .Iuiu\  under  Flori<la  conditions,  wlietf  all 
of  the  weevils  that  have  j)assotl  throu<^h  the  winter  have  einerj;efi 
and  made  their  way  to  the  fields.  During  the  weeks  immediately 
precediufj  the  oth  of  June  tlu'  vast  majority  of  those  hibertuitinf^ 
weevils  will  die;  that  is  the  natural  course  shown  by  a  very  large 
numl)er  of  observations  which  have  been  made.  C-onse(pientlv, 
about  the  .Ith  of  June  there  will  bo  a  very  small  number  of  weevils 
in  the  fields,  and  tlios(>  that  are  there  will  be  (lyin<;  rapidly.  Some 
will  be  denositinj;  their  eggs.  At  this  low  ebb  in  the  renroduction  of 
the  weevil  all  such  weevils  as  are  in  the  plants  at  tliat  time  are 
picked  off  by  hand,  and  the  fruit  on  the  cotton  plant  is  also  removed. 

Mr.  Bi(  HANAX.  All  of  it  ( 

Doctor  IIiNTKK.  All  of  the  fruit,  getting  the  remaining  hibernateil 
weevils,  those  that  have  come  over  from  last  year  and  cutting  off  the 
brood  for  ne.xt  year  for  that  season  by  picking  the  progeny,  eggs  or 
grubs  in  the  squares.  The  third  step  is  to  apply  a  poison  to  the 
plants  immediately  after  they  have  been  stripped  of  the  fruit,  the 
idea  there  being  to  get  such  straggling  weevils  as  have  missed  the 
process  of  hand  picking. 

Mr.  A\I)p:kson.  Do  the  fruits  set  again  after  being  picked  off  these 
cotton  plants  i 

Doctor  HuNTEU.  Yes.  The  process  in  Florida  shows  that  this  plan 
of  strippin*:^  the  plants  has  a  remarkable  effect  in  accelerating  the 
process  t)f  fruiting  a  little  later. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  That  would  depend  on  the  character  of  land.  It 
might  facilitate  its  going  to  stalks.  On  some  lands  it  would  be  very 
injurious — on  rich  lands. 

Doctor  Ball.  This  new  method  has  been  very  successful  .under  the 
Florida  conditions,  tliat  is,  conditions  in  which  they  raise  a  relatively 
small  amount  of  cotton  per  acre.     On  account  of  the  low  cost  this  is  a 
method  that  appeared  to  be  peculiarly  adapted  to  areas  that  have 
smaller  production. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  think  it  would  be  somewhat  expensive  to  go 
around. and  pick  off  the  bugs  and  fruit. 

Doctor  Howard.  It  costs  about  $\.')0  an  acre. 

Mr.  BrciLvxAX.  The  reason  that  is  not  so  expensive  is  that  a  cotton 
plant  about  that  high  (illustrating)  will  have  1  or  2  squares  of  fruit 
on  a  stalk  and  a  ])erson  <'an  go  along  with  a  sack  and  pick  them  off. 

Doctor  HrxTER.  One  hand  picks  easily  over  an  acre  a  day. 

Mr.  BrciiAXAX.  Oh,  yes.  'I  here  would  only  be  1  or  2  squares  on  a 
stalk.  They  do  not  look  at  these  squares  to  see  whether  there  are 
bugs  on  them,  but  just  pick  off  anything  in  the  scjuares.  These 
squares  are  supposed  to  have  bc(>n  punctured  by  the  weevils  which 


I 


296  AGRICULTUR-'LL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924, 

have  come  out  of  hibernation.  The  only  question  in  my  mind  is  that 
thev  will  have  to  strike  the  field  at  the  right  time  or  the  next  square 
will  be  punctured,  too.  It  would  not  be  more  than  three  or  four  days 
until  another  s(juaro  would  come  on. 

FOR    IXVE.STIGATIONS    OF   INSECTS    AFFECTING    FORESTS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Now  please  take  item  on  page  209. 

Doctor  Howard.  An  increase  of  $5,000  is  asked  for  there,  Mr. 
Chairman,  of  which  it  is  proposed  to  spend  .?2,500  in  experimental 
work  and  mcthcMls  of  preventing  losses  from  timber-boring  ins  cts; 
the  other  S2,.50()  for  shade  tree  protection.  1  have  no  argument  to 
make  beyond  the  mere  statement  that  the  funds  are  required  for  the 
work  proposed. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  there  any  emergency  existing  in  this  timber- 
boring  matter  i 

Doctor  Howard.  Nothing  special. 

Doctor  Ball.  It  is  a  subject  that  has  been  almost  neglected.  The 
timber  is  growing  rapidly  in  value.  There  is  a  possibility  of  using 
methods  which  couhl  not  have  been  employed  when  the  stumpa^e 
was  cheap.  So  there  is  an  opportunity  now  to  save  timber  that  could 
not  have  been  saved  heretofore. 

FOR   investigations    OF   INSECTS    AFFECTING    TRUCK    CROPS,    ETC. 

Mr.  Andfrson.  On  page  211  you  have  an  increase? 

Doctor  Howard.  There  is  an  increase  there  of  S  13.000.  The  first 
two  expendituras  under  that  increase  will  be  $4,000  in  the  investiga- 
tion of  pea  aphis  injury  to  cannery  peas.  And  one  of  $3,000  to  the 
new  Irisli  potato  weevil  in  Mississippi.  Mr.  Graf  who  has  just  come 
from  a  peji  aphis  conference,  will  be  able  to  explain  those  items. 

PEA    APHIS   INJURY. 

Mr.  (Irak.  The  pea  canners  recently  had  a  meeting  at  Chicago,  and 
refjuested   the  Bureau  of  Entomology  of  the  department   and  the  \ 

entomologists  of  the  interested  States  to  attend  tliis  conference  and 
tell  them  ubout  the  control  of  pea  aphis.  The  insect  has  been  in- 
jurious in,  this  country  for  about  20  years,  and  in  that  time  several 
remedies  have  been  tried  out.  with  the  result  that  nicotine  has  become 
the  accepted  remedy.  The  cost  of  nicotine  on  cannerv  peas  has  been 
so  great  that  most  of  the  cannei-s,  or  growei-s  who  are  gr(>wing  the 
l)ro(luct  for  the  cannei-s,  would  rather  take  a  chance  of  getting  part 
of  their  crop  through  without  treatment  than  the  spending  of  a  large 
arnoiMit  of  money  for  Ireutment  in  the  lields. 

The  treatment  of  cannery  oeas  ])y  either  spraying  or  dusting  is 
very  (liflicult  where  th(>y  have  l)een  broadcastecL  ^^ome  experimental 
work  was  atlernpled  this  year  in  cooperation  with  tlie  vState  of  Wis- 
consin, using  (he  newly  j)repared  nicotine  dust.  The  results  are  of 
scientilie  value  in  showing  the  po.ssibilities  of  this  remedv.  but  not 
enough  has  been  done  to  show  its  practical  possibilities. 

The  pea  aphis  is  the  most  (lillicult  aphis  to  contn^l  with  either 
spray  <>r  <lust. 

Tfie  plan  for  ne.xt  year's  work,  which  has  been  approved  by  the 
canners  and  by  all  the  entomologists  attending  the  conterence,  was  to 


'4 


A(il»ICUI/ri'KAL   AFPHOFRIATION    HU.U    ^^^i-  297 

<*urry  on  cooperative  work  in  Wisconsin  witli  the  VVisronsin  Kxpori- 
incnt  Station,  principally  alon^  tlir  lin(>  of  a<lai)tit)^  rorncdios  for  um- 
in  <Mni)<'rv  fields.  T he  lar«;<'r  pari  «»f  the  work  would  ]u'  carried  on 
in  Wisconsin,  although  the  surronndni^  .States  Indiana.  Illinois. 
Michif^an.  and  Nfiiuiesota  are  platinin^  to  ^ive  idl  the  cooperative 
assistance  possible. 

Doctor  IlowAKi).  How  alxtiit  the  California  work  on  this  same 
proi)osition  ( 

Mv.  CiKAK.  The  California  work  will  he  continued,  but  the  situation 
is  entirely  different  in  the  W«'sl.  Peas  are  plant<Ml  in  rows  and  can 
he  treate<l  with  sprays.  Some  additional  l)iolo«;ical  work  will  be 
<hnie  in  an  attempt  to  <liscover  the  source  of  infestation  in  the  sjjnn^. 
-Vpparentlv*  in  tlie  Middle  West  the  aphis  must  migrate  from  wild 
fo«)d  plants  to  the  peas.  In  California  they  are  ap|)arently  f)resent 
on  the  pea  plants  just  as  soon  as  they  (onie  out  of  tin*  <;roun«l  and 
breed  up  slowly,  an<l  the  work  in  California  will  be  larj^ely  an  attempt 
to  determine  if  there  is  not  some  hope  of  stopping;  the  early  infestation 
ami  thus  let  the  peas  j;et  enou«;h  of  a  start  so  a  crop  may  ))e  jjrown 
with  few   or  no  insecticide  treatments. 

COST    uy   TKKATMENT    PKK    .\(RK. 

Mr.  Andkk.son.  What  is  the  cost  of  treatincr  an  acre  of  peas  with 
the  nicotine  dust  '. 

Mr.  (iHAF.    Kowed  or  broadcasted  j)eas  ? 

Mr.  Andkrsox.  No;  broadcast.     How  do  you  do  it  ? 

Mr.  (iRAF.  That  is  a  diflicult  cpiestion.  It  is  just  about  impossible 
to  spray  these  fields  with  our  present  ecpiipment.  In  the  ease  of 
dustiii};.  one  can  use  a  <luster  mountecl  on  an  automobile  truck  and 
equipped  with  a  canvas  trailer  to  hold  the  dust  in  the  plants  long 
enougli  to  kill  the  aphis.  This  is  the  reason  we  are  working  on  dusts 
more  than  other  remedies. 

I  should  say  that  spraying  the  broadcasted  j)eas  would  cost  about 
$4  to  $6  an  acre  and  would  hardly  be  effective  on  account  of  being 
a  downward  spray  instead  of  underspray. 

Mr.  Andkrsox.  Will  this  dust  get  down  underneath  so  as  to  kill 
the  bugs  underneath  the  leaves  i 

Mr.  (traf.  Yes,  sir.  We  have  had  very  good  results  so  far  as  the 
killing  goes.  The  (mly  sticking  point  has  been  the  cost  thus  far. 
This  canvas  trailer  is  fastened  to  the  rear  of  the  truck,  and  it  also 
serves  t<»  drag  manv  of  the  aphids  out  of  the  i)lants  and  drop  them 
down  on  the  ground,  where  they  are  readily  killed  by  the  dust. 

The  strength  of  the  wind  at  the  time  of  dusting  is  an  important 
consideration.  If  the  wind  is  too  strong,  it  sweeps  all  of  the  (fust  out 
of  the  plants  before  it  has  time  to  kill  the  insects. 

POT.\TO    WEEVIL    IN    .MISSISSIPri . 

The  other  item  covei"s  tlu'  new  potato  wee\il  in  Mississippi.  This 
iiiscct  was   discovered  last  spring. 

Mr.  BrcHAXA.N.  The  Irish  potato^ 

Mr.  (JifAF.  Yes,  sir.  It  only  exists,  so  far  tvs  we  know  now.  in 
about  lOO  square  miles  in  south  Mississippi.  One  of  the  growers 
fi»und  that  his  tomato  and  potato  plants  were  being  entirely  de- 
stroyed. He  could  not  find  the  insects  causing  this  injury,  since  they 
feed  only  at  nijrht  and  hide  under  clods  or   trash   in   t^e  daytime. 


298  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

They  are  entirely  difiVrent  from  any  insects  we  have  on  either  of  these 
plants  at  the  present  time.  It  is  apparently  the  same  as  the  tomato 
and  potato  weevil  provint;  so  destnictive  in  Australia,  and  this  is  the 
only  place  it  has  been  reported  in  the  Tnited  States. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  it  a  worm  '. 

Mr.  Graf.  No;  it  is  a  beetle.  But  the  grub  also  feeds  at  night, 
like  the  beetle,  and  hides  in  the  daytime. 

Mr.  Bit'HANAN".   It  is  like  the  old  bean  worm? 

Mr.  Graf.  No.  Eradication  was  first  considered  but  this  was 
dropped  on  account  of  the  difficulty  in  finding  the  insects.  This 
small  appropriation  is  just  to  start  the  cooperative  work  with  the 
State  of  Mississippi  to  try  to  learn  something  AV)out  the  insect  so 
remedies  may  be  developed. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  The  probabilities  are  that  that  insect  will  not 
thrive  in  the  cold  potato  climate  in  the  United  States,  if  it  comes 
from  Australia. 

Mr.  Graf.  It  is  difficult  to  foretell  how  injurious  an  insect  may 
become. 

Doctor  Howard.  He  does  not  come  from  Australia.  Mi-.  Buchanan: 
it  is  a  curious  thing  that  they  were  imported  into  Australia  from 
South  America.  The  in.sect  is  a  native  of  the  slopes  of  the  iVndes  in 
Peru  and  Chile,  and  probably  was  a  direct  importation  from  South 
America,  |)robably  in  ship  supplies  in  some  ship  landing  at  a  Gulf 
port. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  Do  they  raise  many  Irish  potatoes  down  there  t 

Mr.  (jRaf.  No.  sir.  It  has  just  appeared  on  some  of  the  smaller 
plantings  and  is  not  yet  in  any  important  potato  prt)ducing  district. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  they  raise  tomatoes  ? 

Mr.  Graf.  Not  in  large  quantities,  but  large  plantings  exist  at 
Crystal  Springs  within  easy  reach. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  Do  you  know  in  how  large  an  area  it  infests  { 

Mr.  Graf.  We  do  not  know  much  about  that.  It  was  found  in 
about  5  or  (i  towns.  I  would  say  offhand  that  about  100  stjuare 
miles  are  infested.  The  difficulty  of  inspecting  makes  it  impossible 
to  furnish  an  exact  statement  of  its  occurrence. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Does  it  spread  rapidly? 

Mr.  CiRAF.  We  do  not  know  anything  about  it. 

Doctor  Howard.  There  are  otlier  portions  of  that  S  18,000  not  yet 
explained.  The  S3, 000  to  be  spent  in  textile  libers,  and  83,000" on 
low  temperature  studies  as  to  the  life  of  moths  in  furs  and  the  life 
in  cold  storage.  If  you  wish  any  further  information,  Mi".  Beck  will 
tell  yon  about  it. 

TEXTILE    FABRIC   STUDIES. 

Doctor  Beck.  Textile  fabrics  relates  to  the  work  of  the  injuries  by 
moths  to  manufacturers  of  upholstery  and  other  fabric  manufacturei-s. 
such  as  (hose  who  put  (»ut  these  mohairs,  and  besides,  the  silk  mills 
throughout  the  country  and  woolen  inamifacturevs.  and  all  those  who 
store  raw  wool. 

During  the  past  two  or  three  years  we  found  that  there  had  been  a 
considerable  antonnt  of  damage  to  raw  wool  in  stiu'age  by  these 
moths.  But  the  demand  f(»r  information  from  the  fabric,  concerns 
has  increase*!  considerably  this  last  year  on  account  of  the  develop- 
ment  (»f  chemicals  fdp  inotli  proofing  fabrics,  the  attempt  being  to 


I 


A(JRI(ULTURAI.  APPROPRIATION    BII.U    1024.  299 

motli  })roof  fabrics  hv  pivin^  tlu'in  a  tn'rttiiU'Ht  befon'  thcv  go  out  to 
bo  m»uio  up  into  clotbin^,  jukI  wo  havo  spent  a  pood  deaf  oi  time  so 
far  tbis  year  in  (l«»t«Mininin<;  wbat  pfToct  tbrsr  trratincntH  bavr. 
We  bav(»  ))(mmi  (lnin<;  it  l)y  taking  nioncv  from  certain  otbcr  approj)ria- 
tions. 

VVr  linvo  f«)ini(l  tbat  tbero  arc  sonir  tivatnu»nts  -one  trPHlmoni 
consists  of  a  combination  of  abnnitnim  salts  and  electricity,  wbicti 
seems  to  l)c  verv  <;ood:  and  another  one  which  is  h'ss  promlsini:  but 
bcin<;  advertised  consi(h'rably  by  <-ertain  hrms. 

So  far  we  can  not  <'arry  (»n  this  work  satisfactorily.  Wo  oii^ht  to 
make  11  lliorou<.jh<;oi?i<;  stiidy  of  all  these  tests  -a  thoronph  biological 
<liidy.  and  study  of  contnW  meth(»ds. 

low    TK.MrKKATlUE    HTL'DIEH. 

I^)w  temperature  work  Inis  chiefly  to  do  with  the  yalue  of  cold 
storaf]:e  protection  of  foodstufTs.  The  development  of  cold  storage 
has,  of  course,  been  phenomenal  in  the  past  few  years,  but  the  depart- 
ment has  not  the  information  it  ou<;ht  to  have  to  tell  cold  storage 
firms  or  brokers  or  farmers  who  handle  large  stocks  just  how  long 
tliey  woidd  have  to  keep  their  commodities  in  cold  storage  before 
they  can  issue  tiiose  stocks  and  guarantee  them  to  be  free  from  living 
insects. 

Beans  and  peas  are  in  cold  storage  now,  and  we  are  frecpiently 
jisked  how  long  to  permit  them  to  stay  in  cold  storage  at  .30°  before 
we  can  guarantee  the  bean  weevils  to  be  killed.  We  have  found  that 
inf(^rnnition  now,  but  the  last  call  was  from  the  dried-fruit  industry  to 
find  out  how  long  these  "vSun  Maid  "  raisins  should  stay  in  cold  storage 
at  32°  before  the  insects  in  them  are  killed.  Of  course,  it  is  an  ex- 
pensive treatnuMit — cold  storage  -and  they  would  like  to  remove 
them  from  cold  stoarage  as  soon  as  they  can.  Now,  practically,  they 
are  held  in  cold  storage  throughout  the  summer,  just  to  protect  them 
from  the  insects. 

Mr.  Andkrson.   How  long  does  it  ordinarily  take  ( 

Doctor  Beck.  Well,  in  connection  with  the  insect  for  dried  fruit, 
we  have  not  any  idea,  but  judging  from  the  work  that  has  been  done 
with  other  insects,  we  think  that  at  32°  the  majority  of  the  insects 
ought  to  be  dead  in  about  three  weeks.  Other  forms,  which  are  much 
more  insistent,  we  have  not  information  on.  The  big  warehouse  com- 
psnies  want  information  on  the  length  c^f  time  they  must  keep  the 
<'lothing — furs  --in  cold  storage  at  various  temperatun^s  l)ofnre  the 
moth  is  killed. 

We  found,  in  connection  with  that,  that  full-grown  clothes  moth 
will  live-may  remain  alive — ^in  cold  storage  one  and  a  half  years, 
and  come  out  in  fairly  thrifty  condition. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  What  temperature  kills  them  ? 

Doctor  Beck.  That  is  what  we  are  trying  to  find  out.  We  kno^v 
that  many  of  them  will  die  at  temperatures  averaging  in  the  vicinity 
of  40,  but  we  have  had  a  good  many  in  cold  storage  here  in  Washington 
for  one  and  a  half  years  at  a  temperature  ranging  from  20  to  about  ."jO 
and  down,  but  averaging  about  36.  It  is  a  very  interesting  piece  of 
work,  and  the  information  will  be  very  practical  to  all  persons  inter- 
ested in  the  cold-storage  ct)ncerns. 


300  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924, 

FOR    INVESTIGATIONS    AND    DEMONSTRATIONS    IN    BEE    CULTURE. 

Doctor  Howard.  The  next  is  bee  culture.  Mr.  Chairman,  in  which 
there  is  no  increase  re(|ueste(l. 

The  work  of  this  section  is  chieHy  concerned  with  investigations 
of  problems  of  importance  to  practical  beekeeping.  All  beekeeping 
practices  rest  on  a  knowledge  of  the  })ehavior  and  physiology  oi 
Dees  and  as  a  result  the  investigation  of  the  ofhce  follow  these  two 
main  lines.  A  detailed  study  is  being  made  of  the  temperature  and 
humidity  of  the  colonv  throughout  the  active  period  of  the  year,  as 
influenced  by  external  factors,  comparable  to  the  work  done  a  few 
vears  ago  f()r  the  winter  period.  The  work  on  wintering  revealed 
the  desirability  of  certain  important  modihcations  in  beekeeping 
practices,  and  the  work  for  tne  active  season  was  undertaken  in 
the  expectation  that  it  also  would  yield  important  practical  results. 
It  is  too  early  to  report  the  exact  bearing  of  this  work  on  beekeeping 
practice  for  this  part  of  the  year,  but  it  is  evident  that  it  will  furnish 
explanations  for  certain  phenomena  now  observed  but  not  understixxl. 
A  study  is  being  made  of  the  factoids  influencing  the  rearing  of  brood 
in  the  colony  in  the  early  part  of  the  year.  One  of  the  most  impor- 
tant problems  of  the  beekeeper  is  to  get  the  population  of  the  colony 
to  the  highest  possible  point  before  the  heavy  secretion  of  nectar 
begins  and  this  stud}'  is  undertaken  to  determine  what  factors  in- 
lluence  this  increase.  From  the  information  gained  it  is  expected 
that  detailed  information  will  be  available  to  the  beekeeper  which 
will  enable  him  to  have  all  his  colonies  to  the  desired  strength  at 
the  right  time.  If  this  can  be  accomplishetl  it  will  materially  increase 
tlie  production  of  honey  per  colony  and  thus  decrease  the  cost  of 
production. 

In  connection  with  the  study  of  wintering  it  wjis  found  that  certain 
honeys  cause  an  abnormal  condition  of  the  bees,  commonly  known  tis 
dysentery.  To  determine  the  exact  cause  of  this  condition  a  series  of 
experiments  was  undertaken  to  determine  the  utilization  of  various 
carbohydrates  by  the  bees.  It  has  been  found  that  the  dextrins  in 
honey  are  the  chief  cause  of  this  trouble,  and  as  these  substances  are 
found  to  a  dangerous  degree  only  in  the  darker  honeys,  it  is  possible 
for  flic  bcckcejXM-  to  prevent  this  condition  merely  by  examining  the 
color  of  the  honey  available  to  the  bees  during  the  winter,  as  in  case  it 
is  dark  to  supply  the  bees  with  a  small  amount  of  sugar  syrup  after 
all  gathering  of  nectar  has  ceased.  A  change  in  the  behavior  of  the 
bees  in  storage  in  the  fall  which  has  been  observed  makes  it  possible 
to  |)revent  (lysentery  without  removing  the  daiigert)us  honey  from 
the  hive,  l)ut  merely  by  supplying  a  better  food  for  the  period  of  the 
winter,  leaving  the  less  desirable  honey  for  spring  use,  when  it  is 
entirely  safe.  This  will  remove  a  stM'ious  source  of  winter  loss  which 
was  not  fully  controlled  by  the  usual  winter  care  advocated  by  the 
publi<ation  of  the  bureau. 

A  study  has  been  made  of  the  colors  of  honevs  fiom  various  sources 
for  the  |)urp()se  of  furnishin<j  information  on  which  adecpiate  coU)r 
standards  for  honev  may  be  (lefiiied.  This  will  prevent  the  confusion 
wliich  is  now  so  often  experienced  in  th(>  wholesale  selling  of  honey. 
Till'  disease  (tf  be«>s;  still  demands  attention.  Special  work  has 
been  done  receiitiv  t(»  determine  whethei"  the  Isle  of  Wight  disease 
is  present  in  the  (nitetl  States.     So  far  it  has  not  been  found,  and 


I 


! 


a<;rI(  ii/riKAL  AiTiiorRiATioN  BiLi>,  iirj4,  ;U)1 

oil  the  biLsis  <)f  tlu»s»'  iiii<iinp4  ('<mjrr»'ss  Uns  i)ii.ssf(l  u  luw  nroliihiling 
th(»  iin|><»rtati<)n  of  mliilt  Ixvs  into  the  United  StMt<»M.  The  si«Hr<n 
for  this  discax'  will  he  coniiinu'd  to  mukr  sure  that  tin*  (li-^^'asc  is 
not  pnvscnl.  Work  on  tin*  fartors  inlhuMicini^  the  attark  of  Anirrican 
foul  hrood  on  tlu«  h«'o  larva  has  h«»cn  madt*  <hirnij;  tin*  pa-st  yrar. 
which  for  th«'  lirst  tinio  explains  thr  time  of  the  attack.  Thi*  <»n- 
vironnicntod  factoiN  which  pcrnnt  the  attack  of  I'jiropc  on  foul  hnwKi 
luivc  alstt  hccn  (jctcrinintHl. 

Detailed  instnu'tions  for  the  jjatherin^  of  the  inaxinunn  honey-erop 
have  heen  prepared  and  nid)lisiied  for  three  of  the  main  honi'v  region.s 
of  the  l^astern  States,  the  clover,  huckwheat  anri  tulip-tree  rejjions. 
It  is  expected  that  such  work  may  {)rohtahly  he  done  for  other  hee- 
keepinj]j  re^jions  of  the  country,  thus  makinp  the  recommendations  of 
tlie  department  more  specific  for  the  various  parts  of  the  country. 

'I'he  demonstration  work  in  heokeepinfj  has  heen  reduced,  the 
work  havin}^  heen  turned  over  to  the  several  States  as  soon  as  they 
were  able  to  continue  without  the  help  of  the  bureau.  Work  is  now 
beinjj  continued  in  only  three  States.  'Phis  work  has  n»sulted  in  a 
i^reat  advance  in  beekeepiufj  in  various  States  and  has  been  a  most 
profitable  line  of  work. 

The  work  in  bee  culture  deals  with  those  problems  which  most 
closely  affect  the  !)eekeeper  in  maintaininoj  his  production.  Follow- 
ing the  recent  decline  in  prices  of  honey,  the  beekeeper  is  in  need  of 
specific  assistance  in  order  to  prevent  a  loss  of  the  increase  in  honey 
production  which  occurred  during  the  war.  The  work  now  under 
wav  is  chosen  so  as  to  be  most  serviceable  in  maintaining  this  growing 
branch  of  agriculture. 

FOB     INVESTIGATIONS     OF     INSECTS     AFFECTING     CITKU.S     AND     OTHER 
TROPICAL    AND    SUBTROPICAL    PLANTS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  is  the  next  item  ( 

Doctor  Howard.  There  is  no  change  in  the  next  item,  but  we 
suggest  taking  out  the  item  of  last  year  of  which  S10,()()()  will  be 
immediately  avilable  for  camphor  scale. 

CAMPHOR    SCALE    IXVE.STICVTIONS. 

Doctor  Ui.viNTANCE.  Camphor  scale  was  discovered  two  vears  ago 
in  New  Orleans  in  the  shade  trees  on  the  streets  and  in  the  parks. 
It  has  since  been  found  in  Mi.ssissippiat  four  places  in  which  it  has 
been  believed  to  be  eradicated.  But  it  is  also  found  in  the  citrus 
belt  t)f  Alabama.  Mobile,  and  Graml  Bay,  the  Satsunia  region.  The 
Satsmua  industry  in  that  territory  is  develupin*;  very  rapidly.  The 
scale  seems  to  have  come  over  on  shipments  of  commercial  nursery 
stock  from  Japan  direct  about  1011  or  1912.  and  has  gotten 
([uite  a  start  in  a  few  orchards.  It  kills  the  small  twigs  t)f  the  citrus 
trees,  l)ut  especijiily  incrusts  the  fruit,  so  that  the  fruit  should  not 
be  marketed.  It  is  practically  worthless  if  the  scale  occurs  in  anv 
(|uantity.  We  had  a  hearing  to-day  before  the  Federal  Horticul- 
tural Board  as  to  the  advisability  of  Federal  quarantine  on  this 
scale. 

We  are  having  the  fullest  cooperation  with  the  States  involved  — 
Louisiana,  Mississippi,  and  Alabama.  The  citrus  industry  of  Florida, 
Texas,  and  California  is  much  exercised  over  this  insect  and  has  put 
in  force  effective  (juarantine  measures. 


802  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

The  insect  attacks  some  150  different  sorts  of  trees  and  plants, 
including  a  gootl  many  of  economic  importance,  as  the  Japanese  per- 
simmon, the  pecan,  rubber  plants,  roses,  peach,  plum,  and  the  like. 
We  do  not  know,  along  with  its  further  spread,  whether  it  will  become 
an  important  pest  in  the  Georgia  peach  belt  or  not.  The  insect  is 
too  new  to  enanle  us  to  surmise  what  it  may  do. 

We  have  a  laboratory  in  New  Orleans  where  the  insect  is  being  given 
careful  conj-idcration.  as  a  study  of  its  parasites,  its  methods,  and  rate 
of  spread.  Experiments  are  being  made  in  the  New  Orleans  territory 
and  also  in  the  citrus  area  in  Alabama  with  sprays  and  other  methods 
of  control. 

We  can  report  distinct  progress  in  our  knowledge  of  the  insect  it«elf 
and  progress  in  developing  control  measures. 

Mr.  BuriLVNAN.  What  does  it  attack  if 

Doctor  QuAiNTANCE.  It  attacks  many  kinds  of  plants 

Mr.  BuciiANAX  (interposing).  No,  no;  does  it  attack  the  limbs  or 
the  fruit  ^ 

Doctor  Quaixtancp:.  It  attacks  the  twigs  and  leaves  and  fruit 
of  certain  fruit-b(>aring  plants  at  least.  It  is  especially  noticeable  in 
camphor  trees.  It  attacKs  the  small  branches,  which  die  very  quickly. 
It  first  was  discovered  by  reason  of  injury  to  these  trees  in  New  Or- 
leans. Our  men  working  in  Japan  are  going  to  send  us  some  par»isites 
from  Japan  if  possible.    They  have  one  or  two  now  under  cultivation. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  there  any  developments  under  this  item  worthy 
of  note  at  this  time? 

FOR   ADMINISTRATIVE    AND    MISCELLANEOUS    EXPENSES. 

Doctor  Howard.  I  think  not.  The  next  is  general  administrative 
expenses — no  increase. 

FOR    PREVENTING    SPREAD   OF   MOTHS. 

Then  comes  page  211,  preventing  spread  of  moths. 
Mr.  Anderson.  There  seems  to  be  a  slight  reduction. 
Doctor  ITow^vRi).  It  is  reduced  from  S600,000  to  S531,000. 
Mr.  Anderson.  I   think  you  better  tell  us  something  about  the 
status  of  this  moth  proposition. 

r.vrsY  AND  HKO\VN-TAiL  moths. 

Mr.  Burgess.  The  gvpsy  moth  and  brown-tail  moth  activities 
have  been  carried  on  along  the  same  lines  as  during  the  previous 
year,  with  the  exception  that  some  foreign  work  has  been  attempted 
to  bring  in  parasites  to  work  on  these  species.  As  you  know,  the 
work  is  divi(l('d  into  tliree  sectitMis.  One  section  handles  the  scouting 
and  border  work  to  determiiu'  the  area  that  is  infested  and  to  carry 
on  clean-up  work  along  the  border  territory.  Practically  all  of  that 
work  is  done  in  New  England,  with  the  exception  of  the  work  that  is 
done  in  New  Jersey,  wliere  the  niotli  was  found  a  little  over  two 
years  ago. 

Tiie  New  England  work  along  (he  border  was  held  up  for  a  time 
last  spring  because  our  funds  were  very  low  until  the  appropriation 
j)assed,  and  then  the  force  was  increased  as  rapidly  as  possible,  but 
mjury  resulted  l)efore  that  work  coidd  be  resuuHMJ. 


fl 


1 


I 


1 


A(;ur(i'LTrRAL  appropriation  BILU  1924.  308 

'Dio  New  .Jors<\v  work  whs  (*(intinu(><l  throughout  flu-  \vir\f«r  nrul 
very  ^ood  n^sults  hnvo  hoon  scninMl, 

Mr.  Andkrson.   Is  the  Now  .lorsrv  hiisiiioss  on  mi  oriKhcHtioti  haHLsf 

Mr.    BraoKs.s.   Yos,   .sir.     Only   a   fow   hundrc*!   <ntr'ri)illar  -.■ 

found  hist  .sumnx'r  and  the  scout iuj;  work  this  fall  lias  not  pro-  1 

far  enough  to  give  a  good  idea  of  what  will  dovol(»p,  hut  we  do  not 

anticipate  as  mucli  infestation  as  there  was  last  year. 

AfTIVITIKK    I!*    NFW    JRRHRY. 

Doctor  Howard,  i^et  me  interrupt  you  long  enough  to  ask  Doctor 
liall  to  give  his  inu)rt»ssions  of  the  clean-up  in  Now  Jerscv. 

Doctor  Hall.  Tiiat  was  one  of  the  most  surprising  things  I  have 
over  seen  in  the  insect  line.  There  wjis  an  area  there  in  which  they 
had  killed  practically  every  tree  over  a  large  district,  and  were 
denleting  the  trees  around  there  in  a  greater  circle. 

The  moth  had  spread  for  nearly  200  snuarc  miles,  atid  thev  started 
in  a  y»>ar  ago,  ancl  when  they  sprayed  the  tii-st  time  there  the  cat«'r- 
)illai-s  fell  off  and  just  practically  eovered  the  ground,  just  made  a 
)ed  of  caterpillars  on  the  ground,  an<l  this  year  they  could  not  find 
<'aterpillars  enough  to  feed  the  parasites  on  the  whole  area.  Of 
course,  this  eradication  in  New  .Jersey,  as  we  have  told  you  all  the 
time,  is  a  hopeful  proposition,  hut  not  an  absolutely  sure  one.  I  feel 
very  much  more  hopeful  of  it  than  I  did  before;  and  unless  every- 
thing at  the  present  time  is  deccfitive  the  outlook  is  good. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  Do  you  continue  the  .-^praying  just  the  same  when 
you  find  the  caterpillars  or  not  < 

Mr.  Burgess.  The  operations  in  certain  areas  dei)entl  on  scouting 
work  ilone  in  the  winter,  and  if  we  find  infestation  in  a  locality  during 
the  winter,  we  spray  that  locality  and  a  good  belt  surrounding;  it. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  you  pretty  certain  to  find  them,  if  tney  are 
there  i 

Mr.  Burgess.  Reasonably  certain. 

Doctor  Ball.  If  they  were  there  in  any  numbers,  they  would  be 
found. 

Mr.  Burgess.  If  they  are  in  any  way  numerous,  we  would  find 
them.  There  were  also  in  New  Jersey  eight  outlying  small  colonies 
that  came  as  a  result  of  sliipping  trees  from  these  badly  infested  areas 
before  the  infestation  was  known.  Those  have  been  cleaned  up,  and 
n«>  infestation  was  found  in  those  areas  last  vear  or  this  vear.  We 
will  follow  up  the  scouting  of  those  areas  anotlier  year  to  <hock  up  so 
as  to  be  sure. 

There  w^ere  also  three  areas  where  infestations  went  from  that  main 
area  into  New  York  vState,  and  tliose  have  been  cleaned  up  in  a 
similar  way. 

INPE.STATIONS   ON    IX>NO    ISLAND. 

Aside  from  the  New  Ent^land  and  New  Jersey  areas,  there  are 
two  small  infestations  on  Long  Island  that  have  been  given  very 
careful  consideration  this  year.  I  might  say,  however,  that  we 
depended  to  a  large  extent  in  these  infestations  on  spraying  this 
spring,  and  we  had  a  very  unfavorable  season  for  spraying.  There 
was  a  great  deal  of  rain  and  we  did  not  accomplish  as  much  by 

220'2>i—T2 20 


304  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

spraying  this  spring  as  in  an  ordinani'  year.  The  results  have  been 
reasonably  good  in  those  sections,  however.  But  we  expect  to  find 
some  infestation  there  this  fall  and  will  have  to  follow  the  matter  up. 

METHODS    USED   IN    EXTERMINATING    INSECTS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Where  did  you  say  you  depended  on  spraying? 
Do  vou  use  any  other  method  'i 

Mr.  Burgess.  We  destroy  the  egg  clusters  where  they  are  found, 
and  the  egg  cluster  is  about  as  big  as  a  quarter  of  a  dollar,  a  buff- 
colored  patch,  laid  on  the  under  side  of  the  branches  or  tree 
trunks  at  the  foot  of  the  trees.  It  is  treated  with  creosote  whenever 
found.  We  do  not  scrape  them  from  the  trees,  because  if  we  did  we 
would  scatter  the  eggs,  but  they  are  treated  ri^ht  on  the  tree  surface 
with  creosote,  so  that  they  are  killed  completely. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  One  treatment  kills  a  cluster,  does  it  ? 

Mr.  Burgess.  Yes,  sir.  The  scouting  in  New  England  developed 
an  increase  in  area  in  the  southern  part  of  the  territory,  Connecticut 
and  in  the  Massachusetts;  and  with  very  nearly  the  same  area 
infested  in  Vermont  as  in  the  previous  year.  The  infested  area  in 
New  England  on  the  western  border,  the  new  area,  is  very  lightly 
infested,  and  we  are  carrying  on  scouting  and  clean-up  work  in  a 
strip  approximately  25  miles  wide  from  Long  Island  Sound,  up 
through  Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  Vermont,  and  New  Hampshire. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  do  not  do  any  spra5nng  except  along  the 
border  in  the  New  England  section  i 

Mr.  Burgess.  No,  sir.  And  then  in  the  areas  where  there  is  the 
greatest  likelihood  of  infestation  by  wind  spread,  exposed  areas 
where  the  caterpillars  might  blow  long  distances,  and  a  great  deal  of 
the  work  there  in  these  lightly  infested  areas  can  be  done  by  creosoting. 
There  have  been  this  fall  two  toAvns  in  New  York  State  over  the 
Massachusetts  border,  in  one  of  which  there  was  a  cluster  found  and 
another  one  in  which  two  egg  clusters  w^ere  found,  New^  York  State 
is  very  much  interested  and  very  much  concerned  as  to  what  the 
future  developments  are  going  to  be. 

QUARANTINE   WORK. 

Another  branch  of  the  work  consists  of  quarantine  work.  All  of 
the  infested  territory  hi  New  England  is  held  under  Federal  (juaran- 
tine,  and  all  products  likely  to  carry  the  moth  to  other  parts  of  the 
United  States  must  be  inspected  before  they  proceed. 

The  New  York  and  New  Jersey  areas  are  liold  under  <|uarantine 
ill  cooperation  with  the  States;  the  areas  are  so  small  that  it  is  pos- 
sible to  handle  them  by  an  arrangement  with  the  States.  It  has  been 
done  in  thut  way  and  very  satisfactory  results  have  been  secured. 

Doctor  llowAKD.  The  commit t»M'  will  he  interested  in  hearing  you 
cover  the  brown-tail  moth  situation. 

Mr.  Iiri{(JESs.  1  will  speak  of  that  shortly.  The  experimental 
work  (((Vers  dilTerent  lines  of  work,  designed  to  develop  better  field 
methods  and  to  bring  in  and  disseminate  the  natural  enemies  of  the 
gypsy  moth.  A  great  deal  of  work  of  that  sort  along  the  i>arasite 
line  was  done  a  number  of  years  ago,  and  we  secured  from  Europe 
and  fr(>m  Japan  sonu'  (»f  the  most  conspicuous  and  easily  collected 
parasites.     Tliev   were    brought    into    New    JMigland    and    have   been 


A«illIClTI,T!'RAL  AI'I'HOIMUATION    BII.I.,    IW4.  305 

lilxTiilitl  III  (iiUcn'iii  IdciilHu's  in  tlu'  iiifr^irtl  ami  Thi'ir  lif«'  Im- 
torv  has  hrcii  sUnlli'd.  iiiul  \vr  liavr  ullfinpU'il  In  takr  «'\  t-ry  a«lvunlut{« 
possible  (»f  thosi'  nnturiil  cnoinij's  in  hrlpiiij^  l<»  loduco  the  trouble. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  Oan  y«»ii  tell  us  juiytliiu},'  about  wlirtluT  ihry 
have  any  «•([(•(•(  or  not  ( 

Mr.  liru(JK.ss.  Oh,  yon.  That  is  (heckrd  up.  and  wo  can  jjrt  u 
very  (h'linite  lino  on  the  olToct  of  the  parasites  that  attack  the  •'KJi^'. 
because  we  can  make  a  coMection  (»f  a  (lelinite  number  of  e<;t;  (lusters. 
We  know  dednitely  the  ninnber  of  e;;t^s  and  we  can  <h'termine  delinite- 
Iv  the  parasitism  i»f  tlie  e«^{^s.  But  it  is  a  «;o(»d  deal  more  di(li<ult  to 
determine  the  hen<«lit  that  is  derived  from  parasitism  of  the  <ater- 
pillars,  because  in  a  «;ood  many  of  tliese  cases  parasitism  is  likely 
to  be  (juite  local,  and  there  are  some  species  that  may  be  ver\  abiiri- 
<lant  in  one  locality  and  may  not  Ix'  in  another. 

The  parasitism  has  increased,  and  there  are  some  elements,  such 
as  the  effect  of  extremely  cold  winters  that  reduce  the  number  of  erjpj 
clusters  in  (lifferent  years.  liut.  unfortunatclv,  the  e<;<;  clusters  that 
are  protected  bv  snow  or  ice  are  not  killed  off  by  the  extremely  low 
temperature. 

As  1  said,  the  most  easily  collected  parasites  from  abroad  have 
been  secured  and  broui^ht  in.  but  tiiere  are  some  others  that  we  have 
records  of  that  are  apparently  abundant  only  at  special  times  -that 
is,  when  the  gypsy  moth  is  particularly  abundant  in  some  localities — 
and  those  are  species  that  we  would  like  to  brin<;  in,  becaus(»  we  want 
to  get  all  the  help  that  we  possibly  can,  and  for  that  rea.son  work  was 
taken  up  this  summer  in  Europe  antl  in  Japan  along  that  line  and 
some  interesting  information  was  secured.  One  shipment  of  para.sites 
was  sent  over  from  Japan;  it  is  the  most  diflicult  to  bring  those 
livinsr  thintrs  through  in  good  condition;  owing  to  failure  in  the 
proper  icing  between  Seattle  and  Boston  the  greater  portum  of  the 
individuals  in  the  shipment  died.  But  we  did  secure  some  breeding 
stock,  and  it  has  been  placed  in  the  field,  particularly  in  southern 
Massachusetts  aiul  Connecticut.  We  also  sent  some  down  to  New 
Jersey.  We  have  made  it  a  point  in  that  New  Jersey  work  to  send 
panisites  from  New  England  down  into  that  section,  particularly 
those  parasites  that  can  maintain  tliemselves  on  other  hosts  besides 
the  gypsy  moth. 

They  will  not  only  be  beneficial  in  curtailing  the  increase  of  the 
caterpillars,  but  if  there  are  stray  caterj)illars  of  the  gypsv  moth,  it 
will  give  the  species  a  chance  to  do  some  good  work  and  lielj)  along 
the  fu'M  work,  that  we  are  trying  to  do. 

rilOORES.S    ON    THK     KXTKKMIN  ATION    OK    BROW.N-TAII,    MOTH. 

Doctor  Howard  spoke  about  the  brown-tail  moth.  We  have  done 
some  work  on  that  insect.  The  maximum  area  or  spread  of  the 
l)rown  tail  moth  was  in  11>14.  It  was  in  about  half  of  NIaiiu'.  three- 
(|uarters  of  New  Hampshire,  one-half  of  Vermont,  three-c|uarters  of 
Massachusetts,  the  whole  of  Rhode  Island,  and  oiu'-third  of  (\)n- 
necticut.  al.so  a  small  section  at  the  end  of  Long  Islaiul.  This  year 
our  record  indicates  that  there  has  been  a  great  reduction,  from  year 
to  year,  which  amounts  to  07  per  cent  of  the  area,  based  on  the 
maximum  for  the  year  1014. 

Mr.  Am)KI{S()\.   What  is  the  brown-tail  moth  ^ 


i\ 


306  AORK'ULTrRAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

y\v.  BrR(;ESs.  The  })r()\vn-tail  moth  is  a  moth  that  came  over  from 
Europe.     It  is  ahuiKhint  in  Europe. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Where  is  the  infestation  herei' 

Mr.  Btrgess.  It  is  entirely  eonfined  to  New  Eno:hind.  and  at  pres- 
ent it  is  known  only  to  occur  in  Maine.  New  Hampshire,  and  Massa- 
i'lmsetts.     Tlu'ie  are  no  infestations  known  at  present  in  Vermont,         .ij 
Connecticut.  Kiiode  Island,  or  Long  Island,  so  we  feel  that  progress 
is  being  made  witli  that  insect. 

Doctor  Howard.  Those  insects  are  mentioned  together  in  this 
item  rehiting  to  moths.  We  have  only  two  more  headings  in  the 
back  of  the  book. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  are  providing  here  a  reduction  of  $69,000. 
What  is  the  basis  of  tiiat  reduction  ( 

Doctor  Howard.  The  fact  that  you  gave  us  SI 00,000  to  be  made 
available  last  year,  and  we  did  not  use  all  of  it.  and  it  went  in  as 
$550,000,  and  the  Budget  Bureau  scaled  it  down. 

PREVENTION    OF    SPREAD    OF    EUROPEAN    CORN    BORER. 

Ml-.  Anderson.  We  will  take  up  now  the  item  on  pag^  224.  the 
European  corn  borer. 

Doctor  Howard.  We  ask  for  no  increase  there.  The  European  corn 
borer  spread  into  Rhode  Island  and  Maine  this  past  year  and  made 
a  slight  spread  along  the  southern  border  of  Lake  Erie,  but  the  work 
we  are  carrviii};  on  is  the  same  as  last  year,  and  I  do  not  know  if  vou 
want  any  further  word  on  it  or  not 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  wt)uld  like  to  know  what  the  status  is  now. 

progress  of  work. 

Mr.  Walton.  This  small  scale  map  shows  distribution  of  the  corn 
borer.  The  situation  in  the  western  end  of  this  infested  area  is 
much  as  it  wjxs  last  year.  There  has  been  no  important  change. 
There  has  been  very  little  spread  there  [indicating  on  map],  although 
there  has  been  a  little  spread  in  contiguous  territory- 
Mr.  Anderson.  Let  us  finish  with  that,  ^^^lat  are  you  doing  to 
confine  it  to  this  area  ^ 

Mr.  Walton.  We  are  enforcing  interstate  and  intrastate  ijuar- 
an  tines. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  is  that  carried  out? 

Mr.  Walton.  This  work  is  carried  out  by  the  inspection  of  all 
crops  except  corn,  which  is  not  permitted  to  move  outside  of  the 
infested  area  in  any  circumstances,  except  in  shelled  condition. 
That  (|uarantine.  of  course,  is  applicable  to  the  entire  infested  area. 

Mr.  A.n'der.son.  Wiiat  is  being  done  in  the  area  to  destroy  the 
insect'?  » 

Mr.  Walton.  Very  little  is  being  done.  The  Ohio  State  peot.le  are 
•  arrving  on  a  cainpaign  of  education  to  induce  farmers  to  adopt 
niethods  which  will  reduce  infestaticm.  'i'his  is  so  very  slight  at  the 
present  time  that  it  is  dlHiculi  to  get  faruu'rs  [o  do  work  which  seems 
\o  them  lo  he  umuve.ssarN .  There  is  a  very  great  iliiliculty  there 
which  will  he  hard  tt»  overcome. 

Doctor  lIowAHi).  'I'hey  d(»  not  ii-ali/e  the  danger,  because  there  is 
no  commercial  damaire. 


ACJRlCl'LTrnAI.    APPROI'KIATION    HILL,    IWt.  307 

Ml ,  \V  vi.ToN.  TIhmt  is  n«>  roinnirnial  (liiiiui<ji'  tMt*r«'  at  all  at  tin* 
prtvsi'iit  time. 

Mr.  Am)KUS«>n.  'IMicrr  nro  very  U'W  inf«'staln»n>  ? 

Mr.  Walton.    TIu'It  ar«'  very  f«'w  njf»'stiif  i"t.^    x ,.-    ^ji 

Mr.  .VM>KKSt)N.   Ar«'  tlu'y  s<alt«'r(Ml  ^ 

Mr.  Walton.  Tlx'y  are  scattrrjMl;  yes,  sir.  I  hr  infestation,  as  u 
rule,  «l(»t's  not  run  lieavier  than  I  |)er  rent  in  a  <nrn(ieltl.  that  is.  1 
caterpillar  in  1  stalk  in  HUl.  h  mtv  -.li<_rhl  loffvi.ii  i.m  nn.l  it  i> 
almost  iinpiissihle  to  iiiid  it. 

To  j;o  on  with  the  (li>tnl)Utioii  of  the  insect,  there  ha.>  Ix-cii  a 
};;eneral  spread  to  the  noitheast\var»l,  in  the  general  direetion  of  the 
prevailing;  wind.  Most  of  this  has  been  in  eontij^iioiLs  territory. 
There  has  been  no  eommereial  spread,  or  Ion<;  jumps,  but  a  spread 
bv  lli^ht  of  the  moth  to  the  north  and  northeastward. 

In  the  western  end  it  is  negligible,  but  in  the  western  end  of  N»-\s 
York  there  has  been  a  considerable  spread  from  the  west,  extending 
to  tlie  eastward  edge  of  Wyoming  (  ounty.     The  spread  tliere  this 
year  eipials  the  entire  area  of  inf(»station  tliat  ]ia<l  occurred  during 
previous  years. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  the  infestation  there  light  ( 

Mr.  W.\lton.  Yes;  but  it  is  not  as  light  as  in  Ohio  and  Michigan. 
There  is  some  apparent  injury,  for  instance  one  shipment  of  sweet 
corn  was  taken  to  a  canning  factory  which  had  7  per  cent  of  the  ears 
infested,  but  that  was  from  a  single  farm. 

Mr.  Ani)f:ksox.  ^Vhat  would  you  do  in  a  case  of  that  kin<l '. 

Mr.  Walton.  Well,  they  rejected  his  corn. 

Mr.  .Vnuekson.  That  did  not  kill  what  was  in  it. 

Mr.  Walton.  There  is  no  way  of  killing  it  when  it  gets  in  an  ear  of 
coriL  e.xeept  taking  it  out  and  smashing  it,  but  the  commercial  injury 
is  so  sliglit  it  is  hard  to  get  farmers  to  act.  The  New  York  people  are 
doing  what  they  can  in  the  way  of  education,  and  we  are  receiving 
active  cooperation  from  the  State  peopU\  the  New  Y'ork  and  Massa- 
chusetts people. 

In  the  eastern  area  of  the  infestation  in  New  ^  t)rk  that  is  shown 
by  this  red  area  -the  injury  is  very  slight  indeed,  although  the  insect 
has  been  there  for  a  good  many  years.  These  areas,  you  understand, 
are  areas  of  one  generation  of  ttie  insect,  one  generation  per  annum. 

Mr.  Anderson.  When  you  sav  "these,"  what  do  you  mean  i 

Mr.  Walton.  P^astern  N'ew  Vork,  western  New  "\  ork,  this  corner 
of  l^ennsylvania  [indicating  on  map],  the  northern  part  of  Ohio,  and 
th(>  soutlieastern  part  of  Nlicliigan. 

.Mr.  Ander.son.   Is  that  only  I  year  old  '. 

Doctor  Ball.  One  generation  in  a  year,  and  over  in  Massachusetts 
it  has  two. 

Mr.  Walton.  I  was  <roing  to  >a\  thai  il  had  two  generations  in 
Massachusetts,  so  that  the  insect  increases  twice  as  fast  in  the  New 
Kngland  area  as  it  does  in  these  other  areas. 

Doctor  Howard.  There  is  extraordinary  damage  in  .New  Kngland 
this  year,  is  there  not  ( 


308  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL^TIOX   BILL,   1924. 

INJURIOUS  TO   GARDEN   CROPS. 

Mr.  Waltox.  In  New  Eiifjland  we  have  a  great  increase  of  injury 
to  garden  crops.  At  the  time  tliis  infestation  be^an  in  New 
England,  not  when  it  be^^an,  but  when  it  was  discovered  in  1917  and 
1918,  there  was  a  great  deal  of  early  sweet  corn  raised  in  the  eastern 
New  England  area,  and  as  the  injury  by  the  insect  increased,  farmers 
began  to  discontinue  growing  it,  because  it  was  unmarketable,  and 
the  consequence  has  been  that  the  corn  borer  entered  these  other 
crops-  celery,  beets,  beans,  and  rhubarb — and  at  the  present  time  the 
infestation  in  these  crops  is  very  heavy.  ITiere  has  been  a  good  deal 
of  commercial  injury  this  fall. 

Doctor  Ball.  Tell  about  the  injur\'  to  com. 

Mr.  Walton.  The  injury  to  corn  was  so  heavy  that  the  sweet-corn 
farmers  have  practically  ceased  producing  it,  except  for  local  con- 
sumption. 

Doctor  Ball.  Tell  about  the  injury  to  corn  in  Canada. 

Mr.  Walton.  Well,  we  had  not  been  discussing  the  Canadian  in- 
festation.    That  is  outside  of  the  United  States. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  would  like  to  know  what  damage  it  does  where 
it  has  a  foothold. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Please  finish  with  the  New  England  business 
first. 

Mr.  Walton.  I  was  about  to  say  there  has  been  a  ^reat  deal  of 
spread  in  New  England  this  year,  because  of  the  densely  mfested  con- 
dition of  the  older  territory.  There  has  been  no  clean-up  there  for 
two  years. 

Doctor  irowARi).  The  weed  areas  are  full  of  them. 

Mr.  Walton.  The  weed  areas  are  full  of  them,  and  there  has  been 
a  great  fiight  of  the  second  generation  moths,  which  occurs  during 
tlie  last  week  in  July  and  in  early  August,  and  the  insect  spread  up 
the  Merrimack  \^\lley  to  the  center  of  New  Hampshire,  and  tliey  have 
fiown  along  the  Maine  coast  for  a  long  distance.  There  is  the  heaviest 
infestation  in  Massachusetts  and  New  England  this  year  that  ever 
has  existed. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  there  any  clean-up  work,  or  anything  in  con- 
templation there? 

M^r.  Walton.  The  commissioner  of  Massachusetts  is  endeavoring 
now  to  secure  funds  for  that  purpose.  He  thinks  he  can  get 
$100. 000,  but  he  wants  the  Federal  Government  to  help  him. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  the  Federal  Government  doing  any  clean-up 
work  at  all  in  Massachusetts? 

Mr.  Walton.  It   is   doing   no   clean-up   work    in    Massachusetts.        ^ 
The  funds  are  insufficient  for  that  purpose. 

Ml-.  Anderson.  You  are  merely  attempting  to  maintain  a  t|uaran- 
tine  ? 

Mr.  Walton.  We  are  merely  attempting  to  maintain  ([uarantine, 
scouting  and  limiting  the  aica  of  the  infestation. 

Mr.  Anderson.  1  would  imagine  tlu'  clean-up  of  tiie  area  in  which 
the  weeds  and  crops  are  infested  would  be  a  very  diflicult  matter. 

Mr.  Walton.  Yes,  sir.  It  does  not  mean  eradication.  It  means 
a  n'<hiclion  of  tlie  intensity  of  the  infestation  to  perhaps  reduce  this 
great  migration  of  motlis. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Has  any  method  been  worked  out  by  which  that 
can  be  nccomplislKMJ  ( 


laRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATTOV    RUA^    lf>24.  809 

Mr.  Walton.   Yoi*. 

Mr.  Andkusox.  Is  it  practical^ 

Mr.  Walton.  Yrs;  it  is  costly,  hut  it  can  \to  i\tmo. 

Mr.  Andkuson.   Ploa.sc  t<'ll  us  what  it  is. 

Mr.  Walton.  liurnini;  ovtw  the  wccil  an*a.s  at  the  time  when  the 
woods  aro  in  a  dry  contiition.     That  ran  Im*  (l<»ne. 

Mr.  Andeijson.   Arc  thoso  words  l)urnc(l  with  an  oil  humor  ^ 

Mr.  Walton.  Yo.s;  thoy  aro  liuniotl  with  oil  hurncrs.  »ind  thoro 
also  has  to  ho  a  liro  protection  to  control  tho  fire  aftor  it  got.s  started. 

Doctor  Ball.  It  could  ho  jjono  if  thov  went  at  it  in  a  commercial 
way,  hut  tho  dostruclion  of  wo«>(ls  wotild  ho  choapor  hy  a  chomical 
process.  Burning  tho  woods  will  often  increase  tho  crop  tin-  next 
year.      If  wo  do  it  h}-  chemicals  it  would  eliminate  that. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  Can  they  destroy  it  with  chemicals^ 

Mr.  Walton.  Yes;  sodium  arsenite  is  used,  which  is  very  ellective. 

INFESTATION    IN    CANADA    DANOEROU8. 

As  to  the  Canadian  condition,  a  very  intense  infestation  of  the 
corn  borer  was  discovered  near  St.  Tliomas,  in  southern  Ontario, 
in  1920,  and  since  that  time  this  infestation  continued  to  exist,  and 
became  very  much  more  intensified  in  1921.  There  was  very  severe 
injury  to  corn.  Some  of  the  flint  cornfields  were  an  entire  loss. 
Since  then  either  the  insect  has  spread,  or  the  scouting  work  has 
been  mucli  more  effective,  and  it  has  been  found  that  practically 
the  entire  southern  half  of  the  Province  of  Ontario  is  infested  with 
the  insect.  They  have  the  largest  single  area  of  infestation  on  the 
American  Continent.  Tliis  year  the  mjury  in  the  center  of  that 
area  is  not  so  great  as  was  the  case  a  year  ago. 

Doctor  Ball.  They  cleaned  up  the  cornstalks  over  the  heavily 
infested  area  last  year. 

Mr.  Walton.  They  cleaned  up,  and  the  Canadians  believe  that  a 
large  portion  of  that  reduction  of  the  infestation  has  been  due  to 
delay  in  planting  corn  to  a  certain  date,  a  date  beyond  which  the 
moths  will  have  died  off. 

They  do  not  raise  much  com  for  grain  purposes.  It  is  largely  a 
forage  crop.  It  is  raised  for  silage.  They  can  delay  it  when  it  is 
planted  for  silage.  \Miether  or  not  that  would  be  applicable  to  Oliio 
and  Michigan  conditions  remains  to  be  seen.  Probably  it  will  not  be, 
except  to  a  limited  extent. 

POSSIBILITY    OF   INSKCT   SPREADING    ALL   OVER    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Have  we  got  a  prospect  of  getting  this  bug  all  over 
the  United  States  in  due  time? 

Mr.  Walton.  It  looks  that  way,  although  perhaps  the  spread  will 
be  slow.  In  the  meantime  we  are  bringing  m  the  natural  enemies 
from  Europe.  We  liberated  1,000,000  of  one  species  in  Massachu- 
setts this  summer,  and  several  other  species,  wlucli  promise  ecjually 
well  will  be  liberated  later  on. 

Doctor  Howard.  We  are  making  a  more  intensive  study  of 
European  parasites  than  ever  before.  At  the  laboratory  in  the  south 
of  France  they  are  studying  the  life  round  of  every  parasite. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Where  does  this  com  borer  exist  in  European 
countries  ? 


STATE    COOPEKATION. 


310  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,  .1924. 

I 

Doctor  Howard.  All  along  the  Mediterranean.  A 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  they  raise  corn  there?  ■{ 

Doctor  Howard.  Yes. 

Mr.  Anderson.   Do  tliev  raise  it  successfully?  \ 

Doctor  Howard.  Quite  successfully;  yes.  In  Italy,  especially, 
the  com  horer  occurs  in  almost  every  cornfield,  and  does  not  nave  an 
appreciable  oflFect  on  the  crop. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Does  the  spread  of  the  borer  vary  from  year  to 
year  under  different  climatic  conditions  i 

Doctor  Howard.  It  does;  under  different  seasonal  conditions,  you 
mean  { 

Mr.  Anderson.  Yes. 

Doctor  Howard.  It  does,  unquestionably.  We  have  records  of  its 
damage  in  Besarabia  and  Transvlvania  which  show  a  severe  damage; 
but  there  is  no  record  of  severe  loss  along  the  Mediterranean,  and  we 
tnink  it  is  controlled  by  parasites,  and  that  is  the  reason  we  are  over 
there  trving  to  get  them  and  bring  them  over  here  and  reproduce 
the  entire  environment  of  the  insect  in  this  country. 

Mr.  Anderson.  In  bringing  them  over  is  there  any  danger  of  bring- 
ing bugs  that  are  harmful  ( 

Doctor  Howard.  Quite  the  reverse.  They  are  so  well  known  in 
their  habits  and  relations  that  there  is  no  danger  whatever.  In  fact, 
it  might  interest  you  to  know  that  one  of  the  parasites  we  brought 
over  for  the  Eurt)pean  corn  borer  we  expect  to  be  a  very  efficient 
enemy  of  the  native  cornstalk  borer  in  South  Carolina,  and  it  is  a  t 
parasite  of  the  sugar-cane  borer  in  Louisiana,  and  we  have  liberated 
a  large  number  of  them  in  sugar-cane  fields  in  New  Orleans  this  past 
year,  and  it  will  serve,  possibly,  a  triple  purpose  we  hope. 


4 


Mr.  Anderson.  Will  you  give  us  some  idea  of  the  prospects  of 
offsetting  funds  appropriated  by  the  States  next  year? 

Mr.  Walton.  1  can  give  you  the  figures  on  the  amount  that  the 
States  furnished  this  year.  Perhaps  that  would  interest  you.  I 
liave  no  (igures  on  what  they  may  furnish  next  year. 

Mr.  Anderson.  All  right,  go  ahead. 

Mr.  Walton.  The  ^States  furnishetl  this  year,  for  the  cooperative 
work,  a  total  of  $49,700.  This  is  distributed  as  follows:  Michigan. 
$4,000:  Ohio,  $11,000;  New  York,  $15,000;  Massachusetts,  $ir).00O:  i 

New  Ilainpshire,  $2,000;  Maine,  $2,000;  and  N'ermont,  $700.  *| 

Mr.  Andkrson.  They  do  not  seem  to  be  very  scared  up  there.  ^ 

Mr.  W.\lton.  Kither  that  or  they  are  very  poor.  | 

Doctor  Howard.   Massachusetts' is  thoroughly  scared  now. 

Doctor  Hau,.  It  had  not  been  in  \'(Mtnont  until  this  year,  and  only 
in  the  edge  of  New  Hampshire.  '  ^1 

Mr.  Anderson.   Is  the  amount  re(|uested  sufficient  to  maintain  the         v 
w»)rk  on  vour  pi-cscnt  basis  ( 

Mr.  Walton,  '^'cs;  without  the  conduct  of  tlie  thorough  scouting 
work  in  the  Mis.sissippi  N'alley  States,  which  should  be  done  to  deter- 
mine whether  the  insect  is  present  or  not.  Tiiat  we  can  not  do  with 
the  present  fnnds.  We  hail  to  lU'glect  that  during  the  present  liscal 
year. 


AUHli  ll/rUBAh   Al'IMUUMUATIo.S    MH.U    lirJ4,  311 

J)i)ct«)r  lloUAKi).  Tluit  is  «l(»iM»  l)v  tlir  Stall'  ('iiioiiuilo^tNU,  U>m>me 
extent. 

Mr.  Walton.   Ye>,  i.>  ^oiiir  slight  .xuni. 

Doctor  lIoWAKi).  Tiic  (iHKiaU  an-  all  aii.\i<iii>>  altoiit  it  tlnTr  uru 
tlicy  not  f 

Mr.  Wai/ion.  Yo.s. 

Mr.  lit  (  IIANAN.  Have  you  ever«^ot  a  parasiti-  lliat  iirovi'd  a  -.in<i',-,> 
against  ai\y  of  tlu'.se  injurious  insects  or  l>u;4s.  or  wiiatever  \ou  call 
tlieni  '. 

Doctor  How  VIM).   Oh.  yes;  a  ^reat  many  times. 

Mr.  Bi  «  MVN.VN.    That  provcnl  a  succi'ss  ^ 

Doctor  Howard.   A  perfect  success;  y<*s. 

Mr.    Andkkson.    Wlial    do   you    mean    when    you    say    "a    [lerO'ct 

SUCCi'SS       '. 

Doctor  HoWAHl).    ll  ahsolutely  controls  the  insect 

The  most  famous  one  is  the  Australian  Lady  Bird,  to  kill  off  the 
white  scale  in  California.  That  scale  made  its  ai)j)earHnce  through 
Ix'infx    introduced    accidentally    into    countries    all    over    the    world. 

It  always  caused  alarm.  an<l  they  have  sent  to  California  for  the 
Australian  insect  and  it  stop|)ed  the  damage. 

I  ^ot  a  letter  to-day  from  south  France  which  says  that  scale  is 
distributed  alon<;  the  Kivi(>ra.  an<l  the  insect  we  sent  over  there  to 
fi»;ht  has  done  perfi'ct  work. 

Doctor  Ball.  Take  our  native  insects,  like  the  fjrass  hopper. 
Ninety  per  cent  of  the  c(Mitrol  work  is  due  to  narasites.  After  you 
have  a  plaijucv  90  per  cent  of  the  et;<:s  have  often  neen  found  destroyed 
by  parasites.  If  it  was  not  for  parasites,  our  native  insects  would  be  as 
serious  a  pest  as  new  ones,  and  that  is  why  the  new  ones  are  a  very 
serious  pest,  for  they  leave  their  parasites  behind  them,  and  are 
brought  in  alone.  Our  native  insects,  in  many  cases,  are  not  so  in- 
jurious, because  they  naturally  develoj)ed  a  sullicient  number  of  para- 
sites to  keej)  them  in  check. 

Doctor  Howard.  I  have  seen  90  per  cent  of  the  e^gs  of  the  Army 
cotton  worm  destroyed  by  parasites. 

Doctor  Ball.  You  have  seen  outbreaks  of  the  (-aterpillar  in  the 
northern  country  that  stripped  the  leaves  off  the  trees.  The  ne.xt 
year  there  will  not  be  one.  oecause  the  paiasites  wiped  them  out. 

Mr.  Bi"(  IIANAN.  I  have  seen  them  to  a  limited  extent.  It  nuiy  be 
that  parasites  hold  them  down. 

Doctor  Ball.  Plant  lice  are  regularly  controlled  by  parasites,  and 
if  It  were  not  for  these  parasites  we  would  not  have  anv plants  left 
at  all. 

D(Htor  How  ARD.   You  refer  to  imported  parasites  ? 

Mr.  Burge-ss  has  pointed  out  that  the  range  of  the  brown-tail 
moth  has  been  reduced  by  .several  thousand  s(|uare  miles,  and  that  is 
partly  due  U)  the  work  of  the  parasites  we  brought  over  from  Europe, 
irom  1905  to  1910.  This  natural  method  of  control  is  fascinating, 
because  it  is  so  cheap. 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.   ^es:  if  we  can  get  it. 

Mr.  AxDKRsoN.  Take  up  the  next  item  on  page  '12{\:  the  spread  of 
the  Mexican  bean  beetle. 

Doctor  Howard.  Mr.  Graf. 


312  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION  BILL,   1924. 

CONTROL  AND  PREVENTION  OF  SPREAD  OF  THE  MEXICAN  BEAN  BEETLE. 

Mr.  Graf.  Any  statement  we  iiiiorht  make  on  our  last  year's  work 
with  the  Me.xiean  bean  hettk'  would  he  largely  a  statement  of  the 
progress  of  tlie  insect,  rather  than  of  our  own.     It  is  still  spreading. 

Mr.  Anders<>n.  I  think  you  had  better  begin  at  the  beginning  and 
cive  us  a  history,  because  we  will  hear  something  about  it  later  on. 

GENERAL   STATEMENT    OF   WORK. 

Mr.  Graf.  'I'iiis  insect  is  probably  Mexican  in  origin.  It  has  been 
in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  in,  Arizona  and  Colorado,  for  about 
,50  years. 

In  1920  some  specimens  were  found  in  Birmingham,  Ala.,  its  first 
appearance  in  the  East.  The  insect  was  found  to  be  distributed  in 
13  counties,  centering  on  Birmingham,  with  an  area  of  about  4,500 
square  miles.  The  following  year  1921  found  it  in  five  States,  over 
an  area  of  4.5,000  s(|uare  miles. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  States  did  you  find  it  in? 
Mr.  Graf.  Alabama,  Tennessee,  North  and  South  Carolina,  and 
Kentucky,  but-  the  main  infestation  w-as  in  the  northern  part  of 
Alabama,  northern  Georgia  and  eastern  Tennessee,  with  just  a  few 
counties  in  the  other  States. 

At  the  same  time  a  great  many  tests  were  made  with  various 
arsenicals  in  an  attempt  to  develope  a  control  for  the  insect.  It 
was  necessary  to  work  out  entii-el}'  new  dilutions  of  poisons  since 
humid  climate  in  the  East  often  causes  severe  plant  injury. 

Our  standard  arsenical,  lead  arsenate,  caused  a  great  deal  of 
injury  to  the  j)lants.  We  found  calcium  arsenate  and  magnesium 
arsenate  w^ere  relatively  safe;  the  only  trouble  with  calcium  arsenate 
was  that  it  was  unsafe  to  apply  the  arsenical  strong  enough  to  con- 
trol the  insect.  Where  many  insects  are  present  it  is  difficult  to 
save  the  plant  with  any  poison  and  much  additional  work  is  necessary 
to  obtain  a  safe  and  sure  remedy. 

This  year  the  work  on  insecticides  was  continued.  Scouting  was 
stopped  on  account  of  lack  of  funds  and  we  have  no  exact  iaea  of 
the  mfestation  except  that  it  is  within  about  .50  miles  of  the  Ohio 
River  and  moving  north  rapidly. 

This  blue  line  [indicating],  which  shows  the  infestation  for  1922, 
is  very  inaccurate,  because  we  depended  on  correspondence  almost 
altogether.  If  the  insects  spread  durino;  the  past  year  in  the  same 
direction  that  it  spread  in  the  two  previous  years,  it  ought  to  be  in 
WVst  Virginia.  \\  e  are  not  saying  it  is  in  West  Virginia.  It  has  not 
been  so  re|)orted,  i)ut  it  is  continuing  its  spread  very  rapidly. 

As  far  as  recommendations  for  control  go,  we  hesitat<'  to  recommend 
magnesium  arsenate,  because  of  its  injurious  eftect  on  peach  foliage. 
Mr.  Andkrsox.   What  do  you  mean? 

Mr.  (iKAr.  It  caused  much  injury  to  peaches.  It  ])urns  the 
leaves. 

Doctor  Howard.  The  peach  is  extremely  susceptible.  Is  a  bean 
as  suscei)tible  as  (he  peacli  i 

Mr.  ditAf.  It  is  to  some  but  not  to  others.  We  have  always 
believed  that  (he  soliibU*  arsenic  contcMit  of  a  poison  is  what  causes 
the  damage,  but  tlie  other  chemicals  in  the  insecticide  also  have  some 


I 

II 


AGIUCULTI^RAI.   AIMMtdlMllATION    1111, I^    MrJ4.  313 

action  on  tli«'  plant.  'V\w  loud  arid  iiia;^iiosiutn  have  a  jjrral  jlcal  l<» 
<l()  with  it.  an<l  it  is  rathrr  (liflicult  to  sny  a  poison  will  hnrn  on<»  plant 
h(MHUs(>  it  has  hiirru'd  some  other  plant. 

The  hcan  is  supposed  to  In*  more  lender  to  arsenirals  tlinn  n  pi-ni  h  , 
hilt  as  far  as  Mia<;nesiuni  is  eoneerned  it  is  more  hardy. 

Wo  have  made  arranjjements  to  havo  magnesium  arsenate  tester! 
under  all  conditions  this  year  in  the  West  and  North,  and  should  have 
some*  additional  information  on  this  point  soon. 

Ma<;nesium  arsemite  is  only  manufactured  hy  one  company,  and 
it  is  (louhtfid  if  a  stahle  formula  has  l)oen  developed.  Tliis  work 
re(|uires  many  tests  in  different  districts  in  order  to  he  certain  of 
inse<"t  control  without  plant  injury. 

The  insecticide  |)hase  of  the  (piestion  is  still  larjij«'ly  unsolved.  A 
man  was  sent  to  Mexico  this  year  to  continue  investifjations  of 
parasites,  and  he  ('(dhn-ted  and  slnpped  a  hirf:^e  numher  of  the  |)arasites 
of  the  Mexican  heun  hcelli'  from  near  Mexico  City.  Ahout  ;i, ()()()  of 
these  heneficial  insects  have  been  received  and  an  attempt  will  he 
made  to  colonize  them  next  year.  It  is  still  too  earlv  to  predict 
results.  This  material  was  carefully  watched  and  nil  secondarv 
parasites  were  destroyed. 

Mr.  Graf.  wSecondary  parasites  are  the  ones  that  kill  the  beneficial 
parasites. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  .Vre  the  infestations  on  the  edges  of  this  center 
as  heavy  as  they  were  in  Birmingham? 

Mr.  Graf.  Yes,  sir.  One  of  the  most  noticeable  things  is  that 
the  most  complaints  come  in  from  the  north  boundary  of  the  insects. 
As  it  goes  further  north  it  is  becoming  more  injurious. 

Another  thing  is  the  infestations  along  the  southern  edge  is  becom- 
ing weaker,  but  whether  it  is  the  level  country,  the  absence  of  hills 
for  hibernating  the  insect,  or  whether  the  climate  is  not  suitable,  is 
something  we  can  not  tell. 

Doctor  Howard.  Does  it  fly  away  to  a  distance  to  hibernate  ? 

Mr.  Graf.  In  New  Mexico,  it  was  found  in  the  woods  7\  miles 
from  the  nearest  beans,  and  that  is  as  far  as  w^e  looked.  T  would 
say  20  to  40  miles  would  be  within  easy  reach. 

Mr.  Anderson.   Does  it  attack  anything  except  beans? 

Mr.  Graf.  In  the  East  it  feeds  on  all  cultivated  beans,  cowpeas, 
soy  beans,  and  other  legumes,  and  to  a  limited  extent  on  the  flowering 
beans,  but  it  is  a  primaiy  j)est  only,  as  we  think  now,  on  cultivated 
beans. 

Doctor  Howard.  Does  it  not  affect  the  w^ild  cucumber? 

Mr.  Graf.  Xo,  sir;  that  is  another  insect.  The  insect  is  apparently 
changing  its  habits  a  great  deal.  We  thou<^ht  we  knew  something 
about  it  after  it  had  been  in  here  a  year.  We  thought  it  would  be 
possible  to  grow  early  beans  in  Birmini;ham  this  year.  The  Italians 
tried  it  the  previous  year  and  (piit.  The  beetle  was  two  or  three 
weeks  late  last  vear,  and  some  of  the  people  grew  early  beans  suc- 
cessfully. The  Italians  noted  the  success  and  tried  to  plant  a  verj' 
large  crop  of  beans  slightly  later  and  they  were  all  destroyed.  In 
the  fall  it  was  expected  the  insect  would  be  injurious  until  the  1st  of 
September,  but  it  had  disappeared  from  the  fields  on  the  1st  of 
August,  when  the  weather  was  very  favorable  for  further  develop- 
ment. 


314  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

We  found  them  hibernating  in  the  woods,  under  the  moss  and  leaves, 
when  the  temperature  was  82°  in  the  shade,  at  a  time  when  they  had 
in  the  previous  year  caused  serious  damage. 

Doctor  Howard.   Isn't  tliat  oliaracteristic  of  tlie  family^ 
Mr.  Graf.  Most  of  the  hitlyl)irds  hibernate  early,  but  they  did  not 
do  it  in  Birmingham  the  previous  year.     They  changed  their  habits. 

PKOPOSED    .\CTIVITIE8. 

Mr.  A.NDKKSox.   "VMiat  arc  you  proposing  to  do  next  year? 

Mr.  Graf.  We  arc  proposing  to  continue  tlie  work,  following  it 
noith  a  great  deal  more  closely.  We  about  concluded  from  our 
insecticide  tests  on  beans  that  it  will  be  necessary  to  develop  a  sepa- 
rate formula  for  beans  in  different  latitudes.  We  think  we  can  use 
a  stronger  poison  on  beans  in  the  Northeast  than  in  the  Southeast. 
If  that  is  possible,  it  will  be  easier  to  control.  It  is  dangerous  to 
j)iit  the  arseiuite  (m  the  plant  in  a  high  concentration:  that  is.  high 
enough  to  kill  the  insect  —at  the  present  time.  We  planiu'd  to  do 
some  work  in  the  West,  but  it  appears  that  part  of  the  appropriation 
is  stricken  out,  so  we  can  not  carry  that  out. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  do  you  mean  "in  the  West"  ( 

Mr.  Graf.  In  the  Rocky  Mountain  regions.  New  Mexico,  and  Colo- 
rado. The  beans  are  a  lower-priced  crop  there.  Injury  occurs  over 
a  short  period,  and  water  is  so  scarce  that  they  can  not  spray  con- 
veniently, and  the  wind  is  so  hifjh  that  they  can  not  dust. 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.   He  got  3"ou  there. 

Mr.  Graf.   He  has,  unless  we  can  develop  some  mechanical  control. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  Go  ahead  in  relation  to  that. 

Mr.  Gi{AF.  The  main  producing  States  of  the  North  arc  Michigan. 
Wisconsin,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey.  New  Jersey  produces 
mostly  green  beans;  that  is,  beans  for  canning,  and  from  the  present 
trend  of  infestation  it  threatens  these  and  other  States.  The  States 
further  west  will  be  free  a  great  deal  longer  than  New  York  and  the 
rest  of  the  States  on  the  eastern  seaboard. 

NEED    FOR    I\CKE.\SEr)    AI-1'I!()1-KI  ATIONS. 

Mr.  AxDKHsox.  If  you  had  more  money,  what  could  you  do  with  it  ? 

Mr.  Graf.  We  woidd  start  work  in  the  West  principally  on  a 
mechanical  control.  Those  people  out  there  are  fighting  a  hopeless 
fight.  They  can  not  choose  tlieir  planting  time.  They  have  to 
plant  when  the  moisture  is  in  the  sod;  they  have  to  plant  so  as  to 
})('  sure  of  avoiding  frosts.  They  have  to  phint  in  certain  fertile 
valle>s  near  the  sunounding  hills,  which  furnish  hibernating  quarters 
for  the  insects. 

There  is  apparently  no  way  they  can  avoid  having  a  great  deal  of 
insect  dainatre. 

The  crop  value  will  average  in  New  Mexico  about  $12  per  acre  over 
the  cost  of  production.  That  means  that  direct  control  with  insec- 
ticides is  jiisl  about  out  of  the  (juestion.  We  are  trying  to  figuiv  out 
a  Jiiechamcal  contrivance  to  knock  sonu'  of  the  beetles  off  the  plants 
in  the  course  of  their  cultivating  the  crop.  They  cultivate  from  two 
to  four  tiines  a  season,  and  if  we  couhi  reduce  the  beetles  to  some 
extent,  withoiif  any  extra  expense,  it  might  prove  suflicient  to  save 


AGRlCUI.TrRAL   AI'PHr)i»ltIATI(>X    HII.U    V.f2i.  315 

\\w  crop.  Tlu'  ln'uiis  lUiiturc  rapitlly.  Jirnl  if  tho  Ix'otlrs  an'  only 
[mrtinlly  nMliirtHJ  the  bciins  ini^ht  f)ass  the  rritiral  pcrijxl  siifcly  unci 
a  (■(•mmcrcial  crop  would  he  jissurcMl. 

Mr.  A.NDKUsoN.  W'v  luivc  had  thciu  a  loiij;  tiiur  out  thon-.  What 
can  \v(»  r|o  to  sto[)  thcni  from  ^cttiu^  in  thr  hcari  producinir  sections 
<»f  Mirhi<;an  f 

Mr.  (iHAK.  \\v  cixu  not  stop  tht'ni.  Wo  have  jjivon  up  l\\v  idt-a  of 
that. 

Mr.  Andkkso.n.  What  can  wo  do  t<»  find  out  i  What  can  wo  <lo 
when  thoy  pot  thero^ 

|)<ictor  FIowARD.  That  is  what  we  aro  doin«;  un(h>r  this  a[)propria- 
tion. 

Mr.  Anderson,  llavo  you  nionoy  onou«^h  l(»  do  it? 

Mr.  (iKAK.  In  the  oast  tho  work  couM  ho  oxpoihtod  with  a(hlitionai 
funds  h(»th  as  regards  the  (h»volopinont  of  rcinochos  a>id  tho  survey  t<» 
dotonnino  tho  l)osl  locaHtios  for  «;rowin^  hoans. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  fool  your  work  in  tho  oast  is  as  offeotivo  as  you 
can  do  it  ( 

Doctor  IloUAKD.  .S2.").0()()  is  onou<;li,  it  >ccnis  t<>  nic  to  I'ollou  up 
our  studios,  altlunij;h  a  lar<i:('r  amount  would  «»f  c(»urso  p(>rmit  more 
oxtonsivo    research. 


Tlksday,  November  21,  1922. 
BURKAU  OF  BIOLCXilCAL  SURVEY. 
STATEMENT    OF    DR.   E.   W.    NELSON.   CHIEF    OF    BTTREAU, 

salaries. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  there  any  preliminary  statement  you  want  to 
make.  Doctor  Nelson,  before  you  start  on  the  statutory  roll  ? 

Doctor  Nelson.  The  work  of  the  Bioloc^ical  Survey  has  to  do  with 
the  wild  birds  anil  nianinials  of  the  country,  the  gjeneral  conservation 
and  utilization  of  the  useful  species  and  the  control  of  the  harmful 
ones,  includino:  tho  administration  of  the  Federal  jjame  laws. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  take  up  your  statutor}'  roll,  on  page  229. 
There  seems  to  be  a  small  increase. 

Dt)ctor  Nelson.  There  is  an  increase  of  the  statutory  roll,  which 
IS  compensated  for  by  a  correspondini;  decrease  on  tho  lump  fund 
apnr<)j)riations;  it  is  merely  a  transfer. 

Sir.  Anderson.  All  of  these  changes  involve  transfers? 

Doctor  Nelson.  Yes;  except  two  which  we  dropped  as  noted  on 
page  44  of  this  explanatory  statement. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Then  there  is  a  not  decrease  on  the  statutory  roll  i 

Doctor  Nelson.  Yes;  of  $2,700  through  dropping  two  clerks; 
then  tlioro  is  a  change  of  tho  title  of  photographer,  changing  it  to 
photographer  or  clerk,  with  no  change  in  salary.  Otherwise,  the 
salaries  stand  as  thoy  aro  for  tho  present  year. 

Is  anything  further  desired  on  that  item  '. 

Mr.  Anderson.  No:  I  think  not. 


316  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL'VTIOX   BILL,   1924, 

MAINTENANCE  OF  THE  MONTANA    NATIONAL   BISON   RANGE  AND  OTHER 

RESERVATIONS. 

Doctor  Nelson.  The  (irst  tippropriation  item  is  that  covering 
game  and  V)ir(l  reservations,  page  231. 

This  is  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Montana  National  Bison  Range 
and  other  reservations,  (39  birds  and  big  game  reservations,  of  which 
five  are  mostly,  at  least,  for  big  game.  We  iiave  about  40,000  acres 
under  fence.  These  40,000  acres  are  distributed  in  live  reservations. 
Within  these  fenced  areas  we  have  on  the  National  Bison  Range  in 
Montana  402  bison,  325  elk,  and  75  deer  of  two  kinds,  and  14  moun- 
tain sheep.  On  the  W^ind  Cave  game  preserve.  South  Dakota,  we 
have  92  bison,  149  elk,  20  antelop;  on  the  Niobrara  Reservation  in 
Nebraska,  we  have  41  bison,  54  elk;  and  on  the  game  preserve  in 
Sullys  Hill  National  Park,  N.  Dak.,  11  bison  and  50  elk  and  5  deer. 

A  large  number  of  these  reservations  are  without  regular  warden 
service.  Some  of  them  are  so  small  that  they  do  not  warrant  it,  and 
as  to  others  the  funds  available  do  not  permit  us  to  maintain  a  warden. 
We  have  wardens  on  the  more  important  ones,  and  in  the  mainte- 
nance of  the  big  game  reservations  we  have  the  upkeep  of  resident 
wardens'  quarters  and  of  fences,  with  necessary  repairs.  In  some 
places  new  fences  must  be  constructed  to  take  in  unfenced  lands  as 
the  animals  increase  in  number. 

WINTER    ELK    REFUGE. 

In  the  winter  elk  refuge  at  Jackson  Hole,  Wyo.,  we  have  about 
2,000  acres  of  land,  largely  under  fence,  where  we  provide  forage  for  j     tb 

the  southern  Yellowstone  elk  herd  in  the  winter.  This  herd  lives  in 
the  summer  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Yellowstone  and  adjacent 
national  forests  and  in  winter  tne  animals  come  down  into  the  Jackson 
Hole  country,  in  the  valley  of  the  Snake  River.     Formerly  these  elk  '    sti 

used  to  pass  on  south  into  the  plains  of  Wyoming,  but  that  country  La 

has  been  occupied  by  settlers  and  by  stockmen,  and  is  fenced.  At 
present  the  elk  are  stopped  when  they  get  down  in  the  foothills,  as 
they  have  no  outlet.  The  result  is  that  they  have  insufTicient  winter 
range,  and  in  order  to  keep  the  elk  alive  they  must  be  fed  hay  during 
severe  winters.  That  is  the  object  of  this  reservation,  where  we 
cultivate  about  300  acres  of  hay  land,  raising  between  600  and  700 
tons  of  hay  a  year.  Occasionally  we  have  to  buy  additional  hay. 
The  elk.  in  numbers  running  anywhere  from  4.000,  (i.OOO.  or  nuu-e. 
come  down  into  this  valley  in  winter  and  are  fed  during  hard  seasons. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Does  this  appropriation  cover  oidy  these  five 
refuges  or  reservations? 

i)(Kl«»r  Xelson.  It  covers  those  and  the  (i4  bird  reservations. 

W.MtUKN    SEKVICE. 

Mr.  A.ndkrson.   How  do  you  police  these  bird  reservations? 

Doctor  Nki.so.n.  liy  wardens.  At  tli(>  more  important  ones  we 
have  a  wiirdcn  service. 

Mr.  AsDKKSo.N.  liow  do  you  police  the  ones  where  you  do  not  have 
the  warden  service  # 

Doctor  Nki.son.  We  simply  visit  them  occasionally,  and  secure  the 
cooperation  of  the  Slate  gniiie  wnrdeiis.      In   Louisiana,  for  instance, 


t 


AOIUCULTURAL    APPIIOPRIATIOX    BILU    1924.  317 

tlu*  State  i^unu'  olluinls  Imvc  a  Woat  cniisinf;  unMiixi  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  us  some  of  our  reservations  lie  off  the  e(»ast  in 
tliis  vicinity,  thoy  have  very  kindly  ajjreed  to  help  police'  them  durin>» 
the  hrcedin*;  seasoji. 

Mr.  IIkndkuson.  A  iiumher  of  Kechmmtion  Service  men  nrc  )iUo 
made  deputy  wardens  witlnmt  salary 

Doctor  Neuson.  Ves;  the  Keclamuti»)n  Service  has  men  in  charj^e 
of  the  reclamation  reser\'oirs.  a  number  of  whicli  are  hird  reserva- 
tions. an<i  tliey  act  as  wardens.  We  <;et  (piite  a  lot  (»f  cooperative 
sprvice  of  that  kind  to  help  out. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  On  these  hird  n^servations,  for  example,  1  under- 
stand that  it  is  not  jiermissihle  for  a  man  to  have  u  fjun.  ammunition, 
or  any  other  firearms  of  any  sort;  is  that  correct  '. 

Doctor  Nelson.  That  is,  you  moan  the  people  are  not  permitted 
to  fjo  on 

Mr.  A.NDERSON  (interposing).  Yes. 

Doctor  Nelson.  No.  there  is  no  shooting  permitt^'d.  e.xcept  at  two 
places 

Mr.  Anderson  (interposing).  Not  only  no  shooting  j)ermitted.  but 
you  do  not  let  them  on  there  with  a  gun  at  all  ( 

Doctor  Nelson.  No;  a  man  is  not  permitted  to  go  on  there  with  a 
gun,  unless  he  is  a  Government  hunter  killing  predatory  animals. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  that  done  by  law  or  regulation  of  the  depart- 
ment i 

Doctor  Nelson.  That  is  by  regulation.  The  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture is  authorized  to  make  proper  rules  and  regulations  to  pro- 
tect the  reservations  and  to  make  them  fulfill  the  purpose  for  wnich 
they  were  established. 

Mr.  Henderson.  The  law  prohibits  interference  with  the  birds  on 
the  reservations,  their  nests  and  eggs. 

Doctor  Nelson.  We  do  not  interfere  with  the  fishing,  for  in- 
stance, as  long  as  it  is  done  according  to  the  State  laws.  The  Big 
Lake  Reservation,  w^hich  is  one  of  our  important  reservations  in 
Arkansas  and  a  very  great  resort  for  wild  fowls  during  the  migra- 
tion sea.son,  is  also  a  very  popular  fishing  ground.  There  is  a  lot 
of  commercial  fishing  tiiere,  and  we  give  anybody  a  permit  to  fish 
as  long  as  he  complies  with  the  State  fishing  laws.  1  might  say,  in 
this  connection,  that  the  work  of  our  wardens  on  the  Bi^  Lake  Reser- 
vation has  brought  about  an  observance  of  the  State  fishing  laws  of 
that  locality  because  as  soon  as  a  man  violates  the  law  we  revoke  his 
permit. 

This  affords  a  strong  incentive  for  the  fishermen  to  avoid  violating 
the  requirements  of  the  State  laws. 

INCRE.\8E   IN   G.\ME. 

The  big  game  on  these  fenced  reservations  is  increasing  rapitUy. 
We  are  now  working  out  a  system  whereby  we  can  take  care  of  the 
surplus,  and  the  indications  are  that  there  mav  be  a  surplus  of  game 
to  DC  marketed  which  eventually  will  fully  tal\e  care  of  the  expense 
of  caring  for  these  places. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Have  there  been  any  apparent  increases  in  the 
number  of  |jame  birds  ( 

Doctor  Nelson.  Migratorv  game  birds,  vou  mean  '. 


318  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

Mr,  Andersox.  Yes. 

Doctor  Nelsox.  \'erv  great  increases.     That  we  will  take  up  later, 
when  we  come  to  that  item. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  The  next  item  is  on  page  232. 

SULLYS    lULL    XATIOXAL    PARK    GAME    PRESERVE. 

Doctor  Nelsox.  For  Sullys  Hill  Reservation.  X.  Dak.,  there  is  an 
appropriation  of  .So, 000,  which  has  been  continued  for  some  years,  for 
purpose  of  caring  for  this  reservation  and  for  making  certain  improve- 
ments needed  for  its  proper  maintenace.  These  improvements  are 
now  in  an  advanced  state,  and  the  place  is  very  popular  with  the  ' 
residents  of  tlio  surrounding  country.  Owing  to  the  fact,  of  which  ' 
you  probably  are  all  aware,  that  North  Dakota  is  a  rather  flat  countrv 
and  here  is  n  little  hilly  region  bordering  Devils  Lake,  with  a  small 
tract  of  woodland  on  it,  it  makes  a  very  popular  picnic  ground  and 
resort  for  the  people  of  all  that  region.  I  am  told  that  they  come  from 
as  far  as  200  miles  away  to  have  picnics  at  this  place,  and  on  pleasant 
days  hundreds  of  people  coiue  there.  In  addition  to  maintaining  the 
game  there  we  are  trying  to  accommodate  the  people.  We  have  built 
a  woman's  rest  house.  We  are  also  putting  in  a  little  water  service, 
so  that  the  people  who  come  there  can  get  water  easily,  and  a  parking 
place,  as  well  as  other  simple  improvements. 

Mr.  Ik'CHANAX.  Is  this  Government  land  ? 

Doctor  Nelson.  Yes;  it  is  owned  by  the  Govemment. 

Mr.  BucHANAX.  Do  you  call  that  a  game  reservation? 

Doctor  Nelson.  Yes:  it  is  a  game  reservation. 

Mr.  BucHAXAX.  Whnt  sort  of  game  ( 

Doctor  Nelson.  Buffalo,,  elk,  and  deer. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  it  fenced? 

INCRE.\SE   IN    NUMBER   OF   BUFF.\LO. 

Doctor  Nelson.  Yes.  It  might  be  of  interest,  before  I  leave  this  f 
game  reservation  matter,  to  state  that  in  the  United  States  at  the 
present  time  there  are  nine  Government  herds  of  bison  containing 
1,140  animals.  There  are  also  a  considerable  number  of  private 
herds,  so  that  the  bisoji.  all  told,  in  the  United  States  number  about 
3,527.  In  Canada  they  have  over  6,000,  so  there  are  now  in  existence 
in  North  vVmerica  approximately  10.000  bison,  whereas  a  few  yeare 
ago  they  were  on  the  verge  <^>f  extinction. 

Mr.  Andersox.  They  are  not  very  far  from  it  yet — 10,000  is  not 
verv  many. 

Dortoi'  Xki.so.n.  Well,  it  is  enough  to  be  encouraging,  in  view  of  the 
fact  that  the  bison  breed  in  captivity  just  as  freely  as  cattle.  They 
have  increased  from  a  little  handful  to  10,000  in  a  comparatively  few 
years,  and  they  are  scattered  over  Canacla  and  various  parts  of  the 
Ignited  States,  so  that  the  future  of  the  bison  is  practically  assured. 
They  can  be  maintained  ami  will  be  maintained. 

.Mr.  BrniANAN.   Do  thev  get  as  gentle  as  cattle^ 

l)o(t(»r  Xki.son.  Nt>;  thoy  are  rather  dangerous.  For  instance, 
up  in  (»ur  Montana  bison  range,  where  we  have  nearlv  r>00.  they  let 
you  ri<le  u^)  to  within  a  short  distance  of  I  hem.  but  if  you  get  on"  foot 
they  are  bUely   to  conu'  after  you,  particularly  some  of  the  cows. 


AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BIIJ^    M»24.  319 

Some  of  t\w  old  cows  are  more  vicious  tlmri  th«'  bulls.  Wo  have 
found  that  on  several  of  the  reservations  where  there  are  hi«on  the 
cows  are  inclined  to  he  more  sava<je  than  the  hull<. 

Mr.  Hi'iiivNAN.  If  they  were  liandl«M|  properly  lhr\  \s<nild  j;et 
gentle  like  <attle  ( 

Doctor  Nkl.hox.  Oh.  yes;  they  wouM;  they  could  he  made  tjontle. 

I"<MH)    MA  HITS    <»l      UIKDS    AND     VMM  MS 

Mr.  Andkkson.  We  will  now  take  up  the  item  on  page  2.15,  inves- 
ti<;ation  of  food  animals,  \orth  America. 

J)octor  Nf.i.son.  riie  main  w(»rk  under  this  appropriation  i-.  that 
of  eontrol,  lessening;  the  losses  due  to  depr«'dations  (»f  predatory  wild 
animals,  such  as  mountain  lions,  wolves  and  others,  on  live  stock, 
and  the  destruction  of  cro|)s  and  foraj^e  hy  rodents.  There  is  a  p^reat 
vnri(^tv  of  thc^c  imininU, 

PKKIIATOKV   AMM.VL    WOUK. 

In  our  predatory  animal  work,  which  I  will  take  uj)  fii-st,  we  are 
maintaining]:  an  orjjani/ation  throu<;hout  the  western  I  nited  States, 
with  an  inspector  in  charge  in  eacii  Slate,  and  under  him  we  have 
employed  hunters  who  are  poisoning  and  trapping  and  shooting 
these  predatory  animals. 

During  the  last  year  we  actually  took  the  skins  or  sfal|>s  of  nearlv 
31,000  of  these  animals,  in  addition  we  j)Ut  out  an  enormous  number 
of  poison  baits,  which,  judging  from  the  number  of  animals  subse- 
(luently  found  by  stockmen  in  the  ranges,  undoubtedly  resulted  in 
tne  killing  of  more  than  00,000  additional  coyotes  and  bobcats. 

Mr.  BuciiAN'AX.  You  do  not  spend  any  money  on  jack  rabbits 
and  ground  squirrels  ? 

Doctor  Nelson.  Yes;  and  later  on  I  will  take  that  up. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  All  right. 

Doctor  Nelson.  Our  men  put  out  1.229,000  poison  baits  during 
the  year  in  their  campaigns  against  the  predatory  animals,  and  the 
number  killed  was  very  great.  We  received  from  the  skins  of  these 
animals,  which  are  Government  property,  S34.202,  which,  added  to 
that  previously  received,  make  a  total  of  §283,000  that  we  have 
turned  into  the  Treasury  for  the  skins  taken  by  our  hunters. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  many  animals  do  you  say  you  killed  this 
year  ? 

Doctor  Nelson.  W'e  actually  took  the  scalps  and  skins  of  30,986. 
and  in  addition  the  use  of  more  than  a  million  poison  baits  resulted 
in  killing  an  enormous  number  of  additional  animals,  of  which  we 
get  reports  from  the  stock  men  who  tind  the  dead  animals  scattered 
over  tne  range.  The  reports  in  many  places  are  that  the  coyotes 
and  other  stock-killing  animals  have  practically  disappeared,  so  that 
stock  men  are  able  without  losses  to  run  sheep,  for  instance,  in  open 


grazms 


Witn  respect  to  our  work  in  western  Texas  Mr.  Hudspeth  informed 
me  that  he  considers  that  the  predatory  work  in  that  region  has 
added  $")  or  more  an  acre  to  tln^  valueof  the  land,  owing  to  th(>freed(mi 
with  which  stock  can  be  grazed.  It  does  not  require  the  same  number 
of  herders  as  when  predatory  animals  are  present. 


22(y2S — 2*2 21 


f 


320  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL^TION   BILL,  1924. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Has  this  work  jjot  to  be  kept  up  on  its  present 
basis  indefinitely  ( 

Doctor  Nelson.  Apparently  it  has,  at  lejist  until  the  animals  are 
destroyed.  Just  as  quick  as  you  stop  this  work  the  annuals  breed 
back  and  become  so  destructive  that  in  many  places  it  puts  the  stock 
business  out  of  commission.  In  northern  California,  for  instance, 
thev  had  stojiped  orrowino:  sheep  in  some  sections  owing  to  the  depreda- 
tions of  coyotes.  Since  we  began  working  there  they  have  started 
again  to  grow  sheep,  and  we  have  reports  from  various  places  that  if 
this  work  was  not  being  carried  on  it  would  be  impossible  to  con- 
tinue growing  live  stock,  particularly  the  smaller  stock. 

COOPERATION    OF  STATES. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Before  we  went  into  that  business,  some  of  these 
States  were  taking  care  of  themselves.  Now,  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment has  gone  into  it,  and  they  just  withdraw  and  turn  the  whole 
thing  over  to  the  Govermnent? 

Doctor  Nelson.  No;  the  States  are  putting  up  money:  for  instance, 
their  cooperative  funds  for  1922  for  this  work  in  the  States  amounted 
to  $196,405. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Prior  to  that  they  had  rewards  offered  at  so  much 
per  scalp  ? 

Doctor  Nelson.  Since  we  have  shown  the  superior  effectiveness 
of  the  work  as  we  are  doing  it,  many  wStates  have  ceased  to  rely  upon 
the  bounty  system. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  That  is  just  what  I  told  you. 

Doctor  Nelson.  I  beg  your  pardon. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  That  is  just  what  I  said,  since  the  Government  has 
taken  it  up  they  have  stopped. 

Doctor  Nelson.  But  they  are  appropriating  money  in  place  of  the 
bounties. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Oh,  yes;  two  or  three  dozen  States  appropriate 
$100,000,  but  we  appropriate  S502,000.  f 

Doctor  Nelson.  The  $502,000  is  not  appropriated  for  the  preda- 
tory-animal work  alone.  For  the  predatory-animal  and  the  rodent 
work  combined  the  Government  puts  up  about  $400,000,  ami  the 
States  are  putting  up  approximately  $1,000,000  in  cooperative  funds. 
They  are  contributing  practica'ly  two-and-a-half  times  as  much  as 
the  Federal  Government. 

EXPERIMENTS   AT   DENVER   LABOR.VTORY. 

We  have  established  in  Denver  a  laboratory  where  experiments  are 
being  made  in  developing  an  improved  type  of  poison,  which  is  com- 
bined in  such  a  way  as  to  make  it  palatable  to  predatory  animals. 

Tiierc  has  been  great  dilliculty  in  the  use  of  strychnine,  which  is 
the  main  poison,  owing  to  its  l)itter  taste.  The  predatory  animals 
are  very  acute  in  detecting  it,  and  wheji  thev  take  the  bait  in  the 
m(»utli  and  notice  the  slightest  bitterness  tliey  droj)  it.  We  are 
working  out  a  method  whereby  the  particles  of  strychnine  are  coateti 
and  disgjii.sed  in  such  a  way' that  the  development  of  the  taste  is 
delayed  until  the  iiiiinuds  swallow  it,  and  we  are  getting  exceeilingly 
ell'fctive  results.  We  have  found  that  th<>  plan  on  which  we  started 
the  trapping  of  predntory  aiumals  re(|uires  too  large  a  body  of  men. 


L 


ACItlcrr/miAL    Al'IMCnJMtlATloN    HII.U    H*"-*.  M'2 1 

Tlir  nniiimU  arc  so  aWiiinlaMt  and  tlu»  territory  is  ko  vast  over  wliicli 
tliov  roam  that  if  would  take  afi  armv  to  roiitrol  tliciij  in  tins  wav 
hut  1)\  (Irvrlooin^  the  |)oison  nietliod  wr  have  aln'adv  srfiir»'d  vl\- 
(•oui'a»;in<^  rcsnlts.  Those  i-esiilts  indi<'ate  that  with  a  cotnnarativelv 
small  force  and  with  the  cooperation  of  the  .stockmen  and  the  local 
f)eo|)le  with  whom  we  are  workin"^  \vr  can  cover  irii  enormous  territor\ 
ver\'  much  more  cheaply.  The  future  control  of  the  predatory  ani- 
mals will  he  hased  largely  on  the  increasing  effectiveness  of  our  p«»ison 
campaigns. 

Mr.  Hi<  iiANAX.  Do  you  run  acntss  any  species  of  wolves  out  there 
that  wdl  not  eat  poisoned  meat,  which  are  too  snuirt  f<»r-  \  on  ' 

Doctor  Xki.sox.   We  have  not  found  any  yet. 

Mr.  liiciiANAN.   Do  you  not  find  those  which  will  not  eat  meat  ^ 

Doctor  XfJ-son.  I  do  not  think  we  have  ever  run  acmss  one  that 
would  not  take  «^ome  h.iif.  We  have  poisoned  a  numher  <>f  old 
w<»lves. 

Mr.  lit  (MANAN.    Lohoes  ^ 

Doctor  Xf.I.son.    Yes:  that  liave  luti  for  niaii\   yeais. 

Mr.  BrtiiANAN.  Some  (»f  them  are  so  smart  that  they  will  tiof  i;i( 
dead  meat:  it  has  «;ot  to  he  warm. 

Doctor  Nelson.  These  little  haits  that  we  put  out  are  li.\ed  up  ui 
a  temj)tin<;  way.  just  a  little  hit  that  is  drop|)(>(l.  very  carefully  pre- 
pared, and  they  will  pick  it  up.  A  wolf  that  will  not  touch  a  (h-ad  car- 
cas.s  is  likely  to  pick  up  one  of  these  baits. 

Mr.  -Vndeh.so.n.   Mow  many  men  have  you  got  employed   in   this 

work  now  in  the  field  ( 

Doctor  Xhi-son.   We  have   HiO  in  our  regular  organizations,  and 
11  1  • 

the  numher  runs  over  200,  accordmg  to  season. 

Mr.  BrtiiANAN.  Two  hundred  altogether^ 

Doctor  Xelso.n.  About  200. 

BOU.VTY   SYSTEM    FOR   PREDATORY    ANIMALS. 

Mr.  .Ir.MP.  Going  back  to  Mr.  Buchaiuin's  cjuestion  of  a  few  minutes 
ago.  he  may  want  you  to  put  in  the  record  a  statement  of  the  obser- 
vations of  the  de'partment  which  have  demonstrated  the  lesser  degree 
of  effectiveness  of  the  bounty  system  in  com{)arison  with  the  system 
which  you  are  usin^ 

Doctor  N^ELSON.  The  bounty  system  against  predatory  animals  Inis 
be<Mi  in  vojrue  ever  since  the  early  settleiN  came  to  the  eastern  United 
States,  and  it  has  always  been  honeycombed  with  fraud.  It  gives 
op})ortunity  for  the  rankest  kind  of  frauds  and  it  never  definitely 
controls  predatory  animals,  because  it  is  for  the  interest  of  the  bounty 
huntei-s  not  to  exterminate  the  animals  from  which  thev  jjet  a  return 
eacji  year. 

Mr.  Anderso.x.  Thev  had  to  leave  some  breeding  stock? 

Doctor  Nelson.  They  did.  Our  trappers  have  found  many 
coyotes  with  a  trap  mark  high  up  on  one  leg.  showing  that  they  have 
been  caught  and  freed.  A  mark  high  up  on  the  leg  of  a  covote  indi- 
cates that  that  animal  has  been  caught  and  turned  loose:  and  our  men 
have  caught  many  female  coyotes  with  that  mark  on  them.  Many 
of  the  trappers  have  told  us  that  they  never  killed  a  female,  because 
that  would  he  cuttintr  off  their  business. 


322  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

Montana  in  18  years  paid  al)out  SI 25.000  a  year,  which  made  an 
u^orregate  (tf  about  §2.000.000.  and  at  the  end  of  that  period  it  had 
practically  as  many  wolves  and  coyotes  as  it  had  at  the  beginning. 
The  expenditure  of  that  amount  of  money  ought  to  have  killed  every 
pnMhitorv  animal  in  the  State  of  Montana. 

Mr.  Ju.MP.  The  bounty  hunters  also  get  the  least  destructive 
animals  '. 

Doctor  Nelson.  A  bounty  hunter  can  not  afford  to  persist  in  tning 
to  destroy  the  very  cunning,  experienced  predatory  animals,  particu- 
larlv  wolves  and  certain  coyotes,  which  have  become  very  suspicious 
and  have  evaded  capture  for  years.  We  will,  when  necessary,  keep  a 
man  for  months  on  the  trail  of  a  notorious  stock  killer  until  we  get 
him.  There  have  been  bounties  offered  of  SoOO  on  a  single  wolf,  and 
the  bounty  hunter  goes  in  and  spends  a  month  or  so  and  quits,  because 
he  can  not  afford  to  keep  after  him.  But  we  put  one  of  our  men  in 
there,  and  he  follows  that  animal  until  he  gets  him,  and  in  that  way  I 
we  have  destroyed  in  South  Dakota  one  wolf  that  had  a  record  of 
about  S25,000  worth  of  live  stock  it  had  killed  on  the  range. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  How  much  was  the  reward  offered  for  that  wolf  I 

Doctor  Nelson.  They  had  offered  up  to  S500  reward  for  hun.  ^ 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  have  heard  of  even  as  high  as  §1,000  being      \ 
offered  for  a  big  lobo  wolf.  ^ 

Doctor  Nelson.  Our  men  have  killed  a  lot  of  those  notorious  old 
animals;  and  last  spring  they  killed  a  big  grizzly  bear  near  Williams, 
.^Vriz.,  that  had  a  record  with  the  stockmen  of  having  killed  during  its 
life  some  §25,000  to  §30,000  worth  of  stock. 


CONTUOL    OK    RABIES. 


In  addition  to  hunting  the  animals  because  of  their  destruction  of 
stock  there  is  the  control  of  rabies.  Rabies  started  in  the  West  in 
1915,  when  it  spread  to  five  States — northern  California,  Oregon, 
Idaho,  Nevada,  and  Washington 

Mr.  Buchanan  (interposing).  You  do  not  mean  the  first  rabies 
started  in  1915  in  the  West  ^ 

Doctor  Nelson.  Oh,  no;  I  mean  this  epidemic  I*  am  speaking  of. 
It  became  so  severe  that  those  five  States  urgently  asked  for  an  ap- 
propriation to  do  something  to  help  control  it,  and  an  appropriation 
was  made.  We  organized  the  work  along  the  lines  mentioned,  with 
inspectors  and  paid  hunters,  and  before  we  got  thorouglily  going 
rabies  had  spread  into  Utah,  but  we  stopped  it  there,  and  we  have 
held  it  ever  since. 

There  have  l)een  several  outbreaks.  Last  year  there  was  an  out- 
break in  Washington,  and  it  started  to  spread  again,  but  we  concen- 
trated hunters  there  and  suppressed  it.  What  we  do  is  concentrate 
a  lot  of  iiunters  with  tray^s  and  poison  to  kill  the  predatorv  animals. 
In  that  wav  we  dean  Uj)  liu"  animals  which  serve  as  carriers  of  the 
disea.se  in  that  distinct,  and  that  stops  the  spreatl  of  the  rabies. 

Mr.  IkcHANAN.   Wolvt's,  j)rinci|)nlly  >. 

Doctor  Nel.son.  (\\vot«'s  and  wolves;  y<'s.  But  evoiv  earni\  erous 
iiiiinml  has  it  skunks  have  it,  cats  and  dogs  have  it,  and  they  pass 
it  on  to  cattle,  sheei),  and  horses,  all  kinils  of  live  stock. 

Mr.  Bi(  n.\N  AN.  if  you  kill  out  the  jack  rabbits,  you  will  not  have 
anv  remedv  for  rabies     an\  cure  ^ 


%\ 


AGRJClTLTlHAr.    APIMiriPlllATIOK    UlhU    1024.  323 

Doctor  Xki.son.  WhyV 

Mr.  IhcMANAN.   W««  iisc  thi'  jack  nil>l>it  in  nnlcr  tf)  curr»  it. 

Doctor  \ki.son.   Wc  tis(>  pois<»n;  that  cures  it. 

Mr.  lii  <  iiAN.VN.  Oh,  no;  poison  docs  not  cure  a  man  or  a  person 
who  is  hit  ten,  who  contracts  rahies. 

Doctor  .Xkl.son.   'I'hat  i.s  cured  hy  the  I'asfeur  tn-atnient. 

.Mr.  HrciiANA.N.  They  use  the  jack  rahhil  for  thai  Ireatinent. 

Doctor  Xf:i..s()\.  In  this  (tuthreak  I  have  ju.st  spoken  of.  which  we 
have  suppressed,  there  is  an  ollicial  record  of  2.154  peoph'  that  have 
heen  hifteti  hy  ral)id  animals  in  that  territ»)ry.  5?)  of  whom  died. 
The  wav  it  was  ^oiiii;  the  disease  would  have  sjiread  over  the  entire 
K(K'ky  Niountain  re^^ion.  a.nd  utdess  it  has  heen  successfully  headed 
off  the  munher  of  peoph*  hit  ten  and  the  losses  would  have  hern 
t  remendous. 

Mr.  lii  (  ii.vNA.N.  Do  you  know  it  is  the  last  thin^  in  the  world  when 
we  lose  n  case  of  rahi(>s  if  the  person  will  <]jo  to  the  institute  ri^ht 
away  ? 

Doctor  Xki.son.  I  know  it.  The  trouhle  is  that  people  have  a 
little  wound,  and  they  <l<)  not  think  anything  of  it,  and  they  let  it 
go  until  it  is  too  late.  But  they  have  learned  their  lesson  in  this 
territory,  and  they  do  not  lose  any  time  in  gettinj^  to  a  place  where 
they  can  he  treated. 

WILD    .\NIM.\LS   COMINfl    OVER   BORIJEU. 

One  thing  you  alluded  to,  Mr.  Buchanan,  is  the  fact  that  in  south- 
ern Xew  Mexico  and  Arizona — I  am  not  sure  whether  the  same  thing 
happened  in  southern  Te.xas  or  not — wolves  are  constantly  coming 
across  from  old  Mexico.  The  stockmen  along  the  horder  report  to 
our  inspector  the  arrival  of  wolves.  During  the  past  season  in 
Arizona  over  80  wolves  came  across,  and  were  reported  on  the  stock 
ranges  hordering  ^^exico.  Our  men  killed  all  these  e.xcej)t  one 
which  got  away  and  returnetl  to  Me.xico.  Xot  one  of  them  got  more 
than  2.")  miles  north  of  the  horder.  That  I  consider  was  a  pretty 
effective  reconl.  They  actually  got  the  skins  of  these  animals. 
They  came  in  [)acks.  one  pack  consisting  of  seven,  and  they  cleaned 
them  up  very  promj)tly. 

You  see  these  animals  make  kills  and  leave  tracks,  and  the  stock- 
men find  them  right  away  after  they  come  over.  There  is  a  very 
hig  reserv(»ir  of  wolves  in  the  Sierra  Madre  Mountains  of  old  Mexico, 
and  if  they  were  not  stopped  they  would  keep  Arizona  and  all  that 
southwestern  country  full  of  wolves.  We  are  l^olding  them  down 
hy  killing  them  promptly  after  they  come  across  the  horder,  hefore 
they  have  time  to  hecome  estahlished  and  hreed. 

In  addition  to  the  saving  of  live  stock,  the  ])redalory  animals  are 
also  extremely  destructive  to  game  of  all  kinds  and,  natmally,  the 
killing  of  such  a  large  number  of  them  saves  a  very  great  amount  of 
game  and  has  a  great  influence  in  increasing  the  supply. 

In  Michigan,  the  conservation  commission  askeil  u.s  for  assistance 
in  organizing  a  predatory  animal  service  under  the  State  game 
commission,  to  help  suppress  the  w'olves  which  were  destroying 
deer  on  such  a  large  scale  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  We 
have  had  a  man  there,  and  the  ollicials  appear  to  be  very  apprecia- 
tive of  the  work  he  is  doing  in  teaching  tne  State  wardens,  wlio  are 


324  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRL^TION   BILL,   1924 


special  men  appointed  to  work  with  him.  They  learn  how  to  handle 
tne  work  of  kdlinfj  the  wolves,  by  trapping  and  poisoning.  With 
this  instruction  and  direction  of  its  men  the  State  is  enabled  to 
handle  its  problem. 


DESTRUCTION    OF   RODENTS. 


The  destruction  of  rodents  is  a  part  of  this  work.  The  losses  from 
rodents  of  difrerent  kinds  amount  to  about  8500,000,000  a  year, 
according  to  the  estimates  that  have  been  made  after  careful  inves- 
tigations, and  there  are  many  sorts  of  rodent  pests  in  every  State  in 
the  country. 

In  the  West,  where  the  dry  climate  is  especially  suitable,  the  in- 
jurious rodents  are  much  more  abundant  than  anvwhere  else — prairie 
dogs,  jack  rabbits,  gophers  and  cjuite  a  variety  of  others,  and  various 
kinds  of  gi'ound  scjuirrels.  The  organized  campaigns,  with  the  special 
methods  of  poisoning  that  we  have  deveh)ped,  have  convinced  the 
people  of  the  effectiveness  of  the  work  to  such  an  extent  that  during 
the  last  year  about  105,000  farmers  and  stockmen  cooperated,  and 
S799.974  was  expended  as  cooperative  funds  in  these  campaigns. 
They  put  up  for  this  rodent  work  about  five  times  as  much  as  the 
CTOvernmcnt. 

Mr.  Anderson.  It  must  be  more  than  that,  if  it  is  S 700. 000  ? 

D(»ctor  Nel.son.  Yes,  it  is  S799,974. 

Mr.  Anderson.  According  to  vour  figures  here,  von  arc  spending 
about  .S12S,000  on  that. 

Doctor  Nel.son.  On  the  rodent  work  ? 

Mr.  A.N'DEusoN.  Yes. 

Doctor  Nelson.  Yes;  the  cooperative  funds  amount  to  about  six 
times  as  much.  Some  of  the  States  are  makhig  direct  appropriations 
which  have  to  be  spent  in  cooperation  with  the  Biological  Survey. 

Wc  used  1,000  tons  of  poisoned  o;rain,  and  757,000  pounds  of 
bisulj)hide  of  carbon,  a  fumigant  whicli  is  put  in  the  burrows.  That 
was  used  by  the  cooperators  and  the  survey  combined. 

During  the  course  of  the  work  we  have  poisoned  over  10,000,000 
acres  of  Federal  lands,  and  under  j)ersonal  direction  or  in  cooperation 
over  93,000,000  acres  of  private  land. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  is  altogether,  during  this  period  of  operation  ? 

Doctor  Nelson.  During  the  time  since  we  began  in  191(>.  over 
103,000,000  acres,  in  which  the  majoritv  of  these  animals  have  been 
destroyed;  they  have  been  either  ground  squirrels,  pocket  gophers,  or 
prairie  dogs.  . 

JACK    Il.\HUITH   AND    FRAUtlK    DOaS    VERY    DESTRUCTIVE. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  What  is  your  objection  to  jack  rabbits? 

Doctor  Nelson.  They  arc  terrilically  destructive,  where  thev 
increase  as  they  do,  and  in  one  instance  we  killed  over  1,000,000  jack 
labbits  in  eastern  Oregon  by  poisoning. 

Ml'.  HrcHANAN.   Destructive  of  grain,  you  nu»an  ? 

Doctor  Nelson.  They  concentrate  on  the  grain.  When  the  grass 
(h-ies  up  iji  the  summer  and  the  grain  is  growing  in  the  ariil  West,  that 
will  be  the  one  green  spot  in  the  whole  region,  and  th(>v  concentrate 
for  milw  around,  and  in  nnmy  places  they  have  actually  destroyed  in 
ji  single  night   n  man's  crop.     Where  a  man  has  liad  something  like 


i 


AGIUCULTl^RAr.   AIMMIOPUIATION    MII.I.,    I'J'H.  325 

30  or  to  or  ')()  acn^s  thov  huvo  just  simpiv  clcHncd  it  up  in  .me  ni;;lii. 
'llic  jack  rabbits  in  tiorthrrii  Nevada  and  also  in  Ks«jibintt'  \  allcv,  in 
Utah,  liavc  actually  caused  the  settlors  to  abandon  their  ranclies; 
t}ie\  coidd  not  raise  crops. 

Mr.  BiciiANAN.  'J'herc  has  been  many  a  one  there. 

Doctor  Nki-.so.n.  After  the  ])oisoninj^  campaign  in  northeni  Nevada, 
the  peoi)le  have  gone  back  and  there  is  a  i)ros])erous  community  there 
now.  \Ve  have  ])oisoned  the  rabbits  and  shown  them  how,  and  thev 
are  abl(>  now  to  <;o  ahead. 

In  the  case  of  ])rairie  doji^s,  thev  concentrate  about  the  farms  and 
are  e.\ceedin<jly  destructive,  and  tliey  also  occupy  an  immense  area. 
Over  100, ()()(), 000  ac-res  are  occu])i(Ml  by  prairie  <lo{;s  in  12  western 
States,  and  they  probably  destroy  J.')  ])er  cent  of  the  forap;  in  the 
country  they  occupy.  In  some  places  they  take  it  practically  all. 
They  concentrate  about  the  cultivated  areas  to  such  an  extent  that 
they  often  destroy  the  fields,  and  occasionally  they  clean  up  so  that 
the  man  abandons  the  cultivated  lands.  In  other  ))laces  tliey  take 
anv-Avhere  from  .5  to  50  per  cent  of  the  crop,  and  in  many  places, 
before  we  poisoned  them,  they  were  unable  to  p^row  cro]>s  at  all. 

It  will  interest  you,  no  doubt,  to  know  that  we  have  made  a  final 
clean-up  of  the  prairie  dogs  in  one  area  in  southern  Arizona,  about 
1 10  miles  long  and  15  to  20  broad.  It  was  a  very  rich  valley  bottom, 
in  which  the  prairie  do^p  were  enormously  abunflant.  and  it  was  like 
a  desert.  They  had  destroyed  everything  and  kept  the  vegetation 
right  down  to  the  bare  ground. 

Mr.  BuciiAXAX.  I  know  all  about  those  creatures.  They  are 
fit  for  nothing  on  earth  except  to  ruin  the  country  they  make  a 
town  in.     They  have  a  regular  city  of  prairie  dogs. 

EXTR.^CTS    PROM    LETTERS    OF   PER.SONS    BENEFITED    BY    THE    CAMPAIGN    AGAINST 

PRED.\TORY    ANIMALS. 

Doctor  Nelson.  Mr.  Hugh  Campbell,  president  of  the  Arizona 
Wool  Growers'  Association,  wrote  a  letter  August  3.     He  says: 

On  June  23, 1922,  the  last  prairie  doji  was  exterminated  from  the  counties  of  rochise 
and  Graham.  This  was  a  result  of  three  years'  united  effort  on  the  part  of  over  800 
stockmen  and  farmers  cooperatinji  with  two  experts  of  the  Biological  Surrey.  An 
area  120  miles  lon?^  and  from  10  to  20  miles  wide  was  actually  cleared  of  this  pest. 

Throe  years  atjo  when  I  visited  this  <listrict  I  rode  throujrh  miles  and  miles  of 
prairie  dog  infestation,  and  bare,  denuded  lands  lay  on  every  side.  To-day,  after 
these  pests  have  been  exterminated,  the  gra-ss  i.s  knee  high.  Fat  stock  and  fertile 
farms  are  to  be  seen  on  every  hand  and  a  prosperous  community  is  in  the  making, 
where  heretofore  at  least  0.000,000  prairie  dogs  had  their  way  and  forever  held  in 
check  the  development  of  that  fertile  valley. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  increased  forage  now  made  possible  will  support  at  least 
50. (XK)  head  of  sheep,  and  farmers  are  now  growing  alfalfa  and  grain  on  ground  which 
was  formerly  so  heavily  infested  with  prairie  dogs  that  it  was  quite  im])ostiible  to 
raise  anything. 

I  think  there  is  a  good  example  of  direct  benefit  derived  from 
that  work. 

We  have  also  cleaned  up  four  counties  in  Kansas.  We  organized 
there,  or  suggested  to  the  State  agricultural  college,  which  is  cooper- 
ating with  us,  that  they  begin  on  the  eastern  border  of  the  prairie- 
dog  infested  area  in  Kansas  and  clean  one  county  after  the  other, 
moving  west  each  time,  in  order  that  they  mav  make  a  final  clean 
up.  They  have  been  fighting  prairie  dogs  in  Kansas  ever  since  the 
farmers  of  the  State  went  in  there,  and  thev  still  have  them.     Bv 


326  AGRICULTrRAL,  APPROPRIATION   BILL,    lf>24. 

this  method  of  startint^j  in  definitely  on  tlie  eastern  border  and  just 
going  west  they  will  finally  eliminate  them  from  the  State.  Wlien 
they  get  a  county  cleaned  it  is  cleaned;  there  is  no  way  of  reinfesting, 
except  from  the  west,  and  they  will  keep  pushing  that  line  to  the 
west.  As  I  say,  during  the  last  year  they  cleaned  up  the  prairie 
dogs  in  four  of  the  Kansas  counties. 

In  northwestern  Arizona  for  some  years  now — the  last  10  years 
or  more-  the  prairie  dogs  have  been  extending  their  range  several 
miles  a  year  into  new  territory,  going  west.  We  have  cleaned  up  a 
belt  along  that  western  extension  border  of  over  50  miles  long  and 
about  5  miles  deep,  and  are  going  to  stop  that  western  extension. 
At  the  same  time  we  are  carrying  on  the  general  work  of  destroying 
the  animals  elsewhere. 

Mr.  Charles  Springer,  who  was  chairman  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense  in  New  Mexico  during  the  war,  and  who  is  one  of  the  largest 
stock  and  land  owners  in  the  State,  became  very  much  interested  in 
our  work  at  the  time  of  the  war.  In  the  food-saving  campaign  he 
backed  the  intensive  work  we  were  doing  in  helping  to  destroy  prairie 
do^s  in  crop  areas.  I  asked  him  in  a  letter  if  he  had  ever  made  any 
estimate  of  the  effect  of  prairie  dogs  on  the  grazing  industry  in  New 
Mexico,  and  he  wTote  that  he  had;  that  when  he  oecame  chairman 
of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  for  New  Mexico  he  had  taken 
it  up  with  his  county  chairmen,  and  they  had  made  a  survey  of  the 
State.     He  states  here  that — 

In  the  50,00U-acre  unit  now  being  investigated  and  treated — 

That  is  where  our  men  worked — 

in  the  Moreno  Valley  in  Colfax  County,  the  prairie  dogs  destroyed  nearly  all  of  the 
grama  grass  and  I  believe  the  damage  to  that  range  amounted  to  75  per  cent.  Gen- 
erally the  damage  done  by  prairie  dogs  in  the  infested  areas  with  which  I  am  familiar 
ranges  from  40  to  50  per  cent  to  100  per  cent.  I  have  seen  in  Rio  Arriba  and  Sandoval 
Counties,  and  in  some  of  the  other  counties,  large  areas  rendered  practically  worthless 
for  grazing  |)urpose8  by  these  pests.  It  is  safe  to  estimate  that  the  annual  damage 
made  to  ranges  in  New  Mexico  has  amounted  to  destroying  the  grass  on  more  than 
f),0(H(,(X)0  acres  of  the  very  choice  grazing  land  of  the  State,  the  areas  selected  and 
infasted  by  prairie  dogs  being  generally  the  best  grama  grass  flats  and  draws.  Opinions 
differ  as  to  the  nural)er  of  acres  of  grazing  land  re(|uired  to  support  one  head  of  cattle. 
In  Colfax  <'ounty  on  the  grama  grass  ranges,  where  there  is  much  rough,  unpro- 
tluctivc  land,  we  generally  estimate  that  it  re(|uires  '20  acres,  one  year  with  anotlier. 
for  each  cow  or  grown  bovine  animal:  and  as  the  lands  infested  by  prairie  doijs  are 
\ery  niuch  lictter  than  the  average,  I  believe  it  is  safe  to  estimate  that  the  6,000,000 
acres  rendered  worthless  bv  them  would  sui)i)ort  400.000  head  of  cattle  or  more 
than  1,500,000  head  of  sheej). 

That  indicates  his  opinion  as  to  the  damage.  Considering  the  fact 
thiit  New  Mexico  is  one  out  of  12  or  13  States  that  have  prairie  dogs, 
if  you  get  rid  {»f  the  prairie  dogs  in  all  of  the  States  we  figure  that 
you  could  add  more  lluiii  1, ()()(), ()()()  head  of  cattle  to  the  range  in 
the  West  from  the  increased  forajre  alone. 

111  tins  <-(>ntn'cli()ii,  I  have  here  a  |)hotograpli  of  wheat  from  a 
s(|uar('  yard  (if  hind  from  which  the  prairie  dogs  have  been  poisonetl 
le.xhibiting  photograph  to  the  subcommitteej,  and  here  (indicalingl 
where  the  |)r!iiri('  dogs  are  operating,  which  is  also  a  sipiare  yard  of 
production,  'i'hc  prairie  (htL's  cleiiiU'd  it  up  and  left  the  stubble 
fexhihiliiig  niiotlicr  photograph  to  the  connnit teej. 

Here  in  nortlierii  .\rizona  we  fenced  a  small  area  with  prairie  dog- 
proof  fence.  Then  we  put  stock-proof  fence  on  another  area  ri»]:ht 
adjoining,  keeping  the  stock  oil",  but  leaving  free  access  to  the  pran'ie 


I 


AGRICl'LTrRAIi   AFPROIMUATIO.V    lilLI^    lin!4.  .'i27 

(logs.  In  llu'  urea  in  wliicli  tin*  i)ruin<'  *it»j;s  wrn*  fciiml  out  thorc 
was  tlio  jjrowth  of  tlu*  fornjjt'  (iiulicutin^  <»n  photo^^ruplil.  ami  Iuti*  on 
thooutsiiU*.  wluMC  tlu'  prairie  <Iosj:^,  l>ut  no  rattle,  were  permitted,  that 
was  the  i;ro\vtl»  |in<li(atin«;l.  That  is  a  prjuf  ical  illustruti«»n  <»f  what 
these  animals  do. 

Mr.  Bi:cHANAN.  There  is  absolutely  no  (|uestion  hut  that  pruirie 
dof^s.  when  thoy  have  a  .settlement  or  town  they  call  them  prairie- 
do«?  towns  are  al)sohitely  destructive  of  u^ricultural  vi'j^etatioii,  and 
they  render  the  land  practicallv  useless.  1  have  seer)  vast  territory 
just  al)andoned  on  ac<'ount  oi  prairie  do<js.  There  is  no  (piestion 
about  that. 

Doctor  Xki.son.  The  object  of  this  rodent  work  is  to  control,  ami 
eventually  eliminat(>.  those  {)ests.  and  it  is  a  lonj;  job,  because  tliey 
cover  such  a  trenu'udous  area.  It  is  a  job  that  simply  has  to  be 
continued,  and  while  it  looks  like  a  Ion";  job  there  is  one  encoura<;ing 
feature,  however.  Vou  have  tiiinj^s  like  in.secl  pests  which  are  so 
numerous  and  which  are  soread  over  such  an  area  that  their  extermi- 
nation becomes  a  i)ractical  impossibility.  All  that  can  be  done  is  to 
try  to  hold  them  (lown  in  their  destnictivene.ss.  The  prairie  <lo<;  can 
actually  be  eliminated  and  done  w  ith  forever.  The  only  thin«;  is,  it 
requires  a  long,  coiitinued,  patient,  organized  campaign. 

CAMPAIGN    FOR    CONTROL    OK    HOISE    RATH. 

House  rats:  We  are  also  having  a  lar«:e  campaign  for  the  control 
of  house  rats  all  t)ver  the  country,  and  tliere  is  a  very  great  interest 
in  that  work.  At  the  present  time  there  is  a  campaign  going  on  in 
Portland,  Oreg.,  under  one  of  our  men,  which  is  getting  very  good 
results.  They  not  only  destroy  the  rats  but  they  establish  methods 
of  rat-proofing  and  start  rat-proofing  campaigns  and  cleaning  up  of 
trash  piles  antl  eliminating  the  [)laces  where  these  pests  live.  In 
that  way  they  inaugurate  a  permanent  riddance. 

In  Texas  in  one  county  last  year — Denton — there  was  a  campaign 
against  the  rats  led  by  one  of  our  men.  and  by  actual  count  253.000 
rats  were  killed.  There  is  a  population  there  of  about  36.000  people, 
and  evidently  the  rat  population  was  very  much  more  numerous 
than  that  of  the  people. 

The  rats  are  exceedingly  destructive  of  crops  and  food  of  various 
descriptions  as  well  as  goods  of  every  kind,  mid  ai-^n  ourv  diseases. 
and  are  a  menace  from  that  point  of  view. 

I  might  state,  in  connection  with  the  rat  work,  that  during  the 
last  year  we  had  325  requests  for  information  and  assistance  from 
42  States  in  regard  to  rat  work  and  76  reouests  to  help  in  campaigns  in 
26  different  States  for  the  suppression  oi  the  rat  nuisance. 

Fi :k-kakmin<:    INVE8TK;ATIo\« 

We  are  also  carrying  on  investigations  into  fur  farming,  and  have 
an  experimental  fur  farm  in  New  York  State.  The  fur-farming 
business  has  increased  aiul  become  very  prolitable,  and  there  are 
now  over  500  silver  fox  farms  in  the  United  States,  with  about 
12.000  foxes,  and  an  investment  of  about  .'JS,000,0OO.  There  are 
fur  farms  in  25  vStates;  there  are  also  about  200  or  more  fur  farms  in 
Alaska. 


828  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

We  have  experts  at  work  investigatinoj  various  phases  and  fur- 
nishing the  information  which  is  needed  to  help  the  peoph>  handle  - 
this  business  in  the  most  effective  way.  It  is  an  entirely  new  type  of  | 
business  and  the  people  going  into  it  naturally  have  no  accumulated 
knowledge  to  fall  hack  on,  and  we  are  tryinc;  to  assist  them.  Judging 
from  the  appreciation  that  they  are  showmg.  we  are  proving  very 
helpful  in  building  up  the  business  along  the  best  lines. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  voir  getting  any  action  out  of  this  knowledge 
obtained  at  the  experimental  farm  i 

Doctor  Nelson.  Yes;  we  are  getting  a  great  lot  of  information  on 
the  handling  of  the  parasites  and  diseases  and  methods  of  taking 
care  of  tiiem.  and  one  of  the  interesting  things  we  have  discovered 
there  is  the  breeding  season  of  the  marten,  the  American  sable. 
Heretofore,  for  years  they  have  been  trying  to  breed  martens  with- 
out success.  They  had  the  idea  that  martens  bred  in  January  and  if 
put  together  at  any  time  except  the  breeding  season,  one  of  the  pair 
would  kill  the  other,  and  so  they  held  them  apart.  So  they  would 
keep  them  apart  all  the  year  until  January  and  then  put  them  to- 
gether.    They  got  no  results. 

Our  man  tried  putting  them  together  in  the  summer,  and  they 
mated,  and  two  different  years  we  have  got  voung.  They  appear  to 
mate  in  August  and  carry  their  young  for  about  ei^ht  months,  that 
is,  so  far  as  the  present  indications  go.  A  neighbormg  fur  farmer  in 
New  York  tried  the  same  experiment  and  got  the  same  results. 

We  thus  appear  to  have  solved  w^hat  was  thought  to  be  an  impos- 
sible matter;  that  is,  the  successful  breeding  of  the  marten  in  cap- 
tivity. We  have  had  three  successful  breeding  seasons,  and  there 
seenis  to  be  no  doubt  but  that  they  can  be  successfully  bred  in  cap- 
tivity. So  the  marten  is  one  of  our  valuable  fur  animals.  This  is 
quite  an  important  piece  of  information. 

INVESTIGATIONS   OF   FOOD   HABITS   OF    BIRDS. 

Another  item  under  this  same  appropriation  is  the  investigation  of 
the  food  habits  of  birds,  and  the  experiments  and  study  to  control 
losses  to  agriculture  by  bird  pests,  such  as  blackbirds,  crows,  and 
others.  In  some  places  they  become  tremendously  destructive.  The 
work  that  the  Bit)lou;ical  Survey  has  been  carrying  on  ever  since  its 
origin,  of  studying  the  contents  of  birds  stomachs  in  order  to  deter- 
mine exactly  what  the  birds  eat  at  different  times  of  the  vear,  has 
formed  a  basis  for  a  large  part  of  the  protective  legislation  for  useful  _ 
birds  tliroudiout  the  United  States.  All  the  States  base  their  appre-  | 
ciation  of  the  value  of  birds  on  these  researches,  which  are  still  going 
on. 

There  is  a  curious  thing,  and  yet  a  thing  not  unexpected,  and  that 
is  that  birds  with  the  changing  conditions  and  changes  in  agriculture, 
cliange  their  habits  frequently,  and  birds  that  are  usually  harmless 
may  become  quite  harmful  at  certain  seasons,  particuhu'ly  in  con- 
nection with  (he  (Icstruclion  of  fruit. 

There  are  other  protected  birds,  such  as  herons,  that  destroy  fish 
on  a  large  scale. 

I'tider  the  law,  as  regards  migratory  birds,  the  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture has  the  authority  to  issue  peiiiiils  to  destroy  j^rotected  birds 
where   they   aic  destructive   to   ii<:riculture  or  other  interests.     We 


A(;UI(  ri.TlUAI,   .\I'1'IU»PRIATI()N    BIIJ^    UCi.  329 

iuvrsti};nt<'  <'()inf)lairits,  aiui  where  WHrrnut«*<l,  the  S«»rretiirv  whuos 
tlie  necessary  permit  for  the  ilestruet ion  of  these  f)ests. 

Soiiu'  of  the  <|U«'stioMs  are  e.\<«'e(liu^Iy  <lilli(iill  to  settle,  lil^  • '  ?  of 
tlie    <h'stni<tioii    of   <;rain    in     the    Ininerial    \'aMev    in   son:  .rn 

Cahforrna.  where  th«'  hhi<kl)inls  tiHseinnh'  hv  hundreds  of  thoiiMandK, 
and  eat  the  niih)  niai/e  and  other  i-ro|)s  of  thtit  eharactiM'.  J  hhw  one 
fiehl  of  ItiO  acres  that  tht'v  had  actually  (deaned  up  •"•  'h*-  owner  did 
not  rut  the  crop. 

Mr.  BicnANAN.   How  do  you  destroy  those  hirds  f 

Doctor  Nki..s()\.  We  have  tt(»t  heen  ahle  to  find  how  to  lUt  it 
sureessfully. 

Mr.  lUcniANAN.  1  e.\pe<'t  1  havi*  seen  a  niilhon  in  one  drove;  the 
wlioU'  coiintry  hhick  with  thetn 

Doctor  \ki..s<)\.  Occa-sionally  \\c  can  p<»i>oii  these  hirds  on  a 
considerahU'  scale,  as  our  nnin  <iid  in  studyin<;  them  tiiere.  lie 
poisoned  .several  thousand  in  one  cjise.  liut  it  Ls  just  good  luc'k. 
necnuse  the  flocks  are  irrejjular  in  their  movements,  and  there  is  no 
tellinj;  where  thev  are  »roini:  to  come  next:  it  is  n  sheer  acci<lent 
if  they  cctme  to  u  poisoned  field. 

Mr.  BrciiANAN.   Do  you  ever  poi.son  any  ducks  ^ 

Doctor  XKi..sr)\.   \V(>  poison  the  <xrain. 

Mr.  BicirwAN.   1  know,  but  did  you  ever  put  out  poison  for  ducks  i 

Doctor  Nelson.  Oh,  no. 

Mr.  BrciiAXAN".  They  do  in  some  places,  do  they  not  ( 

Doctor  Xkl.son.   1  never  heard  of  it.     Wild  ducks 'f 

Mr.  BrciiA.VA.N.  Yes. 

Doctor  Nelson.  I  never  heard  of  it. 

Mr.  BicHAXAX.  Ducks  do  go  into  the  fields  and  tear  the  shocks 
down. 

Doctor  Nelson.   1  never  lieard  of  poisonin*;  them. 

Mr.  BicHANAN.  I  heard  they  did  in  Canada. 

FOR    inOLO(JICAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 

Doctor  Nelsox.  The  next  item  is  for  biological  investigations, 
which  cover  the  technical,  scientific  investigational  work  of  the 
Imreau.  forming  the  fundamental  basis  for  our  economic  work.  It 
is  necessary  to  study  the  various  animals  from  a  tecluiical  point  of 
view  in  order  to  determine  what  they  are,  the  different  species  of 
birds  and  the  difTerent  species  of  mammals  and  their  distribution  and 
characteristics. 

In  connection  with  that,  one  of  the  forms  of  activities  we  are 
pushing  is  the  banding  of  migratory  birds  to  study  their  (light — their 
lines  of  travel.  A  greaf  many  people  are  doing  this  work  volun- 
tarily. I  think  there  are  over  400  in  difTerent  parts  of  the  I'nited 
States  who  are  ihung  this  voluntary  work.  We  supply  the  bands  and 
the  blanks  for  records,  and  thev  do  the  work.  They  trap  the  birds  in 
wire  traps  or  nets,  antl  put  an  aluminum  band  on  one  leg  of  each  bird. 
This  band  has  an  inscription  on  it  to  return  t()  the  Biological  Survey, 
Washington,  and  when  anyone  gets  one  of  these  birds,  the  band  is 
removed  and  mailed  in. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  band  having  a  serial  number,  or  something  of 
that  sort  i 


330  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Doctor  Nelson.  Yos,  sir;  they  have  a  serial  number.  It  is  prov- 
ing most  interesting.  We  are  getting  very  extraordinarilj-  interesting 
results,  which  will  increase,  of  course,  year  by  year,  because  of  the 
accumulation  of  the  birds  banded. 

We  get  t|uite  as  une.xjK'cted  information  as  we  did  in  regard  to  the 
ducks  batided  near  .Salt  Lake,  in  Utah.  Afterwards  one  of  those 
ducks  was  taken  in  central  California,  another  one  was  taken  over  iu 
Kansas,  another  one  in  Arizonsi,  and  another  one  in  Alberta — at  every 
point  of  the  compass  from  that  center.  The  ducks  went  east  and 
west  across  the  mountain,  which  was  (juite  surprising.  That  was 
something  we  hud  not  suspected,  and  is  very  significant,  because  it 
moans  that  these  great  marsh  centers,  such  as  the  Bear  River  marsh, 
at  Salt  Lake,  form  reservoii"s"  from  which  ducks  start  and  supply  the 
surrounding  States  in  every  direction.  Before  that  we  had  always 
supposed  ducks  flew  north  and  south;  we  did  not  suppose  they  were 
Hying  at  right  angles  to  that  course. 

Among  the  scientific  researches  are  investigations  in  response  to 
inquiries  from  different  governmental  departments  and  from  the 
States,  and  we  have  the  cooperation  of  a  large  number  of  people  in 
connection  with  that  work. 

INVEBTIGATION8    RELATING   TO    FORAGE    OF   LARGE    GAME    ON    N.\TIONAL    FOKESTH. 

We  are  also  investigating  the  relations  of  large  game  to  forage  on 
the  national  forests  in  order  to  work  out  a  system  whereby  a  certain 
amount  of  large  game  can  be  maintained  without  seriously  interfering 
with  the  grazing  industry.  At  its  last  meeting  the  National  Live 
Stock  Growers'  Association  passed  a  resolution  asking  that  the  Bio- 
logical Survey  and-wState  officials  handling  matters  of  that  kind  insti- 
tute an  investigation  in  order  to  determine  what  can  be  done  in  the 
matter  of  maintaining  game  in  connection  with  the  grazing  industry. 
We  are  carrying  out  that  work  as  rapidly  as  we  can. 

We  have  recently  investigated  the  situation  on  the  Kaibab  Plateau, 
in  northern  Arizona,  which  is  a  Federal  game  preserve  and  national 
forest,  where  the  deer  have  increased  tremendously.  There  are  now 
not  less  than  20,000  doer  there,  and  our  men  have  made  the  recom- 
mendation that  about  2,000  bucks  bo  killed  next  fall,  if  possible,  in 
order  to  relieve  the  pressure.  The  deer  are  increasing  to  a  point 
where  before  long  they  will  oat  themselves  out  of  forage.  Thoy  will 
not  only  oliminato  the  live  stock,  but  will  eliminate  themselves,  and 
st)mo  ])ractical  outlet  must  bo  found  to  take  care  of  the  sui'])lus. 

Mr.  Andeusox.  We  will  now  take  up  the  next  item,  on  page  210. 

lOK    FAI'()IU'i:.MKXT    OK    THK    MlCRATOin      UIIH)    TKK.VTV    ACT. 

Doctor  Nei,.son.  The  migratory  bird  treaty  act.  to  enforce  the  nro- 
toction  of  mi<^ratory  birds.  We  \u\\v  2S  fully  paid,  full-time  wardens 
and  several  Inmdred  wardens  on  a  nominal  salary  who  <-an  be  used 
whenever  called  (Mi.  They  received  no  pay  e.xcopt  $\  a  year  unless 
actually  employed  in  the  service,  in  which  case  they  receive  J^.fU)  a 
<lay  and  their  expenses,  'i'hese  men  are  inaiidy  deput  v  State  game 
wardens.  We  have  the  cordial  cooperation  of  practically  all  the 
State  game  services  in  the  country,  and  in  that  way  are  able  to  accoui- 
plish  much  mon'  than  would  he  otherwise  possible. 


A(JIU(  ILTI'IIAI.   AIMMUH'IUATIOS    BII.I^    11124.  331 

I'ntlcr  tlu'  i»(liiiiiiisimii»)ti  nf  tlir  nuj;rnl<»ry   bin!   trnity  ACt,  lli«' 

ruiinlxT  of  mij^rntory   wild   fowl     ducks  and   ^rosr     Unvv   \w  <  ' 

vjTV  •jrciitly.  \V»'  hii\r  Irltrrs  from  all  parts  t»f  tlu-  I'liitiMl  ~  .. 
an<l  it  is  pul)lisln«<l  in  the  sporting  inapi/.ine.H  rcpeutcMily,  thnl  tlu* 
result  of  tlu' lui'^iiilory  bird  treaty  act  has  l>een  a  very  «;reat  in<T« 
of  wild  fowl.  The  nund)er  of  birds  id)serv(Ml  eaeh  year  is  much  j;reni  <  t 
tlum  it  was  before  that  act  was  passed,  and  that  increase  ha>  l»een 
due  to  the  fail,  larijely,  that  we  stopped  llie  shootini;  of  birds  in  the 
sprin;^  and  stopped   the  sale  of  <;aine. 

The  (k'struction  of  j^aine  i)V  wliolesale  scale  was  ended,  and  breed- 
in;^  supply  of  birds  which  had  survive<l  the  fall  hunting  and  the 
winter  were  enabled  to  j^et  back  to  their  breeding;  ^roun<ls. 

The  need  of  protection  of  this  kind  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the 
binls  were  decreasin<j  very  rapidly  at  the  time  tliis  treaty  wjls  ne<;oti- 
ated  and  the  law  passed.  The  sportsmen  of  the  country  realiz<'d  that 
unless  somethin<;  of  tliis  kind  wjis  done  the  migratory  wild  fowl  would 
be  exterminated  in  a  comparatively  few  yeaiN. 

Last  year  there  were  more  than  4, ()()(), 000  hunting  licenses  issued 
by  the  difTorent  States.  Adding  to  that  number  those  who  hunted 
in  States  where  a  license  is  not  re(|uired  -and  those  who  are  exempt 
from  taking  out  licenses  through  ownership  of  land  or  other  causes  - 
it  is  estimated  that  a  total  of  over  (),t)()(), ()()()  people  hunt  each  year  in 
the  United  States.    It  is  obvious 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  woods  are  full  of  them. 

Doctor  Nei-son  (continuing).  That  the  game  has  to  be  protecte<l. 
because  in  some  places  it  is  fairly  mobbed.  It  is  generally  conceded 
among  sportsmen  and  those  accpiainted  with  the  subject  that  this 
migratory  bird  treaty  act  has  been  one  of  the  most  successful  con- 
.servation  laws  ever  passed  by  Congress.  It  has  demonstratetl  its 
effectiveness  in  the  recognized  increase  of  birds. 

IMPORTATION    OF    FOREIGN    BIRDS    .\M)    MAMM.M-S. 

In  connection  with  this  work,  we  also  supervise  the  importation 
of  foreign  birds  and  mammals  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  out  de- 
structive species,  and  we  are  successful  in  tliat.  The  mongoose  is 
the  most  (langerous  of  all  animals  if  it  should  get  a  footing  in  the 
United  States.  It  is  a  little  animal  from  India,  weasel-like  in  its 
habits  and  terrifically  destructive.  They  were  importeil  into  Jamaica 
and  into  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  wherever  found  they  wreak  havoc 
with  all  ground-fre(iuenting  birds.  Many  of  our  ground-frcijuenting 
birds  are  game  birds,  and  they  would  be  wiped  out  if  the  mongoose 
became  established  in  this  country.  They  would  do  well  in  the 
southern  United  States  anil  they  would  wipe  out  all  (juail.  gruu-^e. 
and  wMld  fowl  that  nest  in  the  ground. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  do  they  get  imported  into  the  country  '. 

Doctor  Xei.son.  People  bring  them  in.  They  know  that  they  are 
great  rat  killers,  and  so  people,  ignorant  of  their  habits  and  what 
they  have  done  in  the  countries  where  they  have  been  introducetl, 
think  it  would  be  a  fine  thing  to  have  them  kill  rats. 

There  is  a  real  danger  that  these  animals  might  be  introduced  in 
some  areas  and  spread  all  over  the  tropical  and  other  warm  parts  of 


332  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

the  American  continent.  We  are  constantly  oruanlincj  against  their 
importation.  They  are  coming  in  every  little  while,  and  when  thev 
come  in  we  switch  them  off  and  either  have  them  killed  or  sent  back 
to  where  they  came  from. 

IXVESTIGATION    OF    REIXUKF.R    INDrSTKY    IN    ALASKA. 

The  Chairman.  We  will  now  consider  the  next  item,  page  442. 

Doctor  Nklsox.  Those  are  investigation  experiments  in  connection 
with  reindeer  and  the  protection  of  the  land  fur-bearing  animals  in 
Alaska. 

The  reindeer  in  Alaska  were  fii-st  introduced  in  1892.  and  U])  to 
1902  they  imported  a  total  of  1,280  animals.  There  are  now  200.000. 
perhaps,  reindeer  in  Alaska,  in  addition  to  100,000  or  so  that  have 
iDeen  killed — the  offspring  of  that  one  thousand  two  hundred  and 
odd.  This  indicates  that  conditions  in  Alaska  are  extremely  favor- 
able to  reindeer  growing.  They  were  im])orted  for  the  benefit  of 
the  Eskimos,  but  gradually  they  have,  of  late  years  ]>articularly. 
drifted  to  some  extent  into  the  hands  of  white  men.  So  that  at 
the  present  time  two-thirds  of  the  holdings  in  Alaska  belong  to  the 
natives  and  about  one-third  belong  to  the  white  men  who  are  begin- 
ning to  develop  the  business  on  a  commercial  scale  and  to  export  the 
carcasses. 

Up  to  1920  nothing  had  been  done  in  the  way  of  scientific  study 
of  the  reindeer  business  in  Alaska  or  of  conditions  on  the  range — 
what  the  range  would  support  and  how'  it  should  be  handled.  In 
1920  Congress  ^ave  an  appropriation  to  the  Biological  Survey  to 
begin  investigations  of  that  character,  and  I  went  up  to  Alaska  with 
some  ex])erts  and  established  them  at  an  ex])erimental  station  on 
the  coast,  where  they  are  now  conducting  investigations.  The 
preliminary  results  have  been  published  in  a  bulletin  published  re- 
cently, which  is  the  first  bulletin  of  the  kind.  It  contains  a  com]>re- 
hensive  survey  of  the  reindeer  business  and  ])oints  out  what  is  needed 
to  conduct  it  successfully.  The  conditions  under  which  the  reindeer 
business  was  conducted  in  Alaska  were  very  crude,  but  they  have 
already  begun  to  take  advantage  of  some  of  our  suggestions  and 
report  sur])risingly  good  results  as  the  outcome. 

We  have  found  that  there  are  at  least  120, 000, 000  acres  of  land  in 
Alaska  that  are  suitable  for  reindcei-  grazing.  This  area  would 
acconunodate  in  the  neighborhood  of  4,000,000  reindeer.  These 
aninnds  breed  very  rapidly.  They  begin  having  young  when  they 
are  only  a  year  old,  and  at  2  years  nearly  always  have  young,  and  •] 
they  raise  a  large  per  cent  of  calves. 

The  meat  is  of  excellent  tpuility,  but  the  animals  are  small.  The 
carcasses  of  the  animals  that  have  been  shipped  average  about  150 
pounds  each.  In  Alaska  there  is  a  large  wild  caribou,  which  is 
another-  name  for  (he  wild  r<Mndeer.  individuals  of  which  are  said 
fi('(|uen(ly  to  dre.ss  by  aclual  weight  fiom  .jOO  to  100  pt)unds,  in  <'on- 
trast  witli  150  pounds  in  the  case  of  these  imported  reindeer. 

We  comph'ted  in  August  a  trap  corral  in  McKiidey  Park,  Alaska, 
where  we  |)ropose  to  capturt'  some  of  these  big  young  bulls  and  put 
them   with   the  r«'in<ieei-  herds  for  the  pur|)ose  of  grading  them  up 


AGRICULTURAL   APPROIMU ATH).N    lill.U    H'24,  888 

This  wild  blood  will  ^ivr  stainiiin  to  thcin  and  >it  tlu>  snin<>  tirno  will 
;^ra<l('  tlioin  up  in  si/p. 

Occasionally  in  Alaska  tlioc  ohimiIc  nujljoii  l>ulU  have  ^onc  with 
the  herds  and  ( lie  offspring  an-  hi^'  atninals.  1 1  is  said  tlmt  hv  lookinj; 
at  a  rein<loor  herd  you  can  toll  the  half  hrcciis  hy  their  standing 
up  above  the  others.  There  is  no  cpiestion  that  bv  proper  selection 
the  n'indeer  proiiably  can  b«'  brought  to  double  tlieir  meat  output 
per  annum.      That  is  on«'  of  the  experiments  we  are  conducting. 

We  have  a  small  power  schooner  with  headciuarlers  at  Nome  that 
our  men  use  to  visit  the  reindeer  herds  alonj;  the  coast  «»f  the  An'fie 
and  southward.  They  are  also  makin<^  a  delinite,  careful  study  of  the 
forage  plants  use<l  by  the  reindeer  and  the  distribution  of  these 
plants.  At  the  same  time  they  are  stu«lying  the  characterLstics  of  the 
country,  in  order  to  work  out  a  method  of  all»»tment  of  grazing  land, 
for  the  jmrpose  of  allotting  these  reindeer  lu'rds  delinite  areas  just  as 
is  done  on  the  national  forests.  They  alrearly  have  that  w<irked  out 
over  a  consi«lerable  area,  and  as  soon  as  Congre.ss  passes  the  necessary 
legislation  allotments  can  be  made.  That  will  be  a  very  great  help 
to  the  business,  because  at  present  they  are  almost  walking  on  (!acli 
other's  feet,  and  herds  are  interfering  in  a  very  detrimental  way. 
There  is  a  lot  of  mixing  up  of  reindeer  belonging  tt)  different  owners 
and  this  results  in  heavy  losses. 

In  aildition  we  have  the  supervision  of  land  fur-bearing  animals 
in  Alaska  and  are  maintaining  warden  service.  We  have  a  patrol 
boat  in  southeastern  Alaska  and  are  trying  to  prevent  the  overkilling 
of  fur-bearing  animals. 

The  fur-l)eaiing  animals  from  Alaska  aflFord  a  return  of  more  than 
SI, 000, ()()()  a  year,  jind  it  is  of  great  importance  that  the  killing  by 
poison  and  killing  out  of  season  of  these  animals  be  restricte<l  in 
order  that  the  output  can  be  maintained. 

Mr.  Bi  (  HANAN.  Ought  not  killing  by  poisoning  be  prohibited  ( 

Doctor  Xelso.n.  It  is  prohibited. 

Mr.  BrciLVXAN.  You  used  the  wortl  "restricted  "  unintentionally,! 
suspect. 

Doctor  Nelson.  About  poisoning^ 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Yes. 

Doctor  Nki.son.  We  restrict  the  killing,  but  stop  the  poisoning 
wherever  we  can.     No  poisoning  is  permitted. 

Mr.  Bi'(  iLVNAN.  I  did  not  want  the  record  to  go  down  that  way. 

Doctor  Nelson.  Is  there  anything  further  in  regard  to  this  item  '. 

r'OP.    ADMIMSTRATTVF.    I'XPKNSKS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  1  think  not.     Now  take  up  item  at  pa^je  244. 

Doctor  Nelson.  There  is  no  mcrease  here.  It  is  just  the  conduct 
of  the  routine  business  of  th«'  ofhce.  I'nless  you  have  some  irKjuiry 
there,  I  do  not  know  that  there  is  anything  to  be  said  about  that. 


334  agricultural  appropriatiox  biix,  1924, 

Wednesday,  November  22.  1922. 

DIVISION  OF  ACCOUNTS  AND  DISBURSEMENTS. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  A.   ZAPPONE,   CHIEF    OF    DIVISION  AND 

DISBURSING  CLERK. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  have  an  item  for  salaries  for  \vhich  you  are 
asking  S50,42(),  and  you  have  some  increases  in  this  roll. 

Mr.  Zappone.  Mr.  Chairman,  before  taking  that  up,  I  have  a 
brief  statement  here  in  regard  to  the  work  of  the  division  which  I 
would  like  to  put  into  the  record. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  may  read  it.  I 

i 

general  statement  of  work.  ^ 

Mr.  Zappone.  The  Division  of  Accounts  and  Disbursements,  in 
accordance  with  law  and  regulation,  pays  accounts  submitted  by  the 
various  bureaus,  divisions,  and  services  of  the  department.  Ac- 
counts are  examined  to  ascertain  that  approvals  are  genuine,  that 
extensions  and  additions  are  correct,  and  that  there  are  appropria- 
tions out  of  which  they  are  legally  payable. 

A  cashbook  record  is  maintained  of  all  individual  payments,  and 
ledger  records  are  kept  of  disbursing  and  appropriation  debits  and 
credits  of  all  funds  of  the  department.  Through  the  use  of  a  card 
index  duplicate  payments  are  prevented  and  a  ready  reference  to 

ftaj'ments  is  avadable.  The  division  also  supervises  the  placing  of 
unds  to  the  official  credit  of  temporary  special  disbursing  agents 
and  other  fiscal  officers  of  the  department,  and  after  making  a  record 
thereof  transmits  their  accounts  to  the  General  Accounting  Office. 
It  receives  and  accounts  for  all  moneys  due  the  department  from 
various  sources;  makes  advances  of  public  funds  to  employees  for 
the  payment  of  their  expenses  while  traveling  on  official  business; 
maintains  a  record  of  liabilities  and  disbursements  in  connection 
with  purchases  of  lands  under  the  Weeks  forestry  law;  keeps  the 
departmental  record  of  amounts  withheld  from  employees'  salaries 
under  the  provisions  of  the  retirement  act  of  May  22,  1920,  and. 
under  the  direction  of  the  Budget  officer,  assists  in  compiling  the 
annual  estimates  of  appropriations.  Miscellaneous  financial  reports 
are  prepared  from  time  to  time  as  required.  During  the  fiscal  year 
1922  this  office  also  received  and  deposited  in  the  Treasury  all  the 
(U)llections  of  farmers'  seed  grain  loans,  and  maintained  the  file  of 
notes  and  mortgages  and  a  dctiiilcd  record  of  tlu>  repa^'ments  tliere- 
under. 

salaries. 

There  is  an  increase  in  the  estimates  of  .?.'i,()0()  to  provide  for  three 
additional  em|)loyees  at  $1,200  each.  The  salary  roll  has  increased 
unlv  .S9, (■).')()  (luring  (lu>  nine-year  period  from  1915  to  192;i,  inclusive, 
with  ai|  increase  in  the  nundier  of  employees  from  ;^2  to  38,  most  of 
which  increase  was  allowed  by  this  conimittee  during  the  last  two 
yeai^s.  Duritig  I  lie  smnc  period  the  npj)r()priations  of  the  dcjinrtment 
(•arried  by  the  agri<-Mlluriil  net  have  increased  from  S;20,0()().()()0  to 
nppro.ximately  .S.'JC). ()()<),()()().      In   addition   there  have  been  large  ap- 


AflRlCULTURAL   AITROPRIATIOX   BI1J-,    1934.  385 

)r<»priations  <ariiiMl  in  snrcijil  acts  that  havr  iMM-ri  pa-^scd  \tv  (\m( 


nropnaiums  <ariUMi  in  snrcial  acts  tliat  luivr  itvcu  pa-^scd  hv  (  ni 
from  tirnr  t<»  tinu*.  such  as  the  pcrniariciit  nppr<ij)riati«)ri  for  moat 
inspection,  for  the  a<(|iiisition  of  hinds  umlcr  the  Weeks  fon«jHtry  hiw, 
the  seed  j^rain  h>ans  act,  and  the  acts  for  F«'deral  aid  to  the  State*«  in 
the  construction  of  roads,  amounting  annually  to  millionM  of  dolJarH. 

Mr.  Andkkson.   Are  those  cleared  throufjli  your  of!i«-e  < 

Mr.  Z.MM'ONK.  A  record  of  tlnni  i-  JM'pt  in  m\  oIVkc  nn.l  ill  ..f  ili.. 
accounts  arc  paid  there. 

Mr.  Andkkson.    For  Federal  aid  for  roads  ^ 

Mr.  ZaiM'ONK.  Yes.  sir.  For  Federal  aid  lo  i<»ad-.  The  Xntes 
iiuike  the  payments  in  the  first  plac«'  and  then  the  accounts  arv 
submitted  and  refunds  made  hy  tho  Government  for  50  per  cont 
of  the  work  done.  That  work  is  ccntralizeil  hy  the  Bureau  of  Puhlir 
Roads  in  Washinfjton.  and  the  n<-counts  are  scheduled  to  me  for 
payment  like  other  accounts  of  the  de|)artment. 

Nir.  Andkkson.  Is  that  true  in  the  ca.sc  of  the  aid  ^iven  through 
the  Smith-Lever  .Vet  ? 

Mi-.  Zaim'onk.  I'hat  is  not  true  in  the  case  of  the  Smith-I^'ver  »iid. 
'i'hos(>  appropriations  are  advanci'd  directly  to  the  States  hy  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  payments  are  made  by  the  States. 
However,  the  re(|uisitions  for  funds  pass  throu<;h  the  Secretary  of 
A«;iiculture  to  the  Treasury  I)ej)Mrtment  as  re(|uire<l  hy  the  law. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  bo()kk(>ej)inf;  that  is  done  in  connection  witli 
those  funds  is  not  handled  in  your  olfice  ^ 

Mr.  Zapponk.  Xo,  sir:  except  to  .set  up  tlie  amounts  in  my  ledi^er: 
all  tiu'  work  is  conducted  by  the  States  Relations  Service.  Thev 
have  a  detailed  record  and  must  have  in  order  to  keep  in  touch  with 
what  tlie  States  are  doincj.  and  to  enable  them  to  prepare  the  annual 
report  wliicli  they  have  to  submit  to  Congress  in  regard  to  the 
funds. 

NKW    ACTIVITIE.S    RKQt'lKI.Sr;    ADDITIONAL    HELP. 

Tlie  additional  appropriations  mentioned  liave  added  largely  to 
the  work  of  the  onice.  The  accounts  and  checks  have  increased 
during  the  past  year  about  10  per  cent.  The  number  of  (>m|)loyees 
in  the  department  during  the  past  year  has  also  increaseci  about 
1.000.  from  about  19,000  on  October  31  last  year  to  about  20.(WX) 
on  October  81  this  year. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  \Vhere  does  that  increase  come  in:  under  the  grain 
futures  act  '. 

Mr.  Zapponk.  A  large  part  of  it  was  in  the  liureau  of  Agricultural 
Economics,  due  to  the  grain  futures  act  and  other  new  activities, 
also  to  additional  legislation  Congress  has  passed,  such  as  the  packei^s 
and  stockyards  act.  operation  of  the  Center  Market,  and  the  seed 
grain  loans  act.  Then  the  fixed  nitrogen  laboratory  was  transferred 
to  the  Department  of  Agriculture  from  the  War  Department. 

REVENUES  OP  THE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  revenues  of  the  department  are  also  increasing  annually. 
During  the  fiscal  year  1022  the  revenues  for  miscellaneous  receipts 
alone  amoimted  to  about  So. 000. 000,  and  repayments  to  the  appro- 
priations about  .S3.000.000.  making  about  .^S.OOO.OOO  in  all. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  I  wish  yt)U  woukl  give  us  a  stat<>ment  of  the  receipts 
and  the  sources  from  which  they  come. 

22028—22 22 


336  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRLITIOX   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Zappoxe.  Such  a  statement  has  been  inserted  under  the  office 
of  the  Secretary. 

CLASSIFICATION   OF   ALL    EXPENUITUHE8. 

Mr.  AxDERsox.  Anything  further  ? 

Mr.  Zappoxe,  During  the  present  fiscal  year  a  new  activitj'  has 
been  added  to  the  work  of  my  office;  that  is,  the  classification  of 
expenditures  in  accordance  with  certain  objects  of  expenditures  pre- 
scribed by  the  Comptroller  General  in  Bulletin  No.  1  issued  by  his 
office  on  May  11,  1922. 

The  Secretary  felt  that  he  would  like  to  haye  a  centralized  record 
in  the  department  of  the  objects  of  expenditures  as  prescribed,  and 
to  do  this  I  put  in  four  punch  machines,  a  tabulating  machine,  and  a 
distributing  machine  similar  to  those  used  in  the  Census  Office  for 
compiling  the  census.  The  youchers  are  coded  by  the  bureaus  and 
are  sent  to  my  office  for  payment.  After  payment,  they  go  to  these 
machines,  and  the  yarious  objects  of  expenditure  are  recorded. 

In  two  or  three  years  from  now,  I  hope  to  be  able  to  make  state- 
ments of  expenditures  under  any  class  or  object  of  expenditure,  as 
prescribed  in  the  bulletin,  for  the  entire  department.  That  is  the 
adyantage  of  a  centralized  record. 

The  bureaus  are  keeping  a  similar  record,  but  they  only  show  the 
bureau  end  of  it.  That  is  all  that  they  will  have.  For  instance,  if  you 
want  to  know  the  amount  of  the  expenditures  for  fuel  for  the  entire 
department,  or  for  ice,  or  for  stationery,  or  any  of  the  fixed  charges, 
it  can  only  be  obtained  by  calling  on  the  various  bureaus  for  it. 
But  sometimes  this  information  is  required  quickly,  and,  by  means 
of  these  machines,  it  can  be  turned  out  in  a  few  hours.  You  simply 
run  the  cards  through  them  and  there  are  no  mistakes.  They  are 
practically  infallible.  The  cards  are  run  through  twice,  an^  the 
results  balance.  If  they  do  not,  there  is  something  wrong.  I  think 
that  is  all. 

STATUS    OK    WORK. 

Mr.  BucHAXAN.  What  is  the  condition  of  your  work  now;  is  it 
current  i 

Mr.  Zappoxe.  It  is  not  current.  My  work  is  slightly  in  aiTcars 
just  now.  It  is  due  to  the  stress  of  work  at  this  time  and  more  nar- 
ticulurly  to  the  large  number  of  financial  statements  and  other  data 
that  we  have  had  to  prepare,  most  of  which  has  been  for  the  informa- 
tion of  the  Budget  Bureau.  In  conducting  its  work  the  Budget 
Bureau  nec«'ssariiy  re(|uires  considerable  data  and  this  bus  imposed 
additional  work  on  my  office  and  other  offices  of  the  tl('})artment. 

Mr.  BuciiAXAX.  The  reason  that  it  is  not  current  now  is  not  due 
to  a  lack  of  two  or  three  employees,  is  it  ^ 

Mr.  Zaim'one.  No;  I  asked  for  more  l)ut  that  is  all  that  was  allowetl ; 
however,  I  hope  to  get  up  the  work  with  the  three  employees  recpiested 
and  such  additional  heln  as  I  may  be  able  to  get  from  the  bureaus  in 
the  way  of  temporary  Jletails. 

Mr.  Ul  (iiA.NA.N.  So  you  asked  for  more  employees  than  are  in  tiie 
estimate  and  the  Bureau  of  the  Budget  cut  themOff  ^ 

Mr.  Zappo.nk.  Well,  thev  were  not  allowed. 

Mr.  .Jr.MP.  The  truth  of  the  matter  is  that  with  n>ference  to  the 
Division  of  Accounts.  I  ha\  c  never  seen  a  year  since  I  have  been  in 


AORlrULTirUAr,   AP1»IU)PUIATI(»N    IUI.I^    1924.  387 

th«'  (Icpartnirnt  tluil  then'  lun  hrcn  ho  iiiiirh  cvirii  work  of  tlii-.  tvjx'. 
W<'  arc  rmdiii^  it  inHM'Hsnry  cojistnntly  to  cull  npnri  tin-*  ilivi-^ion  l<» 
rornpilo  stntomonts  of  varioiH  kinds,  in-arly  nil  of  ihoni  ronmlicalwl 
in  <-luvrjict«>r  hihI  somo  of  them  trfinctulous  in  vohiiin',  iirjd  I  c|o  not 
sro  how  his  oilier  has  don*'  the  work  with  thr  for<<«  that  if  hit"*.  Ah  n 
r\\\o  the  Division  of  Accounts  Ims  to  hear  the  hrunt  of  ;»cttir)i;  "p 
tiiat    typo    of    W(»rk. 

Mr.  Andkkhon.   \Vc  will  take  up  tlu*  (picstion  «)f  tlu'  hhrary. 

INTKRCIIANOE    (IF    AIM'UorFlIATIONS. 

Mr.  «Il MP.  Mr.  Chainuan,  hcforc  prococding  to  tho  iif)rury  do  you 
wish  to  ask  any  (juostions  as  to  item  on  paj;*'  310  '' IntcrchuuKO  of 
appropriations'  i  Tliat  is  tho  10  por  cent  transfer  provision  rolutinj; 
to  the  i^eneral  expense  items. 

It  is  merely  a  renetition  of  the  lan«;ua^e  carried  in  this  year's  hill. 

Mr.  BuciLVNAX.   You  hud  that  up  last  year  ^ 

Mr.  Jr.NfP.   It  is  tlie  same  thin<^.     The  same  laimua^*'  is  suhmitted. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  I  think  that  tliere  is  no  necessity  of  <;oin<^  into  that. 
My  recollection  is  that  the  chairman  held  it  in  order  last  year,  so  that 
1  think  there  will  be  no  question  about  it. 

REPORT    ox    PKR    DTKM    RATKS    ().\    TRAVEL. 

Mr.  .Ir.Mi'.    The  rc[)ort  on  per  di(»m  rates,  etc.,  on  travel — ^<lo  yo»i 
wish  to  ask  any  (|uesti(»n-;  on  that  '. 
Mr.  Anderson.  No. 
Mr.  Jump.  That  is  all.  then,  before  we  come  to  the  library  item. 


Wednesday,   Novkmhkk  22.    I'>i2. 

LIBRAKY. 

STATEMENT    OF    MISS    CLARIBEL   R.    BARNETT.    LIBRARIAN. 
DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

SALARIES. 

Mr.  Ander.sox.  The  first  is  the  item  of  salaries.     Your  statut«»ry 
roll  this  year  calls  for  the  same  amount  as  last  year^ 
Miss  liAitNETT.   Yes.  sir.   . 
Mr.  Ander.sox.  The  next  item  is: 

( Jcnoral  o.\pon.so.s.  Iil)rary:  For  book.s  of  rcforoncc;.  law  I)ix)k8,  technical  and  scientific 
hooks,  npwspapprs  and  ]»orio<Hcals,  and  forex])pn808  incurro«l  incompleting  imiwrfect 
serira. 

And  so  forth.  You  have  this  vear  $25,000,  and  vou  are  jvskini;  f(»r 
.S30,000  f(T  192  J.  which  is  ;m  iticrease  of  $5,000.'  Will  you  tell  us 
about  that  increase,  pleased 

oexf:ral  statemext  of  work. 

Miss  BARXF/rr.  The  reasons  are  (piite  fully  j^iven  in  the  ex|)lamit(»rv 
notes  accompany inji  the  estimates,  but  1  have  prepared  an  a«lilitional 
statement  wnich  1  shouhl  like  to  give,  if  vou  nave  time  for  it. 


338  AGRICULTURAL   APPR()PRL\TIOX   BILL,    1924, 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  he  voiv  ^rlad  to  have  it. 

Miss  Baknett.  The  lilnaiv  of  the  Ueprtitiiieiit  ol'  Aijiiculture  is  a 
scientific  and  technical  lihrarv.  It  comprises  approximately  105,000 
volumes  and  receives  currently  3.000  periodicals.  The  subjects 
which  it  covers  are  the  subjects  under  investigation  hy  the  depart- 
ment. The  question  is  sometimes  asked,  Why  is  it  necessary  for  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  to  have  a  library  '.  Why  can  it  nt>t  get 
all  the  books  it  needs  from  tlie  Library  of  Congress  i  With  all  its 
great  resources  it  is  impossible  for  the  Library  of  Congress  to  care  for 
all  the  special  needs  of  the  various  departments.  Its  resources  must 
be  supplemented  by  the  libraries  close  to  the  work  of  the  departments 
and  bureaus.  A  very  large  part  of  the  l)()oks  contained  in  tlie  library 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  are  not  available  in  the  Library  of 
Congress  nor  in  any  other  library  in  the  country.  This  is  especially 
true  of  foreign  agricultural  books,  for  the  Library  of  Congress  tloes 
not  attempt  to  cover  in  any  adequate  way  the  fields  in  which  the 
department  is  especially  interested,  namely,  agriculture  and  the  related 
sciences.  But  even  books  on  these  subjects,  if  contained  in  the 
Library  of  Congress,  are  not  duplicated  in  the  library  of  the  depart- 
ment unless  they  are  fi-ef|uently  needed  or  are  of  special  interest.  It 
must  be  borne  in  mind,  moreover,  that  the  Library  of  Congress  serves 
a  very  large  clientele  and  that  it  would  be  decidedly  unwise  to  delay 
the  work  of  the  department  because  of  the  inability  to  obtain  promptly 
the  use  of  books  which  are  essential  in  its  investigations.  However, 
the  resources  of  the  Library  of  Congi'ess  and  of  other  Governnieni 
libraries  are  always  taken  into  account,  and  it  is  the  policy  of  the 
lil)rarv  of  the  department  to  avoid  unnecessary  duplication. 

All  the  civilized  countries  of  the  world  have  made  great  progress  in 
agricultural  research  and  instruction  during  recent  years.  It  be- 
comes more  and  more  important  for  the  investigators  of  the  Federal 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  State  institutions  to  keep  track  of 
this  progress.  This  necessitates  a  constantly  increasing  expemliture 
for  books  and  periodicals  in  which  the  results  of  such  work  are  given. 

NEED    OF    .\l)E(jrATK    I.IIJR.\KY    K.\III.ITIES. 

The  im[)ortance  of  ade(|uate  library  facilities  to  a  research  institu- 
tion such  as  the  Department  of  Agriculture  can  not  be  too  strongly 
emphasized.  If  tlie  library  is  weak  or  inedicient  becaus(>  of  inade- 
(luate  resources  or  by  reason  of  an  insufbcient  or  poorly  trained  staff. 
tne  work  of  the  department  is  bound  to  sutler.  All  efl'ective  research 
must  be  based  on  what  has  ahead v  been  iU)ne  in  the  same  lieKl, 
unless  a  great  deal  of  wasted  effort,  loss  of  time,  and  duplication  are 
to  result.  Testimony  bearing  upon  the  importance  of  ade(|uate 
library  facilities  in  research  work  is  given  in  a  paragraph  of  a  recent 
icjxiit  (»f  the  Denartment  of  Agriculture  of  the  I'nion  of  South 
Africa  deploring  tlie  lack  of  proper  librarv  facilities  in  that  depart- 
nu'iit.  it  says  that  "in  many  ca.ses  members  of  the  staff  of  the  de- 
partment who  have  to  investigate  particular  inijiortant  problems 
find  their  work  doubled  by  lack  of  data  already  publislieil  in  coiinec- 
li(»M  with  siiuilar  important  problems  in  other  countries.  In  many 
cases  they  luiNc  to  spend  si.\  months  of  salarieil  time  and  considerable 
expeiimental  funds  on  an  investigation  which  could  have  b(»en  done  in 
three  months  and  at  half  the  cost  if  a  W(>ll-e«|uipped  library  had  been 
within  reach. 


AliKll  l"i;n  ILVU   Ari'K<M'KIATI(».\    lill.I^    I!rj4.  339 

To  inal«*  tlu>  r<>sultM  of  pnst  iiivrsti^iitions  hvhiIuMi*  il  is  nprcAAary 
not  only  to  have  at  hand  l>ooks  in  which  fX|M'riiiicnlM  htivf  tH*on 
nM-or<li'«i.  Ixtt  ill  iiilditioii  th<>  iiialrrial  in  lhl'^<^  honks  tniHl  hr  made 
avaihihh'  (liidu^^h  cat  aloj^in-,  and  iimU-xcs.  Kcw  in\  c%t  ijjatorn  hii\c  the 
time  to  keep  records  of  tlic  hteratnre  ccmcerrunj;  their  own  HixM-ialtiit*, 
njiich  h'ss  <m  aUied  siihjects  which  they  nuist  often  ron.Hith'r  in  con- 
nection with  their  experiments.  They  are  coming:  ninre  nn«l  int»re  to 
(h'pciid  upon  lihraiie>  not  only  f(»r  supplying  them  with  hnoks  hul 
also  for  otfjanizintj  these  coUections  and  for  sysU'niuti/.in^  and  put- 
tin;;  in  permanent  form  in  the  shape  of  <'atal»»<;nes,  hihlii>^raphioH, 
etc.,  informntion  conci'rnin^  puhhshed  research,  so  that  it  mn-  '"■ 
avaihil)h'  when  needed  in  conn«Mtion  \Mth  special  invc'st i<_'at ion- 

HIHUOOKAI-HICAL    WORK. 

Mr.  Andkhson.  Let  nie.  ask  y«)U  then-.  Miss  Barnetl,  «h»  ytni  do  any 
bihh«»^raphical  work  ( 

Miss  n.M{.\KTT.  Yes;  we  (h>.  As  an  ilhislration  of  the  kuid  of 
hihhot;raphicaI  servi<'e  that  llie  catahtgues  and  indexes  enahh*  the 
lihrary  of  the  »U'partment  to  ^i\o  may  he  cited  tlie  r6suni<^  of  the 
resuhs  of  price  lixin^  through  4(i  c«'nturies.  i)re|)are<l  by  the  librarian 
of  the  liureau  «)f  A^ri(  ullural  Kcon(»mics,  wnicli  was  especially  useful 
in  connection  with  the  National  Aj^ricultural  Conference  last  year. 
That  is  just  one  of  a  number  of  examples  we  could  <;ive. 

Mr.  Am)FJ{S()n.  You  i;»'t  re(|uests  from  people  in  the  department 
to  work  out  all  material  in  the  library,  specifying;  mateiial  upon 
sjjecial  ((uestions,  or  relating  to  particular  investigations^ 

Miss  Bah.nett.  Yes;  that  is  what  wc  try  to  do.  We  maintain  a 
cataloiiue  of  more  than  1 ,()()(),()()()  cards,  which  of  course,  is  the  liasis 
for  all  of  our  biblioi^rapiiical  work. 

Mr.  A.\I)f:ks().\.  1  suppose  that  includes,  of  course,  subject  indexes 
and  author  indexes  ( 

Miss  B.VRNETT.   Yes;  both  subject  and  auliior  intU'xes. 

'Hie  library  is  an  essential  and  important  part  of  the  e(|uipmenl  of 
tiie  department  and  as  such  can  not  be  impaired  without  serious  loss 
to  tlie  work  of  tiie  de})artnu'nt .  It  must  keep  pace  witii  the  growth 
of  the  depaitment  and  keep  in  close  touch  witli  the  growth  of  agri- 
cultural Work  all  over  the  world  if  the-  investigations  of  the  depart- 
ment and  of  the  afhliated  State  institutions  are  to  be  carried  on  to 
the  best   advantage. 

COST    OF    PERIODICALS. 

I  nfortunatelv  the  support  given  the  library  in  the  past  few  years 
lias  been  most  ina(le(|uate  both  for  salaries  and  for  books.  In  order 
to  make  this  clear  it  is  (mly  necessary  to  review  briefly  the  library's 
appropriations  for  the  past  seven  yeai"s,  from  HH7  to  date,  a  period 
in  which  the  work  of  the  department  has  greatly  expanded.  In  1918 
the  (h'partment  appropriation  was  S'i.'j.tJ'J^.j  l.'i.  For  l"»"_':i  it  is 
.'?;i(l,774.173,  an  increase  of  'M)  per  cent.  In  1917  the  total  appro- 
priation for  salaries  and  general  expenses  of  the  library  was  Sp.»..')20. 
For  the  year  1923  it  is  $57,600,  an  increase  of  only  $1,140  for  salaries 
and  $7,000  for  general  expenses. 

The  total  increase  in  tlie  library  appropriation  timing  the  seven 
years  amounts,  therefore,  to  only  $8,140,  or  approximately   17  |>er 


340  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TION    BILL,   1924. 

cent.  On  the  other  hand,  the  cost  of  books,  periodicals,  supplies,  and 
equipment  during  this  period  has  increased  from  30  to  200  per  cent. 
To  give  only  one  or  two  examples,  the  Rand.  McXally  &  Co.  atlases 
have  increased  in  price  in  the  past  seven  years  from  SIO  to  S3.>a  copy, 
and  the  Official  Railway  Guide,  for  which  some  30  subscriptions  are 
needed  in  the  various  offices  of  the  department,  has  increased  from 
SO  to.?  18  each. 

Mr.  Ani)ER.son.   Is  that  paid  out  of  the  library  appropriation? 

Miss  Barnett.  That  is  paid  out  of  the  library  appropriation. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Whv  sliould  it  be  paid  out  of  that  appropriation? 

Miss  Barnett.  Well,  you  see,  under  a  law  passed  by  Congress  in 
1898  it  is  illegal  to  use  any  part  of  any  appropriation  for  the  purpose 
of  purchasing  books  and  periodicals  which  does  not  specifically  men- 
tion books  and  periodicals.  The  library  appropriation,  with  one 
exception,  is  the  only  appropriation  for  the  department  which  can  be 
used  for  the  purchase  of  books  and  periodicals. 

For  the  reasons  that  have  been  explained,  the  increase  of  $7,000  in 
the  book  fund  in  the  past  seven  years  is  more  apparent  than  real.  It 
is  in  fact  insufficient  to  cover  the  loss  in  the  purchasing  power  of  the 
dollar.  Furthermore,  due  to  the  present  system  of  business  operation 
in  the  department  the  library  is  now  called  upon  to  pay  from  its 
appropriation  for  services  which  were  formerly  rendered  the  library 
by  other  offices  of  the  department  without  charge.  It  must  now  pay 
for  expressage,  for  its  trucking  service,  for  its  multigraphing  and 
mimeograph  work  and  for  itsshopwork,  all  of  which  work  was  formerly 
paid  for  from  other  appropriations  of  the  department.  These  ex- 
penses have  still  further  decreased  the  amount  available  for  books. 

NEED   FOR    ADDITIOXAL    ASSISTANCE. 

While  the  estimates  for  this  year  include  no  changes  in  the  statu- 
tory salaries,  it  is  necessary  to  say  a  word  in  regard  to  them,  as  they 
furnish  additional  reason  for  the  increase  in  the  book  fund.  In  the 
appropriation  for  1917  there  were  33  positions  on  the  library  statu- 
tory roil.  In  the  appropriation  for  1923  there  are  only  28.  Seven  of 
these  positions  were  cut  off  in  the  appropriation  for  1922.  and  no 
provision  for  tliem  was  made  by  an  increase  in  the  fund  for  general 
expenses.  In  fact,  this  fund  was  decreased  by  .SCOO.  In  the  appro- 
priation for  1923  two  additional  places  were  restored  to  the  statutory 
roll,  making  28  in  all,  as  compared  with  the  33  in  1917.  As  the  worn 
of  the  library  has  much  increased  in  the  past  seven  years,  it  was  quite 
impossible  for  it  to  carry  on  the  work  required  of  it  with  a  decreased 
force. 

It  was  also  imf)(»ssil)le  to  provide  for  all  tiic  positions  which  were 
(h'opjx'd  from  the  statutory  roll  l)y  carrying  them  on  the  fuiiii  for 
the  general  ex[)enses  of  the  library,  without  reducing  the  book  fund 
to  such  an  extent  as  to  hamper  scrit)usly  the  work  of  the  dej^artnu'nt . 
In  the  emergency  it  was  necessary  for  the  library  to  ask  tlie  help  of 
the  bureaus  in  carrying  tlu'  salaries  that  were  not  j)rovi(letl  for  on 
the  statutory  roll.  'I'lieir  help  has  also  been  necessary  this  year. 
It  will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  the  ?7, ()()()  increase  in  the  |)ast  seven 
yeai-s  has  been  entirely  ina(l(>(|Uate  to  cover  provision  for  the  five 
positions  dropj)ed  from  the  statutory  roll,  for  the  increase  in  the  cost 
of  books,   periodicals   and   supplies,   for  additional   shelving  that    is 


( 


AORICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOX    BlfJ^    \Ki.  341 

lUMMkui   tiiis  yt'iir,   uiui   for   tlu>   iiirrruscti   lii'iiiundH   iiiiulc  ii|><mi    iI>- 
lihrary  due  U)  tlir  jjrowtli  in  thr  \vt»rk  of  thr  (li>[>iirtiiirnt. 

For  tlie  reasons  thai  have  he<'H  stated  a  much  larjjer  |>iin-hn«e 
fund  for  th(>  Hhrarv  is  urj^cntly  ner(h>d  if  fhi*  «h'piirtnient  is  r  *  'i/.e 
in  (he  most  eirM'imt  manner  the  mom-y  Mppropriale*!  for  lu  -,^'u- 
tions  and  he  in  a  position  to  coopjTate  e(u»ctively  with  tlie  Stnto 
institutions.  Nvhi<h  naturally  h)ok  to  the  Department  of  Apneulture 
as  h«'a(h|uartei-s  hu-  information  on  ajjrieidture  and  the  reahrd  artM 
and  seiences. 

FOR    I't  KI'IIASE    OP    HOOKS    A\l>    I'KKIODICAI.M. 

The  So.OOO  inerease  in  the  estimates  us  approved  by  the  Budget 
is  SIO, ()()()  h'ss  tlum  the  estimates  presented  ])V  the  department.  On 
aerount  of  the  <;reat  need  for  a(hhtiomd  fumls  it  is  ur;^entlv  reeoni- 
mondetl,  with  the  approval  of  the  ofliee  of  the  Seereturv  of  Aj^rirul- 
ture,  that  the  foHowinf;  provision  he  inserted  in  the  library  appro- 
priation: 

I'rorulfd,  That  hereafter  additional  funds  from  any  appropriation  of  the  <iij>;if  uin-nt 
for  general  expenses,  may  with  the  ap|)r()val  of  the  Seiretary  of  ARriculture,  \>e  tran.H- 
ferred  to  the  appropriation  for  the  Reueral  uxpcnsef  of  the  library  for  tlip  purcham?  of 
hookf  and  p«}ri<Mli(aIs. 

Such  a  provision  wt)uUl  supplement  the  Hhrarv  aporopriation  and 
make  it  possible  to  meet  the  special,  unforeseen  and  extraordinarj' 
needs  of  tlie  bureaus  for  books  anil  periodicals.  In  other  words, 
when  a  new  line  of  work  is  undertaken  by  the  department  the  litera- 
ture on  which,  as  represented  in  the  library  is  inade(juate,  it  would 
be  possible  for  the  bureau  to  transfer  to  the  library  some  of  its  funds 
for  the  purchase  of  additional  books  and  periodicals  needed  in  the 
work.  For  example,  it  would  be  possible  to  transfer  funds  for  the 
purchase  of  extra  copies  of  such  reference  books  jis  atbises  and 
dictionaries  and  the  Ollicial  Railway  Guitle,  neetled  for  office  use 
which  do  not  however  add  to  the  permanent  resources  of  the  library. 

This  provision  would  be  of  «;reat  service  to  the  ilepartment  aind  is 
earnestly  recommended  in  aiUlition  to  the  S'"),(IOO  increase  contained 
in  the  estimates.  The  bureaus  have  often  expressed  dissatisfaction 
over  the  fact  that  they  can  not  buy  books  and  periodicals  from  their 
appropriations,  especially  when  they  have  greatly  needed  duplicate 
copies  of  reference  books  which  the  library  with  its  limited  appro- 
priation was  unable  to  buy  for  them.  They  have  stated  that  tney 
would  be  glad  to  use  their  funds  for  the  purpose,  but  they  have 
been  unable  to  do  so  because  of  the  law  previt)uslv  referred  to  which 
makes  it  illegal  to  purchase  books  and  periodicals  from  any  appro- 
priation not  specifically  mentioning  books  and  perio<licals.  The 
proviso  recommendetl  for  inclusion  in  the  library  approj)rifttion  would 
make  it  possible  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  bureaus  and  yet  would 
not  destroy  the  present  unity  of  the  library  organization  of  the 
department. 

BUREAU    BRANCH    I.IBKARIKS. 

Mr.  ANDEitsox.  Are  libraries  maintained  by  any  bureaus  of  tlie 
department  ( 

Miss  Baknkit.  The  books  are  purchased  by  and  recorded  m  llu' 
main  library,  but  the  dillerent  bureaus  maintain  what  wo  call  brunch 
libraries.     They  pay  for  their  assistants. 


342  AGRICULTUBAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Woll.  y(ni  have  brunch  icforonce  libraries  in  some 
bureaus  ? 

Miss  Barxett.  "^'es. 

Mr.  AxDER.soN.  In  all  '. 

Miss  Barnett.  Not  in  all  of  them. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Not  in  all  of  them? 

Miss  Barnett.  In  some  of  them. 

Mr.  Anderson.  And  where  you  have  them,  the  cost  of  the  library, 
if  you  have  one.  whatever  it  costs,  other  than  the  j)urchase  of  books, 
in  conneetion  wnth  its  maintenance,  is  borne  by  the  bureau  itself? 

Miss  Barnett.  Yes. 

Mr.  Jump.  But  the  books  are  all  catalogued  in  the  main  library. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  understand  that.  Hoav  is  your  appropriation 
for  t;eneral  expenses  now  divided  between  the  purchase  of  books  and 
the  employment  of  personal  service  ? 

Miss  Barxett.  At  the  present  time? 

Mr.  Anderson.  Yes. 

DETAILS   PROM   OTHER   BUREAUS. 

Miss  BaRxNETT.  We  estimate  from  this  appropriation  Ave  will  have 
to  spend  about  $3,000  for  personal  services,  because  the  other  bureaus 
now  are  carrvinsr  assistants  for  us  that  we  can  not  carrv. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  $3,000  for  personal  service  ? 

Miss  Barnett.  Yes;  for  personal  services.  We  are  keeping  down 
just  as  low  as  possible  the  expenditures  for  personal  services  from  the 
book  fund. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Now,  w^ith  regard  to  this  $5,000  increase  which  is 
proposed  in  this  item,  do  you  expect  to  use  it  for  additional  service  or 
for  the  purchase  of  books  % 

Miss  Barnett.  I  would  like  very  much  to  have  that  reserved  just 
for  the  purchase  of  books  and  periodicals,  but  unless  we  can  get  help 
again  from  the  bureaus  in  carrying  some  of  our  present  salaries  it  will 
bo  necessary  for  us  to  use  some  of  it  also  for  salaries. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  there  any  details  now  from  the  bureaus  in  the 
library? 

Miss  Barnett.  Yes. 

Mr,  Anderson.   How  many  ? 

Miss  liARNETT.  At  present  we  have  seven,  as  follows:  One  from  the 
Secretary's  office,  at  $2,000;  one  from  the  Division  of  Publications,  at 
$2,000;  one  from  the  Bureau  of  Public  Koads,  at  $1,000;  one  from  the 
States  Kelations  Service,  at  $1,400;  one  from  the  Bureau  of  Biological 
Suivey,  at  $1,200;  one  from  the  Division  of  Publications,  at  $900; 
and  one  from  the  Secretary's  office,  at  $1)00.  The  amount  of  the 
salaiies  carried  last  year  by  the  bureaus  for  the  librarv  was  approxi- 
mat(^ly  $8,000. 

.Mr.  .Vnderson.  Is  that  in  addition  to  the  people  they  '-arry  in  their 
own  libraries  ? 

Miss  Baun'KTT.  Yes;  but  of  the  olliccs  tjiat  are  now  carrying  |)()si- 
tions  for  the  library  only  the  Bureau  of  Public  Koads  and  the  Stat(>s 
Kelations  Service  maintain  branch  libraries. 

Mr.  .lu.MP.  Do  you  not  think  that  it  would  be  a  gocul  policy,  Mr. 
('Imirmun,  to  have  an  undei-standing  that  if  the  increase  of  .$."), 000 
is  grunted  to  tin-  depurluient,  that  it  is  to  be  used  for  books  exclusively 


AGRICULTIRAI.  APPROPRIATION    BIM^    iy24.  343 

iiiui  that  next  yvtir  in  the  cstiiiiHU^s  wr  will  r(M|uost  |iiii>iHii>M  f>>t 
tlicsr  sjilnrios  now  rarrird  hy  ilctail. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  1  Imvr  always  frit  timl  tliiH  ilrtail  hii.mncHs  whm 
unsoiiini.  I  think  it  is  had.  Nuhstafitially.  it  ainoiiniH  in  tmint;  nri 
appropriation  f«)r  the  pur|)os<«  for  which  it  wa«j  not  if*<>''<'tr  I 
rrcognizc  that  very  j^n'at  lu'cossitirs,  iirrhaps,  anni*  s«»nii  thnt 

tnakc  it  nocossary,  hut  I  tliink  that  it  is  had  prartiro.  and  so  fnr  ns  I 
am  personally  conrvnu'd.  I  would  Ncry  inurh  prcfrr  to  mm-  this  item 
carry  whatever  amount  was  lu'cessary  to  take  care  of  this  husim>ss 
in  the  lihrary  and  cut  out  these  details,  and  to  carry  it  us  it  is.  I 
suppose  that  we  will  have  to  do  it  this  way  for  the  next  year,  hut  nn 
soon  as  possihic.  1  would  like  for  you  to  ^et  this  on  a  ruisis  which 
repnv^ents  what  it  actually  is.  I  think  thnt  thnt  wouhl  \u-  tin-  hrst 
thin*;  for  cyervhody  concerned. 

Mr.  Ji'Mi".  ()f  coui-se  the  appropriation  for  such  a  small  or;;ani/.H- 
tion  does  not  allow  due  flexihility  as  in  the  lar<;er  hureaus.  If  an 
emert^ency  arises  hi're.  they  do  m)t  have  any  lar<;e  lump  >um  to  turn 
to,  and  conse(iuently  details  are  iipccssary.  Nloreover,  the  lihrury 
is  a  service  unit  for  all  of  the  other  or«;anizalions  of  the  de[)artnient* 
so  that  it  does  not  seem  improper  to  use  the  lum|)  funds  of  the  hureaus 
to  this  small  extent  for  payment  of  a  dircM-t  seryi<'e  to  the  same 
bureaus. 

Mr.  Andkrso.s.  I  can  appreciate  that  there  mi<:ht  he  occasions 
where  details  would  be  necessary,  perhaps,  umler  some  cinumstances: 
but  where  you  have  a  permanent  detail,  as  you  appanMitly  have  here, 
curried  on  the  rolls  of  other  hureaus,  I  think  it  is  had  practice. 

Miss  Ii\KNKTT.  rnfortunately.  they  have  not  been  permanent. 
Sometimes  the  details  have  only  been  for  a  period  of  three  months. 

Mr.  Andek.sox.  Well,  it  amounts  to  the  same  thing,  except  that 
the  money  is  scattered  around  a  little  more,  and  just  that  much  is 
used  anx-Avay. 

Mr.  Jimp.  We  liave  been  able  to  do  it  like  this.  Mr.  Chairman: 
In  the  division  of  publications,  for  instance.  \ve  had  an  editor  who 
went  on  leave  of  ansence  for  several  months,  due  to  illness.  Now, 
we  had  a  library  employee  we  were  able  to  carry  on  detail  from 
publications  by  using  the  statutory  place  of  that  man  while  he  was 
on  leave  without  pay.  Our  being  able  to  detail  that  position  helped 
to  just  that  extent  in  this  particular  branch.  Of  course,  we  have 
luul  a  number  of  lines  of  worK  added  without  corresponding  increases 
in  the  funds  available  for  the  library  service.  I  refer  to  such  addi- 
tions as  the  packers  and  stock  yards  act.  the  grain  futures  act.  and 
fixed  nitrogen  research  laborafory.  which,  as  its  name  implies,  is 
particularly  a  r(>search  branch,  and  so  on  :  and  all  of  these  things  that 
nave  been  added  have  increased  the  demand  on  the  library,  and  it 
has  been  very  helpful,  really  necessary,  in  fact,  for  us  to  have  this 
much  leeway. 

However,  next  year  we  can  come  to  the  committee,  if  you  desire, 
with  a  complete  revision  of  that  situation  and  provide  for  these 
employees. 

Mr.  Andkr.son.   I  would  like  to  see  \vhat  it  would  l«)ok  like. 


I 


344  agricultural  appropriation  bill,  1924. 

Wednesday,  November  22,  1922. 

BUREAU  OF  PUBLIC  ROADS. 

STATEMENT    OF    MR.    THOMAS    H.     MacDONALD,     CHIEF    OF 

BUREAU. 

Mr.  .Vndehso.n.  We  will  now  take  up  the  Bureau  of  Public  Roads 
statutory  roll,  on  pao;e  250. 

Mr.  MacDonali).  Before  taking  that  up  I  have  here  a  statement 
.showing  the  general  character  of  work  of  the  bureau  which  I  will 
insert  in  the  record. 

GENERAL  STATEMENT  OF  WORK. 

The  operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Public  Roads  are  administered 
under  two  major  divisions  -lirst.  the  highway  division  and.  sec(md, 
the  agricultural  engineering  division. 

Under  the  first  division  the  major  activity  is  the  administration  of 
the  Federal  highway  laws  and  the  appropriations  which  have  been 
made  for  carrying  on  cooperative  road  work  with  the  several  States. 
The  construct i()n  of  highways  in  the  national  forests  in  cooperation 
with  the  Forest  Service  is  also  handled  under  this  division,  as  is  the 
research  work  in  highway  engineering  and  highway  economics,  the 
distribution  of  war  surplus,  and  the  informational  and  educational 
activities  incident  to,  and  a  necessary  part  of,  the  responsibility  of 
leadei-ship  in  the  tremendous  program  of  highway  improvement  which 
is  going  for\\ar(l  in  the  United  States.  This  division  is  operated 
through  si.\  subdivisions,  i.  c.,  hi";hway  administration  and  engineering 
tests  and  research,  war  materials,  highway  transport  and  economics, 
informational  and  educational,  and  control.  Tliis  last  subdivision 
handles  all  of  the  accounting  and  fiscal  records  required  in  connection 
with  the  appitrtionnu'uts  to  the  States  and  the  disbursements  to 
them  for  work  which  has  been  performed,  and  all  other  fiscal  records 
of  the  bureau. 

Under  the  second  division,  agricultural  engineering,  the  major 
activities  are  those  in  connection  with  carrying  on  research  in  the 
fields  of  farm  drainage,  farm  irrigation,  and  other  engineering  prob- 
lems in  connection  with  the  utilization  of  land  for  agricultural  pur- 
j)oses;  studies  of  the  proper  design  and  research  in  the  principles 
underlying  suitable  faini  structures  for  ellicient  farm  service,  and  the 
proper  housing  of  farm  animals;  the  distribution  of  the  results  of 
research  and  investigational  studies  upon  these  subjects  through 
technical  and  farm  bulletins,  farm  power  studies  involvinjj;  both 
animal  and  mechanical  power;  the  use  of  explosives  for  land  clearing 
and  ufili/.ntion.  This  division  is  administered  through  three  sub- 
divisintis  drainage,  irrigation,  and  farm  engineering.  Practically 
all  farm  engineering  problems  and  services  for  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  are  grouped  under  this  division,  and  the  opportunity  i 
thus  given  to  cooperate  to  a  greater  or  l(»ss  e.\tent  with  many  other 
bureaus  nnd  divisidiis  (if  the  department.  Then*  are  numy  research 
problems  engnging  the  attention  of  the  department,  whicii  involve 
sometimes  in  a  major  and  sometimes  in  a  minor  way,  engineering 
principles.  e(|uipMient,  mul  design.     The  attention  of  the  committeo 


s 


AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION'    nil.U    H»24.  345 

is  directed  to  the  fart  thut  thi»  most  iiolahlf  ndvaiircs  which  have 
l»«'(>r»  iiuulo  in  ajjrioiiltiire  liave  \hh>u  throu(;h  the  ut*o  of  iiwohapiral 
rfjuipiin'iit  and  thr  suhst itut i«»ii  (»f  |)<»w«t.  either  atiiinal  or  riiethan- 
ical.  for  mail  liilxir.  The  prodiMtioii  of  the  iij«)'!-  ■  '•■  d  ||fm  been 
iinrease<|,  whih-  his  expenditure  of  niiiseuhir  lahor  h  •  deereuH4>4i. 

The  improvement  of  hind  through  ilrainape  in  the  humid  reponn, 
the  re<  lamnt  ion  of  hmds  in  the  arid  areas,  the  <level<>f)ineiit  «»f  me- 
<-haiii(al  e<|uipnient  for  and  apphcation  to  farm  co?-!')  "f-  }iave  u\\ 
heen  hnnifjht   ahout    tluouj;|j   tne  ap()h<'ation  of  ei  '  pnnci- 

ph  s  There  is  a  hirj:*'  Hehl  of  prohh^ms  having  to  do  with  theeflirirnt 
and  economical  pnxhiction  of  fjirm  crops,  their  storaj^e,  (hstrihution, 
and  utih/ation.  and  tlu>  handhn>;  of  the  hmds  themselves  m  hoth 
the  humid  ami  arid  re«;ions  whi<li  involve  the  principles  which  may 
be  j^rouped  generally  under  the  designation  "  a};ricultural  eiip- 
neerin<;.  Within  the  past  decade  tliisijroupof  prohlemshasattra<ted 
the  <;eiu'ral  rcco<;nilion  due  the  important  heann;:  each  luus  upon  the 
jreneral  advancement  t)f  airricultun*.  The  work  of  tliLs  division  in  the 
de|)artment  lias  not  been  expanded  in  keepin*;  with  its  importanre. 
The  appropriations  are  beinij  maintaine<l  at  a  dead  level,  which  will 
not  allow  its  expansion,  and  because  of  the  increased  cost  of  carryinjj 
on  work  now  as  compared  with  the  pre-war  level  it  is  impossible 
to  produce  results  consistent  witli  the  needs  of  the  times.  Many 
hi>;nly  important  researches  are  being  carried  on  without  ade(|uatc 
personnel  or  facilities. 

Among  the  outstanding  results  which  have  been  or  are  being 
secured  tlirough  the  activities  which  the  bureau  is  carrving  on. 
eitlier  through  cooperation  with  the  individual  States  or  independ- 
ently, the  actual  completion  of  roads  is  perhajis  the  most  important. 
Dunng  the  past  fiscal  year  more  than  10,000  miles  of  highways  of  all 
tvpes  were  i)rought  to  completion.  This  does  not  mean  that  all  of 
tlie  work  on  the  10,000  miles  was  done  during  the  year,  but  that  this 
mileage  was  brought  to  actual  completion  during  tlie  year. 

The  progress  in  highway  researcn  has  been  notable.  Tlu'  bureau 
has  carried  on  an  important  series  of  tests  on  the  impact  on  road 
surfaces,  and  other  studies  at  .Vrlington,  and  a  number  of  cooperative 
research  projects  have  been  instituted  with  State  highway  tlepart- 
ments.  State  educational  institutions,  and  other  agencies.  The 
bureau  is  cooperating  with  and  supporting  the  National  Research 
Council,  in  establishing  a  national  research  proj^ram  on  highway 
engineering  and  economic  problems,  which  shall  oe  so  coordinated 
that  attention  shall  be  given  the  major  j)roblems,  but  tliat  duplica- 
tion of  effort  shall  be  eliminated.  The  bureau  is  also  cooperating 
with  the  State  highway  departments  through  the  American  Asso- 
ciation of  State  Highway  Officials,  in  the  work  of  deyeh)ping  and 
standardizing  specifications,  design,  and  practices  for  modern  bridges 
and  highways. 

The  attention  of  the  connnittee  is  directed  to  the  fact  that  in 
highway  transportation  we  have  a  tremendous  new  force  in  the 
econ<»mic  and  social  life  of  this  Nation,  which  has  not  yet  be<>«)me 
stabilized,  wiiose  limits  are  not  yet  known,  aiul  whose  ramifications 
touch  the  whole  fabric  of  our  agricultural,  industrial,  antl  social  life. 
The  building,  maintenance,  and  operation  of  our  highways  are  an 
integral  part  of  liighway  transportation  and.  in  fact,  become  the 
controlling  element  of  the  utilizati<ni  of  this  f(»rin  of  transportation. 


346  AGRICULTUR-\L   APPROPRIATION    BILJ.,    1924. 

The  carrying  on  of  extensive  and  detailed  studies  of  the  present  and 
possible  uses  of  the  highways,  and  the  accumulation  of  essential 
economic  data  must  be  considered  a  necessary  and  vital  part  of  the 
activities  of  the  bureau. 

It  is  my  personal  judgment  that  the  major  problems  now  con- 
fronting us  with  reference  to  the  highway  program  are,  first,  the 
annual  rate  at  wiiich  new  construction  should  be  untlertaken.  second, 
the  financing  of  the  costs  of  construction  antl  maintenance,  and  the 
distribution  of  these  costs,  and  third,  the  relation  which  highway 
transpoitation  should  occupy  and  maintain  to  other  forms  of 
transportation. 

SALARIES. 

Mr.  Anderson.  There  is  an  apparent  decrease  of  $9,840  in  youi- 
statutory  roll  ( 

Mr.  \fAcl)oNALi).  That  decrease,  Mr.  Chairman,  is  due  to  the  dioj)- 
ping  of  these  places,  all  but  two  of  which  are  not  now  lilled. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Can  vou  get  along  without  these  employees  that 
have  been  eliminated  without  any  detriment  to  the  service  ( 

Mr.  MacDonam).  All  but  two  are  places  which  maybe  eliminated. 

FOR    ROAD    MANAOEMENT    AND    ECONOMIC    STUDIES    OF    HIGHWAY 

CONSTRUCTION. 

Mr.  Anderson,  ^'our  next  item  appears  to  be  the  one  on  page  253: 

For  inquiries  in  regard  to  systems  of  road  management  and  enonomic  studies  of 
highway  ronstru<"tion,  operation,  maintenance,  and  value,  either  independently  or  in 
cooperation  with  the  State  highway  departnicnt.-i  and  other  ae'-iu-ies.  and  for  gi\  ing 
e.\pert  advice  on  these  subjects,  .$()(>, 800. 

Mr.  MacDonaf.d.  The  bureau  is  asking  for  no  change  in  that  item. 
Mr.  Chairman.  We  are  asking  for  the  same  appropi-iation  that  we 
hatl  during  the  previous  year.  Last  year  we  did  not  use  all  the  fiiiuls, 
because  we  have  been  carrying  on  the  work  largely  with  personnel 
employed  part  time  by  the  Universitj^  of  Wisconsin.  This  year  we 
have  organized  it  on  a  full-time  basis  and  expect  t(^  use  the  entire 
fund. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  Will  you  tell  us  something  about  what  you  ai-e 
doing  and  pi-opose  to  do  under  this  item  ? 

Mr.  MacDonaf-d.  I'nder  this  item  the  bui'cau  ]ir(»j)(ises  to  lariy  on 
a  study  of  highway  ti'ansportation  extended  along  the  same  lines  we 
have  already  begun.  For  example,  in  Connecticut  we  are  carrying 
on  a  fidl  vear's  study  of  the  traffic  over  the  hijrhwavs.  The  plan 
(jovers  the  whole  State,  including  the  traffic  entering  and  leaving  the 
State,  as  well  as  the  local  tralfic  within  the  State.  In  detail,  it  is 
organized  by  <listricting  the  State  tributary  to  certain  roads  over 
which  Irnlfic  passes.  Tlicn  key  stations  are  estal>lislied  in  each  one 
<>f  these  districts,  and  full  data  of  the  traffic  units  is  taken  l)y  the 
field  counting  party. 

Mr.  Andf.u.son.  "What  do  you  mean  by  "  units'"  ( 

Mr.  MacDonai.I).  I  mean' by  that,  each  vehicle,  the  purpose  for 
which  it  is  Ix'ing  used,  I  lie  number  of  passengers  which  are  being 
carried,  (»r  the  freight  and  the  character  of  the  freight  that  is  being 
carried  and  its  destination. 


* 


AORlCULTrHAL   APPUOPHIATION    HII.U    1024.  347 

Mr.  Andkhsos.  Wrll.  you  lUfiin  that  you  rstnlilisti  som<-)><*«|\  nlon^; 
tho.>«'  roads  and  Owy  slop  rvorylxxly  tluit  conu's  alon^  ^ 

Mr.  M.\(  DoN.vi.i).  Vi's.     When  we  aro  making  the  count,  wc  tnke 

tlu-  (iitirc  data  with  icfcn'iicr  to  thi>  tralfio  that  is  1,'oin;;  ovjt  tlir 
nunls.  Thost'  counts  MIT  takrii  in  cooiMM'ation  \sitli  the  Stulo  lu^jh- 
way  dr[)artnu'nt.  which  hius  authority  over  thc»  trnffir,  but  wi»  have* 
systematized  the  operation  to  such  an  extent  that  it  is  nossihie  to 
take  the  data  very  (piickly.  This  rehites  to  the  takinj:  of  the  traflir 
eoinit.  There  are  othei'  stations  estahhshe<l,  f«'\ver  in  niunhrr.  at 
\\hi<'h  tlie  trallie  is  n«'tually  divorte<l  across  scnh's  and  wei^jhcd  to 
«'stahhsh  fa<tnrs  which  will  (h>terrnine  the  weight  when  appUed  to  nil 
other  units  of  trallie  in  the  State. 

Mr.  .Vndkkson.  Do  you  <^ot  any  objections  on  the  part  n{  people 
who  are  held  up  and  diverted  and  are  asked  for  information  ' 

Mr.  M.vcDoNAi.i).  Piactici\lly  no  ohiection  from  tliosc  who  u>c  the 
road  in  a  proper  manner.  There  has  r)een  some  objection  from  tlu»so 
who  desire  to  overload  the  trucks,  but  the  traffic  census  and  wei^hin^ 
has  had  a  very  salutary  effect  in  the  regulation  o(  such  traflic  on  the 
roads.  For  example,  we  found  in  the  first  traflic  census  tluit  perhaps 
7.")  pi-r  cent  of  tiie  commercial  truckers  were  t»verloadin<;  their  trucks: 
that  is,  beyond  the  rated  capacity,  and  they  were  doincj  that  appar- 
ently as  a  nuMins  of  in«'reasin<x  their  compensation  without  regard  to 
the  detrimental  effect  ujion  the  roads.  Since  scahvs  were  installed  and 
the  traflic  count  has  Ix'cn  goin<^  on.  the  overloading  has  decreased 
to  a  lar«;e  extent.  In  other  words,  it  has  resulted  in  restraining  the 
ti-aflic  to  the  le»;al  loads,  aiul  a|)parently  the  investijiation  has  fiained 
favor  from  the  better  class  of  truck  operators  and  truck  owners. 
Truck  manufacturers  particularly  are  upholdini;  it. 

I  may  say  that  the  scales  are  installed  by  the  State.  We  do  not 
c(»ntril)ute  to  this  expense.  Half  or  more  than  half  of  the  expense 
of  the  census  will  be  paid  by  the  State. 

Mr.  Andkkso.n.  In  how  many  places  is  this  trafhc  census  being 
taken  '. 


Mr.  M.vcDoN.vr.i).  AVe  are  carrving  on  this  complete  count  m 
Connecticut.  We  have  an  informal  agreement  with  the  Ma.ssachusettii 
Highway  Department,  aiid  we  have  been  carrying  on  a  less  extensive 
survey  there.  We  have  during  the  year  taken  trallie  counts  on  the 
county  basis  in  Tennessee,  and  we  have  an  extensive  State-wide  traffic 
census  now  going  on  in  California  in  cooperation  with  the  California 
Highway  Department.  We  expect  to  add  during  the  coming  vear 
similar  studies  in  one  or  more  typical  agricultural  States.  Tliese 
studies  when  completed  we  feel  will  give  us  a  fair  picture  of  the  various 
typical  trallie  conditions  which  exist  ii\  the  Inited  States. 

Sir.  Ander.sox.  Wliat  is  this  investigation  the  basis  of — 1  mean, 
what  do  you  exj^ect  will  come  out  of  it  in  the  way  of  concrete  results  *. 

Mr.  M.vcDo.NALi).  Two  very  essential  thinj;s  will  be  nuitured  out 
of  such  studies;  first,  the  princijiles  of  regulation  of  traflic  on  the 
highways,  so  far  as  the  use  of  motor  transportation  for  the  movement 
of  commodities  antl  {Passengers  is  concerned;  and.  secoiul.  the  fees, 
(»r  licenses,  which  may  fairly  be  charged  for  the  operation  of  tn..ti»r 
vehicles  upon  the  highways. 

These  are  two  immeiliately  important  mattei-s  in  connection  with 
the  operation  of  our  highways,  the  on<>  of  loading,  spt'cds.  ami  other 
|)r()per  regulations,  and,  the  other  the   fair  charges   for   tln'    use  of 


348  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRLVTION    BILL,   1924. 

the  roads.  Yet,  this  and  other  simUar  studies  are  basic  in  hwin^ 
the  foundation  far  the  whole  consideration  of  the  economics  of  high- 
way transportation. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Has  it  1)een  shown  tliat  the  overloading  of  tiucks 
beyond  their  rated  capacity  has  had  a  detrimental  eflect  npon  the 
roads,  as  well  as  upon  the  trucks? 

Mr.  MacDoxald.  Yes;  in  my  judgment,  that  has  been  shown, 
as  applied  to  the  heavier  trucks;  that  is.  the  detrimental  results 
to  the  road  are  more  pronounced  if  the  heavier  trucks  are  over- 
loaded than  if  the  lighter  trucks  are  overloaded,  but  in  any  event, 
there  is  a  more  detrimental  effect  from  overloading  a  tinick  of  any 
capacity,  than  from  the  same  load  carried  upon  a  truck  properly 
designed  to  carry  that  load.  This  is  due  to  the  impact,  of  heavily- 
loaded  wheels  upon  the  roads.  It  is  po.ssible  to  multiply  the  static 
load,  that  is,  the  load  of  the  truck  standing  still  by  seven,  if  a  large 
obstiTiction  on  the  road  surface  occurs,  which  drops  the  load  on 
the  highway.  The  average  equivalent  impact  of  the  moving 
truck  measured  by  the  load  of  truck,  stationary  is  about  four  times 
the  latter  and  it  does  not  recpiire  a  very  large  obstacle  to  produce 
a  very  considerable  impact,  varying  with  the  speed  of  the  truck. 

There  is  a  long  and  involved  task  ahead  of  us  to  detrmine  the  re- 
lation between  the  motor  vehicle  and  the  road,  but  during  the  past 
year  much  progress  has  been  made. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Well,  it  would  seem  from  that  statement  that  the 
smoother  the  road  and  the  better  condition  that  it  is  kept  in,  the  le.«« 
will  be  the  upkeep  ? 

Mr.  MacDonald.  That  is  very  true,  sir.  That  is  one  of  the  reasons 
why  road  maintenance  becomes  so  absolutely  important.  An 
accurately  circular  smooth  wheel  passing  over  a  |)erfectly  plane 
road  does  not  produce  impact,  but  even  a  half-inch  difference  in  the 
surface  of  the  road,  with  a  solid  rubber  tire  produces  considerable 
impact.  On  the  Bates  experimental  road  test  in  Illinois  where  the 
weaker  stretches  of  road  were  actually  tested  to  destruction,  after 
the  break  started,  it  progressed  along  the  road  as  much  as  30  feet  a 
day.  Up  to  a  certain  point,  the  road  carried  the  load,  but  as  soon  as 
the  first  break  occurred,  then  the  breaking  down  of  the  section 
occurred  at  the  rate  of  30  feet  a  day. 

In  addition  to  the  traffic  studies  under  this  item,  which  we  pro- 
pose to  carry  on,  we  are  making  an  analysis  of  highway  linan<"e. 
including  the  problems  of  the  raising  and  expenditure  of  funds  for 
highway  purposes  in  the  States,  to  determine  the  j)rinciples  uniler- 
lying  the  proper  distribution  of  the  cost  between  (iu>  s(>veral  sources 
of  revenues. 

LAWS    Ui;(H;i,ATlN(i    TKAI'Kir. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Let  me  get  back  to  your  (irst  proposition  for  just 
a  minute.  You  are  taking  tiie  census  of  the  amount  of  trallic  going 
over  the  roads  in  certain  States,  the  weights  of  the  trucks,  with  an 
idea,  1  suppose,  of  a  law  limiting  the  amount  any  truck  can  carry 
or  any  vehicle  ran  ciiri'X'  ^ 

Ml'.  .MacDonai.I).    'I  es,  sir. 

Mr.  !iu(;iiANA\.   Have  any  of  these  States  got  such  a  law  ^ 

Mr.  MacDonai.I).  !*iactic*allv  all  of  the  States  have  regulatory 
laws. 


[ 


AORICUr.TURAL   APPKUPRIATION    BlIJ^    11124.  349 

Mr.  liucHANA.N.   I  mil  tiilkinj;  tihout  thr  wi'i^'lit  of  tru(-k.H  iu»w. 

Mr.  MacDon.m.I).   Yvh,  sir. 

Mr.  HrciiA.NAN.  'Vlwy   pr.-K  i  i<iilly   all   have   n   lnw    with   n-^Mr-!    ' 
the  weight  of  trucks  ? 

Mr.  MacDovaM).  Yos;  practicully  all  «»f  tin*  Stuti's  have  rofjulii- 
lorv  laws  on  tlu-  \v«M>jht.s  of  trinks. 

Mr.  Hi  (  HANA.N.  Tlu'ii,  it  i.>^  |)nu-tirally  up  l«)  llu-  Stuli;  to  lirU-r- 
uiiiu"  wlu'tlier  any  of  its  citi/.ons,  or  any  •>tlier  ritizms  violatr  any 
law,  ami  prosecute  thciu  for  it  '. 

Mr.  M.vcDoNAi.i).   V«>s,  sir. 

Mr.  Bi  «  iiANA.N.    riuil  is  a  criminal  stalulf,  i.s  it  not  < 

Mr.  MacDonaU).  Yes,  sir.  No,  if  you  take  the  cold  law  for  it, 
I  supj)os('  that  would  not  he  true;  hut  these  laws  are  not  the  result 
of  investif^ations  and  scientific  deterniiiuitions,  but  simply  opinions 
that  were  written  into  laws.  The  de-^ire-^  of  the  Slates  are  to  secure 
a  law  that  is  based  ui)on  careful  and  accurate  studies. 

Mr.  BrciiANAN.  Then,  this  is  true,  is  it  not,  that  you  are  taking 
a  census  of  the  traflic,  and  so  f(»rth,  with  a  view  or  arriving;  at  what 
oueht  to  be  the  law  f 

Mr.  MaiDonald.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Bi'CHANAN.  Now,  does  the  department  j^reinid  to  have  any 
power  itself  to  j)rescribe  any  rules  and  regulation-  for  the  trallic, 
or  as  to  what  shall  be  the  loads  for  these  trucks^ 

Mr.  MacDon.vld.  It  is  a  part  of  our  duty  under  the  law  to  investi- 
i;ate  and  make  rec(mimendations  as  to  the  retjulations  which  should 
be  made  ef  lee  live. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Yes;  you  have  got  that  power. 

Mr.  BiTiiAXAX.  That  i.s  what  I  am  trying  to  get  at. 

Mr.  AxDEUsox.   "^'ou  have  that  power. 

Mr.  BuciLVXAX.  What  I  am  trying  to  get  at  is  as  to  whether  yon 
have  anv  power  to  prescribe  traffic  regulations  or  not. 

Mr.  ^^\('DoxALD.  No,  sir.     Not  to  prescribe  regulations. 

Mr.  AxDKnsox.  You  have  power  to  make  investigation  and  recom- 
mend regulations  as  to  what  the  rules  and  regulations  ought  to  be. 

Mr.  MacDox.vld.  Yes,  sir:  that  is  true. 

Mr.  Bi'CHAXAX.  Now,  you  say  you  have  no  power;  that  is.  unless 
that  power  is  conferred  by  an  act  of  Congress.  Do  you  think  that 
this  is  a  subject  as  comes  under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  Stated 

Mr.  MacDoxald.  We  have  no  power  under  an  act  of  ('ongress  to 
prescribe  these  rules. 

Mr.  Bi'cHAX.vx.  Mav(»  you  ever  tiiouglit  of  the  (piestion,  then,  of 
the  Federal  (lovernment  regulating  the  traflic  loails  on  roads  where 
Federal  money  goes  into  the  road  ? 

Mr.  M.vcDoxALi).  \'ery  seriously,  sir.  I  have  given  it  serious  con- 
sideration, yet  1  hesitate  to  place  anything  in  the  record  at  this  time. 

Mr.  BuciiAXAX.  There  is  no  use  of  hesitatintj.  We  have  got  to 
face  it  sooner  or  later.  It  is  a  matter  that  we  nave  got  to  consider 
sooner  or  later,  and  there  is  no  use  of  hesitating.  We  might  just  as 
well  come  right  out  and  consider  it  imw. 

INIKOR.M    TRAKFir    REOCLATIUN  s    on     hKPKKAL    Ml>    l<iiM'^. 

Mr.  Mac'Doxali).  Under  that  a.ssumption.  it  is  with  the  idea  of 
ultimately  fixing  uniform  traflic  regulations,  that  we  are  carrying 
on  these  studies  in   the   vaiious  parts  of  the  countiv.      We  believe 


350  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,    1924. 

that  those  regulations  will  necessarily  vary  with  different  sections  of 
the  country.  For  example,  in  an  agricultural  State — I  have  recently 
been  over  a  number  of  miles  of  roads  in  Texas,  wliere,  I  believe, 
heavy  truck  traffic  should  not  be  allowed:  that  is.  the  heavy  truck 
traffic  necessary  to  the  industries  of  the  New  England  States  is  not 
necessary  in  large  areas  of  Texas,  where  on  many  miles  of  liighways 
there  are  sparsely  settled  agricultural  communities  only. 

Mr.  BirciLWAX.  Certain  stretches  of  highways  that  are  not  built 
for  heavy  trucks  ^ 

Mr.  MacDoxald.  No;  and  even  though  these  roads  were  built  for 
heavy  truck  traffic,  there  is  not  the  traffic  to  demand  heavy  trucks, 
but  rather  trucks  of  the  lighter  type.  Tlie  passenger  car  traffic  is 
important. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  And  the  heavy  trucks  result  in  serious  injury  to  the 
roads  ? 

Mr.  MacDonald.  If  they  are  loaded  to  the  point  of  causing  a  break 
in  the  surface,  and  then  every  vehicle  becomes  a  destroying  agency: 
but  until  that  break  does  occur  the  road  serves  the  traffic  without 
serious  deterioration. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Then,  my  understanding  of  these  studies  that  are 
being  conducted,  both  with  regard  to  the  weight  of  the  trucks  and  the 
amount  of  traffic,  and  so  forth,  is  with  the  ultimate  object  of  pre- 
senting to  the  people,  or  to  Congress,  the  (juestion  as  to  whether  or 
not  there  should  be  rules  and  regulations  established  by  the  Federal 
Government,  either  by  Congress  or  by  the  department,  with  the 
authority  of  Congress,  as  to  what  traffic  is  going  to  go  over  the  roads 
that  the  Federal  money  enters  into  the  construction  of  throughout 
the  Union  ? 

Mr.  MacDonald.  Yes. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  With  an  idea  of  uniformity  of  traffic  regidations  so 
far  as  possible. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  Yes,  sir;  but  1  should  like  to  (pialify  it  to  this 
extent,  that  we  are  approaching  that  end  by  these  cooperative 
studies  with  the  State  highway  tlepartments  of  some  of  the  States  in 
which  this  problem  has  become  acute,  with  the  idea  of  establishing  in 
those  States,  as  nearly  ideal  laws  as  possible,  in  order  that  through 
and  from  actual  experience  the  proper  legislative  authority  will  be 
able  to  fix  wisely  regulations  in  all  States. 

Mr.  Andeh.son.  In  my  part  of  the  country,  which  is,  as  you  know, 
largely  agricultural,  the  thing  that  is  tearing  uj)  the  roads  more  than 
trucks,  }>erause  we  do  not  have  a  great  deal  of  truck  traffic  at  present, 
is  the  l)ig  busses  that  run  up  and  down  some  of  our  highways,  making 
regular  runs  of  1.50  or  200  miles  a  day,  carrying  l.'i  or  20  or  25  people. 

Mr.  MAci)()N.\LD.  Over  gravel  roads,  particularlv  in  dry  seasons 
of  the  year,  tlie  action  of  the  tires  of  heavy,  fast,  i>usses  is  to  ravel 
the  top  surface  very  rapidly. 

Mr.  Buchan.\n.  You  are  s|)eaking  of  gravel  roads  ^  lias  the 
department  come  to  any  definite  conclusion  as  to  gravel  roads  being 
biiill  hy  hoiid  issues  hy  counties,  the  bonds  being  issued  for  30  or 
40  years;  is  that  not  absolutely  uneconomical^ 

Mr.  MacDonald.  \Vc  do  not  think  such  practice  is  good.  We 
think  that  it  is  very  had  practice. 

Mr.  Bi(M\\\\    "Thnl    K  all  that    1   waul    to  know,  all  of  which 
agree  with. 


AORICULTUKAL   Al'l'llOI'HIATION    HILU    l'-**.  361 

MATRRIALM    UHKD   IN    ROAU   COMITMI  tTION . 

Mr.  MacDonai.h.  1  may  say.  Mr.  ('Iiairiimii,  ihnt  wp  have  a  gn^al 
many  iiiilos  (tf  gravel  and  inaradain  roads  ir>  tlip  variotiA  StiiloM  that 
art'  sudicicnlly  .strong;  to  carry  tliis  |)ri'srr>t  trnflir,  |»tii  ihr  ^rpat««t 
(lett'rioraliou,  as  you  su«jj^('st,  is  tho  ravcliiii;  and  sul)sp<|iirnt  low  of 
mttterial  from  tfie  surtarc;  particularly  nurinj;  drj'  soa-soriH.  In 
some  nlaccs,  a  toj)  of  hiltiminous  material  i.s  Ix'inj;  used  sii<-<'t»ssfully 
over  tlu'  old  j^ravol  or  macadam  road. 

Mr.  Andkkso.n.  That  pntduccs  a  n)ugh  surfa'-c  when  it  hiyitm  to 
hroak  up,  doesn't  it  i 

Mr.  Ma(  Donald.  You  are  sneaking  of  the  odc<l  gravel  road-.,  I 
believe.  Tlie  oiling  of  gravel  has  generally  not  proven  successful. 
As  soon  as  the  surface  begins  to  ravel,  it  be<-omes  very  rough.  I 
referred  to  the  practice  of  laving  down  an  inch  and  a  half,  two  inche«. 
sometimes  four  inches  of  l)ituminous  material  on  old  compa'tcfj 
gravel  or  macadam  roadways.  However,  it  is  doubtfid  if  wc  wUl  be 
able  to  use  that  construction  in  the  northern  States  where  there  is 
much  moisture  and  frost.  In  Texas,  and  in  some  of  the  southern 
ami  southwestern  States  such  as  Arizona,  where  tliere  is  no  d»'cp 
freezing,  combined  with  a  great  deal  of  moisture  in  the  grourul,  that 
type  of  construction  is  preserving  old  gravel  and  macadam  roa«ls  at 
a  very  reasonable  cost  as  compared  with  the  cost  of  the  modern 
paverf  highways. 

That.  1  may  sa}-.  is  one  of  the  objectives  that  we  are  continually 
striving  for.  the  building  of  cheaper  types  of  roads  that  will  economi- 
cally yet  successfully  carry  the  traffic. 

^ir.  BrcHAXAN.  Well,  don't  you  think  that  the  sooner  we  come  to 
concrete  as  a  base  of  public  roads,  the  better  for  the  .States,  counties, 
and  Federal  Government,  and  that  these  (three)  other  types  of  roads 
never  last  half  the  length  of  the  life  of  the  bonds  that  are  issued,  and 
that  in  case  of  bond  issues  for  construction,  that  any  road  that  does 
not  last  for  tlie  life  of  the  bond,  is  a  failure  ? 

Mr.  MacDonald.  But  there  is  a  great  di.screpancv  now  existing 
between  the  mileage  of  improved  roads  in  the  several  States  and  the 
number  of  automooiles  and  motor  vehicles  that  are  needing  to  use 
them.  You  see,  our  registration  of  motor  vehicles  has  passed  the 
ten  million  mark,  and  it  has  only  been  within  the  past  four  years 
that  we  have  carried  on  a  large  program  of  highway  improvement 
and  the  task  of  bringing  these  roads  up  to  a  fit  condition  for  the 
motor  vehicle  to  use  is  a  tremendous  one.  To  give  highway  service 
it  has  been  necessary  to  recognize  the  ^reat  demand  for  road  mileage. 

Mr.  BrciiAXAX.  tVell,  what  is  your  ideal  road;  concrete? 

Mr.  MacDo.nai.d.  No,  sir;  I  do  not  think  that  concrete  is  neces- 
sarily the  ideal  road,  because  I  can  not  disassociate  ideal  features  of 
road  construction  frt)m  their  cost,  and  if  we  can  get  a  cheaper  typo 
of  road  that  will  serve  tlie  traffic 

Mr.  BiCHA.VA.N  (interposing).  Let  me  put  the  question  differently. 
What  would  be  the  best  road,  regardless  of  the  cost  < 

Mr.  Anderson".  Regardless  of  the  cost  ? 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Yes. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  is  not  a  fair  quevStion. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  do  not  mean  an  impracticable  road  or  a  road 
being  built  in  a  community  that  is  not  able  to  maintain  it.  or   I  do 


2202H—22 23 


!f 


352  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

not  mean  an  impracticable,  theoretica)  Utopian  road,  or  an  ideal  that 
can  not  be  realized. 

Mr.  MacDoxald.  There  is  no  single  adequate  answer  to  that 
question. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Well,  there  ought  to  be. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Would  not  the  answer  to  it  depend  upon  the 
locality,  the  quality  of  the  soil,  and  drainage  ? 

Mr.  MacDonalu.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Anderson.  And  the  amount  of  traffic  would  be  one  of  the 
elements  that  would  enter  into  it. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  To  answer  such  a  question  fairly  and  practically 
I  think  that  you  would  have  to  ask  it  about  specific  roads. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  No;  can  vou  not  make  a  concrete  road,  on  any 
ground,  and  can  you  not  without  any  great  cost  ?  It  will  cost  a 
little  more  on  some  grounds  than  others  for  the  foundation,  but  I 
can  not  see  anything  impracticable  about  the  question.  Here  is  a 
county  that  may  issue  two  or  three  million  dollars  worth  of  bonds 
on  the  determination  of  bettering  their  roads,  and  I  would  like  to 
know  whether  it  would  be  better  for  them  to  put  in  a  concrete  road, 
a  gravel  road,  or  make — take  the  road  that  you  were  speaking  of  a 
while  ago— gravel  road  with  a  surface  on  it.  Now,  that  is  not  an 
impracticable  question. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  Let  me  answer  that  from  the  viewpoint  of 
practical  experience.  I  do  not  care  to  put  any  particular  county  in 
the  record. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  You  can  put  my  county  in  if  you  want  to.  We 
recentl}^  had  that  problem  up,  Washington  County,  Tex. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  There  is  a  county  that  issued  bonds  to  build 
roads.  They  issued  bonds  in  large  amounts — $2,000,000  or  83,000,000 
on  two  different  occasions.  They  have  constructed  concrete  roads 
only,  and  they  are  very  good  roads,  but  they  have  located  some  of 
them  close  together,  within  a  half  mile  of  each  other. 

It  is  my  judgment  that  in  that  county — and  we  find  now.  with 
the  prices  of  agricultural  products  dropped  to  a  fraction  of  what 
they  were  when  the  bonds  were  issued,  the  people  are  finding  the 
taxes  to  support  the  cost  of  those  roads,  alon^  with  the  other  expenses 
of  the  land  itself,  a  difficult  financial  problem.  I  have  been  over 
that  system  of  roads,  and  it  is  my  judgment  that  they  were  right  in 
building  concrete  roads  on  their  main  arteries,  but  that  every  traffic 
demand  could  have  been  satisfied  on  their  side  roads  if  they  had 
built  gravel  or  some  lesser  cost  roads. 

Mr.  Bl'chanan.  That  is  the  answer  to  my  question,  the  main  arte- 
ries should  have  been  built  of  concrete.  You  feel,  then,  that  the 
earth  roads  are  not  satisfactory  ? 

Mr.  MacDonald.  Not  for  imi)ortant  roads,  except  in  what  we 
might  call  the  plains  regions  where  there  are  large  areas,  which  are 
dry,  are  not  subject  to  the  action  of  frost,  and  wiiero  the  soils  are 
Ban«ly. 

Mr.  lircHANAN.  In  other  words,  except  in  the  regions  where  we 
have  natural  roatls? 

Mr.  MacDonald.  Well,  1  think  that  is  a  very  good  answer  for  it. 
WJH'n  th»'  trallic  is  too  heavy  in  such  localities  for  tiie  natural  soil 
1  believe  that  a  crushed  stone  or  gravel  road  j)rotecteil  with  a  bitumi- 
nous surface  will  prove  satisfactory. 


ACilUcULTURAL   APPKOPIIIATION    UII.U    1^4,  353 

Mr.  IkciiANAN.   Wluit  Would  you  rp«oiniiu'iul  to  ^o  on  u  roiirrctc 

road  ( 

Ml".  Ma(  l>i)\\iii    Niiihuic'     imlt'-'v    (Mill    iHiiil    >-Minr    surfiiciri"    (- 

(l(>IUiltl(l('(l. 

Mr.  lU'ciiANAN.  1  ask  tliat  (jucsiion  for  inforMiution.  In  uiy  own 
roiinly  w«>  luivf  l)uilt  ."VJ  miles  (»f  cdncn't**  ruail  a«  lu-^s  the  (-ituniy 
wliicli  is  just  l)t'iii«;  <()MipK'tf»l  now.  and  1  jusl  wanlfd  t..  kiii>w 
wht'tlur  you  lli«>u^lit  it  wiis  osscntiid  to  Imvr  anv  surfa<«'. 

Mr.  Ma(  DoNAi.i).  No,  sir.  If  a  ron<r«'t»'  roatl  is  proi^rlv  Innil 
and  MuiHitaiiM'd  tlicrr  ouj^lil  lo  he  lo  yrars '  wrar,  |)t'r(ia[)s  tiiurh 
lon;4<'r,  in  tlu'  ^urfncc  heforc  tlu'rc  is  any  nrrd  for  a  nru  top. 

Mr.  Anukk.son.  I  have  iM'vrr  sim'u  h  concn-U'  road,  and  1  Inivo 
traveled  »)ver  a  «;ood  many  miles  of  them,  and  I  liavc*  iH'Vor  Hccn 
one  that  would  stand  up  ft)r  1.")  yonrs  without  a  surfaeo. 

Mi-.  .M.v<  Donai.d.  There  is  a  very  consideralde  mileage  in  (.'ali- 
fornia,  huilt  in  liHJiJ,  is  still  carryiuf;  the  trallie,  hut  it  is  als(»  true 
that  some  of  the  roads  then'  have  heen  retoppe<l.  The  first  con- 
<Tete  roads  were  not  t)f  the  sanu'  (jualily  as  the  hest  ones  are  now. 

Mr.  Am)K1{.s()\.  Well,  1  have  not  done  any  traveling;  in  Californiu, 
which  is  pi'rhaps  the  reason  1  have  not  s{M»u  any.  1  have  never  seen 
one  that  has  stood  up  for  1.")  yeai-s,  and  I  have  traveleil  70. (MM)  miles 
of  hi;.;hway  durinj^  the  last  S  years. 

Mr.  MAfDoNALi).  Mr.  Chairnnin.  if  we  are  nt»t  m'ttin;;  l.>  years' 
service  or  more  out  of  the  modern  type  of  paved  roads  we  are  not 
huildinj;  as  <;ood  roads  as  we  ou<j:ht  to  build,  and  as  can  he  huilt 
with  the  material  whi<'li  we  have  to  use. 

Mr.  Buc'HAXAX.  All  ri*;ht ;  1  have  taken  up  too  nuicli  time  on  this, 
I  *;uess. 

Ml-.  MacDo.nai.I).  1  tliink  that  covers,  in  u  general  was,  ilus 
topic.  Mr.  Chairman. 

FOR    I.WESTIGATING    KOAl)    BU1LI)1.\(J    AM)    .MAI.NTENANCE. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Your  next  item  is; 

For  in  vest  ipat  ions  of  the  best  method.'^  of  road  making,  e8p«»eially  by  the  uw  of 
local  materials;  for  studyiiifj  the  types  of  incchaniia!  plants  and  applian<M's  ns«'d  for 
road  Imildiiij,'  and  mainlenance;  for  studying  methods  of  road  repair  and  maintcnuQce 
suited  to  the  netnls  of  different  localities;  and  for  furnishing  export  ad\'i«-e  on  these 
subjects,  $77,OpO. 

Perhaps  you  had  better  make  a  complete  statement  on  that,  a-> 
to  what  you  are  doinij  and  expect  to  do. 

Mr.  MacDonai.I).  I'nder  tliis  item  we  have  been  makinj;  a  number 
of  studies  of  the  use  of  local  road  materials,  for  exampl(>.  in  the 
Southern  States,  the  use  of  sand-clay  roads.  We  have  found  in  the 
Southern  States  the  need  of  a  threat  deal  of  pioneerin«j  work,  that  is 
the  cleaning,  j'rading,  draining,  putting  in  the  subdrainage  where 
necessary  and  l)uilding  the  bridges  and  cidverls.  This  character  of 
work  has  recjuiied  the  available  funds  and  has  necessitated  our  using 
local  cheap  nniterials  for  surfacing,  such  as  the  sanil  clay  and  top 
soil.  We  also  have  been  cooperating  witli  the  State  of  California, 
and  the  Cohnnbia  Steel  Co.,  in  the  I'ittsbingh,  Calif.,  tests.  In  that 
project  a  circular  track  was  constructed,  mid  Kmiled  trucks  operated 
over  the  track.  Different  designs  were  used  and  both  plain  and 
reinforced  concrete  sections.     The   trucks  were  operated   over   the 


354  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRL\TIOX    BILL,    1924. 

track  until  sections  of  it  were  destroyed.  A  bulletin  is  now  in  process 
of  preparation  which  will  probably  be  ready  this  month,  giving  the 
results  of  the  tests. 

The  State  Highway  Department  of  Illinois,  also,  built  an  experi- 
mental stretch  of  highway  and  raw  truck  traffic  of  controlled  weight 
over  it.  The  results  of  such  tests  and  studies  are  leading  to  very 
material  modifications  in  designing  paved  roadways  and  these 
modifications  I  believe  will  result  in  better  roads,  at  perhaps  a  lower 
cost.  It  is  estimated  that  new  principles  of  design  adopted  in  Illinois 
may  save  Sl.oOO  per  mile  in  the  cost  and  yet  result  in  a  more  satis- 
factory and  stronger  road.  The  Bureau  will  cooperate  with  the 
IlJinois  Highway  Department  in  carrying  forward  this  study. 

FOR   INVESTIGATIONS  OF  THE  CHEMICAL  AND  PHYSICAL  CHARACTER  OF 

ROAD    MATERIALS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  is  on  page  257,  '"For  investigations  of 
the  chemical  and  physical  character  of  road  materials,  ior  conducting 
laboratory  and  field  experiments  and  for  studies  and  invest igatit)ns 
in  road  design,  independently  or  in  cooperation  with  the  state  high- 
way departments,  and  other  agencies,"  and  so  forth.  This  is  your 
laboratory  item. 

Mr.  MacDon.vld.  That  is  the  laboratory  and  also  research  item 
and  we  are  omitting  it  from  the  appropriation  requests  of  the  De- 
partment now  because  under  the  Federal  highway  act.  provision  is 
made  for  carrying  laboratory  testing  and  investigational  under  our 
administration  fund.  The  allotment  of  this  item  comes  out  of  the 
administrative  fund  this  year.  I  shall  be  very  glad,  if  you  wish,  to 
go  into  tlie  character  of  work  we  are  carrying  on. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  think  that  we  would  be  interested  in  your 
statement  about  what  is  being  done  under  this. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  We  must  recognize  the  fact  at  this  time  that 
the  whole  science  of  modern  road  building  is  in  the  making,  and 
because  of  this  fact  we  are  proceeding  on  tne  theory  that  the  more 
extended  the  investigational  and  research  work  that  the  States  and 
the  Federal  Government  carry  forward  during  this  period  the  more 
efficient  will  be  our  use  of  the  materials  which  are  available  for  road 
buihfing  and  the  better  will  be  the  results  which  we  obtain  from  the 
use  of  those  materials.  The  science  of  highway  building  has  many 
phases,  all  involving  technical  and  detailed  studies  from  which  the 
practical  results  may  seem  to  be  only  slowly  developing.  Not  only 
IS  this  true  of  the  bringing  to  life  of  new  principles,  but  also  in  estab- 
lishing procedures  to  insure  the  application  of  knowledge  already 
secured.  For  example,  to  control  tne  (|uality  of  the  matei-ials  going 
into  Fi'deral-aid  projects  (he  l)ureau  does  not  attempt  to  make  the 
tests  in  a  central  laboratory,  but  in  cooperation  witii  the  States  wo 
do  attempt  to  insure  uniform  standards  of  laboratory  tests  and 
practices,  then  uniform  specifications  for  testing  materials  and  the 
making  of  check  tests.  Tiuit  is,  tlie  bureau  keeps  in  close  touch 
with  all  of  the  State  laboratories  in  which  the  actual  tests  "of  road 
miileiiiils  are  made,  and  by  constant  cooperation  and  fre(iuen( 
ciieck  tests  lielps  to  keej)  tiie  work  of  tiie  State  laboratories  on  a 
uniform  basis.  The  bureau  and  the  several  State  laboratories 
fre()uently  make  tests  of  the  same  material  to  compare  methods  and 


.\<;KHl'LTl'RAL.  APPUOPRIATION'    BILI,    IWI.  355 

results.  Also  trstiiif;  j'n^inorrs  frnin  thr  hiimni  vi»il  tin*  State 
lalxirntorios  and  tlir  Statr  testing  <'H^iiH't'rs  visit  lln»  lal)orntori«»^  of 
the  l)iin'aii.  Ill  this  way  a  lUMCsmiry  result  is  Immh^  ^radiiully 
secured  whirh  we  mav  call  (he  Htandardixation  of  t««stin^  lahonitorint. 
Af^airi.  the  hurcati  )ias  in  procc'ss  n  l«>n;r  s«'ri«»s  of  tests  and  r-  'i 

stutiics  on  hitiiininous  materials.  Tnder  that  an  a  major  ii<..<;i..^' 
we  are  studying;  the  shovinj;  of  bituminous  {>av(>ments  and  other 
properties  (»f  hituminous  surfa<es.  \Vc  are  workin«;  on  tcwtM  for  thi? 
volatilization  of  petroleum  products,  the  <'onsistencv  of  tars,  and  other 
tests  which  we  are  trying  to  hrin;.;  down  to  the  pomt  of  slandaniuu- 
tion  for  fxeneral  use  all  over  the  country.  Most  of  this  work  is  in 
conjuncti«)n  with  the  A.  S.  T.  M.  These  are  oidy  imlicalive  (»f  the 
^reat  man\'  paths  there  are  to  follow  durinj;  thi>^  perioil  of  dcvelop- 
miMit  of  modern  road  huiidinj;.  The  researches  of  the  hureau  on  non- 
bituminous  materials  an<l  methods  of  testinj;  jure  extensive  and  include 
the  studies  of  the  resistance  to  wear  of  concrete  a»;^re<;ates.  the  deter- 
minati<m  of  deleterious  substances  in  concrete  a^}.jre^ates.  the  ai-tion 
of  alkali  upon  concrete,  the  use  of  blast-furmice  sla;;  for  concrete 
aj^re^ates.  and  a  very  extensive  study  of  subfjrach's  ajid  sub;,'ra<le 
materials. 

RESE.VRCH    STUDIES    IN    HIOHW.W    FNOINKKRINO. 

The  bureau  has  endeavored  and  is  endeavoriiif^  to  stimulate  re- 
search in  the  lield  of  hiochway  engineering,  and  in  this  connection  has 
affiliated  with  the  National  Research  Council,  whose  activities  we 
are  supporting  in  its  efforts  to  establish  a  national  program  of  highway 
research. 

From  the  National  Research  Council  there  is  a  bulletin  ju>t  now 
available  which  outlines  a  very  long  series  of  tests  and  researches 
which  are  now  going  forwaril  all  over  the  United  States  in  the  highway 
field,  a  complete  census  of  highway  research  projects.  In  most  of 
the  maj<»r  research  projects  tlie  Bureau  of  Public  Roads  is  either 
cooperating  or  is  carrying  on  the  tests  independently.  The  bureau 
has  taken  the  nosition  that  there  exists  in  the  State  highway  depart- 
ments and  at  the  colleges  and  universities  of  the  country  hd)oratories. 
plants,  and  e(|uipment  which  are  being  used  only  to  a  partial  capacity, 
and  that  without  large  additions  to  alreatly  existing  plants  and 
e(|uipment  it  is  possible  to  obtain  a  greater  output  from  these  labora- 
tories. In  many  of  them  assistants  are  available  who  are  not  em- 
ployed during  vacation  periods  or  who  may  be  employed  only  part 
time  with  the  colleges.  In  order  to  stimulate  research  and  to  make 
use  of  existing  facilities  the  bureau  has  entered  into  cooperative 
agreements  wnth  a  number  of  universities,  including  Purdue,  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology,  Iowa  State  College,  and  other 
univei-sities:  also  State  highway  departments,  including  the  Connecti- 
cut State  Highway  Department,  the  California  State  IIi;j:hway  De- 
partment, the  Illinois  State  Highway  Department,  and  others. 

It  is  our  judgment  that  the  funds  which  are  being  used  for  research 
purj)()se';  are  perhaps  the  most  productive  and  that  this  work  should 
go  forwartl  on  an  increased  scale  continually.  It  is  only  lhr<»ugh 
painstaking  and  exhaustive  research  that  we  shall  arrive  at  tleter- 
minafions  of  the  best  de-igns  for  highways  anil  the  best  u-e-  tt>  make 
of  materials  in  their  building. 


356  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION  BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  have  noticed  a  very  considerable  variation  in 
the  character  of  the  roads  resultino^  and  the  methods  adopted  in 
putting  gravel  on  tiiem.  Have  there  been  any  experiments  which 
nave  developed  the  relative  strength  of  the  road  resulting  from 
different  kinds  of  gravel  or  methods  which  are  more  successful  in 
putting  tliem  on,  or  do  you  simply  use  what  you  can  get '. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  The  bureau  has  been  making  a  very  extensive 
series  of  studies  of  the  behavior  of  gravel  roads;  in  fact,  some  very 
good  studies  are  now  ready  for  j)umication.  It  is  true  that  in  the 
building  of  gravel  roads  on  many  of  the  main  highways  we  have 
used  the  local  materials  which  could  be  secured  at  the  lowest  cost 
even  though  not  first  class  in  quality.  In  such  cases  it  is  not  ex- 
pected to  maintain  the  gravel  surface  hulefinitely.  but  it  does  pro- 
vide a  temporary  wearing  surface  while  the  newly  built  road  grade 
is  becoming  compacted.  As  soon  as  the  road  bed  is  ready,  or  as 
soon  as  funds  are  available,  paved  surface  is  placed.  If  it  is  the 
intention  to  maintain  the  gravel  road,  more  care  is  used  hi  selecting 
and  preparing  the  material. 

Up  to  the  present  time  in  most  of  the  States  the  Federal-aid  work 
has  been  almost  entirely  on  the  main  roads  of  the  country,  either  con- 
structing or  reconstructing  them.  It  is  not  physically  practicable 
and  funds  are  not  available  for  building  only  paved  roadways, 
thus  we  have  been  carrying  forward  the  grading,  draining,  and  pre- 

faratory  work  in  advance  of  the  more  durable  forms  of  surfacmg. 
t  is  possible  to  do  this  type  of  improvement  on  a  larger  mileage  each 
year  than  it  is  to  follow  up  w^ith  the  construction  of  paved-road  sur- 
faces. Also,  it  is  in  general  better  engineering  if  traffic  conditions  can 
be  met  to  build  the  roadbeds  some  time  in  advance  of  the  surfaces,  and 
that  plan  has  been  widely  used  in  all  of  the  States  where  it  is  possible 
to  obtain  local  materials  for  interim  use,  such  as  gravel,  sand,  clay, 
and  similar  materials.  The  difference  in  the  service  to  the  public  and 
the  saving  in  the  cost  of  maintenance  is  considered  to  offset  the  cost 
of  applying  materials  of  this  character. 

The  probabilities  are,  Mr.  Chairman,  in  answer  to  your  question, 
that  the  differences  in  results  which  you  observe  on  different  gravel 
roads,  while  partially  due  to  the  kind  of  materials  used,  are  in  a 
greater  percentage  of  cases  due  to  variations,  first,  in  the  character 
of  the  subgrade,  and,  second,  in  the  traffic. 

FOR    MAINTENANCE    AND    REPAIRS    OF    EXPERIMENTAL    TIIOnWAYS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Your  next  item  is  for  maintenance  and  repairs  of 
experinicntal  liighways.  I  imagine  that  is  a  good  ileal  of  a  misnomer, 
is  It  not  { 

Mr.MAcDoNAi.D.  No,  sir;  our  expenditures  last  year  were  nil  on 
ex|)eriniental  highways  that  we  had  built,  although  our  principal 
cxpnidit  lire  was  on  the  Mount  N'ernoji  road  leading  from  tbe  paved 
road  inl(»  tlie  grounds  at  Mount  X'ernon.  That  road  was  originally 
built  as  a  surface-treated  grav(>l  road,  and  we  have  foinid  it  necessary, 
with  tlic  heavy  trallic  which  has  l)een  developed,  to  iegra<le  and 
icbiiild  a  part.  It  is  true  tliat  the  gravel  road  is  g(»ing  to  be  an  ex- 
pt'iisive  type  t<t  iiiiiiiitnin,   but   it   would  not    be  possible  within  any 


AGIUCULTUIUL  AITUOI'IUATIOX    BIIX»    Utt4.  .'ioT 

small  <'.\p«'H(litun'  lo  inipn»vt'  tlu'  type  up  l«i  llu-  imint  whrn'  the 
inaiiitcriHUcr  uouM  l>o  i^rrnllv  Irsscni'd.  So  wi'  hnvr  coimiilcriMl 
i«M|iu'stiii<;  all  appiupiiatiori  for  refuiiMin^  not  only  llml  sortiuii  <if 
tlu'  road,  l)iit  tt»  rchiiild  all  scctiniis  of  the  road  Itrtvvorn  \V     ' 

and  M<»unl  \  crnuii  thai  arc  mi>1  iiovs  improvod  wiih  a  pu\«';     

on  the  tlu'oiy  that  Mount  Venuui  is  u  iiutional  instittilion,  and  that 
a  road  oiii;h(  to  be  Ituilt  connect iii^;  Washington.  tlu»  National 
('a[)ital.  and  Mount  N'criion  that  wouM  adc<|ualclv  care  for  the  Iraliic. 
which  is  incica-siii^  at  a  trciucndous  rate. 

FOK  INVKSmiATINMi  AND  KKI'«)KTlN(i   fl'O.N  THK  ITILIZATION  OF  WATKR 

IN    I  AUM   lUKKJATION. 

Mr.  Anderson',  Your  nj'xt  item  is  for  invest i^atintj  and  rei)ortin;j 
upon  the  utilization  of  water  in  farm  irriijation.  incTu(lin«;  tne  hest 
methods  lo  apply  in  practice.  et<-. 

Mr.  Ma( DoNAi.o.  The  work  in  irrij^ation  is  carried  on  under  the 
Division  of  Ajjcricultural  Kn«jitu'erin<j,  and  in  the  estimates  suhtnitted 
to  your  committ(M^  there  are  no  increases  in  any  of  the  items  allowed. 
The  appropriation  for  carryini^  on  the  work  in  irri;;alion  is  the  same 
as  the  amount  we  had  last  yoar,  and  is  practically  the  same  amount 
it  has  been  for  the  last  live  years.  It  has  averajjed  about  $7().()()0 
per  year. 

I  may  say  in  connection  with  all  of  our  work  in  agricultural  enpi- 
neerinij  we  are  endeavoring  to  get  away  from  the  class  of  activities 
which  may  be  termed  service  or  extension,  such  as  the  sending  out  of 
engineers  to  give  advice  on  specific  problems  and  to  concentrate  on 
the  research  problems  entirely.  In  future  probably  To  per  cent  of 
our  activities  will  consist  of  research  work  and  only  25  per  cent  of 
service  or  extension.  During  the  war  there  was  a  large  demand  for 
service  work,  but  since  we  have  taken  the  position  that  State  organi- 
zations, where  the  States  maintain  organizations,  should  do  this 
work.  We  have  cooperative  agreements  with  several  of  the  western 
States,  including  (\uifornia,  Nevada.  Utah.  Xew  Mexico,  Colorado 
and  Texas.  There  will  always  be  the  exception  of  givin<?  advice  or 
help  where  there  are  large  problems  involving  the  specialized  know- 
ledge developed  tlirough  research  and  investigational  studies.  To 
abandon  these  lines  of  activity  entirely  would  throw  us  out  of  touch 
with  the  practice  and  problems  of  new  irrigation  and  drainage  develop- 
ment anti  render  it  difFicult  to  plan  and  carry  out  research  work  m 
such  a  wav  as  to  be  of  the  greatest  benefit  to  water  users. 

Mr.  .Vndku.sox.  If  my  recollection  is  correct,  this  item  does  not 
have  to  do  j)articularly  with  the  mechanical  operations,  but  rather 
with  the  agricultural  operations  i 

Mr.  MacDonall).  It  has  to  do  with  the  agricultural  operations; 
that  is.  a  study  of  the  use  of  water  in  irrigation.  It  does  not  coidlict 
with  the  work  of  the  Reclamation  Service.  In  fact,  it  is  the  only 
service  of  tliis  character  which  the  Federal  Government  is  remlering 
the  very  large  number  of  people  who  are  operating  irrigated  lands 
that  have  not  been  developed  by  the  Federal  (lovernment  but  In- 
private  or  community  enterprises.  I  believe  that  the  Federal  irri- 
gation projects  include  about  10  per  cent  of  the  total  irrigated  lands. 


358  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924, 

STUDY   OF   WATER    REQUIREMENTS   OF   CROPS. 

One  of  the  projects  which  we  have  under  way  now  consists  of  a 
study  of  tlie  duty  of  water,  or  the  water  requirements  of  crops.  We 
are  making;  a  comprehensive  study  of  the  results  which  have  heen 
obtained  over  the  past  10  or  15  years,  with  the  idea  of  publishing  a 
series  of  articles  on  this  particular  subject,  which,  in  my  judgment, 
is  the  most  important  subject  we  have  to  deal  with.  A  large  amount 
of  unpublished  data  has  been  and  is  being  accumulated,  the  publica- 
tion of  which  will  prove  valuable  to  State  officials  in  apportioning 
the  flow  of  streams,  to  courts  in  settling  rights  to  the  use  of  wat^r, 
to  engineers  in  determining  the  capacities  of  irrigation  channels  and 
structures,  to  canal  managers  in  framing  water-right  contracts,  and 
to  farmers  in  growing  crops. 

Another  project  is  the  percolation  of  water  through  earth  dams. 
Any  loss  of  water  through  the  retaining  structures,  if  it  can  be  avoided 
ought  to  be  avoided,  and  this  project  involves  research  in  reference 
to  the  best  types  of  earthen  dams  to  build,  the  kind  of  core  walls, 
and  the  pavements  and  drains  necessary  as  a  part  of  those  structures. 

Another  subject  is  the  water-holding  capacity  of  irrigated  soils. 
This  subject  involves  a  study  of  the  movement  of  water  downward 
through  soils  and  subsoils  by  the  action  of  gravity  and  also  the  dis- 
tribution of  soil  moisture  in  all  directions  by  the  action  of  capillarity. 

There  are  also  studies  now  in  progress  dealing  with  drainage  struc- 
tures for  irrigated  farms.  This  will  embrace  the  principles  of  design 
which  practice  and  results  of  experiments  indicate  to  be  the  most 
satisfactory  in  reducing  cost  and  increasing  efficiency  of  the  various 
structures  used  in  drainage  systems. 

HYDRAULIC    EXPERIMENTS. 

In  cooperation  with  some  of  the  States  we  are  carrving  on  a  number 
of  hydraulic  experiments,  chiefly  for  the  purpose  of  cleveloping  instru- 
ments for  water  measurement  and  also  lor  measuring  evaporation. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Has  there  been  an}'^  development  of  economical 
piimpin";  machinery? 

Mr.  McCrouy.  We  have  made  a  study  of  the  cost  of  pumping  and 
have  also  a  bulletin  on  the  subject  of  pumping  from  wells  for  irrigation 
ready  to  submit  for  publication.  There  has  been  a  considerable 
increase  in  the  efliciency  of  deep-well  pumps  in  the  last  10  or  1.5  years; 
in  fact,  irrigating  pumps  generallv  have  mcreased  in  efliciency  con- 
siderably in  the  last  10  years.  Fully  30, ()()()  pumps  are  now  supplying 
water  to  more  than  a  million  acres  of  land,  much  of  which  is  in  crops 
of  yi'vy  high  value.  We  estimate  that  not  loss  than  70  per  cent  of  the 
irriguli'd  lands  of  the  coastal  re<ijion  of  southern  California,  comprising 
the  highest  priced  agricultural  lands  of  the  W^est,  are  watered  by 
piinif)iiig  plants. 

Mr.  M.vcDoNAi.i).  W(>  have  been  niakin«j:  a  study  of  the  cost  of 
devehming  irrigated  farms  to  the  point  oi  ])rolital)le  returns.  The 
cost  of  storage  works,  distributing  systems,  and  other  features  of  the 
irrigation  systems  of  the  West,  and  the  average  cost  of  such  con- 
st iiut  ion,  as  an  acreage  cost  against  the  lands  served  are  definitely 
known.  Our  study  is  bringing  out  the  interesting  fact  that  the 
original  cost  of  placing  water  on  the  land  is  only  a  portion  of  the  cost 
of  l)ringing  that  farm  up  to  a  stat(>  of  productivity. 


\ 


AORFCin.TT'RAI.   APPROPIUATION    BIIJ^    1024.  ^'.'• 

FO|{    KMCM    DKMNAIJK    \M>   DUAISACK  OK   SWVMI'    Wfi   WKT   I.A\I>H. 

For  farm  draiiin^o  wr  aro  asking  the  «amo  appropriation  thai  wo 
have  for  tliis  year.      In  oiir  rrspjirrli  work  wp  aro  af 
the  outstandiii}^  prol>l»Mns     those  which  an'  Hit-  foniKhii  .■.,  ..;  .  ;;, .  ; ,  > . 
and  economical  (hainapo. 

Tho  work  in  Minnesota  with  rcfjard  to  tho  efrprt-^  r>f  soil  alkahes  nnd 
a<Mds  upon  the  <hirahihty  <»f  concrete  tih-  is  h«'in«;  continued  i? 
eration  with  the  CoUei^e  of  A<;nciiltiire  of  the  I'nivei-sitv  of  Miri' 
and  the  State  <lepartment  of  drainaj^e  and  waters.      Definite  p: 
is  heinp  made  on  this  project.      Larpelv  as  a  result  of  this  work  m 
MintU'sota  concrete  tile  nianufacturerl  m  the  State  has  improved  in 
([uality      When    tlie   w<uk   was   l>e«jun    lar^^e   tile  did    not    me«'t    the 
absorption  recpiirements  of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Mate- 
rials, i.  e.,  11  per  <"ent.     Tests  of  \'i4  tile  made  Uy  17  plants  during 
the  past  year  showed   that   ahout  one-half  of  tlu'se  plants  are  now 
niakni};  tde  averafijinj^  hetwtMMi  t»  and   7  per  c«'nt   al>sor|)tion.     'I'he 
work  we  are  doinoj  in  Minnesota  is  receivinj;  the  cordial  support  of 
the  tile  manufacturers,  who  fully  appreciate  the  necessity  of  research 
in  order  to  improve  the  <|uality  of  tile  made. 

Durinp^  the  last  fiscal  year  an  en<;ineer  was  statione<l  at  Cape 
Girardeau.  Mo.,  to  make  a  systematic  study  of  the  flow  of  water  in  a 
lartje  lloodway  that  is  a  part  of  the  Little  Hiver  draina«;e  district. 
Valuable  information  was  secured  as  to  the  elements  that  affect  the 
flow  of  such  channels.  The  use  of  flood  ways  in  connection  with 
larg:e  drainaoje  undertakings  undoubtedly  will  increase  and  reliable 
information  as  to  the  flow  in  such  channels  is  essential  to  their  proper 


(lesiOT 


The  effect  of  tile  upon  the  ground  water  table  has  received  the 
attention  of  the  bureau  for  several  yeai-s.  The  purpose  of  these 
investigations  is  to  accpiire  an  adetpiate  basis  for  determining  the 
proper  depth  and  sj^acing  of  drains  in  the  various  soils.  A  study  ^yith 
regard  to  the  effect  of  tile  in  the  sandy  soils  of  the  coastal  plain  of 
North  Carolina  was  completed  last  year  and  a  report  prepared.  The 
opportunities  for  study  along  this  line  are  as  numerous  as  are  the 
types  of  soil  and  the  variations  of  rainfall,  and  the  work  should  be 
continued. 

The  study  of  the  use  of  sedimentation  basins  as  a  means  of  pre- 
ventinoj  the  deposit  of  silt  in  main  drainage  channels  in  the  Michlle 
West  has  been  continued.  The  j)urpose  of  such  basins,  ^vhich  are 
constructed  in  branch  drains,  is  to  cat(;h  and  retain  silt  washed  down 
from  the  hills  before  it  reaches  the  main  channels.  The  subject  is  a 
very  important  one  as  it  is  believed  that  the  proper  location  and 
construction  of  such  basins  will  help  to  solve  the  silting  problem 
which  at  present  is  a  very  serious  one. 

At  the  refpiest  of  interested  landowners  a  study  was  made  as  lit 
the  possibility  of  draining  successfully  <'ertain  impervious  soils  by 
the  use  of  tile  in  the  Yazoo  Delta.  Miss.  The  buulowners  claimed 
these  soils  could  not  be  successfully  drained.  Our  investigations, 
however,  shcm-ed  that  the  difhculty  was  langely  improper  ilesign  and 
construction. 

In  cooperation  with  the  Office  of  Farm  Management  and  Farm 
Economics,  a  study  has  been  completed  of  the  economic  results  that 
have  been  obtaine<l  in  two  drainage  districts  in  North  Carolina. 


360  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

The  behavior  of  (htiinage  pumping  phmts  in  Texas  and  Louisiana, 
the  operation  of  which  had  previously  been  studied  by  the  bureau, 
was  investigated  in  order  to  determine  how  the  different  types  of 
phints  were  working,  wliat  diflicuUies  were  encountered,  and  what 
changes  shouUl  be  made  in  the  recommended  practices. 

In  our  drainage  work  we  are  emphasizing  research — the  study  of 
the  basic  probh'ms  of  farm  drainage.  I  feel  that  the  instruction  of 
the  individual  farmer  in  his  specific  problems  is  a  matter  that  can 
now  well  l)e  left  largely  to  the  State  Extension  Service.  We  are. 
nevertheless,  carrying  on  some  extension  work  in  cooperation  with 
certain  States  that  agree  to  bear  a  part  of  the  expense  of  such  work. 
This  year  we  have  such  agreements  with  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Georgia, 
North  Carolina,  West  N'irginia,  and  Tennessee. 

FOR    IXVESTIGATINO    FARM    DOMESTIC    WATER    SUPPLY    AND    DR\IXAGE 

DISPOSAL. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Your  next  item  is  for  investigating  farm  domestic 
water  supply  and  drainage  disposal-. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  That  recjuest  remains  the  same  as  this  year. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  is  this  item  particularly  directed  to  I 

Mr.  MacDonald.  I  should  say  the  major  studies  we  wish  to  carry 
on  under  this  item  are  two — researches  with  reference  to  farm  build- 
ings, particularly  barn  ventilation,  and  storage  houses  for  different 
kinds  of  crops;  and  farm  power  studies. 

We  beheve  that,  from  the  agricultural  standpoint,  one  of  the 
greatest  advances  that  w'e  will  have  to  make  in  the  future  is  in  con- 
nection with  the  storage  of  what  we  regard  now  as  perishable  crops 
over  a  length  of  time  so  as  to  depress  the  peak  and  distribute  such 
crops  over  a  longer  period  of  time. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  you  have  reference  to  farm  storage  or  com- 
mercial storage  ? 

Mr.  MacDonald.  Particularly  to  farm  storage,  but  I  assume  the 
principle  would  be  applicable  to  either.  I  had  reference  particularly 
to  farm  and  conununity  storage,  such  as  tobacco  barns,  and  potato, 
apple,  and  fruit  storage  facilities.  We  have  made  considerable 
progress  in  the  successful  storage  of  sweet  potatoes,  and  the  tobacco 
crop  seems  to  offer  similar  desifable  fields  for  study. 

The  bureau  is  concerned  in  establishing  the  principles  of  design 
which  should  underlie  the  construction  of  buildings  for  special 
agricultural  purposes,  believing  that  if  these  principles  are  established 
any  architect  or  builder  can  use  them  in  producing  satisfacti)ry 
buildings. 

Great  yearly  losses  occur  in  tobacco  barns  during  the  firing  and 
(Miiing  of  the  crof)  due  to  improper  ventilation  or  improper  construc- 
tion. There  is  also  room  foi-  improvement  in  the  arrangement  of 
these  barns  by  which  considerable  saving  in  lai)or  may  be  made, 
it  is  expected  that  this  work  will  be  done  in  cooperation  with  the 
liureau  of  i^Iant  Indiisliy  and  with  one  or  more  of  the  agrii'ultural 
<"<»lleges  in  tdhncfo-growing  States. 


VK.STIl-ATIO.N    OK    DAIKY    ANU    OTIIKK    1«AUN8. 


Iti  the  ventilation  of  daiiy  and  other  barns  there  is  need  for  further 
investigation.     We    have    already    prepared    a    bulletin    based    on 


AClRlcrLTlRAL  AFPIlnPHIATION    BII.U    1«H.  361 

invi'stigutinns  iiiu(li>  to  (U'lrrinliit'  wlmli  nn*  tlir  VHriuhlf  iiml  <'4»im(ant 
factors  I'litfiiii;;  int<i  tlu*  proMcin.  \\  «•  nrv  now  plurtiiiii^  further 
study  with  a  view  to  (h'ttMiniiiinL;  tlic  hiw's  which  jjovom  ihww 
variations,  so  that  they  may  he  a|>[)lic(l  in  the  (irsi^nitij^of  vonlihttintf; 
systems. 

We  are  constantly  asked  for  inf(»rmation  re^ardinj;  the  Htoru^c  of 
notatoes.  apph-s.  and  other  pr«»duets.  In  cooperation  witit  tho 
Buri'au  of  IMant  hithistrv  we  have  prepared  material  indieatin^ 
the  projx'r  construction  of  common  apple  storage  iiouses  for  the 
nortliwest.  It  is  e.\pe<tcd  that  th«'  investigation  will  he  carri<>d 
further  in  order  to  determine  the  proper  construction  f(»r  other 
sections  of  the  country  and  to  devehip  >imilar  mfornuition  with 
resnect  to  the  stora«;e  ()f  other  crops. 

.vnother  investi«;ation  which  is  thouj;ht  advisahic  is  that  relatini; 
to  silaj;e  pressures.  The  si/e  and  hei;;ht  of  silos  have  "greatly  increa>^e<l. 
introducing;  new  })rol)lems  in  the  desi»;n  of  silos  which  will  with>tan<l 
the  increased  pressures.  At  present  tliere  is  no  definite  information 
with  respect  to  this.  There  liave  heen  failures  due  to  improper 
construction:  in  other  instances  an  unnecessarily  expensive  desi^i 
has  heen  used.  The  development  of  sila<;e  packei^s  has  made  il 
possil)Ie  to  store  a  ^eater  (|uantity  in  the  same  silo  hut  this  means 
an  increased  hut  unknown  pressure.  In  view  of  the  fact  tliat  silos 
are  increasini;  in  numher  at  the  rate  of  from  twenty  to  forty  thousand 
a  vcar,  the  result  of  this  investi«ration  should  hrinjr  ahout  a  re«luction 
in  the  nimiher  of  failures  and  a  savinoj  in  materud. 

The  transportation  and  handling;  of  fruits  and  ve^jetahles  involve 
many  en«;ineerin{;  prohlems  which  are  yet  to  he  solved.  It  is  thoufjht 
the  precooling  of  fruits  offers  a  means  of  reducinij  losses  in  transporta- 
tion and  storagje.  In  cooperation  with  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Inmistn* 
it  is  expected  to  continue  investigations  now  under  way  in  order  to 
determine  the  eflfectiveness  of  precoolini;. 

It  is  planned  also  to  undertake  further  investigations  relative  to 
the  factors  that  govern  the  design  and  operation  of  car-heating  sys- 
tems, with  the  ohject  of  developing  a  more  ellicient  system  of  heatmg 
cars  used  in  the  transpt)rtation  of  perishahle  foodstuffs,  and  to  thus 
reduce  the  heavy  losses  which  occur  at  certain  seasons.  The  prohlem 
of  a  satisfactory  heater  car  is  of  great  importance  to  potato  growers  in 
the  North  and  to  fruit  and  vegetahle  growers  throughout  the  country. 

Similarly  the  refrigerator  car.  so  necessary  to  the  successful  trans- 
portation of  perishahles  during  warm  weather,  is  still  susceptihle  to 
great  improvement,  although  a  great  deal  of  work  has  heen  done 
along  this  line.  It  is  helieved  that  the  losses  which  occur  each  year 
justify  a  considerahle  expenditure  to  reduce  them. 

The  farm  power  studies  outlined  hv  the  farm  power  committee  of 
tho  department  have  hei^i  continued.  In  c(Mtperation  with  the 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  and  the  Oflicc  of  Farm  Management  ami 
Farm  Fconomics  a  study  of  the  cost  of  power  on  farms  in  the  winter 
wheat  helt  in  Nehraska.  Kansas,  and  Oklahoma,  was  made.  Uecords 
were  secured  from  '^'^4  farms  where  tractois  were  used,  and  from  S.') 
farms  where  horses  only  were  used.  A  complete  record  of  the  work 
do?ie  with  hoth  horses  and  tractors  during  the  year  pre<'eiling  the 
investigation,  and  information  from  which  the  cost  of  using  the 
tractors  and  horses  coidd  he  determined,  were  ohtaine*!  from  each 
farm.     A  record  of  the  changes  in  the  operation  and  ongani/.ation  of 


362  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

the  farm  after  the  purchase  of  tractors,  and  statements  from  each 
farmer  concerning  tne  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  a  tractor  on 
his  farm,  were  obtained.  A  summary  of  this  investigation  has  been 
published. 

Several  vears  ago  information  in  regard  to  the  experience  of  farmers 
with  motor  trucks  was  secured  from  truck  users  throughout  the  United 
States.  The  experiences  of  farmers  in  the  Corn  Belt  and  in  the  New 
England  States  were  compiled  as  department  bulletins.  During  the 
last  year  tlie  farmers  whose  experiences  were  reported  in  these  publi- 
caHons  were  again  circ-ularized.  and  the  information  secured  is  being 
prepared  for  publication  as  farmers'  bulletins  in  order  that  the  expe- 
riences of  these  farmers  with  motor  trucks,  which  now  extend  over 
a  period  of  several  years,  may  be  available  as  a  guide  to  other  farmers 
contemplating  the  purchase  of  motor  trucks. 

In  cooperation  with  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  a  study  is  now 
in  progress  which  has  for  its  object  the  determination  of  the  amount  of 
power  developed  by  horses  and  the  ways  in  which  this  power  may 
ne  utilized  most  efficiently  in  farm  operations.  It  is  kno^^-n  that 
many  of  the  hitches  used  at  the  present  time  result  in  a  waste  of  power, 
and  it  is  planned  to  determine  the  effect  of  various  factoi-s  on  the 
efficienc}-  of  hitches  and.  if  possible,  to  develop  better  hitches.  The 
importance  of  increasing  the  efficiency  of  animal  power  may  be  bet- 
ter appreciated  when  it  is  known  that  with  some  comuKMi  hitches 
used  for  plows  the  work  of  one  horse  is  used,  overcoming  side  drafts. 
The  amount  of  horsepower  used  on  the  farms  of  the  Ignited  States 
is  equal  to  80  per  cent  of  the  total  horsepower  used  by  all  other 
industries  combmed.  Information  of  great  value  to  all  farmei^s  could 
undoubtedly  be  secured  if  these  investigations  could  be  prosecuted 
vigorously  with  an  ndecpiate  force. 

The  investigation  now  being  carried  on  in  cooperation  with  the 
Bureau  of  Entomology  relative  to  the  control  of  the  cotton  boll 
weevil  will  be  continued.  A  new  phase  of  this  work  is  the  introiluc- 
tion  of  the  airplane  in  dusting  the  cotton  fields  with  poison.  Experi- 
ments already  made  indicate  possibilities  that  make  it  highly  desir- 
able to  continue  the  investigation.  Results  of  an  unexpectedly 
gratifying  character  have  been  obtained,  but  whether  the  airplane 
can  be  used  commercially  is  yet  to  be  determined. 

SURPLUS    WAR    EXPLOSIVES. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Your  next  item  is  for  supervising  the  prepaiation. 
distribution,  and  use  of  picric  acid,  trinitrotoluol,  trojan  powdc!-, 
and  such  other  surplus  war  explosives  as  may  be  made  avMilai)l(>  for 
use  in  clearing  stum])s  and  stones  from  agricultural  lands. 

Mr.  MacDonali).  During  the  fiscal  yeat-  1922,  3,2()4,S0()  pounds  of 
cartridgcd  picric  acid  were  distributed.  This  distribution  we  expect 
to  continue  as  l(»ng  as  the  supply  holds  out,  and  we  ha\t'  obtained 
nothing  but  favorable  reports  from  the  farmei's  who  have  used  the 
material. 

Mr.  Andkkson.    I  undeistand  this  material  does  noi  (l(>t(M-iora?e  ^ 

Mr.  M.\(  Donald.  That  is  indicated  by  our  (>\i)eriiMU'e  after  it  is 
cartridgcd.  It  is  tested,  before  cartridging,  for  the  moisture  con- 
tent, and  the  carti'idges  are  j)Mial!in<«d,  so  the  explosive  ought  to  last 
for    a    conNidcrnhIc    lime    alter    it    has    been    received.      Picric    acid 


I 


A(iIU(  ri/nUAI-    AIM'IUIIMIIATION    Hll.i^    I  '-«  .'163 

r(>(|Tiir(>s  a  soinrwluit  heuvior  (it'toiintor  tlinii  T.  N.  T.  or  other  coiii- 

iiuTcial  oxplosivrs. 

All  iiitcrcstiiii;  .si*l<-  li;;lit  lui  tluit  <li^tril>utiuii  i-.  ihr  fii<(  ilmt  thut 
supply  luis  Ih'cm  availuMo  to  the  furiturs  iit  n  very  luuniiml  <-<>st, 
i)  otMits  for  tartritl<;iii«;  uiul  not  over  I  rent  for  haixlfiii^.  nhi**  frt'i^^ht 
(-)iar>;«'s,  and  that  has  anparrntly  \rt\  to  a  rcniarkahh*  <irop  in  thw 
price  of  coinnuTcial  r\plosiv«>.  Ihe  pri<i*M  have  r«»nu-  down  U»  a 
{)oint  now  that  we  are  (in(hn>;  some  uidieultv  in  (iispo>,ni^  of  thm 
supply  at  a  prieo  around  7  cents  f.  o.  b.  The  avaihihihty  of  thm 
•-upply  to  the  farmers  may  l)e  only  one  of  the  muss's,  hut  it  is  true 
that  the  [)riees  of  ctimmercinl  e\|)|(».ive>  ha>  (Mine  down  t«i  verv 
nuK'h  h»wer  k'vels. 

Mr.  Andkhson.   How   much  of  lliis  e.\ph>sive  i.s  h-fl  ' 

Mr.  Ma( Donald.   It  is  now  ahout  I.OOO.OOO  pounds. 

Mr.  Andkk.son.  At  the  rate  you  have  heen  p»inji  y»»u  will  ^vi  nd 
of  it  in  about  a  year  or  two  i 

Mr.  MacDoxali).  Yes,  sir. 

KOH     r,?:NERAL     AD.MINI.STKATIVE     KXPENSES. 

Mr.  A.NDEKSDN.  There  is  no  chunj^e  in  y«)ur  item  for  {general  ati- 
ministrative  expenses? 
Mr.  MacDoxalu.  No,  sir. 

EXCHANGE    OF    PASSENOER-^ARR'i^XO    VEHICLES. 

Mr.  Ander.son.  We  will  next  take  up  the  item  on  pa^e  322,  and 
particularly  the  proviso  which  relates  to  the  e.xchanjje  of  pa.s.senj;er- 
carrving  vehicles. 

\fr.  ^IAcDox.\LI).  With  reference  to  the  authority  re<iueste<l  under 
this  item  to  e.xchange  used  pa.ssenojer-carryinj;  veiiicles  or  partes  for 
new  vehicles,  we  now  find  oiiiv;elves  confronted  with  this  situation: 
I'nder  the  acts  of  Congress  which  turned  over  to  tlie  de|)artment  f»>r 
distribution  to  the  States  certain  surplus  war  equipment  suitable  for 
road-building  purposes,  the  department  is  authorized  to  retain  for 
use  in  its  roaci  work  not  more  than  10  per  cent  of  the  e(|uipment. 
That  inclutled  all  kinds  of  eijuipment.  such  as  trucks,  automol)iles. 
tractors,  tents,  and  miscellaneous  e(juipment  of  all  kinds.     All  of  the 

f)a.ssenger  motor  vehicles  which  wore  taken  o.ver  had  heen  used.  We 
lave  received  only  cai-s  which  had  been  used  tt)  a  considerable 
extent  and  that  had  not  been  well  maintained,  as  ytm  would  exnt'Ct 
under  the  then  existing  conditions,  so  in  attempting  to  use  these 
vehicles— and  I  may  say  that  the  distribution  started  nearly  four 
vears  ago — we  find  tliese  vehicles  liave  deteriorated  to  an  extent  that 
It  is  very  expensive  to  maintain  them. 

We  have  no  authority  to  trade  these  in  for  new  vehicles  tliat 
could  be  operated  at  less  expense,  and  no  authority  to  pay  the 
difference  between  their  trade-in  vahie  and  the  cost  of  new  cars. 
We  have  also  taken  over  from  the  War  Department  a  considerable 
amount  of  spare  parts.  All  of  the  nonstandard  motor  vehicle 
parts  were  declared  surplus  by  the  War  Department  and  turned 
over  to  the  Dcj)artment  of  Agri<'ulture  f<»r  distribution.  There  had 
been  large  purchases  made  of  spare  parts,  so  that  along  with  the 
motor  vehicles,  .spare  parts  ])ecame  surplus  .sometimes  out  of  propor- 
tion to  the  number  of  vohieies  to  be  maintained.  We  now  find  that 
some  of  the  manufacturers  are  rather  aiLxious  to  trade  for  soiue  of 
these  spare  parts  in  exchange  for  new  motor  vehicles;  that  is,  an 


364  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

exchange  at  cost  price  can  be  made.  Whether  that  is  due  to 'the 
fact  that  the  companies  are  no  longer  making  these  i)articular  parts 
and  need  them  for  the  repair  of  the  ohler  models  still  in  use  or  not  I 
do  not  know,  but  the  proposition  would  be  in  the  interests  of  econ- 
omy. 

USE   OF    MOTOR    VEHICLES   IN    ROAD-BUILDING    ACTIVITIES. 

The  use  of  motor  vehicles  is  absolutely  essential  for  the  econ(miical 
and  eflicicnt  conduct  of  the  road-buihfing  activities  of  the  bureau. 
The  number  of  engineers  assit^ned  to  each  State  to  give  general 
inspection  to  the  conduct  of  the  Federal  aid  road  projects  is  very 
limited.  and  each  man  is  expected  to  cover  a  large  territory-  and 
keep  in  personal  touch  with  all  the  projects  in  that  territory.  Also, 
the  building  of  forest  highways  is  dependent  upon  motor  trans- 
portation. Many  projects  are  built  far  away  from  railroads  and 
from  the  necessary  supplies.  The  efficiency  of  the  work  of  field 
surve}'  parties,  inspectitin  engineers,  superintendents  of  construction, 
and,  in  fact,  of  the  whole  organization  of  the  bureau  engaged  upon 
road  work  is  predicated  upon  adequate  transportation  over  the 
highways.  In  Washington  and  at  several  points  in  the  field  we  have 
established  shops  in  which  we  are  attempting  to  repair  and  reha- 
l)ilitate  these  used  machines,  so  that  they  can  be  distributed  and 
used  in  the  service  where  needed.  Many  of  the  machines  taken 
over  are  fit  only  for  such  salvage  parts  as  may  be  secured  from  them. 
Our  principal  use  is  for  cars  of  the  latter  type,  such  as  Fords  and 
Dodges,  except  where  it  is  necessary  to  send  out  a  larger  party  on 
surveys,  and  we  believe  that  a  real  saving  can  be  made  if  authority 
herein  re(| nested  is  granted. 

The  number  of  cars  in  actual  service  varies  from  month  to  month, 
depending  upon  the  amount  of  road  building  that  is  going  forward, 
the  number  of  sur\''ey  parties  in  operation,  and  the  number  of  forest 
highway  construction  projects.  Our  November  report  shows  in 
actual  operation  64  Fords  and  63  cars  of  other  makes  in  use  on  gen- 
eral operations,  and  48  assigned  to  specific  projects.  Because  of  the 
age  and  the  use  which  has  been  made  of  these  cars,  we  estimate 
there  siiould  be  at  least  a  30  per  cent  replacement  during  the  fiscal 
year,  and  we  request  therefore  specific  authority  to  expend  not  to 
exceed  S29,()()0  from  the  administrative  Federal  aid  fund  for  this 
purpose. 

Mr.  AxDKHsox.   Do  1  understand  tiiat  tiiis  proviso  applies  only  to 

Fiassenger-carrying  vehicles  which  were  turned  over  by  the  War 
)epartment  ami  retained  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  for  use  in 
connection  witli  liigiiway  work  ^ 

.Mi.  .M.\(  Donald.   Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Andeusox.  Were  there  any  passenger  vehicles  turned  t)ver  to 
tlieS(»ites^ 

Mr.  .MacDoxai.d.   Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  AxDKKsox.   But  this  does  not  apply  to  them  f 

.\Ir.  MacDoxai.d.  No,  sir;  such  vehi<les  belong  to  the  several 
States  mid  are  subject  lo  tlie  jurisdiction  of  the  State  highway 
dennrtnients. 

Sir.  AxDKUsox.  ('an  you  give  us  an  idea  as  to  how  many  machines 
are  involved  in  this  proposition^     As  far  as  this  laiiiruajre  goes,  thev 

nil''  j^        r.      J-. 

uu'olved. 

1  can  see  where  machines  which  have  i)een  oocrated  for  two  or 
three  yeai-K,  and  probably  were  not  very  good  when  vou  got  them, 


AOIU(  TLTIRAI,   APrKonUA  TFOX    BII.I^    1«:4.  305 

liiivc  (It'tcriidatrd  to  a  point  wliorr  t\\v  iipkorp  Ih  very  (freat.  Now.  it 
would  cost  loss  money,  pmlxihly.  to  trad*'  Home  of  lluwio  miichinf*ii 

in  tliarj  it  would  t(t  sinipjy  drivr  tlirrn  off  itilo  a  difrh  and  U'ave 
tluMu,  lnM-ausc  \'ou  should  j^rt  as  nuicli  salvap'  value  as  there  is  in 
them.     That  is  a  perfectly  undeiNlandahle  proposition. 

Mr.  Ma(I)oxali).  I  should  like  to  have  in  the  reeord.  ttMi,  the  fnet 
that  this  trnnsp(trtati<»n  is  ahsolulely  ne<'essary  for  the  rarrviri;,'  on 
of  our  Work.  I  ha\t'  just  invest i;;ated  some  of  our  ojjerations  in 
New  Me.xieo,  for  e.xnmple.  and  in  order  to  eover  the  Federal  aid 
projects  we  have  there  now,  hy  the  use  of  aut«im«>hil«»s.  we  have 
arrnnj^ed  four  lri|)s  which  re<|uirc  two  weeks  each,  that  is,  it  takes 
ei<;ht  weeks  to  eover  the  j)rojecls  which  are  ;,join^  on  there  now. 
Those  projects  could  not  be  covered  if  we  nttempte<l  to  u.se  trian  serv- 
ice.  because  it  does  not  e.xist.  The  same  thin;:  is  true  in  the  ruitiorud 
forests.  The  ranijes  of  mountains,  as  you  know,  run  largely  north- 
east and  southwest,  an<l  the  forest  areas  occupy  largely  the  mountain 
ranges,  while  our  transcontinental  highways  run  from  the  east  to 
the  west,  so  that  we  have  inherited  with  the  national  forests  the 
liability  of  building  through  the  worst  sections  of  land  that  are 
encountered;  that  is,  ero.ssing  the  mountain  ranges;  the  valleys 
Iving  in  between  are  not  in  the  forest  reserves,  but  the  forest  resen'os 
lie  on  th(>  mountains  and  we  are  running  at  right  angles  to  them  and 
crossing  them  at  the  best  passes  we  can  hnd.  So  that  transporta- 
tion is  not  only  absolutely  necessary  from  the  standpoint  of  carrying 
on  the  work,  but  from  the  standpoint  of  saving  as  mueh  time  as 
possible,  especially  where  \hr  roads  are  open  for  otdy  a  few  months 
throughout  the  year. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  these  ears  used  by  your  supervising  engineers 
inspector's,  etc.  ? 

Mr.  MAfDoNALi).   Yes,  sir. 

We  have  been  administering  the  Federal  road  a<'t  sinee  19 H)  and 
we  bave  never  bought  one  new  automobile  for  that  purpose. 

Mr.  Anderson.  \Ve  understand  what  vou  are  trying  to  get  at  and 
when  we  come  to  write  up  the  bill  we  will  put  in  what  the  committee 
is  willing  to  carrv. 

What  is  to  be  said  about  the  second  proviso  ( 

Mr.  JcMP.  When  Mr.  Reese  was  here  he  fully  explained  that  |ir<>viso 
and  I  will  merely  reiterate  what  Mr.  Reese  said  the  other  day.  We 
would  like  to  secure  authority  to  u.se  several  of  the  seeond-haiul  ma- 
chines which  the  Bureau  of  Roads  has  taken  over  from  the  War 
Department  for  the  ordinary  work  of  the  department  in  Washington  . 


Monday,  Nove.mbku  27,  I'.fJ-'. 

COOPERATIVE    CONSTRUCTION    OF    RURAL    POST    ROADS. 

Mr.  Ander.son.  Mr.  MacDonald,  we  will  take  up  the  item  on  page 
360  with  reference  to  the  construction  of  post  roads. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  Mr.  Chairman,  under  the  various  Federal  aid 
road  acts  the  department  has  been  carrying  on  cooperative  road 
building  with  the  several  States,  and  the  mileage  of  highways  which 
have  been  completed  and  paid  for  under  the  several  acts  providing 
Federal  funds,  bv  States,  by  types,  and  by  fiscal  years,  is  shown  on 
the  table  which  1  am  submitting  f(U'  the  reeord. 

(The  table  referred  to  follows.) 


366 


AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 


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368 


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370 


AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1!»24. 


TOT.VI.    MILE.\OE    COMPLETED. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  is  the  total  mileage  ? 

Mr.  M.\cDoNALD.  The  total  mileage  of  all  types  completed  during 
the  fiscal  years  1917  to  1922,  inclu-sive,  is  25,844.  Of  this  13,355  is 
for  projects  completed  and  entirely  paid  for,  4,362  for  projects 
completed  hut  for  which  final  payments  have  not  been  made,  and 
8,127  which  is  the  equivalent  completed  mileage  of  projects  under 
construction.  I  also  submit  the  following  summary  of  the  Federal 
aid  road  mileage  of  all  types  completed  by  fiscal  years,  and  of  th-^ 
payments  made  to  the  States  during  these  years,  with  totals  to 
July  1.  1922. 

(The  statement  referred  to  is  as  follows:) 

Summary  of  completed  Federal  aid  road  mileage  and  of  paymetits  made  to  Stales. 


Fiscal  year. 

.Miles  com- 
pleted 
during  year.' 

Federal  aid 

paid  during 

year. 

1917 

4.2 

305.8 
1.3.SR.0 
4.979.0 
9.781.0 
9.386.0 

None. 

1918 

1425,466 

1919 

2. 702. 24S 

1920 

19,583.430 

1921 

55,974,305 
88.216,123 

1922 - 

Total  to  July  1,  1922... 

25,H44.0 

166,911.552 

>  Includes  projects  completed  and  equivalent  completed  mileage  of  projects  under  construction. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Can  you  tell  from  the  material  before  you  the 
total  mileage  of  completed  highways,  the  total  mileage  under  con- 
struction, and  the  total  mileage  under  contract  upon  which  con- 
struction has  not  yet  been  commenced  ? 

Mr.  MacDonald.  On  October  31,  1922,  that  being  the  last  state- 
ment I  have,  we  had  14.706  miles  of  road  under  construction,  the 
total  estimated  cost  of  which  was  $261,330,000;  the  Federal  aid 
allotted  amounted  to  SI  15.214,000,  and  those  projects  under  con- 
struction were  reported  as  being  an  average  of  59  per  cent  complete, 
varying  by  States  from  32  to  83  per  cent.  The  projects  which  had 
been  completed,  but  on  which  final  payments  had  not  been  made, 
amounted  to  5,129  miles,  of  which  the  estimated  cost  was  §76,151.000, 
and  on  which  the  Federal  aid  amounted  to  $34,172,000.  The  proj- 
ects on  which  construction  had  been  completed  and  all  payments  had 
been  made  amounted  to  16,235  miles,  at  a  total  estiinatetl  cost  of 
$283,330,000  and  on  which  the  Federal  aid  amounted  to  $120,046,000. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  1  am  trying  to  get  at  is  how  you  arrive  at 
this  estimate  of  $30,000,000  for  the  next  fiscal  year.  Suppose  you 
tell  us  what  the  situation  is  and  what  the  requirements  are  and  tlien 
you  can  ligurc  out  tlie  $30, 000, 000  aftenvards. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  will  endeavor  to  boil  this 
down  to  11  iciilly  comjx'ehensiblo  statement.  There  are  two  (|uestlons 
invohcd.  One  is  the  necessity  for  authorizing  the  a|)portionment 
to  the  States  of  the  $65,000,000  which  have  be(>n  aulhori/.t>d  for 
npproprintion  for  the  fiscal  year  1924.  The  other  tiuestion  relates  to 
the  iiiiiking  of  an  iippropriat i«m  to  apply  on  the  authorization. 
Iiric(l\   ihc  sliilii-;  (if  the  funds  is  as  follows: 


ACrRK  TLTURAL  APPROPRJATIOX    BII.I^   1U24.  Mi 

Thrvo  appnipriiitioiH  f«»r  FihIituI  aid  rouil  work  have  hvoii  made; 
the  fii-st  on  .lulv  II.  1910.  Utr  $7').(MM).(MK).  tlir  wroiul  on  Frbruiirv  2H, 
\\)l\),  for  S_'( )(),()( )().()()().  an. I  ihr  tliini  on  Novrnil.rr  U.  IU2L  for 
$7.").()()().()()l).  a  t»»tal  of  S;i;,().0(U).0(H).  Kroni  tin*  (irMt  Iw-  ••''  ''■-■so 
appro|)riati(»n.s  an  athninisiration  ftind  of  .'{  per  rent,  or  ^  n, 

WHS  autlii)ii/.(>(l  l>y  tli(>  mia  and  was  drdiuttMl.  UMivin^  a  lialanrp  of 
$'2r)('), 7. ■)().()()(),  wlih'h  was  app«uii»»ncd  tn  the  Stah-s.  Tin-  art  of 
NuvtMuhrr  '.).  I'.t21.  <luinj;fd  tin-  a(lnuni.slruti«»n  piTcrnttm**  from 
3  .to  2i  por  rent.  Tliis  24  per  <««nt  »»f  llio  $7 '),()<>< ).()()()  an»<»unl*'d  lo 
$i,.S75.()()()  and  loft  873, 1 2.'), (UK),  which  was  api)<»rti«tniMl  to  iho 
States.  So  that,  of  the  anproprial i<»ns  niadr  to  dat*-.  $.{.{*.».s7.'».(M)0 
have  h(»cn  apportioned  to  llu*  States  and  •"?  10.  r2."),()0()  retained  fur  t  h«» 
a(hninistration  exj)enses  of  the  hureau.  As  of  Junp  3(t  i  ' '2, 
?I(i().in  l.r).')2.1S  of  the  apportioned  funds  had  been  paid  l«»  the 
States  and  $4.t)4S,;iiiS.;i()  had  l)een  spent  for  achninistration  expenses 
of  (he  Biiieau  of  I'uhhc  Koads.  h'avin*^  on  that  (hit<'  a  hidanee  in  the 
apportioned  appro|>riations  of  S172.1)();^447.S2  and  in  the  achninistra- 
ti(»n  fund  of  ?:),47(l.(Wil  .70. 

'rht>  act  of  rhine  10.  l'.)22,  made  no  ap|)ropriat ion.  It  atithorized 
an  appropriation  oi  $.')(). 000. 000  for  the  liseal  year  11)23.  $(i.'».000.(MM) 
for  11)24.  and  §7.").000.000  for  102.").  It  autlio'ri/ed  the  Secretary  to 
make  a|)j)ortiomnent  for  1023.  This  act  also  directed  (he  Secretary 
to  act  upon  projects  suhmitted  a<;ainst  the  1023  apportionment  and 
stated  tnat  "his  approval  of  any  such  project  shall  be  deemed  a 
contractual  obli»;ation  of  the  Federal  Go vermnent  for  the  payment  of 
its  proportional  contribution  theret(^." 

Contractiud  oi)li<;ations  of  the  sort  referred  to  in  the  [>rece(ling 
paragraph  have  already  been  entered  into  with  many  of  the  States, 
and  with  the  exliaustion  of  the  appropriated  funds  apportioned  to 
these  States  there  will  be  no  funds  to  pay  vouchers  rcMidered  by 
them  on  account  of  construction  work  done  tmder  the  terms  of  these 
contractual  obligations. 

It  would  appear  at  first  thought  that  tlie  apportioned  balance  i>f 
nearh-  SI 73.000.000  shown  above  siiould  be  sulIicicMit  to  make  pay- 
ments to  the  States  for  a  considerable  period.  However,  the  «-ash 
l)alances  to  the  credit  of  the  individual  States  are  not  in  such  amounts 
as  to  permit  this,  the  laggard  States  having  ndatively  large  balances 
and  other  States  which  have  been  more  active  in  ntad  building 
having  small  balances.  Under  the  law.  as  interpreted  by  the  solicitor 
of  the  department,  the  balances  not  immediately  needed  in  some 
States  may  not  be  used  in  other  Statics.  For  <'xam()le.  let  u^  take 
the  States  of  Arkansas.  Georf^ia,  Idaho.  Illinois.  Iowa.  Maine.  Mary- 
land, Minnesota.  North  Garolina,  Oreiijon.  Pennsvlvania,  and  West 
\'irginia.  On  .luly  1.  1022.  Idah(>  had  a  cash  balance  to  her  credit 
of  SI  .l')3,()()0  and  Jiad  completed  work  unvouchered  to  the  amount 
of  about  .Silo, 000,  wiiich  if  paid  would  reduce  her  balance  as  of  that 
date  to  a  little  over  -SI  ,000.000.  During  the  fiscal  year  1022  she 
was  paid  in  roun<l  numbei-s  Sl.tiOO.OOO  from  the  Federal  Treasury. 
If  durint;  1023  the  State  does  a  similar  amount  of  wiuk  we  shall  lack 
over  -S.jOO.OOO,  or  about  SO  per  cent  (»f  her  102.3  api)ortionment .  of 
having  enought  to  pav  her  or  a  larger  amount  if  tne  unvouchered 
amount  is  reduced.  Tn  Iowa  this  is  100  per  cent.  In  like  mantnT 
we  sliall  luiv«>  insuflicient  funds  to  pay  Illinois.  Maryland.  Minnesota. 
Oregon,  and  the  otlier  .States  menti(»ned.  and  in  «trder  to  pay  during 


372 


AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOX   BILL,   1924. 


the  fiscal  year  1923  the  States  in  a  position  to  render  vouchers  for 
practically  the  full  amount  of  their  1923  apportionment  we  need  an 
immediate  approporiation  for  all  the  States  of  the  $50,000,000 
authorized  for  1923;  althougli  in  the  States  of  Alahama.  Indiana, 
and  Missouri  alone  we  liail  a  total  balance  on  July  1st  of  nearly 
$21,000,000,  a  balance  which  judging  by  our  records  of  the  past  will 
not  be  entirely  used  in  these  States  until  some  time  during  the  fiscal 
year  1926,  and  under  the  law  as  interpreted  none  of  this  balance 
can  be  used  in  any  of  the  other  States.  I  have  here  a  blue  print 
showing  the  condition  in  each  of  the  States  which  I  would  like  to 
insert  in  the  record. 


State. 


Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas , 

California , 

Colorado , 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

<ieorgia 

Idaho , 

Illinois 

Indiana , 

Iowa 

Kansas , 

Kentucky , 

Louisiana 

Maine , 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. . 

.Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi , 

Missouri 

Montana , 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina . 
North  Dakota . . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania.  . . 
|{lio<ii'  Island. .. 
Soulli  Curolina. 
South  Dakota. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

X'X&h ., 

Vermont 

N'irniiiia 

Washington 

West  \'irKinia.. 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

ToUl 


Unexpended 

balance  of 

appropriation 

July  1,1922. 


»5, 
2, 
2, 
6, 
3, 
1, 

3, 

2, 

1, 
i, 

*5, 
4, 
o, 
3, 
1, 
1, 

?' 
5, 

2, 
3, 
8, 
3, 
4, 
3, 

2, 

3, 

13. 

2, 


4, 
1, 
4, 

2 

3! 

lo! 

2. 
1, 
3, 
1, 

1. 
3, 

2. 


306,000 
118,000 
.582, 000 
990.000 
441,000 
360,000 
352,000 
227,000 
727,000 
1.M,  000 
177,000 
928,000 
437, 000 
400.000 
948,000 
656,000 
480,000 
753,000 
082,000 
7.34,000 
776,000 
462,000 
542,000 
632,000 
083,000 
222,000 
493,000 
743,000 
:J65. 000 
982,000 
672,000 
707,000 
991,000 
.540,000 
26.5,000 
787,000 
431,000 
329,000 
083.000 
119,000 
888,000 
831,000 
043,000 
.58.5,000 
146,000 
293, 000 
9:14,000 
IM.OOO 


Unvoueh- 
ered  bal- 
ance Fed- 
eral aid 
earned. 


$498,523 
205,245 
.507,975 
1,863,008 
563,596 
1 10, 814 

710,313 
2.55,  Ha 
11.5,824 
230, 361 

1,382,914 

2,040,093 

1,193,228 
753,593 
444,169 
435,  .556 
94,623 
613, 748 
573,207 
291,787 
609,823 
410,219 
148,532 

1,144,584 

322,820 

58,568 

38.5, 418 

4:11,378 

1,14.3,475 
652, 716 
296,  .329 
:J51,891 
413,963 
8,86:1 

1,140,308 

13,  .526 

:i9 1.907 

4:14,  8S6 

990,104 

2, 448,  .582 
.5:18,  8.51 
129,645 

.5.58,  xa 
12:1.  sao 

41.5,4.53 
tM8. 720 
550, 898 


172,059,000     27,048,583 


Net  balanc-e. 


Paid  dnriiiR^ 

fi.^cal  vear  i  Estimated 
1922.    ( Esti-<  net  balance 

mated  as   !     Julv  1, 


same  for 
1923.) 


$4,807,477 
1,912,755 
2.074.025 
5,126.992 
2, 877. 404 
1,249.186  1 
351.493  i 
2,516,687  I 
2,471.1.57 

1.037.176  i 
3.946.639  . 
5.  .545. 086  I 
2,:196,907  I 
4.206.772  i 
3. 194. 407  I 
1,211,831 
1,044,444 

658.377 
2,468.2.52  I 
5, 160, 793 
2, 484, 213 

2. 852. 177 
8,131,781 
3, 483. 468 
2,938,416 
2, 899, 180 

434, 432 
2, 357, 582 
2, 933, 622 
12, 838.  .525 
2,019,284 
2,410.671 
5,  R19, 109 
4.126.037 
1.2,56,137 
:l,t>46.692 

417,474 
1.937, 09:1 
2.W,s.  114 
4,12H,.S96 
8,439,418 
2,292.149 

913,:i,V) 

3.  (r.>6.  [m 

1.022,140 

877,  .'►47 

3, 285. 2,80 

1,613.102 


145,310,417 


$671,347 
1,565,578 
2,235,459 
1.972.801 
1.344,894  I 
641, 175  : 
130.182  I 
:i6:i,210 
2.623,896  i 
1.561,531  ! 
4, 199,  :125 
1.467.S20  : 
3,927.8ai  , 
2.926.702  ' 
1.6.'y9.S04  I 
1.120,328 
1.359.434  I 
800,408  I 
1.113.715  ' 
3,01.3.677  I 
2. 768,  8:15  1 
1.791.942  ' 
2. 4.5:1, 844 
1.607.045 
1,2.52.548 
462.136 
2:14,  .331 
t)08, 151  ; 
1.121.910  • 
3,105,032 
2,264,343  [ 
1,8:10,060 
4,219,322  I 
2,819.836  I 
1,77,8,9.12 
5,292.767  I 
310.803  ' 
1,431.877  , 
1,670.116 
2,;i01,446 
5,91.5,046 
651.613  I 
.380.700 
1.97:1.642 

.5:16,34.3  • 
I.OIC,  S70 
3,119,215 
018.328 


1933. 


$4, 136, 130 

347, 177 

-161,434 

3, 1.54. 191 

1.532.510 

608,011 

221.311 

2, 15:1, 477 

-1.52.739 

-524,35.5 

-252.6,86 

4.077.266 

-1.5:10.  >N'96 

1.280.070 

l,5.54,6ai 

91,. 50:1 

-314.990 

-142,031 

l.:i54.537 

2.147,116 

-2M.62J 

1.060.235 

5.677,937 

1.876,42:1 

1,685,868 

2,4:17,044 

200. 101 

1,749,431 

1.811.712 

9,  7;«.  493 

-24.5,  a59 

.5,80.611 

1,419,787 

1.  ;«)«>,  201 

-.522,79.5 


-1 


646.  07.5 

106.671 

505, 216 

977,  99s 

1..S27.4,'>0 

2..524.:i:j 

1.640.  .v Mi 

.5:1:^.  ii.v> 
i.avi.iv.'i 

4.S.5,  797 

-  i:i9.  :iii 
166,065 
994,774 


88,216,122  I  63,011,300 


For  the  lisciil  year  1 92  I  conditions  similar  to  the  above  will  riMuler 
necessary  an  appropriation  of  the  full  amount  of  the  1921  fiscal 
year  authorization  lor  payment  of  vouchers  (hiring  the  fiscal  year 
1921,  assuming  that  Congress,  in  th(>  meantime,  authorizes  the  appor- 
tiomiu'iit  of  th(<  192-1  amount  already  authorized  l)y  it  to  be  appro- 


AOIUCULTURAL  Ai'l'Kul'RIATlON    BIM,    l«4.  'M'A 

nriatfd.  The  .$.'iO.O()( ),()()( J  propusnl  to  !)«•  iippiupriultMl  wiali-r  lUv 
l)ill  in>w  uiidiT  <»»ii.sult'r»iti<»n  should  cimblf  tlif  •  ■•  ■■"  •  •  f  vourhrrs 
suhiniltt'd  up  to  .lununrv  1,  1921,  firovidcd  tli.  i  for  lUL'.'i 

is  sul)so(|urntly  uppropnntcd. 

Kclativc  to  tilt'  (|U»'stioii  of  nut hon/iit loll  for  tlir  apportiorunrnt  <if 
the  St).'), 000. ()()()  authorized  to  he  a[)proprijit('d  f'"  i'--  '  -<  al  vrnr  1924, 
if  it  may  bo  stated  that  on  July  1 ,  1922,  of  the  -^  lOO.  the  total 

aj)portioiuuent  to  date  (which  includes  $1S,7')0.000  for  1923  appor- 
tioned })ut  not  vet  appntpriated"),  $91  ,('•00.079  remained  unohlijjated. 

Durinj,'  the  Aseal  year  1920  S109, 127.000  in  Federal  futuls  wore 
oblipited  to  thevStates.  durinj;  1921  $84,115,000,  un<l  during  the  fisral 
year  1922.  $49,000,000.  Had  not  progress  l)een  rei)res>,ed  during 
1921  hy  the  approachinj;  <'xhaustion  of  apnortione<l  finids  the  ohli- 
jjation  (hiring  that  year  would  undoul)tedly  nave  pjissed  $100,000,000, 
Again  during  the  fiseal  year  1922  it  is  estimated  that  Federal  aid 
road  work  was  represse<l  to  the  extent  of  apj)roximatelv  $.">0.0OO.0(M) 
because  of  lack  of  a  congressional  aj)propriation  to  r-orjtiinie  the  work 
at  tiie  same  rate  as  in  1920  and  1921.  This  is  indicated  (piite  plaiidy 
in  the  chart  which  I  have  here  showing  ''  Progress  of  Fecleral  aicl 
road  work." 

The  best  evidence  we  have  indicates  that  the  States  would  nor- 
mally easily  absorb  approxiuiately  $100,000,000  a  year  in  Fe<leral 
aid  witli  a  yearly  appropriation  of  this  amount  an<l  at  the  rate  at 
whicli  funds  liave  been  obligated  in  the  past  the  funds  now  appor- 
tioned will  all  be  obligated,  averaging  all  the  States,  considerably 
before  the  end  of  the  present  fiscal  year.  Any  delay  there  may  be 
in  authorizing  the  apportionment  of  the  1924  funds  will  act  as  a 
repressive  influence.  On  October  31  of  this  year  the  States  of 
Maryland.  Wasliington,  and  Oregon  had  oldigated  practically  all 
their  apportioned  funds  and  must  await  further  apportionments 
beft)re  tney  can  proceed  with  their  nornuU  Federal  aid  road  program. 
The  chart  also  shows  conclusively  that  construction  parallels  obli- 
gation at  an  average  interval  of  approximately  six  months  which 
IS  the  time  taken  in  the  survey  and  preparation  of  plans  and  esti- 
mates. 

As  an  explanation  of  the  term  obligated  which  I  iiave  used  I  will 
state  that  the  initiatory  step  for  the  improvement  of  a  Federal  aid 
road  project  is  by  the  otate  in  the  submittal  of  a  project  statement 
wherein  is  adequatel}'  described  the  location,  nature,  and  expected 
cost  of  the  improvement  proposed.  This  statement  is  submitted 
through  the  appropriate  district  office  of  the  bureau  and  from  the 
district  office  alter  proper  field  and  office  inspection  and  examina- 
tion, it  is  forwarded  to  bureau  headquarters  in  W»vshington.  where 
after  further  scrutiny  it  is  transmitted  to  the  .Secretary  of  Agricul- 
fure  for  action.  If  favorable  action  is  taken  by  the  Secretary  notice 
of  it  is  sent  to  the  State  highway  department  and  upon  such  favorable 
action  it  is  considered  that  the  Federal  Government  is  obligated  to 
the  extent  of  the  amount  of  Federal  aiil  stated  in  the  approved 
project  statement.  The  aggregate  of  these  approved  statements 
in  a  State,  as  modified  by  any  amendments  there  mav  be  made  as 
the  work  proceeds,  constitute  the  aggregate  of  obligations  against  a 
.State's  apportionment  and  when  tlie  total  of  the  obligations  reach 
the  total  of  the  apportionment  the  normal  process  of  the  State's 
Federal  aid  road  activities  is  of  course  interruntod  until  a  new  anpor- 


374  AGRICULTUR.'yL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

tionment  is  made.  This  interruption  means  a  serious  disturbance 
in  the  organizations  of  the  State  highway  departments;  a  reduction 
in  force  and  dismissal  of  trained  men  who  may  not  be  avaihible  when 
the  program  is  resumed. 

STATE    REQUIREMENTS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  there  any  way  of  knowing  whether  any  one 

f)articular  State  expects  to  put  on  an  average  program  or  more  or 
ess  than  tliat  ? 

Mr.  MacDonali).  Yes,  sir;  we  obtain  estimates  from  the  States  as 
to  their  retjuirements  and  as  to  the  program  which  they  expect  to 
put  under  way.  While  we  secure  these  estimates  from  them,  we  are 
governed  to  a  large  extent  by  our  own  records  of  what  has  been  done 
m  the  past.  We  maintain  for  each  State  a  curve  similar  to  the  chart 
I  have  shown  for  all  of  the  States  combined,  which  shows  the  progress 
at  which  their  work  is  put  under  way  and  completed,  and  by  extending 
those  curves  which  snow  a  rather  constant  performance,  State  by 
State,  we  are  able  to  arrive  at  approximately  what  we  think  a  State 
will  do  in  the  way  of  putting  funds  under  construction  for  the  suc- 
ceeding vear.  We  are  willing,  of  course,  to  admit  that  one  State,  or 
two  or  tliree  States,  may  rise  above  the  line  of  the  curve  by  making 
an  unusual  effort  to  put  a  large  amount  of  work  under  way,  but  the 
48  States  are  so  balanced  in  that  respect  that  we  find  our  figures  are 
quite  dependable.  By  running  out  the  curve  on  the  48  States,  and 
making  a  composite  of  the  whole,  we  believe  that  we  have  a  very  { 

accurate  forecast  of  what  we  will  need  from  the  standpoint  of  total  ! 

funds  for  the  succeeding  year,  and,  in  fact,  we  have  projected  what  we  i' 

believe  the  total  program  wiD  be  for  the  next  two  years.  We  have 
done  that  from  a  careful  study  of  the  curves  of  past  performance. 

Our  conclusions  as  stated  above  are  that  there  should  be  an  imme- 
diate appropriation  of  the  SoO,000,000  authorized  for  1923,  an  imme- 
diate authorization  to  apportion  the  $65,000,000  authorized  to  be 
appropriated  for  the  fiscal  vear  1924,  and  an  immediate  appropriation 
ot  S30,000,000  from  the  §65,000,000  authorization  to  be  followed  by 
an  appropriation  of  the  balance  of  the  authorization  by  January  1, 
1924.  This  program,  however,  will  not  enable  the  States  to  proceed 
on  so  extensive  a  road-building  program  as  they  have  been  carrying 
during  the  last  three  fiscal  .years.  | 

Mr.  Anderson.  Even  with  the  $30,000,000  appropriated  (  I 

Mr.  MacDonald.  With  the  entire  $65,000,000  appropriated,  there  " 

would  not  be  a  sufhcient  amount  to  pay  the  ^States  the  sums  that  we 

Eaid  them  durin«^  the  past  fiscal  year.     Tluit  is,  there  is  no  ([uostion 
ut  what  a  nmnber  of  States,  proceeding  as  in  the  past,  will  need  to 
(haw  their  proportion  of  the  entire  $65,000,000. 

Mr.  A.NDKUso.N.  Tlie  (luestion  seems  to  be  whether  we  are  to  leave 
in  the  Treasury  a  consiilfrablc  sum  of  money  which  is  not  drawn  by 
some  of  the  States,  while  there  may  be  a  deficit  in  the  amount  which 
will  be  (hawn  by  others. 

Mr.  Mac  Donald.  That,  of  course,  would  automatically  take  care  oi 
itself  at  the  end  of  each  three-year  period.  Tliat  is  to  .say,  Congress 
has  fixed  a  three-year  period  during  which  States  can  take  up  each 
appropriation.  I  my.self  think  that  is  rather  too  long  a  period,  and  1 
ojjposed  that  lengtli  of  time  wlien  the  legislation  was  pro|)o.seil.  1  ilo 
not  ktj(»w  why  it  was  lixed  at  tliree  years.     States  which  do  not  take 


A(iKl(   I  I/l  L  i:.\l.    AriMtdl'KIAl  ION    lUl.U    IWM.  375 

up  tlioir  fuiuls  witJj  ronsonahlf  proinptiu'Ks  rHii.HC  (Vnijrri's.H  to  )n>Iicvo 
that  there  an'  avnihihlr  funds  for  cnrrvin^  on  a  pn»^rain  mMirnillv  all 
over  the  I'nitrd  Statrs.  whilr,  as  a  rnatt»T  of  fart  l|n>^«>  tuilaiircs  uri' 
actually  available  for  the  most  part  withui  a  verv  few  SluteH. 

Mr.  lirniANAN.  \a*[  me  hco  if  I  understand  v«»u:  ('on^jreH«  Iih-h 
adopte<l  a  thn-e-year  |)«'riod  as  the  average,  and  t1ie  States  ran  lake 
their  proportion  of  tin*  money  approf)riated  within  that  period  of 
time  '. 

Mr.  MacDona!,!).   Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.  We  will  say  that  hve  Stales  during;  the  first  vear 
fail  to  take  up  Si  .00(1. ()()()  (»f  their  respective  allotments  for  that 
vear:  Then  then*  will  aeeumulate  m  the  Treasurv  for  ihr  fiiNt  vear 
i;5.()()().()()().  for  the  second  year  $.').()()().()(>().  auiifor  the  third  year 
S'). ()()().()()(),  making  at  the  end  of  the  thn'c-year  period  S;1.'».0((().(M)(» 
that  would  revert  to  the  Treasiu'V,  if  the  States  faile«l  to  take  up  those 
amounts  durini;  that  three-year  period.      Is  that  true^ 

Mi-.  Ma('I)().\ali>.  No,  sir. 

Mr.  Bl cilANAN.  Then  what  would  heconu*  of  that  moneys  We 
will  say  that  live  States  fail  to  take  up  .SI  .ooo.ooi)  ea«h  of  their 
allotnuMits  for  the  three-vear  perio<l.  and  I  want  to  know  what 
becomes  of  that  SI. ").<)()(), ()(')(). 

Mr.  MacDonai.d.  \\  the  en<l  of  the  three-year  period,  the  first 
S"), 000, 000  wouUl  <;o  hack  into  the  'I'reasurv,  and  he  reapportioned 
ainonfT  the  States  that  ha<l  jjone  ahead.  It  wouhl  be  lost  for  that 
individual  State,  but  not  lost  to  the  total  fund. 

Mr.  Bi'CHANAN.  Then  the  S-'>,000,00()  wouM  rcMiain  in  the  Trt-asury 
for  three  years  ( 

Mr.  MacDonali).   Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.   Before  it  would  he  allotted  to  the  other  States^ 

Mr.  MacDonali).  Yes,  sir.  Then  the  next  S."). 000. 000  would  be 
available  for  the  next  three-year  period. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Then  it  would  be  reallotted  at  the  end  of  the 
fourth  year  ^ 

Mr.  MacUonald.  Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  Blxhanan.  And  the  last  $5,000,000  would  be  reallotted  at 
the  end  of  five  years  to  the  other  States  that  took  their  appropria- 
tions ( 

.STATES   TAKE    LP    ALLOTMENT    BEFORE    THREE-YEAR    LIMIT    E.\PIRE». 

Mr.  MacDonald.  Y^es,  sir.  What  actually  happens  is  that  the 
States  can  he  three  years  behind,  but  if  they  put  in  their  project 
agreements  and  have  their  contracts  sijjncd  up  by  the  end  of  the  fiscal 
year  durinj;  which  that  particular  allotment  would  lapse,  they 
can  continually  hold  on  to  their  funds.  They  can  work  two  years 
behind  the  average,  and  still  hold  their  funds.  There  have  been  no 
funds  to  lapse  for  any  State  yet.  ami  I  do  not  think  there  will  be. 
because  all  of  them  are  proceeding  at  a  sulJicicnt  rat(>  to  comi^  within 
the  three-year  limit. 

Mr.  Bi'CHANAN.  The  provision  recpiiring  that  procedure  is  em- 
bodied in  th(^  law  ^ 

Mr.  MacDonald.  Y^es,  sir.  Taking  the  balance  which  we  should 
have  in  the  Treasury  at  the  end  of  this  fiscal  year,  and  a.ssuming  that 
all  the  States  draw  all  of  the  Federal  aid  that  they  have  earned, 
and  we  think  thev  will  earn  as  much  as  thev  did  hvst  vear.  we  would 


376  AGRICULTURAL,   APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

have  a  total  of  S63.000,000,  but  here  is  Alabama  with  $4,000,000, 
California  with  $.3,000,000,  Indiana  with  $4,000,000.  and  New  York 
with  $9,000,000.  or  pretty  nearly  haU  of  the  funds  in  those  four  or 
five  States,  the  rest  of  it  being  distributed  in  small  balances.  These 
balances  are  based  upon  the  assumption  that  the  payments  during 
1923  will  be  the  same  ixs  for  1922. 

Mr.  Anderson.  They  will  ncU  do  that,  because  your  authorization 
for  this  vear  is  not  as  large. 

Mr.  ^fAcUoNALD.  The  authorization  for  this  year  does  not  have 
anything  to  do  with  what  the  States  are  going  to  draw.  Of  course, 
it  has  something  to  do  with  it.  but  a  large  part  of  the  program  for 
whicli  tliey  actually  pay  out  the  money  is  based  on  former  apportion- 
ments, and  out  of  the  apportionment  that  will  be  available  for  this 
year  of  $.')0. 000,000.  I  assume  that  probably  $26,000,000  will  go  over 
for  the  program  next  year. 

Approximately,  we  estimate  that  there  are  20  States  that  will  need 
their  apportionments  of  the  $65,000,000  during  the  fiscal  year  1924. 
Those  estimates  are  as  close  as  can  be  made  without  knowing  whether 
the  States  will  take  up  the  entire  amount  of  our  indebtedness  to 
them,  or  whether  they  will  carry  on  the  same-sized  program  as  they 
have  on  an  average  during  the  preceding  years.  If  all  the  States 
were  operating  on  the  same  basis,  then  any  balance  which  we  have 
remaining  in  the  Treasury  would  all  the  time  be  prorated  to  the 
States  in  the  same  proportion  as  the  funds  are  originally  appropriated, 
and  then  the  total  balance  would  mean  something,  but  as  it  is,  the 
total  balance  means  nothing  whatever. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  are  dealing  with  two  things  here  ^ 

Mr.  MacDonald.  Yes,  sir;  that  is  true. 

Mr.  Anderson.  One  of  them  is  the  authorization.  Now.  it  seems 
to  me  that  you  have  language  here  which  continues  your  authoriza- 
tion, but  so  far  as  this  committee  is  concerned,  we  have  nothing  to 
do  with  that  except  as  the  authorization  creates  an  obligation  which 
has  to  be  paid  out  of  the  Treasury  this  year.  What  we  want  tt)  get 
at,  if  we  can,  is  this,  1  think:  Assuming  that  this  authorization  will 
be  made  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this  section  of  the 
law,  what  additional  sums  will  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury  in  addi- 
tion to  those  already  appropriated,  and  those  which  must  be  appro- 
priated for  this  year^ 

Mr.  MacDonald.  It  is  this  fiscal  year  that  we  are  talking  about. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  mean  the  next  fiscal  year. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  Assuming  that  that  authorization  would  carry 
sulUcient  authority  over  intt)  the  succeeding  fiscal  year,  or  that 
the  Appropriations  Committee  could  appropriate  the  balance  of  it, 
I  believe  that  the  $30. 000, 000  would  be  sufficient  until  January  1, 
1924,  but  1  can  not  guarantee  that  it  would  be. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Of  course,  that  is  not  a  matter  of  very  great  con- 
secjuence,  perlia|)s,  because  the  next  session  will  be  next  December, 
if  we  do  not  have  one  earlier,  and,  as  long  as  you  can  create  obliga- 
Uous,  the  mere  iippropiiation  of  the  money  is  relatively  a  small 
thing. 

Mr.  MacDo.nald.  I  agree  with  you  thoroughly  on  that.  However, 
to  get  some  safeguard,  if  it  were  specified  by  the  committee  that  the 
$.30, ()()(), 000  could  he  used  (o  (aUe  up  obligations  as  they  vnmc  in, 
it  would  be  well. 


I 


I 


AC.RICULTIIUK   .U'IMIOIMIIATION    BILU    1"2<.  877 

Mr.  Anderson.  L«*t  mo  awk  y«»u  tlu»  (|Ucstioii  that  I  aMkrnl  Mr. 
.IiMuj)  a  whilo  tt^o.  which  question  did  not  ^o  into  tho  roronl,  but 

wliich,    {)<>rlui|)s,    will    clarifv    the   sittintion.     Thr   f]'  I    wnnt 

to  ask  is  tliis:  Sunjujsc  thcro  is  aiitlu»ri/.('<l  to  ho  oxpoip  "  '"""'  'WK) 

for  the  noxt  Hscal  your,  and  you  H()portion  that  to  thi-  hv 

croatinp  un  ohli^atioii  on  tlio  Tro»wurv  for  its  payinonf.  and  supponp 
we  appropriate  .$.'i( ).(»()( ).()()()  as  hoin^  tho  sum  whirh  will  h.  Jlv 

witiulrawij  from  tin*  Troasiirv  as  a  ronso<nionco  of  those  ohi.^... .  ,ns: 
now,  must  that  $.'{().()()().()()()  ho  apportioned  in  tho  same  ratio  nn  tho 
original  $ti').(M)().(HH)  was  apportioned,  or  ran  that  $:i() .()()() .000  be 
dra\\n  upon  in  the  proportion  in  which  the  States  have  aetually  (h)no 
then"  work  i 

Mr.  M-vrDoNAU).  Well,  I  would  jud«,'e  that  un<ier  our  present  pro- 
eoduro  wo  would  only  pay  out  in  i)roportion. 

Mr.  .\m)KI{so\.  There  is  this  distinction  hetwoen  what  you  have 
boon  doinj;  horot<ifore  and  what  you  are  doin^  now:  Heretofore  you 
have  had  tho  actual  money  appropriated. 

Mr.  MacDonaM).  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  .Vndf.k.son.  Consequently,  there  was  no  distinction  between 
the  appropriation  and  the  authorization,  but  it  was  all  (ino  thinj». 
If  you  did  not  spend  it  in  one  year,  vou  could  take  it  up  in  the  noxt. 
Now.  we  have  made  a  chanj^e  in  that  situation  somewhat.  an<l  wo 
have  made  an  authorization  upon  which  you  can  create  oblijiations. 
The  (juestion  which  arises  seems  to  be  perfectly  simple.  If  you  take 
the  mimey  out  of  the  Treasury  in  the  ratio  in  which  you  have  made 
the  allotments  to  the  States,  then  you  are  ojoing  to  have  a  certain 
amount  of  money  in  the  Treasury  that  lies  there  obli«;atetl  until  it 
is  expended.  In  the  other  ca.se.  you  have  States  that  will  have  money 
coming  to  them  that  you  will  not  be  able  to  pay,  although  it  was 
all()tted  to  them  under  the  authorization,  because  you  have  not  the 
cash.  The  (luestion  is  whether  this  $.30,000,000  can  be  allotted  as 
a  fund  out  of  which  you  can  pay  obligations  that  arise  this  year, 
without  respect  to  the  allotments  created  under  that  authorization. 
If  you  can,  it  will  take  much  less  money  than  would  be  reciuirod  the 
other  way. 

Mr.  MacDoxald.  My  own  judgment  is  that  that  is  the  wa}*  it  shouhl 
be  handled,  and  I  know  of  notiiing  that  would  prevent  your  putting 
language  into  the  law  that  would  allow  that  procedure. 

Mr.  Brcii.vN'AN.  How  about  the  law  on  the  books  now  or  tho 
regulations  of  the  department?  Can  vou  not  do  that  now?  Suppose 
we  gave  you  .S^O.OOO.OOO  in  the  way  tlie  bill  reads,  and  suppose  some 
.States  enter  into  contracts  and  c<)mplete  them,  while  some  other 
States  do  not.  Could  you  not  take  all  of  this  money  an<l  pay  the 
obligations  of  States  that  did  cimiplete  their  contracts,  leaving  tho 
others  that  did  not  complete  them  obligated  under  the  balance  of  tiie 
$0.5,000.000  '.  Does  the  law  provide  that  the  cash  aporopriation  shall 
be  allotted  in  accordance  witii  tho  original  allotment  of  the 
$60,000,000  i 

Mr.  MacDonald.  I  think  thai  ii  would  he  rather  heller  u>  make  it 
clear  in  the  law,  if  possible. 

Mr.  Bi'CHAXAX.    This  is  not  a  legislative  committee. 

Mr.  MacDoxald.  I  think  the  Secretary  should  have  authority 
within  his  discretion  to  so  use  tho  appropriation. 

Mr.  Andkusox.  It  seems  to  me  that  it  gets  down  to  a  fairly  simple 
proposition.     We  have  authorized  $65,000,000,   and   we   must   pay 


I 


. 


378  .UJRICULTl^RAL   APPROPRIATION    BFLL,    1924. 

that  some  time,  but  we  are  only  goinor  to  pay  $30,000,000  of  it  this 
year.  It  is  not  quite  as  simple  as  that,  because  you  have  some  hang- 
overs, but  that  is  what  it  amounts  to  in  the  aggregate,  is  it  not  ? 

Mr.  MacDonali).  Yes.  sir;  1  believe  that  it  would  be  possible  to 
provide  for  the  use  of  the  fund  in  that  way.  The  total  $65,000,000 
to  be  apporti(med,  and  $80,000,000  appropriated  to  apply  to  all  of 
that  apportionment  as  the  obligations  come  in. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  Yes.  that  is  the  proposition. 

Mr.  MacDonali).  I  suppose  there  is  no  possibility  of  getting  any 
assurance  that  Congress  would  act  promptly  when  we  had  expended 
the  $30,000,000. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  assume,  and  I  think  it  is  a  perfectly  sound 
assumption,  that  Congress,  having  authorized  the  Secretary  of 
Ao-riculture  to  incur  certain  obligations  which  mature  in  the  future, 
and  Ccmgress  having  appropriated  in  its  best  judf^cment  and  in  your 
best  judgment  the  amount  which  would  be  reciuired  for  this  fiscal 
year  uncfer  that  authorization,  if  the  developments  were  such  that 
a  larger  amount  was  roriuired.  it  would  recognize  that  clearly  as  a 
defici'encv  under  our  rules.  If  your  department  were  to  spend 
more  than  $30,000,000  during  the  next  fiscal  year  upon  that  authori- 
zation already  made,  it  seems  to  me  perfectly  clear  that  that  would 
be  a  doficicncv. 

Mr.  MacDonali).  Assuming  that  that  plan  could  be  carried  out. 
I  think  it  would  be  preferable  to  piling  up  the  appropriation. 

Mr.  Anderson.  There  is  no  use  in  appropriating  $65,000,000  (U* 
."5;5().000.000  for  the  next  fiscal  vear  if  vour  actual  obligations  will 
call  for  only  $30,000,000  or  $35,000,000. " 

Mr.  MacDonald.  I  agree  with  you  and  with  the  Director  of  the  ! 

Budget  on  that. 

Mr.  Anderson.  1  suggest  that  you  put  some  of  those  tables  iti 
the  record,  so  we  will  have  complete  data  before  us. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  I  will  do  so. 

PROVISION     FOR     OBLIGATION     OF     BALANCE     OF     AL  TIIORIZATION. 

Mr.  Buchanan.   You  have  a  provision  here  in  this  bill  which  pro-         ' 
vidcs  for  the  obligating  of  the  balance  of  the  $65,000,000  that  we  are 
authorized  to  appropriate.      Now,  that  $65,000,000  has  been  allotted  i* 

in  a  certain  proportion  to  the  different  States.     What  reason  have  ^ 

you  to  believe  that  all  of  those  States  will  be  ready  to  enter  into  obli- 
gations such  as  wouhl  continue  the  power  of  (\)ngress  to  appropriate 
under  the  original  authorization^  Some  of  them  may  not  be  ready 
within  the  fiscal  year,  and,  that  being  the  case,  we  would  lose  the 
|)ow('r  to  appropriate  under  that  original  authorization  the  $(55. - 
000,000  that  is.  if  some  vStates  were  not  ready  to  enter  into  obliga- 
tory contracts  within  the  fiscal  year. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  It  is  my  understanding  of  the  language  of  this 
ad  that  it  chnngcs  that  status  in  that  we  are  authorized  to  enter 
into  contractual  obligations. 

Mr.  Bi'cnANAN.  The  proviso  reads: 

I'roritM  further.  Thai  thti  Sccrptary  of  Agrii-iilf  iirc  ^hall  &<•{  n\nm  projoctH  submit ti'd 
to  him  iiiKHT  hif*  a|i|Mnii<»iimciit  of  this  authorization,  aiui  his  approval  of  any  such 
project  hhuli  1)1'  (icciiic(i  a  conlra<tiial  ol)li>,'alioii  ol  tlic  l-Vdcral  (iovcrmiu'iit  lor  the 
puymcnt  of  iln  proixtrtioiiul  coutributitm  thcri-to. 


AORKILTURAL  AIMMinpUIATION    BIM^    H»24.  379 

S(»  tliat  (In-  Statrs.  or  all  (lir  Stairs,  will  liav«»  t«»  Uv  prf|>nr«'<|  anil 
ready  to  suhinit  to  thr  StTrrtury  of  A^rir'tiltiirr  a  propomiion  for  tlie 
iinprov(MiuMit  of  [xihlic  lii^liways,  arul  you  must  l>r  rendv  to  do  it 
within  this  liscal  vrur  in  order  to  hold  our  authoritv  to  appropriate 
the  rest  of  the  .•$(•.."..(»()((.()()(). 

Mr.  MAtDoNAi.i).  in  or<ler  to  he  ahle  to  annwer  that  (pieMtion 
et>rrc('tly.  I  would  have  to  know  if  that  is  the  view|)oint  of  this  <-oni- 
niittee  toward  such  an  authorization.  I  was  jjoin^  on  the  theory 
that  if  tlu'  SCi."). ()()(), 0(10  is  apportioned  as  the  authority  wouhl  he 
^iven  tnxler  this  act,  and  a  considt-rahle  portion  of  iIm"  Stntrs  will 
aetuallv  {)la<e  their  full  apportionments,  or  their  full  share  of  the 
apportionment,  under  contract,  and  that  the  S«»eretnrv  approves 
their  projects,  or  if.  say.  half  of  the  Slates  di<l  that  within  the  liseal 
y«>ar,  then  the  remainder  of  the  .?<).'>. 000. 000  nnist  h»'  ap|)roj)riated 
either  durin«;  the  fiscal  year  or  durinjj  tlu*  following  fiscal  year,  tir 
else  we  hrcak  faith  with  the  halanc*'  of  the  States. 

Mr.  IJrciiANA.N.  That  is  true;  it  uiusl  be  either  durintj  the  fiscal 
year  or  the  follow  in";  tiscal  year,  hut  suppose  it  is  not  ohlii;ated  during 
the  fiscal  year,  will  Contjress  then  have  the  power  to  approf)riate 
under  that  orii;inal  act  authorizing  !?()'), 000, 000  for  this  fiscal  year  ^ 

Mr.  MAtDo.NALi).  I  am  a.ssumin^  that  Congress  will  have,  having 
authorized  the  Secretary  to  enter  into  contractual  ohlii^ations. 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.  They  must  actually  enter  into  contracts. 

Mr.  Andkhson.    But  not  within  the  fiscal  year,  necessarily. 

Mr.  BicjiANAN.   You  may  ht*  ri»^ht  about  that. 

Mr.  Jump.  This  mornint;  \lr.  MacDonald  and  I  raised  that  tjuestion 
with  General  Lord,  and  he  called  in  Judj^e  Warwick,  the  former 
('om|)troller  of  the  United  States,  who  is  now  a  member  of  the  Budjjet 
staff.  While  it  was  recofjnized  that  the  (piestion  was  solely  one  per- 
taining to  the  rules  of  the  House,  concerninfj  which  the  executive 
officers  of  the  (lovernment  are  not  authorized  or  com|)etent  to  ride, 
the  opinion  of  .Iud<;e  Warwick,  informally  expressed  to  us,  of  course, 
was  tiiat  this  proviso  in  the  estimates  al)()ut  the  SU.jjOOO.OOO  appor- 
tionment and  subse(|uent  obligations  to  be  entered  into  uncier  it 
would  perpetuate  the  authority  to  report  out  appropriations  in  later 
fiscal  years,  whereas  the  original  act,  as  we  understand  your  view  of 
it.  might  not  do  it. 

Mr.  Andeksox.  Kntirely  aside  from  the  question  of  the  time  it  is 
obligated,  my  impression  is  tliat  where  Congrt'ss  has  autliorized  the 
Government  to  enter  into  an  obligation,  and  that  obligation  lias  been 
entered  into  as  a  fixed  continuing  work,  under  our  ndes  no  (juestion 
would  arise  under  this  provision  at  all.  I  do  not  think  any  question 
would  arise  under  it  at  all. 

Mr.  Jimp.  In  other  words,  it  does  not  seem  that  Congress  would 
authorize  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  immediately  upon  the  passage 
of  this  act  to  apportion  the  full  authorizaticm  of  .?().'). 000, 000  among 
the  States  and  tluMi  do  other  than  iionor  the  obligation.  regardh»ss 
of  whether  the  fiscal  year  had  expired  or  not. 

Mr.  BrcHAXAN.  I  do  not  know  what  would  be  the  construction  of 
this  lantruatre,  but  1  do  not  believe  that  this  provision  extends  one 
iota  the  j)ower  of  (\)ngress  to  a|)proj)rMite  under  this  authorization 
unless  the  j)rojects  have  been  approved  within  the  time  that  ('ongri>« 
authorizes  the  making  of  the  appropriation. 

Mr.  Jimp.  That  is  the  whole  (juestion. 


380  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRL^TION   BILL,   VJ2i. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  We  can  not  authorize  a  department  to  enter  into 
a  contract  after  the  time  has  elapsed  when  we  are  authorized  to  make 
the  appropriation. 

Mr.  Jump.  Do  you  not  think  you  have  extended  the  time  ? 

Mr.  Buchanan.  If  he  approves  the  project,  he  can  extend  it  to 
eternity — that  is.  if  he  approves  the  project  during  the  time  that  we 
are  authorized  to  appropriate. 

Mr.  Jump.  If  there  is  anv  doubt,  why  not  put  in  an  additional 
sentence  sj)ecifically  exten(hng  the  time  of  the  authorization  ? 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Possibly  it  should  be  extended  for  the  three-year 
period. 

Mr.  MacDonali).  We  have  a  general  law  providing  that  funds 
apportioned  under  the  federal  highway  act  are  available  for  three 
years. 

Mr.  Chairman,  the  other  day  we  had  a  hearing  or  a  partial  hearing, 
on  that  provision  of  the  law. authorizing  us  to  exchange  passenger 
vehicles,  and  I  am  prepared  to  insert  the  figures,  or  to  go  into  that 
question,  if  vou  desn-e  it. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  do  not  think  that  will  be  necessary. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  I  find  that  it  will  be  necessary  for  us  to  have  foi- 
the  next  year  or  two,  and,  perhaps,  longer,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
S29,000  to  replace  cars,  or  authority  to  use  up  to  that  amount.  This 
is  in  addition  to  the  amounts  now  shown  in  the  bill.  We  have  175 
cars  in  use. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  suggest  that  you  have  the  solicitor  or  somebody 
draw  up  a  provision  authorizing  you  to  use  that  amount  out  of  some 
appropriation. 

Mr.  MacDonald.  1  will  do  so. 


Monday,  November  27,  1922. 

BUREAU  OF  AGRICULTURAL  ECONOMICS. 

STATEMENTS  OF  DR.  H.  C.  TAYLOR,  CHIEF;  MR.  LLOYD  S. 
TENNY,  ASSISTANT  CHIEF;  MR.  WILLIAM  A.  SCHOENFELD. 
DIRECTOR  OF  MARKETING  RESEARCH;  MR.  WELLS  A. 
SHERMAN,  SPECIALIST  IN  MARKET  SURVEYS;  MR.  W.  F. 
CALLANDER,  IN  CHARGE  OF  DIVISION  OF  CROP  AND  LIVE- 
STOCK ESTIMATES;  MR.  J.  CLYDE  MARQUIS,  DIRECTOR 
OF  MARKET  INFORMATION;  MR.  H.  S.  YOHE,  IN  CHARGE 
OF  ADMINISTRATION  OF  UNITED  STATES  WAREHOUSE 
ACT;  MR.  C.  W.  KITCHEN,  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CENTER 
MARKET,  AND  MISS  EMILY  E.  CLARK,  JUNIOR  ASSISTANT 
IN  MARKET  INFORMATION. 

GENERAL    CILVRACTKK. 

Doctor  Tavlok.  Mr.  Chninuan,  the  I'lircau  »tf  .Vgricullural  Iv/on- 
oniics  comprises  the  elements  of  the  old  Bureau  Of  Markets,  the 
Bureau  of  ('loj)  Estimates,  and  the  Ollice  of  Farm  Maiuigcnicnt 
Mild  Fiuiu  IVdiKHiiics,  whicli  have  been  consolidated  into  oii(>  1)U- 
i<'jiii.  This  udik  of  coiisolichitioii  has  been  going  on  for  about  a 
year  mid  a  half  in  accordance  with  the  authority  in  the  approj)riation 


I 


AORICUL.TURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1024.  881 

hills    for    \\r22    and    Wri'.i.      \>    iimIk  lUrd    in    tin'   stnt.  ■-    <.f    la-.l 

v<'ar,  the  lii-st  <'oiis()li«lHti<»ii,  tluil  of  llw  Hiircmi  nf  M  niid  l\w 

liuronii  of  (Vt>n  Kstiiiiat«»s,  nui(l«»  poHHiblt*  tin*  throwing;  logi-thiT  of  a 
{mrt  of  the  ndmiiiistrativr  sections  last  \M'Hr.  that  is.  of  iimil  and 
iiU's,  acroimts,  lilnarv,  «'tc.,  wln<'h  altop«thrr  iiuulr  posMihli-  a  naviiij; 
of  al)oiit  ."<;{(),()()(»  in  the  fjoiuTal  <'X|>rnsr  of  operation.  Then,  whon 
the  OITuT  of  Farm  Manaf^cmont  and  Kami  Kiononiics  wan  con- 
solidated with  the  Bureau  of  Markets  aiul  Crop  Kstiniat**^,  a  Miiiiilar 
savintj  was  made  thn»n{;h  the  further  consolidation  of  thone  sersu-e 
units  of  Farm  Management  and  Farm  Kronomies  uith  the  larjjer 
or{;anizati(jn;  so  that  there  has  been  a  savinf;  in  the  jjrneral  over- 
lu'ad  1)V  those  two  steps  in  consolidation  of  approximat«'ly  .1ir.O.(MK>. 
A  part  of  this  was  taken  out  of  the  statutory  roll  and  a  part  of  the 
savin*;  was  offecteil  hy  transf<>rrin};  <ertain  employees  who  had  par- 
ticipated in  the  fjcncral  administration  of  the  bureaus  to  scientific 
work. 

CONSOUDATIMN    OF    in   lu   M  ^' 

More  important,  howevor.  than  the  financial  savinps  is  the  incroaso<l 
efficiency  or  elfectiveness  of  the  market in^r  work  of  the  department 
thidujih  this  consolidation.  Tiiere  are  three  ways,  at  least,  in  wliich 
this  consolidation  has  increased  the  effectiveness  of  the  work.  In 
the  first  place,  that  has  been  done  by  brinf^ng  together  the  working 
units  of  (Vop  Kstimates  and  Farm  Manatrement.  For  example,  the 
crop  estimating;  machinery  of  the  old  Bureau  t»f  Crop  Fstimates  has 
proved  exceedingly  useful  to  those  who  are  workinsT  on  farm-manage- 
ment problems  by  providing;  a  means  of  gathering  some  general  in- 
formation to  supplement  the  detailed  informatii»n  that  was  being 
gathered  directly  from  the  farmers  by  those  working  on  the  problem 
of  cost  production  and  farm  organization.  Detailed  cost  accounting 
work  has  been  earned  on  on  a  large  number  of  farms  in  different 
parts  of  the  L'nitetl  States  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  basic 
elements  of  cost  in  terms  of  the  materials  and  labor  entering  into 
the  cost  of  producing  crops.  Those  figures  become  of  greater  per- 
manent value  when  supplemented  from  year  to  year  by  specific  in- 
formation that  can  be  gotten  through  crop  estimators  with  regard  to 
the  changes  that  have  taken  place  in  the  cost  of  those  material 
elements  of  cost — that  is.  changes  in  the  cost  of  labor  in  the  produc- 
tion of  wheat,  and  of  supplies,  such  as  binding  twine,  etc..  that  may 
change  from  year  to  vear.  Another  example  of  the  benefits  derived 
from  this  closer  coordination  may  be  illustrated  by  the  work  in  live- 
stock estimates  and  live-stock  marketing. 

By  bringiiig  the  live-stock  marketing  se<  imn  in  dose  conjunction 
with  the  live-stock  estimating  section,  they  have  proved  to  be 
mutually  helpful,  and  are  cooperating  very  closely,  so  that  the  infor- 
mation that  is  secured  in  Chicago,  for  instance,  by  the  live-stock 
marketing  division  supplements  material  that  is  collected  in  the  field 
by  the  live-stock  estimating  group  in  making  a  determination  of  what 
has  actually  taken  place;  that  is.  what  comes  into  the  market  is  a 
check  upon  estimates  of  what  was  behind  the  market.  Furthermore, 
the  materials  that  are  gotten  through  crop  estimates  with  regard  to 
what  is  probably  behind  the  market  this  year  is  very  helpful  to  those 
who  are  interested  in  that  problem  from  the  marketing  point  of  view. 
and  who  arc  interested  in  knowing  what  is  coming  into  the  market 
during  a  given  season. 


382  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

.\nother  way  in  which  the  consoUdation  has  proved  especially 
helpful  is  by  bringjiiij^  toojether  the  people  working  on  the  economics  of 
of  production  and  the  economics  of  marketing  and  talking  over  the 
various  problems  that  they  jointly  have  to  work  upon,  eacn  gets  the 
point  of  view  of  production  and  of  marketing,  and  not  simply  the 
point  of  view  of  production  or  the  point  of  view  of  marketing.  We 
come  to  see  more  and  more  that  many  of  the  problems  of  marketing 
arise  out  of  c(mditions  in  the  field  of  production  and.  on  the  other 
hand,  many  of  the  questions  that  the  farmer  needs  to  have  answered 
before  deciding  what  to  produce  have  to  be  answered  by  those  who 
are  working  in  the  field  of  marketing.  The  biggest  change  that  has 
been  brought  about  in  the  work  of  the  combined  bureaus  and, 
particularly,  with  regard  to  the  marketing  work,  is  the  introduction 
of  more  economic  research. 

More  effort  is  behig  given  to  the  thorough  understanding  of  the 
economic  forces  that  influence  the  market  movement  of  farm  crops. 
A  study  is  being  made  of  what  happens  to  each  of  the  principal  crops 
from  the  time  it  leaves  the  farm  until  it  reaches  the  consumer.  For 
example,  take  wheat:  We  are  interested  in  making  a  study  of  what 
happens  to  wheat  at  the  local  station  as  the  farmer  and  the  local 
buyer  get  together  and  agree  upon  a  price  at  which  the  wheat  shall 
be  sold,  and  the  extent  to  which  careful  gratling  of  the  grain  is  taking 
place.  Then,  we  are  interested  in  the  financing  as  well  as  the  actual 
movement  of  the  grain,  both  in  the  local  and  in  the  central  markets, 
following  through  in  detail  everything  that  happens  to  this  wheat, 
including  the  financing  and  the  grading  of  the  wheat,  from  the  time 
it  leaves  the  farm  until  it  reaches  the  mill,  with  a  view  to  making  a 
clear  picture  that  will  be  a  basis,  first,  for  educational  work,  and 
second,  for  a  proper  adjustment  of  our  grain  grades,  in  order  that 
through  a  proper  adjustment  of  grain  grades  and  through  the  edu- 
cation of  the  farmer  to  look  after  nis  own  interests,  the  milling  value 
of  the  wheat  may  be  more  perfectly  reflected  back  to  the  farm.  An 
example  of  one  thing  that  has  received  a  ^reat  deal  of  attention 
is  the  'Know  your  wheat"  campaign,  which  has  for  its  purpose 
teaching  the  farmer  to  know  what  he  nas  to  sell  in  order  that  lie  may 
sell  it  iiu)re  advantageously.  It  has  the  further  oflice.  however, 
of  stimulating  him  to  produce  a  thing  that  is  of  higher  intrinsic 
value  in  the  market.  Work  along  this  same  line  is  being  carried 
on  in  the  field  of  cotton  marketing.  In  the  past  it  was  the  rule  for 
cotton  of  (lifl'erent  grades  anil  staple  to  be  sold,  b}^  the  smaller  farmers 
in  particular,  at  the  average  price  in  a  given  community  without 
regard  to  the  did'ereuces  in  value. 

Educational  work  has  been  carried  on  jointly  with  the  extension 
services  in  the  various  States,  to  help  the  farmers  to  know  the  value 
of  what  they  are  producing;,  and,  in  turn,  that  has  had  a  very  bene- 
ficent influence  upon  the  inrniers  in  selecting  varieties  of  cotton  to 
grow  tlml  will  tU'niand  better  prices.  We  hope  to  organize  the 
research  v,  ;»rk  in  such  a  way  as  to  form  the  foundation  for  improving 
all  of  tiie  services  and  the  regulatory  work.  In  a  general  way,  Mr. 
Chairnian,  the  effort  has  l)(>en  to  make  tiie  r(>s(*jirch  work  of  the  bureau 
follow  u|)  and  nctually  further  the  work  that  was  so  well  begun  in 
the  field  of  marketing  and  credit  by  the  Joint  Commission  of  Agri- 
cultural ln(|uiry. 


AORI(;ULTURAL  APPKOIMUATIOX    BILI^   1024.  383 

rrUUIKM    MAUK    BY    Vr.UKHAl.   TKA1>C    (OMMINMION. 

Mr.  AxDKiisoN.  To  wluit  pxt^nt  arc  you  nhlr  to  iimk*'  >>-••  "f  *}}f 
studies  iniuh'  hy  tlic  KtMlrral  Tradr  Coiutnissifin  '. 

Doi'tor  Taylor.  In  onrh  of  tlu»  inv«'stij;ationH  tlmt  wr  mnko,  for  in- 
stance, in  tho  rnarkctinj;  of  wheat,  we  p't  tojjetlier  the  h<'arinjrH 
before  tlie  Feth'ial  Tiath-  Conunission,  and  us«'  that  nuiterial  in  so 
far  u8  it  answers  the  (|uestion  that  needH  to  be  answrreil.  Take,  for 
exainph",  th«'  (juestitm  of  tlie  extent  to  wliiefi  ^rain  is  a<'ttially  soUl 
by  <;rade  at  tlie  h)eal  stations.  We  find  information  there,  but  we 
fe»'l  disposed  to  ask  ciM'tnin  ((lU'stions  with  re<;ard  to  that  information. 

VVlien  the  statement  is  made  in  one  of  tnoso  hearings  that  jjrain 
is  {generally  purchjused  on  tlie  basis  of  United  .States  standard**,  wc 
want  to  know  what  actually  trans|)ires  at  the  local  station-;  whether 
all  of  the  necessary  work  is  performecl  to  ascertain  a<curafelv  what 
tlie  «;rade  is,  or  whether  they  muj^hly  «letermine  it  as  U.  S.  N*o.  1  or 
V.  S.  No.  2.  Om-  impression  is  that,  while  it  is  (piite  generally  buujjht 
on  the  basis  of  thos(>  ti;rades,  in  many  instances  the  j;ra<les  are  not  by 
any  means  accurately  determined  at  the  local  stations. 

Another  way  in  wbich  the  work  is  benefited  by  the  consolidation  is 
tbrou<;h  our  publications  and  out  news  services.  By  const)lidatinoj 
the  news  or  information  services  of  those  three  bureaus  into  one, 
and  keej)in<x  the  farmei-s  informed  about  the  economic  problems  of 
both  production  ail  marketinrj  all  the  time,  we  are  able  to  make  the 
work  more  effective.  It  is  true  that  it  is  ver^-  often  not  production 
news  so  much  as  marketin<j  news  that  the  producer  is  interested  in, 
because  he  is  adjusting  his  production  to  market  conditions.  Fur- 
thermore, it  is  often  true  that  it  is  not  so  much  what  is  happening  in 
tlie  market  that  the  market  man  is  interested  in.  as  in  what  is  hap- 
pening behind  the  market  in  |)r()(luction,  and  we  are  keeping  the 
whole  field  of  marketing  and  production  before  our  minds  in  sending 
out  information.  We  believe  it  is  more  efl'ective  than  where  those 
wlio  are  interested  primarily  in  production  are  giving  out  informa- 
tion for  the  producer  and  where  those  who  are  interested  in  marketing 
are  giving  out  information  for  those  who  are  interested  in  the  handling 
of  farm   produce. 

With  tins  general  statement,  I  would  like  to  pass  on  to  the  .specific 
items  of  appropriation. 

SALARIES. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  Suppose  we  take  up  the  statutory  roll  on  page  '2iy9  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  would  like  to  have  Miss  Clark  cover  the  statutory 
roll. 

Miss  Clark.  We  have  .?0()r),440  on  the  smiutory  roll  now.  There 
is  an  apparent  increase  on  tliis  item  of  SI  1.990.  but  an  actual  decrease 
of  .S30,2G0.  The  aj)parent  increase  is  caused  by  the  transfer  of  40 
employees,  with  salaries  aggregating  .?IS.70().  from  the  lump-sum 
roll  to'tlie  statutory  roll,  and  the  transfer  of  one  accountant  and  book- 
keeper from  the  oflice  of  the  Secretary  to  this  bureatL 

Mr.  Anderson.  Where  did  those  transfers  come  from  ( 

Miss  Clark.  The^-  came  from  various  lump-sum  rolls  of  our 
bureau,  and  I  have  a  second  ta])le  here  covering  that.  The  transfers 
were  as  follows:  From  farm  management  and  |>ractice.  SO. 720;  from 
market  distribution  and  farm  production,  S  10,780;  from  cn)p  and 

2202^—22 25 


384  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

live-stock  estimates.  $18,000:  from  market  news  service,  ?3.600;  from 
enforcement  of  the  United  States  cotton  futures  act,  $3,000;  and 
from  the  administration  of  the  United  States  warehouse  act.  S3, 600. 
Mr.  Anderson.  What  I  want  to  get  at  is  how  those  places  arose 
under  those  lump  sums  '. 

Miss  Clark.  Those  places  are  new  appointments  made  since  the 
last  transfers  to  the  statutory  roll,  but  they  are  very  largely  offset 
by  the  places  we  are  dropping.  Tliey  are  offset,  first,  by  the  tran.s- 
fer  of  one  executive  clerk  at  §2,250  and  one  telegi'aph  operator  at 
$1,400  to  the  office  of  the  Secretar}'.  Four  clerks  of  class  1  are  being 
transferred  to  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  which  were  omitted 
accidentally  last  year.  Then  there  are  dropped  from  the  roll  45 
places  with  salaries  aggregating  $30,260.  All  of  those  places  are 
either  vacant  or  are  filled  r)y  employees  whose  services  can  be  dis- 
pensed with  by  the  end  of  the  present  fiscal  year. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  I  am  getting  at  is  this:  You  set  up  a 
situation  last  year  which  made  the  statutory  roll  and  the  roll  under 
the  lump  sum.  The  supposition  at  that  time,  I  assume,  was  that 
the  statutory  roll  that  was  then  set  up  was  set  up  with  reference  to 
the  clerical  recjuirements  in  connection  with  those  lump  sums.  Of 
course,  if  that  assumption  is  not  correct,  we  must  come  to  a  different 
conclusion.  If  it  is  correct,  w^hat  I  want  to  know  is  where  the 
occasion  for  those  clerks  arose.  In  other  words,  if  the  statutory 
roll,  wheji  you  got  those  aj)propriations,  was  properly  apportioned 
to  your  lump  sums,  there  would  nave  been  no  occasion  for  appointing 
new  clerks  to  be  paid  out  of  the  lump  sums. 

Miss  Clark.  We  increase  the  statutory  roll  only  by  transfers 
from  the  lump  sums — that  is,  by  the  transfer  from  the  lump  sums 
of  clerks  who  are  already  in  the  bureau. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  understand  that,  but  that  is  a  continuous 
process,  apparently. 

Miss  Clark.  It  is  a  continuous  process.  This  looks  like  more  of 
an  increase  however  than  it  is.  There  is  a  net  increase  of  only 
§11,990,  and  we  are  droj)ping  more  places  than  we  are  creating  new 
ones.  There  are  45  places  that  will  be  dropped,  and  only  40  new 
places  to  be  created.     That  makes  this  readjustment  necessary. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Wliat  was  the  total  increase  in  the  Bureau  last 
year,  exclusive  of  the  statutory  roll  ^     Do  you  recalls 

Miss  Clark.  The  total  increase  to  the  bureau  was  approximately 
$136,000,  and  of  that  just  about  $36,000  was  on  the  statutory  roll. 
There  is  a  need  for  readjustment  as  the  clerical  roll  is  constantly 
changing.  We  lost  nearly  25  per  cent  of  our  total  clerical  roll  by 
terminations,  through  resitrnalions,  and  otherwise,  anil  we  have  had 
new  appointments.  For  tliat  reason  we  have  difficulty  in  keeping 
the  clerical  force  adjusted  to  the  statutory  roll.  Every  year  tnere 
are  apt  to  be  some  new  transfers.  When  there  is  an  increase  in  the 
appropriations,  it  has  not  been  the  custom  to  ask  for  new  statutt)rv 
places.  It  has  been  the  policy  not  to  ask  for  statutory  j)laces  until 
the  clerks  aic  in  the  bureau,  workitig  on  a  perninneiit  basis.  Then 
we  ask  for  the  statutory  places  in  the  estimates  for  the  coming  year. 
There  is  only  one  other  change  in  the  statutory  roll.  We  are  a.sking 
that  the  <lesignation  of  nine  machine  oj)eratoi-s  be  changed  from 
machine  operators  to  machine  operatoi-s  or  clerks.  There  is  no 
change  in   the  salary   that    is   re(|Uested.      It   will  give  a  Jit  tie  more 


LH 


AGRI(  I'LTX'RAL  APPRomiATlO.V    BII.I^   1024.  385 

flrxibilit  V  t(i  tlu"  roll,  aixl  will  iTinhlr  lis  to  usr  thi»sr  places  for  rlerlcH 
(»!•  nuK-liiTM'  (t|)«'r»itor8  as  thr  needs  of  the  sorviro  dirtato. 

FOn    (JENKKAI      VDMIMSTKATIVK     KrPKV'^K'* 

Mr.  Anderson*.  Your  next  item  seems  to  be  the  penernl  u(iruiniji- 
trutive  item,  in  which  tlu-re  does  iio(  iippear  to  he  any  rhan^o. 
Dtxfor 'rwi.oi:.  Thrrr  is  iki  chnnt^'c  in  Hmt 

nut    l.MriU)VEl)    MKTIIODS    OK    FAKM    M.V.N A(i KM KXT    AND    KAKM 

ri{A(TI(  T.. 

Mr.  A.NDKKsoN.  The  next  item  is  on  page  273,  t«»  investigate  and 
encourage  the  athtption  of  iinproviMl  metliods  of  farm  nuiiuigement 
and  farm  practice. 

Doctor  Taylok.    There  is  a  decrease  in  tlie  hnup  sum.  hut  a  corre- 
s|)on<hng  increa.se  in  the  statutory  roll,  so  that  tne  total  amount 
tlie  same. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  Suppose  you  give  us  a  brief  >latenuMit  of  what  i.s 
being  done  under  tliis  item  now. 

Doctor  Tayu^h.  The  work  covered  by  this  item  includes  the  ovo- 
iiomics  of  agricultural  production.  This  is  included  imder  two  clas.ses 
oi"  iieadiiigs,  first,  the  study  of  the  basis  of  piodiiction.  and  then  the 
organization  of  production.  Under  the  head  of  the  bases  of  produc- 
tion we  have  the  stiidy  of  land  economics  or  the  land  bases  of  pro- 
duction, farm  population  and  country  life,  and  agricultural  finance. 

Under  the  head  (»f  land  economics  we  are  proposing  to  ex|)end  the 
same  amount  as  for  the  current  year,  which  is  S().'). ()()()  for  the  lump 
sum  and  $27.S2()  on  the  statutory  roll,  making  a  total  of  S92,820. 

I..\Nn    VALUATION. 

One  of  the  lines  of  work  of  very  great  importance  at  the  present 
time,  covered  by  this  subdivision,  is  the  (piestion  of  land  valuation. 
The  work  has  been  done  on  the  basis  of  (piestions  tliat  were  put  in 
the  last  census  schedule  for  the  special  benefit  of  our  bureau,  and  In- 
special  studies  in  the  field,  with  a  view  to  determining  the  way  in 
which  land  is  being  valued  and  the  relation  of  land  values  to  the  earn- 
ing power  of  the  land,  as  well  as  to  increments  that  have  been  added 
to  tlie  value  of  tlie  land.  The  joint-stock  land  banks,  the  Federal 
farm  loan  banks,  and  the  farm  mortgagi'  bankers  have  been  very 
much  interested  in  this  piece  of  work  in  the  last  year,  becaii.se  the 
question  of  the  size  of  the  loans  rests  back  upon  a  proper  valuation 
of  laiul.  They  recognize  that  there  has  not  been  any  scientific 
method  of  land  valuation  «leveloped  in  the  past  and  this  effort  to 
develop  a  scientific  basis  of  land  valuation  arouses  a  very  great 
interest  on  the  part  of  these  money  lendeis.  It  is  also  of  very  great 
value,  if  applied  properly,  to  those  who  are  buying  land  in  ortler  that 
the  prices  paid  may  properly  correspond  to  the  earning  power  of  tho 
land. 

Mi-.  Anderson.  Has  this  item  any  relati»»ii  to  the  cost  ul  juodurium 
studies  ( 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes.  This  has  a  very  important  application  to 
the  cost  of  production  studies,  because  in  the  past  we  have  luul  to 
take  the  land  values  given  bv  the  farmers. 


386  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  I  did  not  mean  particularly  this  land  valuation 
item  but  this  item  of  farm  management. 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes;  because  whether  or  not  you  are  goin^  to 
operate  a  farm  for  profit  depends  upon  buying  the  land  at  a  right 
price  and  being  able  to  borrow  money  on  it  up  to  a  fair  valuation. 

STUDY    OF   RELATION    BETWEEN    LANDLORD   AND   TENANT. 

Another  problem  that  is  beino;  covered  in  this  section  of  land 
economics  is  the  question  of  the  relation  between  landlord  and  tenant. 
Since  two-fifths  of  the  farms  of  the  United  States  are  operated  by 
tenants  this  becomes  a  very  important  matter,  because  tne  relation 
between  landlord  and  tenant  has  much  to  do  with  the  type  of  farming 
and  what  the  tenant  is  free  to  do  in  the  management  of  his  farm. 

Mr.  BucHAXAX.  Do  you  mean  you  are  making  a  study  to  ascertain 
what  that  relation  is  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes;  and  the  relations  w^hich  are  successful  and 
lead  to  good  agriculture  as  well  as  the  relations  which  tend  to  retard 
good  farm  management. 

Mr.  BucHAXAX.  Then  you  propose  to  publish  a  bulletin  on  that  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes;  a  bulletin  has  just  recently  been  published 
on  the  relation  between  landlords  and  tenants  in  the  black  prairie  of 
Texas. 

Mr.  BucHAXAX.  Does  that  bulletin  state  what  the  proper  relation 
should  be,  in  the  opinion  of  the  department? 

Doctor  Tay'lor.  It  shows  the  relations  which  are  proving  successful 
and  profitable. 

Mr.  BucnAXAX.  Have  you  found  a  general  class  of  relations  that 
are  successful  ? 

])octor  Taylor.  Well,  of  course,  there  is  more  than  one  factor. 
It  is  a  proper  form  of  contract  along  with  good  people  that  makes  the 
success. 

Mr.  BuciiAXAN.  Have  you  found,  in  the  relations  between  landlord 
and  tenant,  where  a  good  tenant  is  not  successful  all  the  time  i 

Doctor  Taylor.  There  are  certain  methods  of  renting  land  that 
discourage  good  tenants,  so  that  a  good  tenant  will  tend  to  disappear 
or  go  some  place  else  if  the  methods  are  not  proper.  So  you  usually 
find  the  good  tenants  and  the  good  methods  of  renting  going  together. 

Mr,  BucHAXAX.  What  I  want  to  get  at  is  this:  What  general 
service  is  rendered  by  this  investigation  ?  Do  you  hope  to  change 
certain  of  the  relations  between  landlord  and  tenant  that  have  hereto- 
fore existed,  or  what? 

Doctor  Taylor.  To  give  the  best  possible  information  to  those 
who  make  in(|uiry  and  are  studying  the  problem  of  improving  the 
relations  between  landlord  and  tenant.  Hundreds  of  people  are 
continiinlly  asking  (Hicstions  on  this  subject,  and  what  wo  are  dcung 
is  biinging  togetlier  tlie  information  which  is  useful  to  those  who  are 
wanting  to  improve  coiuhtions.  Where  there  is  a  good  system  of 
tenancy  there  is  a  better  chance  that  the  tenants  will  be  able  to  rise 
to  the  position  of  land  owning  farmei-s  in  the  coui-se  of  tinu\ 

Mr.  liiciiANA.N.    I  fear  it  will  be  a  long  time. 

Doctor  Taylor.  Of  coui-se,  in  the  Soutli  it  takes  a  good  deal  longer 
with  one  class  of  population  than  it  does  with  another.  . 


AORK'T'T.TT'RM     ^  FM'Hnfi!!  ATfo\    BIIJ,    I'C'I.  ;i^7 

The  (iiH'stion  of  coloiii/.utioM  has  luM'n  tak«'n  up.  Ah  a  lar^o  niiinl)or 
of  [)('o|)l('  an'  rontinually  x'ckiu^  to  smirc  fann>«  f<»r  thnn--  ' 

turn  to  tlu>  possibility  of  p-tlin^'  rhcap  land  in  rr^jions  n«»(  i 

pi(»<l,    and    larp*   nuinl>('i>4   of   farini'iN   havr    Uvru    indu('i><|    t<»   Iruvr 
rofjions  vvIut*'  fanning  is  s«>ttlf(I  and  ^<»  into  rf^ions  \vhi»rc  it  iit  nti 
cxpcrirnont  and  in  many  rasfs  wIuto  flwrr  is  no  fiitiirc  oppor' 
Tlic  ("llort  is  to  <;('t   tof^i'tlicr  (lie  farts  with  rr^ard  to  opjiorti.... 
in  the  difTrrmt  parts  of  tlio  I'nitrd  Stntrs  ami  tlu«  mothfHls  of  -M'tf!' 
incnt    tl»at   arc  proviTi";  sticccssful.     Studios  arc  brinjr  nnuli*  in   tin* 
pro<;n'ss  of  .'settlers  in  (lifr«'n'nt  rc^jions  wliicli  show  whjit  ihr  j)n 
arc.     All  of  this  has  for  its  purpose  a  mor«'  intcllij^mt  hn-is  of  i 

on  tlu»  part  of  farmers  who  arc  sockin*^  opportunities  to  pel  the  uso  of 
hmd  as  a  I>asis  for  prtxhiction. 

STUDY    OF    KAKM    POPl'I.ATION. 

Another  paraUol  hno  of  study,  which  is  basic  to  farm  or«;ani/ation. 
is  the  study  of  farm  population,  which  lias  been  carried  on  within  the 
last  few  years  with  a  view  to  ;;cttin;;  the  facts  with  rc^arrl  to  the  con- 
ditions in  the  country.  Particular  attention  duriti;;  the  past  year 
has  been  jjiven  to  an  analysis  of  the  farm  p(»pulation.  I'ntil  the 
last  census,  the  census  of  n>2().  we  had  never  had  any  information 
with  re»;ard  to  farm  j)onulation  as  such.  Rural  population,  which  is 
a  very  <liflerent  thin<;.  has  l)een  tabulated.  By  special  arranj^ement 
with  the(Vnsus  iJurcauaii  indicatorwas  put  in  before  the  name  of  each 
person  to  tiesigjnate  whether  or  not  they  lived  on  farms  and  wlu'ther 
or  not  they  worked  on  farms. 

On  the  basis  of  this  an  experinu'ntal  study  has  been  made  in  »'i^ht 
counties  in  the  United  States  for  the  purpose  of  sh<»winf;  what  is  true 
of  the  farm  population  in  comparison  with  other  j;rouj)s  of  popula- 
tion. This  <;ives  the  same  facts  with  rej^ard  to  the  peoj)le  on  farms 
that  we  have  been  <;etlin<^  in  the  past  witli  re<^ard  to  the  city  poj)ula- 
tion,  and  also  gives  essentially  as  good  information  w  ith  regard  to  the 
people  on  farms  as  it  docs  with  regard  to  the  live  stock  on  farms. 
Now,  we  luiv(»  been  hearing  a  great  deal  from  time  to  time  about  the 
shifting  of  population  and  how  the  maintenance  of  the  rigiit  type  of 
people  on  the  farms  is  e^ssential  to  the  future  of  good  agriculture. 
This  for  the  first  time  gives  us  the  beginnings  of  the  detailed  facts  as 
to  wliat  is  tluTc  and,  on  the  basis  of  future  studies,  it  will  show  the 
trends  tliat  are  taking  place. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  does  it  show  in  general,  so  far  as  you  htive 
gone  ? 

Doctor  T.VYLOR.  These  tabulations  are  just  being  thrown  in  shap«« 
now;  they  arc  just  getting  through  the  machine  work  on  the  tabula- 
tions. They  show,  for  instance,  in  Dane  County.  Wis. — one  of  the 
counties  chosen — facts  as  to  the  question:  "Is  illiteracy  more  com- 
mon in  farm  families  tlian  in  otlier  families  i"  Ami  it  lias  been  shown 
that  there  is  six-tenths  of  1  per  cent  less  of  illiteracy  on  farms  than  in 
the  country  as  a  whole. 

Mr.  Anderson.   In  tliat  county  ? 

Doctor  Tayix)R.  In  that  county,  yes.  It  shows  the  (Hcupations  of 
tlie  people  wJio  live  on  the  farms,  and  a  rather  high  percentage  of 
people  living  on  tlie  farms  who  work  at  other  things  and  bring  income 
into  these  farm  liomes.     Of  course,  that  ijicludes  tlie  .school-teachers. 


388  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRL\TION    BILL,    l^rli. 

It  also  shows  the  ages  of  the  people  on  the  farm,  the  extent  to  which 
the  work  is  done  by  women  and  children,  and  the  extent  to  which 
the  work  is  hired. 

Mr.  AxDEUsoN.  That  is  all  very  interesting,  but  what  I  uni  trying 
to  get  at  is:  What  do  you  do  with  this  information  when  you  get  it, 
and  of  what  practical  value  is  it? 

Doctor  Taylor.  When  we  are  studying  the  question  of  farm  pro- 
duction through  a  series  of  years  and  want  to  get  at  the  trend  of 
what  is  taking  place,  and  if  the  trend  is  in  the  direction  of  depleting 
the  human  basis  of  agricultural  production  and  we  want  to  know 
what  steps  to  take  to  maintain  the  human  basis  of  production,  then 
this  analysis  is  helpful. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Well,  to  discover  trends  you  have  to  have  some 
information  over  a  series  of  years  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes;  but  in  the  meantime  it  is  important  to  know 
more  than  we  do  about  the  people  who  live  on  farms. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  you  expect  to  continue  this  over  a  series  of 
census  periods  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  The  expectation  is  that  when  this  is  tabulated 
and  put  in  shape  so  as  to  show  the  significance  of  it — and  it  has  not 
3'et  arrived  fully  at  that  stage — the  probabilities  are  that  there  will 
be  enough  people  who  want  this  information  that  the  Bureau  of  the 
Census  may  be  asked  in  the  future  to  include  this  analysis  in  their 
regular  work,  and  if  that  can  be  brought  to  pass 

Mr.  Buchanan  (interposing).  Then,  is  it  the  purpose  to  do  this 
work  through  a  series  of  years  and  have  the  Bureau  of  the  Census 
make  it  more  complete  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  No;  that  is  not  the  idea.  This  work  is  being 
done  now  in  cooperation  with  the  Bureau  of  the  Census  in  order  to 
ascertain  whether  or  not  this  will  answer  the  questions  that  many 
people  arc  interested  in  having  answered,  and  if  it  does  it  will  get 
infornuUion  that  will  be  wanted.  It  is  considered  very  much  more 
economical  to  experiment  in  eight  counties  at  relatively  small  cost 
and  have  the  experimentation  carried  forward  bv  people  who  under- 
stand what  thev  are  trying  to  ^et  than  to  start  m  at  once  and  make 
the  whole  tabulation  without  the  preliminary  experiments. 

Mr.  BUCHAN.A.N.  How  much  of  this  appropriation  is  spent  on  the 
census  proposition  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  This  whole  question  of  farm  population  ? 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Not  the  cost  of  production,  but  on  farm  popula- 
tion i 

STANDARDS   OF  UVINO   .\ND  THE    ELEMENTS   OF  COST   IN  THE   FARM    FAMILY. 

Doctor  Taylor.  $2.5,000  is  beinfj  expended  on  the  whole  question 
of  farm  population  and  country  life,  nut  only  a  small  amount  will 
be  r('(|uir('(l  to  complete  this  census  study  of  farm  population. 

Another  line  of  work  which  is  beiiig  carried  on  under  this  same 
heading  of  farm  population  and  country  life  is  the  stanchml  of  living 
and  the  clcnicnts  of  cost  in  tiic  farm  family. 

Such  a  study  is  just  being  completed  in  Livingston  County,  N.  Y., 
which  shows  tlie  elements  of  flic  farmei's'  standard  of  living,  the  cost 
of  food,  clothing,  rent,  and  various  pei-sonal  expenses,  and  general 
expenses  f(tr  education,  advancement,  etc.,  and  the  part  of  this  which 


At.lUC  Ll-iLKAl,    Al'i'lUil'UIATlOX    UllA^    I'J^i.  36^ 

is  furnishoil  diivrtly  l)y  ihf  furin  and  tin-  part  llml  im  paui  out  in  v^U. 
It  <«>rupHn's  owiuTM   and    UMianl.n   in  lluvm*   rrganlH.     In  Livint^l4>n 

County,  for  rxMinplc.  it  JM  found  that  tin- «>u  ''  '   td   a  lota! 

oxpcnsf  p»«r  fannly  of  SI.<JS.i.  and  of  this  $1 ..         aitlnv  uikI 

$730  niatnial  furnishoil  din'<tly  by  the  fann  and  not  ra.sh  oiitluv:  t)  m 
is.  rent  and  fo<Kl  cotnin;;  (hrrrtly  from  the  fann:  and  that  the 
farmers  had  n  total  living'  cost  per  family  of  $J,(iMs.  of  win   ' 
was  cash  outhiy  and  $727  was  furnished   hy   ijje  fann,  »li 


,i«   '  i ' 


.  7  —       — *        ----       ........     .,.,  ^      ., 

apnreciahle  differeiice  iii  the  cost  per  funiiiy  of  tenantn  and  owners. 

Air.  iirt'UAXAN.  It  costs  the  temmt.s  more  t«i  live  than  the  land 
owners  { 

Doctor  TavU)K.  Sliglitly  in  these  instances. 

Mr.  Bkiianan.  Tliat  must  mean  hij;<;er  families  i 

Doctor  TvYLoit.  That  is  prohaitly  true,  hut  I  have  not  the  detaiU 
on  that.  Tlie  av»>ra»;e  fanuly  in  tins  survey  amounted  to  l.I  wlirn 
we  took  the  wliole  family,  hut  when  we  took  the  whole  houseliold.  m- 
ciudinj;  tile  hired  help,  it  amounted  to  4..S  per  family;  hut  it  is  the  4.1 
tiiat  is  concerning;  us. 


.\(iKI<  I  I.Tl  K.\L    K1.\.\N<  K. 


Another  basic  line  of  work  is  that  of  capital  or  aj^ricultural  finance. 
In  this  division,  in  which  ?•_'."),(»()()  is  asked  from  tlie  lump  sum.  the 
topics  covered  include  a  study  of  (ire  insurance,  hail  insurance,  and 
the  various  kinds  of  crop  insurance— the  fonns  of  insurance  and  the 
cost  of  securinj:^  insurance  of  these  difFerent  forms.  Al.so  a  stu<lv  of 
the  different  forms  of  credit.  Particular  attention  has  been  <jiven 
to  the  credit  associations  in  the  various  States.  There  are  now  l.'J 
States  that  have  laws  providing  for  credit  associations,  and  there 
are  some  300  cretlit  unions  now  operating  in  the  United  Stat<'s.  but 
comparatively  a  small  proportion  of  them  among  farmers.  A  study 
is  being  made,  particularly  in  North  Carolina,  to  get  the  results  of 
what  has  happened  there  and  to  learn  to  what  extent  credit  associa- 
tions have  been  beneficial.  Studies  have  also  been  made  and  reports 
published  on  bank  loans,  mortgage  loans  made  by  bankers  to  farmers, 
and  then  bank  loans  made  to  farmers  on  personal  credits.  The  at- 
tempt in  this  division  is  to  get  together  the  best  possible  information 
on  f|uestions  of  credit  and  insurance  as  they  affect  the  farmer.  There 
are  many  demands  made  upon  the  men  in  charge  of  this  work  for 
information  and  for  help  by  the  farmers'  cooperative  insurance  com- 
panies in  the  different  parts  of  the  country,  especially  at  their  atmual 
meetings,  where  the  representatives  of  large  numbers  get  together 
and  talk  over  their  problems. 

COST   OF   PRODUCTION    AND    FARM    ORGANIZATION    STUDIES. 

Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  having  covered  briefly  these  studies  of  the 
instruments  that  are  basic  to  production  we  come  to  the  question  of 
cost  of  production  and  farm  organization,  which  is  the  gathering  of  the 
facts  which  are  basic  as  to  the  right  organization  of  the  farm.  Under 
this  heading  we  are  expending  .?S.').027  from  the  lump  sum  for  the 
cost  of  production  work  and  S.53,'200  from  the  lump  sum  for  the  farm 
organization  work.  While  1  speak  of  these  two  items  as  separate.  »ts 
a  matter  of  fact  they  are  very  closely  associated  and  the  work  is 
being  carried  on  in  the  closest  possible  relation,  because  the  major 


390  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOX   BILL,   1924. 

f)urpose,  as  we  see  it,  of  cost  of  studies  is  an  analj^sis  of  the  farm 
)usiness  as  a  basis  of  better  farm  or^nization.  although  it  is  recog- 
nized that  studies  in  connection  with  the  cost  of  production  and 
marketing  are  important  with  robition  to  tariff  studies,  and  the  Tariff 
Commission  is  asking  us  for  the  results  of  our  cost  of  production 
studies  and  cost  of  marketing  studies  as  a  basis  for  some  of  their 
work. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  these  cost  of  production  studies  being  carried 
on  in  tiie  same  way  as  formerly^  '     .  * 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes,  sir;  the  cost  of  production  studies  are  being 
carried  on  in  the  various  parts  of  the  I  jiited  States,  and.  so  far  as 
possible,  in  cooperation  with  the  States,  so  that  each  dollar  we  spend 
on  cost  of  production  work  results  in  $2  being  expended  for  work  in 
this  field. 

I  would  like  to  give  you  a  brief  statement  of  what  is  V)eing  done 
in  the  way  of  cost  studies.  We  are  making  beef  cattle  cost  stutlies 
in  a  number  of  ])laces,  the  cost  of  fattening  beef-cattle  on  corn  farms, 
the  cost  of  fattening  cattle  on  the  ])astures  of  Kansas,  and  also  the 
cost  on  ranges.  All  told  there  are  750  farms  and  ranches  on  which 
these  beef-cattle  cost  studies  are  beino;  made. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  these  figures  snow  any  substantial  reduction 
in  the  cost  of  production  as  compared  with,  say,  1919^ 

Doctor  Taylor.  A  ver}-  marked  reducton  in  cost  due  both  to 
the  fact  that  the  feeders  are  bought  at  a  very  much  lower  figure 
and  to  the  fact  that  the  feed  is  very  much  chea])er  at  the  present 
time  than  it  was. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  the  figures  show  that  any  considerable  ])ortion 
of  the  stock  on  these  farms  is  produced  at  a  loss  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  The  figures  for  the  last  winter  are  showing  very 
satisfactory  profits  but  the  figures  for  the  earlier  jieriod,  when  the 
feeders  had  oeen  bought  at  higher  prices  and  sold  at  lower  prices, 
and  when  very  high-priced  corn  was  being  fed  to  them,  show  definite 
lo.sses,  but  those  figures,  when  put  in  the  form  of  returns  for  the  corn 
fed  to  them,  simply  show  that  the  man  did  not  get  as  much  for  his 
corn  when  fed  to  cattle  as  the  market  ])rice  for  corn  indicated  he 
might  be  selling  it  for,  although  we  recognize  that  if  all  of  it  had 
been  put  in  the  markets  the  price  of  corn  would  have  been  different. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  have  the  general  impression  that  the  farm  situa- 
tion to-day  is  worse  than  it  was  a  year  ago,  but  if  your  statement  is 
correct — and  I  assume  it  is — that  general  impression  would  not  seem 
supported  by  the  facts. 

Doctor  Taylor.  The  impression  that  the  farm  situation  is  \st)is(' 
than  it  was  is  based  upon  tlie  fact  tiiat  while  the  elements  of  cost  in 
the  producing  of  cattle  are  lower,  so  that  when  you  figure  the  relation 
between  cost  and  price  there  seems  to  be  a  margin  of  profit,  it  is  yet  j 
true  that  the  purchasing  power  of  the  farmei',  based  upon  a  comj)ari-  ' 
.son  of  the  prices  of  tlie  various  things  the  farmer  has  to  sell  with  the 
prices  of  the  things  he  has  to  buy,  is  down  in  the  sixties.  The  studies 
also  inchidc  farm  j)ractic(>s  and  feeding  practices  on  these  farms,  .so 
that  tiic  studies  aic  not  confined  simply  to  the  (piestion  of  the  ele- 
ments of  cost. 

Mr.  Anderson.  To  what  extent,  for  example,  are  the  feeiiing  prac- 
tices with  referenc*'  to  hogs  fairly  standard  { 

Doctoi'  Tavj.or.  There  is  a  wich'  range  of  practice  and  you  get 
(fiffen'rices  in  cost  corresponding  more  or  less  to  those  ranges.     Some 


A(;RICULTURAI.  APIMli)PIUATH)X    BII-U    ^Vi*. 


.191 


farinors  us«'  a  vtTv  j^rrat  <lottl  of  puMtiiro  in  mnnertion  wilh  the 
raising  of  thoir  lii>;:s  an«l  a  <'<)rn»>»fMiiHlin^  Hinall«>r  aiuouiit  of  i-om: 
»»tli<Ms  iisr  a  inuxiiiiiiin  «if  loni  aitd  a  iiiiiiiintiiii  of       '        '  i 

pMslurr.  and  the  li;.nin's  .>lin\s   luj^lu-r  ctist-^  nf  rnirlv  |ii;-. 
tliero  is  a  inaxitnuiii  (if  corn  and  a  inininiuin  of  tlirnc  ot. 

Mr.  A.NDKHsoN.  lias  anyWody  arrived  ut  a  j(id;;rni>nt  a.H  to  what  an 
idral  l)ar<»n  lio^  (»u<;hf  lo  \v«'i^|i.  f(»r  example  ( 

Doctor  Ta^iok.  I  tlinik  tlic  pi-opic  m  Denmark  have.  The 
economic  <juestion  with  repml  t<»  that  matter  in  this  country  in 
whether  or  not  it  |>ays  the  farmers  «>f  the  Tnited  Statos.  with  the 
amount  of  feed  thcv  liav(>  aviuhihlc.  to  prodiK'e  a  hacon  hoi;  of  the 
Danish  typ<\  or  whether  they  can  not  j)ro«luce  the  hinl  typi*  of  hoj; 
and  sell  it  for  the  price  they  <-an  jjet  for  it  and  make  more  money 
than  they  could  hy  attempting;  to  [)roduce  a  hacon  lui;;.  We  are 
hopin*;  to  j;ct  hasic  lii;urcs  here  which  will  show  what  the  situation 
is  in  that  re«;ard. 

Studies  are  being  made  of  tiairy  farm   management   and  cost  of 
milk  producti<»n  on  a  huge  iiuiid»cr  <»f  farms,  altogether  l.KM)  fm- 
in  theClreat  Lakes  legion.  including  New  York  and  the  westcnt  •' 
belt;  then  UiO  farms  in  California  and  200  farms  in  Mississi[)pi 

Mr.  Andkr.son.  Tliis  is  somewhat  afield,  hut  is  this  the  item  under 
which  farm  power  studies  have  been  made  ^ 

Doctor .T.vviA>i{.  This  general  item  of  farm  management  and  prac- 
tice has  carried  the  farm  power  studies — that  is.  jointly — witii  two 
other  bureaus. 

USE    OF    TItAi  rOKS    ON     K.\KMS. 

Mr.  Ander.so.v.  Have  you  reached  any  conclusion  as  to  the 
ec«)nomical  use  of  the  farm  tractor? 

Doctor  T.VVI.OK.  The  figures  for  the  Corn  lielt  and  for  the  Wheat 
Belt  show  that  the  actual  cost  of  getting  the  work  d<»ne — the  {)low- 
ing.  the  pulling  of  binders,  and  work  of  those  classes — is  somewhat 
frreater  when  done  by  tractor  than  when  done  by  horses  on  the 
oasis  of  the  price  of  horses  and  the  cost  (»f  feeding  that  has  obtained 
in  the  last  two  years  and  the  cost  of  tractors  and  the  cost  of  oil, 
kerosene,  and  gas'>line  as  thev  have  obtained  in  the  last  two  venrs. 
A  comparistm,  when  made,  shows  that  unless  there  are  economies 
and  advantages  in  getting  the  work  done  more  (|uickly  and  just  at 
the  right  time  in  order  to  counterbalance  this  extra  cost,  it  would 
look  as  though  it  were  better  to  use  horses. 

Mr.  Andkksox.  Is  not  the  situation,  as  a  practical  matter,  usually 
this:  A  man  has  about  so  many  horses  which  he  uses,  and  when  he 
gets  a  tractor  he  is  not  able  to  reduce  his  horse  power  very  much  i 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  believe  that  one  of  the  reasons  why  the  tractor 
has  not  proved  more  profitable  to  many  farmers,  particularly  in  the 
corn  belt,  is  that  they  need  their  horses  for  cultivating  their  ct)rn  and 
at  threshing  time  and  that  there  are  too  many  horses  standing  idle 
when  the  tractor  is  at  work.  We  expected,  when  we  went  into  the 
wheat  belt,  that  the  facts  would  show  up  somewhat  differently,  but 
there  thev  have  to  have  their  lun-ses  at  threshing  time.  and.  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  they  have  not  reduced  the  numbi^r  of  horses  on  the 
farms  as  much  as  would  seem  t<t  be  necessary  to  reduce  the  t«ital  <<>st 
where  thev  have  tractors.  The  facts  seem  to  indicate  that  where 
they  have  tractors  the  total  farm  power  cost  is  greater  thaii  where 


392  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

they  do  the  whole  job  with  horses.  We  asked  questions  intended  to 
bring  out  the  compensating  advantages,  but  I  think  the  studies  we 
have  thus  far  made  do  not  properly  measure  the  question  of  com- 
pensating advantages. 

Mr.  Anderson.  1  suppose  there  is  some  compensating  advantage  in 
the  greater  speed  with  which  certain  operations  are  performed,  and 
perhaps  the  conseciufnt  savings  in  losses  of  crops  duo  to  that  fact. 
Suppose  a  man  has  a  wheat  field  that  is  ready  to  cut  and  perhaps  it 
is  overrcady ;  ho  might  save  some  loss  if  he  could  get  at  it  quickly  with 
a  tractor.  But  I  doubt  very  much  whether  those  advantages  offset  the 
increased  cost  in  most  cases. 

Doctor  Taylor.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  way  in  which  the  farmers 
have  registered  themselves  on  the  question  of  tractors  in  the  last 
year,  and  the  small  number  they  have  bought,  seems  to  check  pretty 
well  with  the  results  we  secured  and  published. 

COST   OF   GROWING    WHEAT   STUDIES. 

Other  lines  of  cost  studies  that  we  have  carried  forward  are  the 
cost  of  growing  wheat  in  the  principal  wheat  regions,  including  studies 
of  900  farms,  and  the  cost  of  producing  cotton  on  640  farms  hi  specific 
localities  of  the  different  parts  of  the  Cotton  Belt,  and  the  cost  of  grow- 
ing tobacco  in  Virginia  and  Kentucky  on  180  farms. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  these  studies  develop  any  advantage  from 
feeduig  grain  crops  to  cattle  and  hogs  as  compared  with  straight 
grain  larming  i 

Doctor  Taylor.  You  mean  a  comparison  of  that  kind  ? 

Mr.  Anderson.  Yes. 

Doctor  Taylor.  In  the  Corn  Belt  of  Illinois  and  Iowa  during  the 
period  of  very  high  prices  for  grain  the  profit  went  toward  tj;rain 
farming,  but  during  the  last  two  years  it  has  been  distinctly  in  favor 
of  those  who  were  feeding  their  crops  to  live  stock,  owing  to  the 
wide  difference  between  the  price  of^  corn  and  the  amount  of  pork 
or  beef  that  could  be  produced  from  the  corn.  That,  of  course,  de- 
pends upon  the  trend  of  the  prices  of  the  two  things,  but  this  is  true; 
in  comparing  Iowa  or  central  Illmois,  for  example,  experience  has 
shown  that  to  the  extent  that  the  corn  is  sold  the  farmei-s,  in  the 
very  ricii  counties  of  central  Illinois,  have  seemed  to  hold  up  their 
yields  pretty  well  from  year  to  year,  and  by  reason  of  being  close  to 
the  Chicago  market  they  find  it  is  more  profitable  to  sell  their  crops. 

Mr.  A.NDHitsoN.  That  is  probably  due  to  the  freight  rates  ^ 

Doctor  Taylor.  That  is  one  important  item,  anil  the  reason  tliey 
can  continue  to  do  it  is  that  they  have  a  very  rich,  deep  soil  there 
that  will  stand  that  kind  of  thing  for  a  long  period  of  years.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  yield  per  acre  is  better  in  that  country  on  the  farms 
where  they  have  been  keeping  cattle.  Take  the  large  farm  that  used 
to  bo  owned  by  Sam  AUerton,  and  owned  by  his  son  at  the  present 
time.  They  continued  to  feed  cattle  there  much  longer  than  their 
neighbors  because  they  were  interested  in  the  cattle  business,  and 
yet  they  finally  broke  over  and  commenced  selling  corn  because  it 
made  them  more  money,  and  the  yields  from  their  land  are  ap- 
preciably higher  because  they  stayed  longer  in  tiie  cattle  business. 

it  is  (loul)tful  whelhei-  in  any  of  these  cjusi's  aile(|uate  considera- 
tion is  iK'ing  given  to  the  (luestion  of  permanency  of  yields  and  that 
a  too  short  time  point  of  view  is  taken  by  the  farinei*s. 


ACIUClTLTinAr.    MMMtMPIMATION    BIIJ^    1024. 

Ml-.  lUlJIANAN.  \\  llMl  <l<»  \UUr  »lU(il<>H  .shtiw  IH  ihr  f<»l  of  tllf 
pnxillrtloll  of  cot  toll  '. 

Doctor  Tavlok.  I  can  not  unswiT  tlnit  n>;ht  off.  Thai  uouM  !>«• 
for  last  yoar.  and  on  the  hasis  of  the  hasic  cliMurnls  of  cont  whirh  wi* 
have  hccn  ;;athcrin;;  throii;;h  n  series  of  years  and  hv  ^eltnij;.  jn  ' 
at  the  (dose  of  this  veni's  cotton  |)ickin;;,  the  eh'nient-^  of  co«<t,  l;i. 
wajjes,  sa(ks.  and  all  of  the  •>ui)|)lies  thev  use  in  ronntn-tion  with 
cotton  picking;,  it  is  oo-sjMe,  witlnn  a  relativ«dy  short  time,  t<»  make 
a  statement  as  to  what   this  cotton  crop  has  cost.     On  the  h*  ' 

the  figures  that   \vei»'  secured   in   the  past   we  showed   the  (|Mii: 
of  lahor  and   suj)plies   r('<|uire<l   am!   the  present   cohI   of  laf»or  and 
supplies  and  the  yield. 

Mr.  lU  (  iiA.NA.N.  So  that  \our  li<;nres  will  In*  hased  iijton  mfornia- 
tion  j^athered  one  year  as  to  certain  eh'ments  of  cost  and  tlwn  parHv 
hased  on  the  yield  of  another  year  ^ 

Doctor  T.VYi.()i{.  ^('s.  If  We  know  the  hihor  requirement-  oi  me 
crop 

Mr.  HitHAXAN  (interj)osinj;).  As  you  know,  in  some  years  it  takes 
a  <:jreat  deal  more  to  cultivate  cotton  than  it  takes  in  others,  aeeordini^ 
to  the  seasons. 

Doctor 'J'ayi.ok.  Ves;  hut  there  is  a  check  on  that.  We  aie  carryinj; 
fonvard  each  year  a  certain  numher  of  studies  in  the  different  refjions 
to  give  us  a  lino  on  that.  Unless  we  can  get  our  hasic  ligures  in  shajie 
so  that  we  can  use  them  as  the  hasis  for  calculating  ])resent  costs  and 
as  a  hasis  for  chanjjes  in  elements  of  cost  the  figures  are  always  old. 

Mr.  Brc'iiANAX.  l)o  vou  figure  wheat  on  the  same  basis  as  cotton* 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes;  each  rear  we  figure  on  the  cost  t»f  wheat — 
but  1  have  not  the  figure  with  me  although  I  can  get  it  for  you  for 
this  past  year — by  the  same  method. 

Mr.  BmiANAN.  If  you  have  figures  at  the  office  on  the  cost  of  pro- 
duction of  wheat  U)V  this  year,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  any  other  staple 
commodity  you  have  been  investigating,  1  wMsh  yt)U  would  jmt  them 
in  the  record. 

Doctor  Taylor.  1  will  be  glad  to  do  so. 


Trend  of  prnrliiction  cosl-s/or  mleckd  staple  farm  produrts. 
[1013  cost  per  imit  equals  100.| 


Product  and  State. 


1913. 


Cotton:  South  Carolina. 


Yield. 


Cost  per  unit. 


Actual. 

235  pounds $0.M  jkt  jinund 

'■   ""        J)ushef 


Wheat  (winter):  Kansas,  Nebra.ska,  Missouri '  l.')  biushels ll.cKipor 

Wheat  (spring):  Northand  .South  Dakota, . Minnesota,  .j  I2bu.'ihels 10.99  per  bushel 

Hogs:  .Mis.souri t7.22  ikt  100  pounds. 


1920. 


Cotton:  South  Carolina 

Wheat  (winter):  Kan.sas,  Nebra-ika,  Misssouri 

Wheat  (spring):  North  and  South  Dakota,  Minnesota. . 


Index. 


too 

100 
100 

too 


Ootnpulfd. 

2fiO  pounds ■  10.27  per  nound    . 

l.">  hushols $2.  13  per  bu.shel. . 

9  bushels $2.99  per  bushel 


Hof;s:  Mi.ssouri I  tJM  per  100  po*Mid> 

1922.  I  ! 

Cotton:  South  Carolina 134  pounds '  |0  .'  I 

Wheat  (winter):  Kansas,  Nebraska,  .Mi.s.so»iri U  bu.shels $1. 

Wheat  (spring):  North  and  South  Dakota,  Miiuiesota..' do ;  11  p'-r  i  ii-n-t 

Hogs:  .Missouri j |  »7.95  per  lUUpMUtds 


in 
aoB 

106 


i'U 

no 


394  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRIATION   BILL,    1924. 

Studies  are  also  being  made  on  the  cost  of  producing  rice  on  200 
farms  in  Louisiana  and  Texas,  and  the  cost  of  producing  sugar  beets 
on  200  farms  in  the  State  of  Washington  and  on  75  farms  in  Colorado. 
Studies  this  year  for  the  first  time  are  iK-ing  made  on  the  cost  of 
producing  cane  on  50  plantations  in  Louisiana. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Sugar  cane,  I  suppose? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes;  sugarcane. 

FA UM-OPE RATIONS   STUDIES. 

Mr.  Anderson.  To  what  extent  do  these  studies  cover  the  cost  of         . 
farm  operations  and  the  farm  as  a  plant  unit?  1 

Doctor  Taylor.  They  include  a  complete  statement  of  the  in- 
ventory— that  is,  the  land  and  the  ef|uipment — and  of  the  labor  that 
is  put  in,  so  that  we  have  a  complete  statement  for  every  one  of 
these  farms  showing  the  total  expenses  and  total  income  and  tlien  | 
the  part  of  this  that  is  expended  upon  the  particular  crop  in  (|uestion, 
like  rice  or  sugar  beets  or  cane,  and  the  income  from  these  particular 
crops. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  I  am  interested  in  finding  out  is  this:  Here 
is  a  farmer  who  is  running  a  diversified  farm  operation,  feeding  cattle 
and  hogs  and  producing  the  necessary  feeil,  etc.  Now,  is  the  whole 
operation,  the  way  he  is  conducting  it,  a  profitable  operation  or  is 
it  not?  If  it  is,  does  it  pay  him  a  return  on  his  investment  and  a 
reasonable  return  for  the  labor  risk  and  management  or  does  it  not  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Well,  that  varies  greatly.  There  are  some  farm- 
ers who  are  making  very  satisfactory  incomes  in  terms  of  dollars,  as 
good  as  they  made  before  the  war,  while  there  are  others  now.  as 
then,  who  are  producing  at  a  loss,  and  you  get  a  very  hu'ge  range  in 
cost  from  those  who  show  a  loss  and  from  those  who  are  getting  a 
very  satisfactory  profit. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  these  differences  traceable  to  differences  of 
methods  or  are  they  due  to  a  diflerence  in  managerial  ability  ( 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  should  say  that  fundamentally  they  are  due  to 
a  difference  in  managerial  ability  which  manifests  itself  in  the  way 
in  which  he  carries  on  his  business. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Have  these  experiments  been  conducted  on  spc-        ^ 
cific  farms  for  some  vears  ?  f 

Doctor  Taylor.  Ves. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Where  these  studies  have  been  carried  on  on  one 
farm  for  a  series  of  years  do  they  show  any  improvement  oi  metlu>il 
and  managerial  ability  resultin«i;  from  the  studies?  In  other  words, 
do  they  take  these  studies  and  as  a  result  of  them  improve  their 
])racti('es  so  as  to  get  better  results  ( 

Doctor  'l\\Yi.()i{.  1  can  not  answer  that  (juestion  ofl'hanil.  If  I 
lia«l  Mr.  Wilcox  here  he  could  probably  answer  it. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  have  assumed  tliat  information  in  regard  to  cost 
on  a  specific  farm  ought  to  lead  to  the  elimination  of  waste  and  the 
use  <»f  Ix'llcr  methods  which  would,  at  least,  product"  for  the  farmer 
a  more  uniform  income  year  in  and  year  out.  I  sui^pose  a  farmer  is 
like  any  (tther  business  man  and  that  tliere  are  certam  consith'rations, 
such  as  prices,  weather  cou(htions,  etc.,  which  make  his  net  return  a 
mailer  of  more  or  less  ups  and  (hnvns,  but  it  wouUl  be  natural  to 
suppose  tiuit   the  inv(>stigation  and  definite  determination  of  costs, 


AORIi  TI.TrRAI.   Al'PnolMMATinV    lUI.I^    W24.  395 

arisint]:  from  the  use  of  rM-rtain  |)rarti(o«<.  wrniM  rrmilt  in  a  morp  xini- 
foriii  income  for  the  farmrr  rnfhrr  than  a  lan/or  jx-n-ontftiri'  of  rotiirn 
ono  year  and  loss  in  anotlirr. 

Doctor  'Payf-oic    I  think  that  is  n  very  j)ro|)tr  assumption. 

There  is  one  ;;roiip  of  farms  in  Ohio  where  we  have  Htn«iie<l  the 
samp  farms  for  S  or  10  vpars.  Onr  objective  is  not  simply  to  stnrlv 
the  cost  of  production.  l)ut  the  organization  of  those  farms,  and  we 
have  fjone  hack  every  vear  and  <;iven  a  (h»monstration  of  the  results, 
showin<;  the  way  in  which  the  men  wer»'  farmin<;  who  were  making 
the  most  money  and  the  way  in  whieli  those  men  are  farming  who 
are  makinrj  tiie  least  money.  1  liave  seen  letters  from  men  in  that 
refjifMi  maKin<x  statements  as  to  the  very  j^reat  henefit  thev  have 
received,  and  I  think  from  that  region  or  the  Indiana  rej^ion,  where 
similar  studies  have  been  made,  it  would  be  perfectly  ca.sy  to  work" 
out  n  statement  of  the  pro<j^ess;  but  there  are  a  ntmiber  of  items 
that  June  to  be  taken  into  account,  namely,  the  trend  of  affairs  with 
regard  to  the  elements  of  cost  and  tlie  prices  the  farmers  are  getting 
for  their  products,  which  would  make  it  rather  difficult  to  show  sta- 
tistically just  how  much  the  farmers  had  benefited. 

Mr.  ANDF.itsoN".  I  am  far  more  interested  in  this  cost  of  production 
business  from  the  standpoint  of  farm  organization  than  I  am  from 
the  standpoint  of  arriving  at  an  actual  or  more  or  less  theoretical 
determination  of  what  it  costs  t(>  raise  a  bushel  of  wheat.  Such  fig- 
ures as  apply  to  the  wliole  country,  I  assume,  would  l)e  more  or  less 
instructive:  but  the  practical  application  is  that  of  farm  organiza- 
tion and  farm  management,  anti  if  as  a  result  of  a  series  of  cost 
studies  there  has  been  no  development  of  farm  methods  which  en- 
ables a  farmer  one  year  after  another  to  get  better  returns  than  for- 
merly as  a  result  of  better  managerial  methods,  then  there  is  nothing 
in  it. 

Doctt^r  Taylor.  \^'Tiat  you  say  is  entirely  true,  but,  as  I  say,  I 
liave  not  the  statistical  measurement  of  that  benefit.  However,  1 
have  no  question  about  the  benefit  and  the  benefit  is  not  simply  to 
the  farmers  on  our  farms;  the  records  are  kept  and  analvzed  and  this 
material  is  the  basis  for  tiie  educational  work  c-arried  forward  by 
county  agents  for  the  benefit  of  all  the  farmers  in  a  community. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  No  proper  study  of  cost  production  could  bo 
made  unless  based  upon  proper  farm  management.  They  go  hand 
in  hand;  they  are  linked  together,  and  no  cost  of  any  standard  com- 
modity would  be  of  any  value  unless  that  cost  was  computed  upon 
the  basis  of  proper  farm  management.  The  question  is:  VVhat  ought 
these  tilings  to  cost  to  produce  under  proper  farm  managemcFit  ? 
They  have  got  to  go  hand  in  liand  to  be  of  any  value  whatever. 

Doctor  Taylor.  You  will  be  interested  to  know  that  in  the  study 
of  the  cost  of  production  of  cotton,  in  Sumter  County,  Ga.,  for 
instance,  the  cost  was  found  to  be  very  different  on  difTi'rent  farms, 
:uid  the  practices  different  on  different  farms.  F(»r  instance,  the 
cost  of  production  of  cotton  was  less  on  farms  where  thev  were  pro- 
ducing more  velvet  beans  and  more  h<»gs  and  had  introduced  these 
other  elements. 

Mr.  BiciiANA.N.  That  is  all  true;  but  the  question  is  what  is  tho 
cost,  the  average  cost,  of  the  production  of  a  pound  of  cotton,  under 
proper  farm  management,  farm  organization,  or  what  does  it  cost 


396  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRL\TION   BILL,   1024. 

to  produce  a  pound  of  cotton  or  a  bushel  of  wheat  under  proper 
conditions,  the  average  cost  tliroughout  the  United  States,  under 
proper  farm  management  and  farm  organization.  Now,  that  would 
be  a  valuable  fact. 

Doctor  Taylor.  We  are  trying  to  ascertain  that,  and  also  what 
would  be  the  proper  type  of  farm  management.  I  take  it  that 
that  is  in  line  with  vour  remark.  < 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Ves;  so  that  they  can  improve  their  methods. 

INVESTIGATION  OF  MARKETING  AND  DISTRIBUTING  OF  FARM  PRODUCTS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  take  up  the  next  item  on  page  275.  ''  For  > 
acquiring  and  diffusing  among  the  people  of  the  United  States  useful 
informafion  on  subjects  connected  with  the  marketing,  handling, 
utilization,  grading,  transportation,  and  distributing  of  farm  and 
nonmanufactured  fruit  products,  and  the  purchasing  of  farm  sup- 
plies," etc.  i 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  shall  ask  Mr.  Tenny  to  present  the  statement 
on  this  item. 

Mr.  Tenny.  This  appropriation  corresponds  somewhat  to  the  one 
that  Doctor  Tavlor  has  been  discussing,  in  that  it  is  an  appropriation 
for  the  study  oi  the  whole  field  of  marketing  and  distribution  of  farm  , 

products.  i 

There  is  an  apparent  increase  in  this  appropriation  of  S79,220:  but  t 

due  to  the  transfer  of  eight  employees  to  the  statutory  roll  with  total 
salaries  of  $10,780,  there  is  an  actual  increase  in  the  item  of  S90,000. 

n 

PROOKESS    OF    WOUK.  | 

This  appropriation  is  used  to  cover  the  research  studv  of  the 
processes  of  marketing  and  distribution,  beginning  at  the  farm  and 
moving  through  to  the  terminal  markets,  or  practically  all  of  the 
work  that  is  (lone  in  methods  of  marketing.  The  work  that  is  done 
in  studying  the  costs  of  marketing,  and  practically  all  of  the  work 
that  is  done  in  standardization  of  farm  products  and  live-stock 
products,  is  done  under  this  appropriation.  This  is  chiefly  a  research 
field,  but  the  language  of  the  appropriation  is  sufliciently  broad,  so 
that  in  connection  with  the  extension  service  we  do  a  considerable 
amount  of  extension  work  also  under  the  ap|)ropriation.  This  work 
is  divided  into  a  number  of  very  well-di'iined  projects,  and  to  get 
the  story  of  the  wiiole  appropriation  it  is  necessary  to  take  up  the 
individual  projects. 

The  first  one  is  entitled  "Cooperative  j^urchasing  and  marketing." 
There  is  no  change  in  the  amount  of  the  allotment  that  we  are  pro- 
posing for  this  project.  The  nature  of  the  work  in  cooperative 
marketing,  as  I  think  was  brought  out  last  year,  has  been  consid-  ^ 

(•ial)ly  changed  within  the  last  tw(»  yeai's.  and  now  we  are  devoting 
pi'actically  all  of  this  allotment  t(»  what  might  l)e  termed  economic 
studies  of  cooperative  nuirketing. 

These  studies  took  the  form  first  of  an  investigation  of  the  legal 
})hases  of  cooperative  marketing,  and  that  work  has  been  earned 
on  and  brought  pretty  nearly  to  a  <-on(lusion.  with  a  bulletin  that 
has  just  recently  been  published  on  the  legal  pha.ses  of  cooperative 
associations.     There  has  been  a  very  wide  demand  for  this  l)idletin. 


k 


AORlCl'LTrRAL  APPHOIMIIATIOX    Bfl.I^    1024.  M97 

uimI  1  aiiticipHtc  tlmt  in  spito  of  tlu'  fiirt  timt  it  Iuim  Imth  inmiiMl  only 
six  weeks,  we  will  he  out  of  the  firinlM  in  u  very  xhort  lirm*.     Thw 
study  cousichMN  such   institutions  us  the   Floriihi  C'itnis   Kxrhn 
and  the  ohh'r  coinpanifs  that  havr  h«'en  futiclionin^j  for  n  h>fi^  tiim-. 
jin<l  the  cooperative  methods  used  in  their  or^^atn/ation. 

This  study  will  he  contiinied  so  that  so  fur  as  the  lepal  phases  are 
<'oncerned,  we  will  have  a  very  complete  set  of  facts  ami  a  very  jjoo<l 
hack^jround  for  the  administration  of  the  Capper- Volst<>ad  Act,  if 
the  se<'retary  should  find  it  necessary  to  lake  any  acti(»n  under  thftt 
law. 

Mr.  .Vndkkson.  To  wlml  extent  are  ihe  vaiious  .States  enacting; 
special  laws  which  estahlish  the  le<;nl  ••nfitx  of  tin-,..  (•i.ii|)..rMtiv .-..  mti'I 
tne  liahilities  of  the  memhers^ 

Mr.  Tennv.  \V\\y.  1  should  say  that  durinj?  the  last  three  years 
aipiiroximately  20  States  have  passed  new  lefjislation  defining;  the 
lield  (»f  cooperati^e  marketin<;  associations.  Many  of  the  other 
States  had  satisfactory  laws  prior  to  that  time,  an<l,  as  I  recall,  there 
are  only  a  very  small  numher  of  States  now  that  have  not  pood  hasic 
laws  for  the  operation  of  cooperative  associations. 

Mr.  liiCH.w.w.  Do  those  laws  exempt  the  individind  miMuhers 
from  individual  liahility  '. 

Mr.  Tknw.   Vou  mean  state  the  duti<'s  (tf  the  associations^ 

Mr.  Hi'cii.WA.N.   Are  they  nut  on  the  same  hasis  as  corporations  '. 

Mr.  Tkn.n'v.  Yes:  practically. 

Mr.  Ik'("iiAX.\.\.  ^^ith  a  corj)oration,  individual  memhers  are  not 
individually  responsihie  f«»r  tlie  acts  of  the  corporation.  What  I 
want  to  know  is  do  tlmse  laws  exempt  th(>  individual  memhers  of  flic 
cooperatives  from  individual  liahilitv^ 

^l^.  Tennv.  Yes;  in  practically  all  cases,  especially  the  newer  laws. 

The  second  line  of  study  hein*;  institute<l  under  this  cooperative 
work  is  what  mi^lit  he  termed  "  economic  study."  We  are  collecting 
information  regarding  the  100  or  more  outstanding  successful  coopera- 
tives, and  hy  "outstanding"  I  imply  especially  those  that  have  been 
operating  for  a  comparatively  long  period.  And  we  are  getting  a 
great  deal  of  valuahle  information  regarding  these  associations — 
whether  they  are  stock  companies  or  nonstock  companies;  the 
numher  of  members  that  they  have;  the  annual  turnover;  the  kind 
of  contract  tliat  they  have  between  the  member  and  the  association; 
their  sales  policies  and  methods  of  financing;  and  all  other  factors 
that  enter  into  the  successful  operation  of  their  business. 

We  are  collecting  that,  first,  ny  corresj)ondence;  but  we  are  taking 
a  few,  as  the  nn'U  are  able  to  take  them  up.  and  making  a  very  care- 
ful analysis  of  them  and  publishing  these  individual  studies. 

Tlie  first  one  is  on  the  press  now,  and  that  is  on  the  American 
("lanberry  Exchange,  which  is  an  old  organization.  We  have  made 
a  very  careful  economic  study  of  that  organization,  as  to  how  it 
functions  over  a  period  of  years  and  what  it  has  accomplished,  and 
1  feel  that  these  individual  studies  will  be  of  very  great  assistance  to 
(tther  people  who  are  intereste<l  in  organization  work. 

A  sec(»n(l  study  is  n»)w  being  put  in  final  form,  that  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Fruit  Growers'  Kxchange.  California.  That  has  operate<l  for 
20  years,  or  thereabouts,  doing  about  $2"), 000, 000  of  business  annually. 
And  just  as  fast  as  we  can  we  want  to  take  up  some  milk-marketing 
studies,  some  cooperative  tolnicco  anti  c<»tton  associations,  live- 
stock associations,  and  studies  covering  the  entire  agricultural  field. 


398  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRLVTION  BILL,  1924. 


STUDY   OF   COOPERATIVE   ASSOCIATIONS. 


In  connection  with  this  project  we  are  making;  for  the  first  time 
in  the  history  of  the  (k-partiiienl  wliat  luij^ht  be  termed  an  asso- 
ciative statistical  and  historical  study  of  cooperative  associations. 
Emphasizing  what  Doctor  Taylor  said  in  the  beginning  by  taking 
advantage  of  the  consolidation,  we  use  the  crop  estimate  people  in 
collecting  these  data.  Through  this  organization  we  have  people  in 
practically  every  town  in  the  United  States  who  have  sent  us  the 
names  of  every  agricultural  cooperative  association  in  their  district. 
We  got  about  3o. 000  names  from  these  reporters.  Then  we  circu- 
larized those,  and  we  reduced  the  number  to  approximately  10,000 
by  elimination,  where  we  found  any  duplication — where  locals  are 
branches  of  centrals,  and  so  forth— so  that  at  the  present  .time,  we 
have  a  list  of  approximately  10,000  associations  in  the  United  States. 
That  work  is  not  completed,  and  we  do  not  feel  that  that  is  necessa- 
rily the  total  number.  And  then  we  are  getting  more  information 
regarding  the  amount  of  business  that  these  associations  are  doing, 
and  other  information  of  that  character. 

The  third  project  that  is  also  economic,  under  cooperative  market- 
ing, is  the  study  of  cooperation  abroad.  We  have  had  a  man  for  six 
months  in  Denmark  studying  the  big  developments  of  cooperative 
marketing  in  Denmark. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  is  about  the  eighteenth  time  that  has  been 
done. 

Mr.  Tenny.  It  has  never  been  done  by  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture. 

Mr.  Anderson.  It  has  been  done  by  a  lot  of  other  people. 

Mr.  Tenny.  The  changes  in  Europe  especially  in  connection  with 
cooperative  marketing  have  been  very  rapid  since  the  war.  That 
would  apply  more  particularly  to  the  other  powei-s  in  Europe  than  to 
Denmark,  but  it  applies  also  to  Denmark. 

This  economist  is  now  in  England  finishing  his  studies  of  the  rela- 
tion of  the  English  market  to  the  Danish  cooperative  movement. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  he  studying  the  cooperative  buying  organiza- 
tions in  the  labor  unions  ? 

Mr.  Tenny.  No;  simply  studying  the  distribution  of  Danish 
agric  ultural  products  in  England. 

We  have  also  had  a  man  working  on  information  available  regardmg 
cooperatives  in  Russia.  He  speaks  and  reads  Russian  fluently,  and 
has  been  able  to  get  a  great  deal  of  valuable  information  tluough  so 
that  we  are  actually  getting  a  very  up-to-date  picture  of  the  coopera- 
tive movement  in  Russia. 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.  Do  you  think  that  you  can  get  any  information 
from  Russia^ 

Mr.  'I'enny.  Russia  has  some  of  the  very  largest  cooperative  move- 
ments in  the  world,  and  it  is  the  concensus  of  opinion  now,  even 
among  Russians,  tliat  the  cooperative  movement  nas  been  the  one 
thing  that  has  held  Russia  together  even  to  the  e\tt>nt  that  it  has 
been  h(»ld  together.  'I'iu'  Russian  cooperative  movement  has  func- 
tiour-d  during  practically  the  entire  time  of  the  Russian  dilliculties. 

Mr.  Ih  (iiA.NAN.    it  must  !)(>  a  good  one,  then. 

Mr.  Tknny.  I  tiiink  that  will  bo  sullicient  for  those  projects  unless 
llu^rc  arc  souu^  (piestions. 


AORirULTURAl.   Al'i'ROPRlATHi.N    UlLI^    llC4.  809 

Mr.  Andkkson.  Wrll,  this  (ooprrutivc  luurkrtiii);  in  Hiisxa,  I  lake 
it,  is  not  tlu'  liolsliovik  muvuinciit  ut  nil  < 

Mr.    'I'kwv.   No;    tlu*   <«u»pi'iutivr    nii»vcimiii    ut    !'  m 

fxistciicf  Ion;;  Id'foiT  till'  Bi>l>lirvik  m»vrrnau'nt.  i ..  .j  .  .  ik 
jjoviMnnu'nt  took  over  the  prodiu-ts  from  thr  coofHTulivi's  for  u  <*om- 
pariitivoly  short  nrriod.  1  think  uliout  u  vfjir  up»  thry  turniMl  the 
inanii^cnicnt  of  the  ro<ip('rnliv«'s  hiick  to  tlw  ••oopmitivi'j*,  und  thev 
havr  Ik'cii  functioning  uuh'pfiuh'nt Iv  for  the  hi.>t   \rar. 

UAIIKKTI.NU    FKL'ITH    \Sl>    \ HU KT A  lllttt . 

The  second  project  is  one  ontith-d  "  Marketing  fniits  and  vpj;o- 
tal)l<'s,"  in  wliich  wo  luivc  an  iiurcMisc  of  ?t(»,f)(M)  in  oin*  r-^tuuatcs 
for  lO'JI.  We, arc  spending  $1."),()(K)  in  that  project  at  tlic  prcM-nt 
tinu'.  This  |)n)jcct  covers  practically  nil.  as  1  have  said,  of  the 
researcli  worK  in  connection  with  the  niark«'tin<;  of  fruits  and  vejro- 
tahles.  This  has  been  lar^'cly  in  the  past  rcscanh  work  on  standardi- 
zation, and  all  of  our  staiulards  on  fruits  and  ve<;etal)!es  have  hcen 
worked  under  this  appropriation.  A  verv  nnirked  increase  in  the 
use  of  these  standards  has  been  noted  in  tfie  past  year,  especially  on 
such  conunodifies  as  potatoes,  where  there  has  been  a  <xood  deal  ()f 
dilliculty  in  tinanciji^  and  delivering;  the  crops.  We  are  now  askinj; 
for  the  increase  larjiely  for  the  economic  lines  of  work.  We  are 
inakini;  a  complete  picture  of  the  handling  of  a  nund)er  of  our  fruits 
and  vegetables  from  the  producj'r  to  the  consumer,  studyini;  especially 
such  cjuestions  as  in  one  particular  case,  the  use  of  the  public  auction. 
We  are  in  that  case  makin*;  complete  studies  of  all  phases  of  tho 
auction  trade  in  the  lar^rer  cities:  the  relati«)n  of  the  auction  and 
receipts  at  terminals  to  the  financing  of  the  crops  and  methods  of 
tiinmcin^  in  their  relation  to  the  methods  of  marketing,  with  the 
idea  of  ultimately  having  a  very  clear  picture  of  all  of  the  thiiiirs 
involved  in  so  far  as  we  are  able  to  work  them  out  In  connection  with 
our  bi^  fruit  and  veojetable  crops. 

Mr.  Anderson.  To  what  extent  does  this  study  enlighten  you  as 
to  the  terminal-handling  situation  ? 

Mr.  Tennv.  In  this  particular  project  we  are  not  spending  a  great 
deal  of  money  in  connection  with  the  terminal  handling.  In  coopera- 
tion with  the  farm  people  we  are  studying  finances.  In  this  project 
we  are  in  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  especially,  and  also  to 
(|uite  an  extent  in  Washington,  studying  terminal  facilities  an<l  termi- 
nal handling.  That  is  largely  being  linanced,  however,  through  the 
cost  of  market  studies. 

MARKET   PRICES   AND   TRANSPORTATION. 

The  fourth  project  is  market  price  trends  and  transportation.  I 
am  omitting  tne  costs  of  marketing  and  will  come  back  to  it.  \\  ^ 
are  now  doing  the  same  work  that  we  have  been  doing  in  the  nature 
of  ser\'ice  work  for  the  rest  of  the  department  in  that  contracts  must 
be  made  with  a  large  number  of  railroad  people  in  order  to  get  the 
information  that  is  needed  for  market  movements  and  market  prices. 

In  connection  with  our  live-stock  movement,  which  is  being  devel- 
oped to  a  much  greater  extent  than  it  has  been  heretofore,  our  trans- 
portation man  is  now  in  the  field  making  those  contracts  to  get  the 

ooQo.S 22 2G 


400  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION  BUSL,  1924. 

information  that  is  needed  with  regard  to  the  movement  of  hre  stock 
and  live-stock  purchases.  We  have  also  undertaken  during  this  year 
some  increased  work  on  the  relation  of  transportation  to  agriculture. 
We  are  getting,  of  course,  some  very  marked  changes  in  agriculture 
in  different  parts  of  the  country,  due  to  the  increase  of  transportation 
charges,  so  we  have  selected  one  man.  a  trained  economist,  to  devote 
his  entire  time  and  attenticm  to  these  studies  on  the  relation  of  the 
change  of  transportation  rates  to  agriculture. 

There  is  an  apparent  decrease  of  S2.500,  or  thereabouts,  in  this, 
but  there  is  a  transfer  of  two  statutor}-  positions  that  will  make  the        a 
same  allotment  for  next  year  that  we  have  for  this  year. 

Mr.  AxDEKsox.  Are  you  able  to  get  enough  data  with  regard  to  the 
relationsliip  of  prices  to  transportation  and  location  of  agricultural 
products  to  arrive  at  conclusions? 

Mr.  Texny.  I  would  say  that  the  work  has  not  progressed  far 
enougli  yet  for  us  to  determine  that  fact.  I  believe  that  it  is  safe  to 
sav  that  a  considerable  amount  of  data  can  be  made  available  that 
should  go  a  long  ways  toward  answering  some  of  those  questions. 

COTTON    HANDLING   AND    MARKETING. 

"Cotton  handling  and  marketing"  is  the  only  cotton  project  in 
the  bureau  in  which  we  are  asking  for  an  increase,  and  in  that  there 
is  an  increase  of  $10,000.  This  is  the  item  under  which  we  aim  to 
have  a  campaign  on  "know  your  cotton."  through  cooperation  with 
State  extension  services.  We  have  a  large  number  of  groups  of 
farmers  in  the  various  parts  of  the  Cotton  Belt  that  employ  a  grader 
themselves.  We  cooperate  with  them  in  selecting  the  grader  and  in 
seeing  to  it  that  he  (loes  grade  the  cotton  and  give  the  staple  on  it 
according  to  the  United  wStates  grades.  This  is  a  means  of  training 
the  farmer  to  know  the  actual  value  of  his  cotton. 

Mr.  RrcHANAN.  To  know  the  value  of  his  cotton  ( 

Mr.  Texxy.  To  know  the  value  of  his  cotton,  and  wo  think  that 
with  the  big  cooperative  mevements  in  cotton,  whether  they  are 
successful  or  whether  they  do  not  succeed,  the  farmer  must  know 
what  he  is  producing  and  the  value  of  the  thing  that  he  is  producing. 
This  also  goes  back  to  the  point  of  showing  where  our  marketing 
work  links  up  very  closely  with  our  prochictive  work. 

Mr.  Bi'CHAXAN.  Let  me  ask  you  one  question  there.  Have  you 
ever  given  any  thought  as  to  whether  or  not  the  department  ought  to 
make  staple  an  essential  ingrecUent  in  its  "grades  instead  of  making  it 
solely  upon  trash  and  color  of  cotton,  or  loreign  substance  and  color 
of  cotton  i 

Mr.  Tennv.    That  matter,  of  course,  has  been  giv(>n  very  careful 
consiih'ration. 
•  Mr.  BrcHAXAX.  Staple  is  the  most  valuable  element  in  cotton. 

Mr.  Tenny.  But,  of  course,  cotton  is  sold  now  not  only  on  its 
grade  hut  on  staple. 

Mr.  BrcHAXAX.  Yes;  cotton  is  sold  on  sta|)le.  Now,  the  buyei"s 
have  been  buying  from  the  farmer,  disreganling  staple  and  buying 
the  cotton  on  "the  color  and  foreign  matter  in  it.  By  that  method  the 
farmers  imve  been  beat  out  of  millions  of  ilollars,  the  cottt)n  farmers, 
tenant  farmers  and  others.  I  can  name  a  lot  of  them  right  now  that 
have  been  beat  out  of  a  lot  of  money.     They  are  getting  wise  to  it 


AOnn  TLTURAL   APIMlOIMtlATlON    HII.I^    IWI.  401 

aiul  lire  froo  to  admit  it.  In  thi*  pa.st,  rvrry  Vfur,  tlirv  havr  Uwn 
\wn{  out  (»f  millions  of  dollars  and  tlwy  know  it,  and  iho  cotton 
huvt'is  arc  ln'cominj^  rich  at  llu>  fjirmrrs'  rxpnisr. 

Sir.  Thnw.  1  havf  a  little  note  1ht«'  tluit  llii-.  la>i  v.ju,  uii.n  i  ini-* 
appropriation,  appntxiinatdy  1  lO.OOO  lml«*s  of  cotton  wen-  clu<«>cd  for 
the  farmers,  or  by  tho  farmers'  own  repres«Milativc.  The  increase  iii 
price  to  th«'  farmer  in  market irj;;,  not  ordy  according  to  the  jjnule  of 
their  cotton,  hut  hy  staph',  which  thi'y  do  now  under  this  m<*th(ul 
of  s(>llin<;.  ran<;ed  from  one-half  a  cent  a  |)ound  up  to  as  hi;;h  ha  (> 
cents  a  pound. 

Mr.  A\i)Ki:s()\.    How  «  an  now  tlciciiiinic  llmt  '. 

Mr.  Tkn.n^.  W  V  know  what  the  cotton  sold  for  because  they  hIu)W 
that  and  we  have  rejjular  reports  fnNii  all  of  these  fiehl  men,  and  we 
know  what  the  same  jjrade  of  cotton,  unela.ssed  and  unj;ra«led.  by 
the  farmei-s'  orj^anizatiotis  sold  for  in  similar  districLs. 

Mr.  A.SDKKso.N.    1  see. 

Mr.  Bic HASAN.  Not  only  that,  but  the  farmers  perhaps  have  had 
their  cotton  classed  ami  then  <;o  around  without  lettinj^  the  buyers 
know  that  they  have  had  it  classed,  and  ask  tiie  buyers  what  they 
will  irive  them  for  it.  to  make  them  a  price,  and  then  aflenvards  they 
will  sell  it  at  this  hij^her  price,  after  lettinj;  the  buyer  (piote  them  a 
price.     Tlu'v  have  been  swimlled  for  vears  and  years  on  that. 

Mr.  Tk.nnv.  There  is  no  (luestion  about  the  truth  of  that. 


Mr.  IK.NNV.    1  liere  is  no  (lues 

Mr.   HlCHANAN.    AbsolutiMV  II 


not. 


WE.\THEKING    AND    UANDLI.VG    OF    COTTOM. 


Mr.  Texxy.  The  second  study  that  is  beint'  conducted  under  this 
project  is  the  one  on  weatliering  and  handling.  vSo  mucli  of  the 
cotton  is  handled  at  the  production  points,  especially,  without  ware- 
housing facilities,  that  we  are  anxious  to  know  not  only  the  physical 
loss,  but  what  sj)inning  losses  are. 

Mr.  Ik'cnAXAX.  Well,  you  have  a  great  many  facts  on  tliat 
alrcatiy,  because  in  past  years  you  liave  been  giving  tliat  considerable 
study. 

Mr.  Texxy.  But  we  are  still  conducting  those  experiments  and 
especially  emphasizing  the  effect  on  the  spinning  quality  of  that 
cotton. 

The  increase  will  be  very  largely  used,  if  granted,  in  studying  the 
economics  of  the  cotton  market. 

The  cooperative  movement  has  progressed  very  rapidly  throughout 
tlie  C\)tton  Belt,  and  we  desire  to  get  a  complete  picture  of  the  cotton 
marketing  and  the  place  that  the  cooperative  is  playing  in  it  at  the 
present  time  and  that  it  proposes  to  play  in  it. 

Mr.  AxDEUSox.  I  do  not  know  verv  much  about  col  tun,  but  where 
tliese  cooperatives  handle  considerable  (juantity  do  tliev  sell  on  the 
exchange  or  do  they  market  direct  to  the  spinner  ? 

Mr.  Texxy.  They  market  direct,  not  only  to  the  spinners,  but  to 
the  cotton  factors.  To  the  best  of  my  knowledge,  they  do  not  sell  a 
pound  of  it  on  the  excliange.  • 


402  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

MARKETINT,    LIVE    STOrK,    MEATS.    AXD    WOOL. 

"Marketing  live  stock,  meats,  and  wool"  is  our  next  project. 
There  is  in  this  project  also  a  small  increase.  The  marketing  work 
in  live  stock  has  progressed  very  rapidly  during  the  past  two  years. 
It  has  been  a  tremendous  task  to  arrive  at  the  grading  of  live  stock 
and  live-stock  products,  especially  the  meats.  This  work  started 
with  the  meat  end  of  it — what  constitutes  the  higher  qualities  of 
meats — antl  from  tliat  end  has  worked  back  to  the  kind  of  animal 
that  produces  that  meat.  We  are  now  getting  the  manuscript  in 
final  form  to  put  out  these  first  statements  on  the  grades  of  live  stock 
and  live-stock  products. 

The  same  thing  is  true  with  wool.  We  have  for  the  last  three 
years  done  a  great  deal  of  preliminary  work  on  wool  grading.  We 
are  now  having  public  hearings  in  connection  with  our  tentative  wool 
grades.  We  had  two  public  hearings  on  this  last  week.  At  the  hear- 
ing in  Philadelphia  on  Thursday  of  last  week  the  fact  was  brought 
out  that  we  must  do  some  additional  research  work,  as  there  was  a 
very  strong  demand  there  for  the  grades  to  show,  at  least,  the  English 
Bradford  count  system.  Inasmuch  as  60  per  cent  of  the  wools  that 
are  used  in  this  country  are  imported,  they  felt  that  it  would  be 
very  greatly  to  the  advantage  of  the  American  wool  industry  if  the 
same  grades  could  be  adopted  for  at  least  the  mill  end  of  the  busi- 
ness in  this  country. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  is  this  Bradford  count  sj'stem '.  What  is  it 
the  basis  of  ? 

Mr.  Texxy.  Theoretically,  it  is  based  on  the  number  of  hanks  of 
yarn  that  can  be  spun  from  a  pound  of  wool.  That  idea,  however, 
has  been  largely  lost,  and  80's  will  actually  not  spin  80  hanks  of  yarn, 
but  the  wool  originally  classed  as  80's  is  still  called  80's.  ,  The  system 
runs  from  about  .32 's  up  to  90's,  the  coarser  yarn  being  32's  and  the 
very  fine  yarns  bein^  about  90's.  We  recognize  that  the  English 
system  probably  would  not  do  for  the  producing  sections,  but  we  are 
in  hopes  that  they  will  at  least  try  the  arrangement.  The  suggestion 
was  made  by  the  mill  trade  that  we  can  bracket  certain  of  the  groups 
into  fines,  quarter-blooils,  half-bloods,  three-eighths,  and  so  fortii. 
so  that  we  can  have  a  comparison  between  the  orrades  suited  to  the 
needs  of  the  mill,  which  are  very  complicated  and  which  very  closely 
resemble  those  of  the  English  system,  and  the  grades  that  the  pro- 
ducers know  now. 

That  is  going  to  require  some  little  additional  work  before  we 
are  ready  to  put  out  our  tentative  grades  of  wool. 

I  Mjiglit  say  in  connection  with  our  live-stock  work,  we  are  really 
hoping  that  the  grades  of  live  stock  can  be  so  specific  that  buying  and 
selling  may  be  done  through  specifications  as  well  as  through  pei'sonal 
inspection.  A  number  of  cooperative  associations  in  the  eastern 
half  of  the  I'nitcMl  States  that  buy  large  nunii)ers  of  feeders  every 
year,  even  during  the  Inst  year,  bought  their  feeders  on  specifications, 
and  thev  have  been  entirely  satisfied  with  the  practice,  and.  of  coui"se. 
it  saved  the  travef  e.\j)enses  ami  salary  of  a  man  going  out  into  the 
western  ranges  and  selecting  the  feeders  for  finisiung  work  in  the  east. 

We  are  al.so  doing  a  great  deal  of  work  in  the  field  of  retailing 
meats,  some  in  cooperation  with  other  agencies  and  some  of  it  inde- 
pi'iuh-ntiy. 


ACJUUTLTritAI.  Ari'irnPKIATlON'    HI!  U    V2i.  lO.'t 

MAKKKTINU    UAlltY    A\U    l^>l't/THV     fKtMiUt  M. 

Miirketinf;  «lairy  niul  jxniltry  proilucts  lius  not  boon  inrroa>*<Ml  in 
tlu'sc  estimates.  There  are  no  rhanjjes  what4»ver.  Thin  work  '» 
l)('in«;  rnrried  nlon^  on  nafionni  line'^  at  the  ()reseut  timf.  \Vr  an* 
studying  much  more  «arefully  than  \\c  have  i-ver  >tinh«'«l  hi'forr  the 
fnnetioiis  of  a  coopen^tive  assoeiation  in  eonneetion  witli  dairy  mar- 
ket in<;.  Here  is  one  of  the  projects  that  is  n-allv  stiidyinjj  r«K>pera- 
tive  iimrketin*;  that  is  not  heinj:  financed  !)ark  in  the  proj«'<t  men- 
ti«)n«'d  ahove.  Then*  are  vrvv  <hstinrt  steps  in  the  dr\  clopmrnt  of 
tlie  various  cooperative  associations.  There  is  the  har^^niinnj;  OMO- 
ciation  that  does  not  liandle  any  of  the  farmers'  dollars,  hut  'dimply 
niake^  harjjains  for  him. 

Then,  there  is  the  association  that  not  only  makes  bargains  hut 
collects  fn»m  the  wholesaler.  Phen,  there  are  others  that  dt»  that 
and  in  addition  manufacture  the  >urplus  themselves.  .\nd  tluMi 
there  is  another  <;roup  that  do  all  of  the  retailinj^  and  distrihutioii 
f«>r  the  fanners  and  make  all  the  collections,  and  carry  the  jhocchs 
all  the  way  tlu^ough. 

Now,  we  are  irakin»r  u  >tU(ly  of  these  dillerent  ;^rou|)>,  roniHTaiivt! 
iu<s(K  iations,  under  this  project  with  the  idea  of  seeing;  Imw  they 
function,  how  far  eat  h  asso(  iation  jjoes,  and  whi(h  iu^sociation  can 
or  will  lie  nearer  torrect  in  these  functions.     It  is  a  difh<  ult  line. 

Mr.  Ander.son.  Are  you  familiar  at  all  with  the  effort  to  e->t>»l)li>li 
Minnesota  hrands  and  bring  the  butter  produrtion  by  tiie  coopcDi- 
tives  up  there  all  under  one  head? 

Mr.  Texny.  Yes:  and  the  division  head  ha>  been  in  tou«  h  with 
these  j^eople.  has  been  out  there  and  had  a  number  of  ( onferenct's  with 
them,  and  I  think  has  been  in  New  York  also. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  Are  they  making  any  headway  ( 

Mr.  Tenny.  I  have  not  heard  a  thing  about  it  for  the  la>l  three 
or  ft)ur  months.      I  am  not  sure  whether  that  is  going  through  or  not. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  understood  they  had  some  dilliculty  owing  to 
the  fact  that  some  creameries  were  making  very  higlwlass  butter 
and  getting  a  ])remium  for  it, and  they  fell  that  if  that  was  e>tablished, 
the  effect  would  be  their  premitim  to  the  average  of  the  wli>'l<'  '^':ite. 
That  was  one  of  the  retarding  influences. 

Mr.  Tenny.  Early  in  this  work  there  was  a  man  in  charge  of  our 
daily  marketing  division  who  was  strongly  impi-essed  with  the  idea 
that  they  could  not  attempt  to  actually  sell  in  New  York,  but  that 
they  should  have  their  representative  in  New  York  to  handle  car- 
loa<l  shipments,  so  that  they  would  get  advantage  of  the  large  salc3 
operations  an<l  then  tliey  could  still  have  the  advantage  of  the  tlifTer- 
ent  concerns,  in  case  there  was  any  premium,  but  let  the  actual  scllir»s» 
of  the  butter  come  along  as  a  later  deveK)pnient ;  but  at  that  time 
there  was  (juite  an  element  in  the  associations  out  there  that  were 
not  satisfied  without  going  the  whole  way. 

STANDARDIZATION    OF    EGGS. 

We  have  been  doing  much  work  in  the  last  year  in  the  standard- 
ization of  eggs.  Aery  little  work  has  been  done  up  to  this  last  year 
on  that,  but  this  year  we  have  done  a  great  deal  of  work  on  the 
standardization  <»f  eggs.     We  have  gotten   the  egg  slandardizatimi 


404  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

work  to  a  point  where  we  have  been  able  to  grade  eggs  by  our  ten- 
tative standards.  Under  a  cooperative  arrangement  made  with  the 
State  of  Missouri,  a  number  of  egg  graders  are  employed  bv  the  State 
of  Missouri,  but  under  our  general  direction,  as  our  grades  are  being 
used,  and  90  carloads  of  eggs  were  actually  graded  at  the  various 
shipping  points  in  Missouri.  We  were  thus  able  to  tell  how  the  ten- 
tative grades  worked  out,  and  we  have  found  that  they  worked  out 
satisfactorilv  under  commercial  conditions.  We  want  to  continue 
that  work  and  go  further  with  it,  and  see  just  what  the  additional 
processes  involved  are  in  carrying  those  standards  for  eggs  through 
to  the  terminal  markets.    That  work  has  not  been  done  yet. 

MARKETING    OF    HAY,    FEED,    AND    SEED, 

The  eighth  project  is  entitled.  ''Marketing  hay,  feed,  and  seed." 
That  project  is  increased  this  year  in  our  estimates  due  to  the  very 
great  demand  to  the  markets  for  the  standardization  of  hay.  We 
have  been  working  on  standardization  of  hay  for  two  years  and  have 
completed  standard  grades  on  timothy,  clover,  and  clover  and 
timothy  mixed  hay.  Hearings  have  been  held  in  the  last  three 
months,  and  beginning:  with  the  1st  of  January,  nearly  all  of  the 
large  hay  associations  in  the  eastern  terminal  markets  have  agreed 
with  us  to  present  to  their  membership,  with  considerable  assurance 
that  it  will  be  adopted,  the  plan  of  having  hay  sold  in  these  big 
terminnl  markets  according  to  United  States  standard  grades. 

So  while  we  have  no  compulsory  grading  law  on  hay  and  are  not 
asking  for  any,  we  feel  that  the  grades  on  hay  are  going  to  be  adopted 
almost  universally  in  a  comparatively  short  time. 

All  of  this  work  has  demonstrated  the  need  for  additional  work  on 
such  hay  as  the  western  hay,  alfalfa,  particularly,  and  wire  grass  hay, 
of  the  West,  but  the  appropriation  up  to  the  present  time,  has  allowed 
only  for  that  being  done  on  timothy,  and  that  must  be  continued. 
We  must  do  a  great  deal  of  work  also  in  getting  ready  for  our  hay 
grading  classes,  because  all  of  these  cities  will  employ,  jointlv  with 
us,  official  hay  graders,  so  that  the  hay  will  be  graded  according  to 
the  United  States  standards. 

Now,  it  takes  about  five  weeks  to  train  these  men  in  grading  hay. 
according  to  United  States  Standards,  and  it  retjuires  a  great  deal  of 
hay  to  use  in  their  laboratories. 

Mr.  AxDERsox.  Arc  you  making  any  investigations  as  to  the 
marketing  conditions  of  hay? 

Mr.  Tknn'y.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Andeksox.  I  have  heard  a  great  deal  of  complaint. 

Mr.  Tkxxv.  T  do  not  have  them  with  me,  but  we  have  two  or  three 
])ull('lins  on  hay  marketing  that  have  been  very  well  received  indeed. 

Tliis  allotment  is  also  increased  with  the  idea  of  doing  some  little 
work  on  the  iniprovenuMil  of  the  Uhh\  market.  There  is  a  great  deal 
of  interest  in  the  staiubirdi/ation  of  feeds  and  the  standardizjition  »>f 
methods  of  selling  feed,  and  the  human  aspect  of  it,  and  they  are 
very  impoi'tant  in  addition  to  the  biologic  aspect  which  we  recognize 
should  be  taken  care  of  by  Plant  Industry. 


^ 


AiiRICULTUlUL   AiTKurUlATIoN    Bit. I.,  4(Jj 

MAKKKTISO    MFATlMTIia. 

TIk'  next  project  that  is  s<-IumIu1(m1  in  the  hook  ia  known  hs  'Miir- 
kctiii^  Statistics,"  wlu<h  wjis  tmnsfcrnMl  to  "(Vop  and  Livestock 
Estiinnfcs.  "  hist  year  and  will  he  discussed  under  that  appropriation. 

MAKKKTtSO    INrORMATIOS. 

The  next  item  is  entith'd  "Market  information."  $17.U(J().  which  is 
just  tlie  same  as  hist  year.  There  is  an  apparent  (h'crease  of  $.'{.()()(), 
as  a  rcsuh  of  transfers  to  statiit«»rv  poMtiori>.  Tliis  i-^  tin*  j)roje<-t 
from  whicli  \v»'  liaiidh'  all  of  our  editorial  v^ork.  It  is  simplv  routine 
work  in  connection  with  editorial  work  in  the  hiireuu. 

COTTON    HTANll.MUl^*    .\M>    TKSTIN*.. 

'"Cotton  standards  and  testinfj,"  is  the  next  item.  Tliis  really 
should  he  mer*;ed  with  the  other  projects  on  cotton,  as  it  is  admin- 
istere*!  all  in  the  same  (hvision.  It  is  the  continuation  of  the  wctrk 
that  we  were  discussing  there.  One  of  the  things  that  lias  heen  stud- 
ied, for  instance,  under  this  nroject,  is  the  possihilitv  of  improving 
th(>  sampling  of  the  hale,  or  tne  classing  of  tne  hale.  ))y  taking  sam- 
ples at  tlie  gin.  Tlie  hasis  of  tliis  work  is  checking  up,  reallv,  the 
method  of  taking  samples  from  the  hale,  and  we  are  finding  that  it  is 
possihle  to  get  a  more  accurate  idea  of  what  is  in  the  hale  if  it  were 
possihh'  to  grade  it  at  tlie  gin. 

Mr.  Ik(  HAN  AN.  Furtlier  than  that,  it  prevents  a  great  deal  of  loss. 

Mr.  Tenny.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  HrcHANAN.  The  practice  of  ripping  a  ])ale  of  cotton  that  htpg 
[indicating]  and  tearing  out  two  or  tnrce  pounds  not  only  results  in 
the  loss  of  cotton,  hut  a  lot  of  foreign  substance  gets  into  it.  and 
causes  tliat  much  tare,  I  believe,  or  loss. 

Afr.  Tenny.  Yes.  This  work  is  also  the  line  of  work  that  we  do 
in  cooperation  with  Plant  Industry  in  the  production  of  new  varieti(*s 
of  cotton,  where  our  bureau  conducts  the  spinning  tests  on  those 
new  varieties. 

As  I  think  we  announced  last  year,  work  was  started  on  new  stand- 
ards for  cotton,  certain  groups  of  new  standnrd-^.  Tlmvr  will  be 
effective  in  August,  1923. 

We  are  making  spinning  tests  also  of  all  those  new  standard^  and 
determining  the  percentage  of  waste  or  loss  in  the  diflerent  standards. 

STATE   COOPERATION    IN    MARKETINO    WORK. 

'State  cooperation  in  marketing  work,"  is  the  next  item.  As  I 
outlined  a  year  ago.  our  program  in  this  project  has  changed  very 
materially.  Oiigiiudly.  this  was  a  project  for  the  employment  of 
joint  agents  in  various  States.  The  idea  of  co<^perating  with  men 
ditl  not  prove  successful,  and.  therefore,  we  began  about  IS  months 
ago  to  change  this  over,  and  we  are  now  cooperating  with  the 
States  on  projects.  We  are  entirely  satisfied  with  the  new  ar- 
rangement. That  project  is  conducted  very  largely  in  coop«»ration 
witli  our  other  projects.  It  covers  research  and  extension  work 
especially.  It  gives  us  a  fund  from  which  we  can  make  experiments 
where  a  Slate  manifests  a  desire  to  cooperate  on  some  one  of  our 


406  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRLA.TION   BILL,   1924. 

various  projects.  Now,  that  may  be  in  the  cost  of  marketing;  it 
may  be  in  a  study  of  terminal  marketing,  such  as  we  have  in  Mas- 
sachusetts; it  may  be  a  question  of  standardization  of  tobacco,  as 
is  the  case  in  about  six  oi  the  t(>l)acco  Slates,  where  the  States  are 
very  much  interested  in  the  continuation  of  the  work  and  where  we 
have  a  special  fund  that  we  can  cooperate  with  the  States  on  those 
various  projects.  I  do  not  think  that  it  is  necessary  to  go  any  further 
into  that,  because  it  is  not  a  project  by  itself  any  more. 

nilAI.V    IWESTUiATIOXS. 


The  next  is  "Grain  investigations,''  which  is  the  last  of  these,  with 
the  exception  of  one  which  was  transferred  to  Plant  Industry  last  year. 

Standards  have  been  arrived  at  for  corn,  wheat,  and  oats.     That 
has  been  done  in  the  past.     Standards  for  flax  anti  rice  are  being        I 
worked  on,  and  they  are  practically  completed.     Standards  for  rye 
and  barley  are  also  being  developed.     That  work  is  all  of  our  stand- 
ardization work. 

Our  research  work  is  paid  from  this  appropriation.  In  addition 
to  that  standardization  work,  there  are  three  lines  of  work  that  we 
have  given  special  emphasis  to  in  the  last  year.  One  is  the  grain 
cleaning  work,  and  if  you  do  not  mind  looking  at  these  samples,  I  * 
would  like  to  have  you  see  the  results  of  this  cleaning  work.  This 
[exhibiting  sample  to  committee]  represents  on  the  left  the  wheat  as 
it  was  originally  threshed,  and  it  has  been  sold  through  the  channels 
of  trade  in  practically  all  the  Northwest.  So,  our  idea  has  been  to 
develop  a  cleaning  machine  which  can  be  attached  "to  the  tliresher, 
working  automatically  with  the  thresher.  The  second  sample  of 
wheat  shows  what  is  accomplished  by  the  cleaning  method,  and  the 
other  two  small  squares  show  the  material  that  has  been  taken  out. 

Now,  those  three  different  types — 3'^ou  will  notice  the  information 
at  the  bottom  of  this  one  [indicating]  that  as  the  wheat  has  been 
threshed,  there  is  9  per  cent  dockage  on  which  freight  was  paid, 
and  on  which  all  the  marketing  processes  w^ere  paid.  After  using 
the  cleaner,  that  dockage  had  been  reduced  to  less  than  1  per  cent 
in  this  particular  sample.  The  percentage  of  foreign  matter  in  this 
?;ample  [indicating]  is  reduced  only  slightly.  The  total  foreign  matter 
before  cleaning  in  this  sample  [indicating]  is  9.6  per  cent.  The  total 
foreign  matter  after  cleaning  is  1.3  per  cent. 

Now,  on  the  basis  of  these,  and  on  the  inspections  that  were 
made  in  Minnesota  inspecti(m  points,  we  have  estimated  that  in  the 
course  of  the  year  1921,  9,500,000  bushels  of  foreign  matter  entered 
into  commerce. 

Mr.  Andkuso.n.  What  is  the  effect  of  this  cleaning  on  the  grain, 
on  the  wheat  1^ 

Mr.  Tknny.  Well,  up  in  the  right-hand  corner,  you  will  notice 
the  change. 

Mr.  Andkhson.  I  see.     That  is  what  I  was  looking  for. 

Mr.  Tk.nnv.  In  this  particular  sample,  after  cleaning,  No.  1, 
which  weighed  oS^  went  up  to  '>*)  j)ounds.     Often  it  raises  the  grade. 

Mr.  liiciiANAN.  Ordiiiaiily,  w  hat  is  the  didcfcucc  in  price  bctwtM'ti 
No.  '2  and  No.  .>  wheat  ( 

Mr.  'I'k.n.sy.  The  difference  in  price  between  No.  '2  ami  .No.  :\ 
wJieut  averages  between  2  and    I  cents  per  bushel. 


AOItlCl'LTIRAh    \»'l*l;«'i'i;IATH)N    HII.U    HrJ4.  407 

Mr.  Andkksox.   Is    this    ii    luboratury    pro|M>Hiti«>ii,    or    havo    vou 

rnilly  dcvrloprd  this  imic-liinr  ^ 

Mr.  'I'knny.  Tin*  iimcliiiu'  has  hi««Mi  «lr\  rhiprij  ami  !.■,  Immii^  iiKslullcd 
to  he  iisril  very  f^riuTjilly  this  luvxt  vrar. 

Mr.  A.Ni»KKs«)\.  Has  it  Iwrw  adopted  hy  aii\  hirj^i*  Hcpnritlor 
liiamifnctiirrrs  '. 

Mr.  TkNNY.  ^  OS.  >ir;  1  tht  iiol  hjivr  thr  inililc.  IhiI  1  know  il  ittin 
)u'vn  ailoptj'd  hy  ono  of  the  hir«^rst  oiu's. 

Mr.  Am>kus<>n.  Is  there  a  puhhc-srrvire  pal<Mit  «ni  thi«,  or  whut- 
ever  xoii  rail  them  ( 

Mr.  rKNNY.  'I'he  hasie  |)riii(iph*  of  this  wius  pjiieiiied  pn*..  ,.,  .»ur 
doinj;  the  work,  hut  the  inarhiiie  was  not  a  sueees-s  m  pruetiee  an 
it  wa.s  too  lieavy,  so  we  liave  w«>rked  out  a  very  much  hijhter  iiiaehiiie 
that  meets  the  reqiiiremetits  of  tlie  thresher:  ami.  as  I  reeall  il,  the 
patent  could  not  he  issued;  we  couhl  not  »»htain  a  ptihlic  jiatenl. 

Mr.  Andkk.son.  Is  this  attached  to  th«'  separator,  or  is  it  uii  addi- 
tional machine  i 

Mr.  Tknny.   No;  il  i>  !iUache<|  to  the  thrc-hci'. 

Mr.  lUcii.w.w.   It  is  made  a  part  of  the  threslier^ 

Mr.  'Phnny.   It  is  attached  to  the  thresher;  yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Andkuson.   What  does  it  cost  to  pmduce  ono  of  these  < 

Doctor  Taylor.   .Vj>pr<)\imately  ?.5()(). 

Mr.  Tknny.  This  machinj'  \\('i«jhs  appro.ximateiy  (>()()  pounds. 

Vou  can  see  that  this  wjis  an  important  part  of  our  '  Know  your 
wheat  "  cnmpaiErn.  and  it  is  important  to  the  farmer  in  improvinj^ 
his  wheat  after  he  does  know  the  imperfections  in  it. 

Now.  a  similar  line  of  work  is  hein^  carried  on  in  the  southwestern 
territory,  where  we  had  heat  dama<;es  whic-h  we  have  found  during 
the  last  two  years  has  increased  to  a  point  where  it  affected  the  nnirket- 
in<;  of  the  wheat  very  seriously.  Our  lahoratory  ex[)erimenls  show 
that  this  is  due  primarily  to  the  fact  that  wheat  is  heing  cut  and 
threshed  and  in  the  farmers'  hams  before  it  is  cjuite  mature.  It  is 
apparently  mature,  and  when  we  cut  it  an<l  j)ut  it  in  handles  it  hatl 
an  opportunity  to  ^o  throu<ih  that  last  ripenin*:  f)rocess. 

Now.  since  they  have  adopted  the  hurrv-u|)  methods,  in  order  to 
[>ro(lu<-e  another  crop  after  cutting  the  wheat  in  that  country,  this 
iieat  damage  is  developing. 

Mr.  BiciiANAN.  Tliev  do  not  leave  it  in  the  shock  long  enough  ( 

Mr.  Tenny.  No;  and  they  are  tleveloping  methods  of  threshing 
directly  in  the  field,  topping  and  threshing. 

Mr.  KccHANAN.  Clipping  it  ( 

Mr.  Tenny.  Yes,  sir.  Of  course,  all  of  this  wheat  work  we  carry 
throuojh  our  haking  tests,  and  determine  the  efTeets  of  heat  tlanuiges 
and  the  relative  amounts  of  heat  tlamage  on  the  bread,  by  baking, 
and  we  have  arrived  at  a  point  now  where  we  can  sav  that  wheat 
that  is  damaged  above  a  certain  amount,  is  practically  useless  for 
bread  making  at  all  and  must  be  used  for  feed  ourposes. 

The  third  study  is  our  economic  study,  wliich  Doctor  Taylor 
touche<l  upon,  and  which  probably  needs  no  further  elaboration. 
We  are  maKin|ij.  and  during  the  ne.xt  year,  we  propo.se  to  make  a  com- 
plete study  of  the  marketing  processes  involved  in  the  hamlling  of 
wheat,  particularly. 


408  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924, 

COST    OF    MARKETING. 

Now,  I  would  like  to  ask  Mr.  Schoonfeld  to  cover  the  one  project 
that  we  have  omitted,  the  cost  of  marketing.  Mr.  Scheonfeld  is  in 
charge  of  our  research  work  and  this  costs  division  is  operated  almost 
directly  under  his  supervision. 

Mr.  J^CTioEXFELD.  Doctor  Taylor  has  outlined  the  lines  of  study  we 
think  are  necessary  in  the  marketinj^  processes. 

Before  we  can  attempt  the  solution  of  prohlems  encountered  in 
the  marketing  of  agricultural  products,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that 
comprehensive  studies  be  made  of  the  various  steps,  processes,  chan- 
nels, and  functions  involved  in  the  marketing  of  commodities.  Along 
with  such  steps  it  is  necessary  to  measure  the  costs  of  these  various 
steps  and  to  ascertain  from  tliese  studies  which  are  economic  or  not 
economic,  the  very  items  pointed  out  in  the  cost  production  studies. 

Before  it  is  advisable  to  make  such  detailed  cost  studies  it  is  de- 
sirable to  study  margins  or  charges  exacted,  rather  than  to  plunge 
into  detailed  cost  studies,  which  are  time  consumers  and  expensive 
and  which  do  not  always  yield  what  is  wanted. 

After  we  have  studied  these  margins  and  have  segregated  them  so 
as  to  be  able  to  see  the  margin  for  the  man  who  handles  the  com- 
modity at  the  point  of  shipment,  the  fransportation  agency  charge 
and  the  terminal  marketing  margins,  then  we  are  in  a  position  to 
approach  the  whole  problem  of  costs  in  a  more  logical  manner. 

During  the  present  and  last  fiscal  year,  a  comprehensive  study  of 
the  costs  of  marketing  live  stock  was  started  in  the  corn  belt  and 
was  continued  into  the  present  fiscal  year.  This  study  has  been 
extended  so  as  to  include  the  territory  in  the  South  and  West.  The 
data  secured  is  now  being  tabulated,  and  is  practically  ready  for 
publication.  We  have  found,  however,  in  these  data,  certain 
factors  which  were  entirely  unlooked  for  in  our  preliminary  cost 
studies.  It  will  be  necessary  to  go  back  and  determine  just  what 
the  causes  and  conditions  were  back  of  these  factors. 

For  example,  in  our  live-stock  marketing  study  we  find  that 
where  there  are  mixed  shipments  of  hogs,  shinments  in  which  cattle 
or  sheep  were  in  the  same  car,  that  universally  the  number  of  crip- 
pled hogs  and  dead  hogs  was  higiier  in  such  shijiments.  We  find, 
also,  tiiat  the  number  of  cri]>])led  hogs  is  higher  in  the  winter  months 
and  late  fall  months  than  during  May,  June,  and  July.  It  will  be 
necessary  to  ascertain  the  reasons  for  these  losses,  and,  as  pointed 
out  by  Mr.  Anderson  in  his  reference  to  our  cost  of  production 
studies,  cost  studies  should  indicnte  the  losses  with  re(H)mnu'n(l!iti(ni>; 
as  to  how  to  avoid  or  reduce  them  wiiere  possible. 

We  have  found,  for  exam]>le,  that  where  it  is  popularly  assumeil 
that  marketing  maigins  of  certain  agencies  were  high,  that  these 
margins  might  be  low  in  c()m])arisoii  with  other  agencies  tliat  take 
a  larger  jjroportion  of  the  spread  between  consumer  and  producer. 

Mr.  Anuekson.  ilow  fai-  have  vou  gone  along  with  this  margin 
Study  ? 

Mr.  ScTioE.NFELi).  Ill  some  commodities — potatoes  and  onions, 
apples,  and  in  some  of  (he  dairy  commodities — we  have  merely 
coinph'ted  su<li  studies  of  margins  from  the  j)rodu('er  to  the  con- 
sumer. I'rcjbubly  2")  or  .'{()  commodities  are  now  being  studied  in 
this  manner.     We  have  retail  margins  on  some  conunochties  covering 


I 


AOIUC  ri.Tl'KAL,   Al'l'HOl'lUATlu.S    llllX,    1W4.  409 

a  lon^  period  of  tiiiir;  tliut  Ih,  h  porio<i  of  a  year  and  a  half  tu  twu 
years.  I  am  coming  to  tin*  [)art  which  will  prohahly  aii-swrr  your 
question.  There  is  «jreal  diHirulty  in  jjoiri^  hark  to  original  reronJH. 
if  there  are  any.  This  a  tiMie-<<»nHiniiinj;  |)n»<e?«.s.  One  of  the 
prohlenis  we  have  is  tu  pick  out  retailers  who  are  open-iiiindpd 
enou«;h  to  open  their  ho(»ks.  aixl  if  they  <io  not  have  hooks,  or  roconlM, 
or  papers,  j^ive  us  information  s<»  that  w«'  can  use  their  data  from 
wiiicli  to  derive  service  mart^ins. 

Mr.  Andkhsox.  When  you  attempt  to  get  tljese  (igurcH,  do  you 
take  th«'  individual  dealers.  <»r  do  you  attempt  to  get  volume  trariA- 
action  whicli  will  give  you  a  general  averaged 

Mr.  wSciioKNFKi.i).  Yes;  we  are  getting  at  it  in  that  way.  We  try 
to  take  typical  estahlishments.  I  will  use  as  an  illustration  a  study 
on  which  we  are  now  working.  In  Boston  we  have  taken  exclusive 
retail  trade  stores;  the  middle  type  of  retail  estahlishment  and  the 
low-priced  cash  and  carry;  chain  and  hargain  counter  estahlishments. 
We  take  this  as  being  typical  of  a  cross-se(;tion  of  the  retail  business. 

Mr.  Andkuson.  That  is  in  the  meat  trades^ 

Mr.  ScHOEXFKLi).  No;  we  are  making  the  studies  with  fruit  and 
vegetable  and  dairy  products  retailers.  In  Boston  we  have  started 
on  the  meat  trade,  and  also  in  Chicag(».  I  will  dwell  on  this  later  on. 
In  Chicago  wt«  are  working  with  the  Ketail  Jiutchers'  As.sociation 
and  are  cooperating  with  it  in  getting  costs  «)f  retailing  meat. 

As  1  have  pointed  out,  we  are  having  dilliculty  in  getting  satisfac- 
tory records.  Where  retailei-s  are  willing  to  cooperate,  we  find  that 
their  records  are  not  in  such  shape  that  they  ran  be  use<l.  For 
instance,  they  will  record  a  sale  of  apples.  That  may  mean  anything 
from  western  boxed  apples  to  eastern  barreled  apples,  or  it  may 
mean  ungraded  apples.  Records  are  seldom  kept  of  the  grades  or 
stantlards. 

In  the  Pacific  Northwest  we  are  making  a  study  of  the  cost  of 
marketing  boxed  apples  from  the  time  they  leave  the  orchard  to  the 
terminal  end.  We  are  getting  cooperation  in  Philadelphia  ami  Bos- 
ton, Chicago,  and  New  York  City  from  some  of  the  local  research 
agencies  in  the  study  of  the  terminal  distribution  of  apples  and  other 
fruits  and  vegetables. 

This  work  is  necessary,  nfiore  necessary  than  sonn^  other  typos  of 
market  research.  We  can  not  ^o  to  a  library  or  to  a  <lelinite  agency 
and  collect  this  information.  It  is  necessary  to  go  to  the  books  of 
various  marketing  agencies,  work  with  them,  and  over  a  long  [)eriod 
of  time.  For  such  type  of  work  it  is  not  advisable  or  practicable  to 
use  untrained  men.  It  recjuires  men  with  a  large  amount  of  tact  who 
can  handle  rather  delicate  situations  constantly  arising  antl  %yho  can 
see  the  facts  when  they  appear.  The  ordinary  man  traine«l  in 
accounting  is  not  completely  fitted  for  this  type  of  work,  lie  must 
have  in  addition  to  his  training  in  accounting  a  broail.  common-sense 
training  in  business  practice.  He  must  see  things  that  an  ordinary 
accountant  would  overlook  The  accountant  usually  sees  lUo 
figures  before  him  and  does  not  always  see  the  related  facts.  I* or 
that  reason  we  find  it  necessary  to  engag*'  a  well-trained,  high  type  of 
personnel. 

After  we  have  maile  margin  -tuilics  tiuii  \sc  hope  to  proceed  with 
rather  detailed  cost  studies.  We  are  continuing  some  of  the  stuilies 
in  the  recent  marketing  of  live  stock.     At  the  request  of  the  Master 


410  AGRICULTURAL    APPR()1*RL\T1()X    BILL,    1924. 

Butchers"  Association  of  Chicajjo  we  are  cooperatincr  with  the  North- 
western Univei'sity  in  makinfj  detailed  study  of  the  accounting 
methods  and  systems  used  })v  tlie  retailers  of  Chicao;o. 

Mr.  AxDEJJsox.  To  what  extent  is  tliis  done  in  connection  with,  or 
do  you  use  tlie  fjtjures  of.  Harvard  rnivei-sity? 

We  are  matcing  cost  stuches  of  the  niarketinj^:  of  ^faine,  Wisconsin. 
Michigan,  Massachusetts,  and  Minnesota  potatoes,  which  are  con- 
tinuations of  the  work  startetl  hist  year.  We  are  covering  the  entire 
costs  from  the  time  the  commodity  leaves  the  producer  to  the  time 
it  reaches  the  consumer.  We  are  iinding  (|uite  a  little  interest  in  this 
suhject.  and  are  getting  plenty  of  offers  of  cooperation,  some  of  which 
we  iind  it  necessary  to  turn  down.  In  some  places  agencies  that  are 
anxious  to  do  this  work  are  too  anxious  to  prove  that  certain  types  of 
middlemen  are  entirely  unnecessary,  wrong,  or  dishonest.  That 
condition  of  thought  is  disastrous  in  good  research.  Where  that 
occurs,  of  course,  we  have  to  decline  the  ofl'er  of  cooperation.  We 
are  trying  to  get  others  to  cooperate  with  us  and  to  look  at  facts  as 
they  are. 

As  Doctor  Taylor  pointed  out.  it  is  contemplated  that  a  complete 
study  of  marketing  agricultural  crops,  such  as  grain,  fruits,  vegetables, 
dairy  products,  cotton,  wool,  and  live  stock,  will  shortly  be  made. 
Along  with  such  study  should  go  the  study  of  costs  of  marketing.  The 
marketing  picture  is  not  complete  without  such  studies.  The  ap- 
propriation increase  of  $28,000  is  to  cover  the  study  of  market 
margins  and  costs  of  these  commodities. 

TERMIXAL    HANDLIXCJ    OF    FRUITS.    VEGETABLES,    AXl)    OTHER    PERLSH- 

ABLES. 

To  give  an  illustration  of  some  of  the  things  which  cost  studies  are 
fleveloping:  In  cooperation  with  the  port  authorities  of  Xew  York 
City  we  are  making  a  study  of  the  terminal  handling  of  fruits,  vege- 
tables, and  other  perishables.  We  have  found,  by  studying  the 
costs  of  handling  of  commodities,  after  unloading  on  the  Manhattan 
terminal  piers  of  the  Pennsylvania  and  Erie  railroads,  that  the  cost 
of  handling  of  crates  of  commodities  from  the  piers  to  the  roadwaj', 
or  marginal  way,  as  it  is  called,  tluit  the  charge  may  be  as  great  as 
the  entire  freiglit  cost  fi-om  the  point  (»f  pitHJuction  to  the  Manhattan 
piers. 

Mr.  Andf.r.sox.   In(  ludiny;  the  fieij'ht  '. 

Mr.  ScnoENFELD.  The  charge  for  hauling  from  the  pier  to  the  road 
way,  a  distance  of  400  feet,  may  he  as  great  as  the  freight  charges 
from  the  point  of  production  in  the  West  or  the  South  to  the  Man- 
hat  Ian  piers. 

Mr.  AxDKR.soN.   1  do  not  douht  it  a  hit. 

Mr.  ScHOENFELi).  That  has  forcibly  brought  out  expensive  prac- 
tices. The  port  authorities  of  Xew  York  City  are  very  mucn  in- 
terested in  thiit  )>oint.  It  hiings  out  the  necessity  of  regulations  for 
the  ternurud  iiandliii^  of  fruits  and  vegetables  in  New  Vork  City. 

Mr.  ScjioENFELi).  Harvard  has  dime  nothing  in  the  retailing  of 
nieats. 

Mr.  AxDKRSoN.  1  know,  hut  they  have  done  a  lot  of  work  in  other 
retail  work  that  could  he  used  in  coiuicction  with  the  retail  of  nu-ats^ 


AfJRK  TLTrRAI,   APPRmPRIATIOX    BILU    1024.  Ill 

Ml.  S<  HoKNKKiJ).  That  purtiriilnr  study  in  ('Iiichj;o  i-,  with  the 
nuustor  hiitchcrs.  I  ini«;lit  siiy  in  that  ronnodion  thiit  mnnv  of  tho 
nu'ii  now  working  on  [Uvhv  cost  nml  rrlntcil  stiithps  of  pnHhirr  ami 
vrf^ctahli's  an*  Haivjinl  men.  trainr«l  in  fhr  (rtnthintr  Sihool  of 
Husin(>ss  Adiiiinist  rat  ion  ati<l  in  W^  inrlliocU. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  Do  you  fiiwi  any  hutrhors  that  \ui\o  nny  rtTorilM  ♦ 
Mr.  S(  iioKNKF.r.i).  \'ovy  few.  Wi*  found,  on  tho  othor  hiiml.  a 
jjn'ftt  d(>sir('  on  thoir  [)arl  for  an  a»fount injj  systi'tn.  ntirl  wo  havn 
worked  out  form.s  that  will  !)«•  for  ^.alc  l»y  the  PuMir  I'nntcr.  'I'hi-st* 
will  he  used  hy  certain  meat  ictailep*  in  Chicago  and  other  phiecs. 
In  ex(han<;e  for  that  service  on  otir  part  the  meat  ri'taih'rs  are  to 
ccMtperate  with  u.s.  This  shows  a  liel()ful  attitude  on  their  nnrt  to 
cooperate  with  us  in  our  stmlies.  Proper  accounting  should  help  to 
reduce  tho  costs  of  retailing  nieat<. 


Tl  l.vDx'i,    .\»)\  |..Ml;l,i:     _ -■ 
FOR    (KOI-    AM)    I.IVK-STOCK    KSTI.MATES. 

Mr.  A.NDKUsoN.    What  is  the  next  item  ^ 

Mr.  Callandku.  The  next  is  the  I)ivisit)n  of  Crop  and  Live  Stock 
Estiinatos  of  tho  lUiroau  of  Agricultural  Economics.  Tlie  total 
allotment  of  lump  funds  to  this  division  for  tho  current  year  amounts 
to  S-U)!. ()()():  an  apparent  increase  i>f  >>7, ()()()  is  included  in  the  estimate. 
Tlioro  nro  some  transfers  to  tho  statutory  roll  which  makes  the  real 
increase  in  tho  estimates  f(»r  this  division  S2."),()()0  for  tho  lisoai  your 
1!>24.  This  division  is  a  part  of  the  old  Bureau  of  Croi)  Kstimatos. 
The  part  of  tho  work  of  the  old  hureau  relating  to  foreign  statistics 
has  hoon  put  irvto  another  di^  ision.  which  will  he  taken  up  immediately 
after  I  got  through.  This  division  is  coming  to  bo  tho  principal  data- 
gatheiMUg  machine  foi'  the  whole  luireau.  It  is  not  oidv  ffoing  the 
regular  crop  estimating  work,  hut  it  is  cooperating  with  the  Kami 
Managomont  and  otlior  divisions  in  gathering  economic  data.  There 
are  now  in  the  division  174  persons.  84  in  Washington  and  '.H)  in  the 
field.  Of  the  !)()  persons  in  the  field,  about  4S  are  agricultural  stati.s- 
ticians  who  have  been  appointed  as  a  result  of  civil  service  examina- 
tions: 2  are  live-stock  specialists,  atid  there  aro  about  40  clerks. 
The  division  lias  oflicos  in  42  States  at  the  present  time. 

The  New  England  States  aro  combined:  Kentucky  and  \Vt»st 
Virginia  are  considered  as  one  unit,  ami  Utah  and  Nevada  are  con- 
sidered as  another  unit.  In  each  of  the  other  States  the  division  has 
an  ofhoo  with  a  statistician  in  charge.  There  are  now  about  2t')().()(M) 
volunteer  crop  correspondents  altogether.  That  makes  an  averjigo 
of  about  10  for  every  agricultural  township  in  tho  Cnitod  States.  Of 
that  number,  2(),()00  are  township  correspondents-  that  is,  one  in 
each  township,  who  makes  monthly  reports  direct  to  Washington. 
There  are  2S, ()()()  correspondents  called  field  aids,  1  in  each  township 
practically,  who  make  reports  to  the  field  statistician  in  each  State, 
riiere  are  2,700  county  correspondents.  1  in  each  of  the  agricultural 
counties  of  the  rnited  States,  and  in  some  of  the  more  important 
counties  there  aro  2.  Each  of  those  countv  corrosjxmdents  has  a 
corps  of  reporters  who  report  to  him.  and  lie  compiles  his  reports 
from  what  thov  send  him  and  seiuls  them  to  Wasnington.     There 


412  AGRICULTURAL,  APPROPRL\TIOX   BILL,    1924. 

are  30,000  live-stock  correspondents.  This  is  a  new  work  that  is 
bein^  developed  this  year,  and  we  expect  eventually  to  build  the 
number  up  to  60,000  live-stock  correspondents.  This  does  not 
include  the  300.000  farmers  who  are  roportino:  through  the  rural 
carriers  of  the  Post  Oflico  Department.  Then  we  have  50,000  other 
correspondents  whom  wo  call  individual  farm  correspondents.  They 
report  to  Washington  for  their  own  farms  only,  covering  acreage, 
production,  and  matters  of  that  kind.  We  have  another  50,000 
farmers  who  report  in  the  same  way  to  the  field  men. 

This  duplicate  system  is  used  so  that  one  may  be  used  as  a  check 
upon  the  other.  There  are  6,300  s])ecial  cotton  correspondents, 
3,800  honey  bee  correspondents.  7,500  .special  data  correspondents, 
2,000  maple-sugar  correspondents,  13.000  truck  crop  correspondents, 
also  2,500  canners'  associations  correspondents  who  report  everv  year 
the  total  amount  of  fruits  and  vegetables  canned.  Practically  all 
canners  are  on  this  list.  During  the  present  year.  3,000,000  schedules 
were  sent  out  from  Washington,  and  at  least  3,000,000  more  from  our 
field  offices.  From  these  returns,  during  1922,  about  48,000  separate 
and  distinct  estimates  were  made  on  various  factors  relating  to  the 
crops  and  live  stock. 

Six  thousand  of  these  estimates  related  to  live  stock,  and  12,000  to 
prices;  the  balance  related  to  acreage,  condition  of  crops,  and  yields. 
The  truck-crop  work  in  the  field  is  carried  on  b}"  two  truck-crop 
specialists.  Tne  work  on  truck  crop  in  Washington  fits  in  with  the 
other  crop  work,  and  is  done  by  the  same  people,  so  that  the  cost  of 
it  here  in  Washington  is  relatively  small.  Nearly  half  a  million 
truck  schedules  were  sent  out  this  last  year,  and  79  separate  and  dis- 
tinct reports  were  made  on  truck  crops. 

COOPERATION'    WITH    THE    ST.\TES. 

All  of  the  work  of  the  division,  wherever  possible,  is  done  in  coopera- 
tion with  the  States.  We  already  have  arrangements  with  28  States. 
The  States  are  Alabama,  Arkansas,  California,  Colorado,  Idaho, 
Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kentucky,  all  of  the  New  England  States, 
Maryland.  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Montana,  Nebraska,  New  Jersey, 
Michigan,  New  York,  North  Carolina.  Oliio.  Oklahoma,  Utah,  Vir- 
ginia, and  Wisconsin.  Tlie  States  are  i)utting  into  this  crop  reporting 
work  somewhere  between  S75.00()  and  §100,000  a  year.  That  is  an 
estimate,  of  course.  Some  of  the  work  is  mixed  in  with  other  State 
work,  so  that  it  is  hard  to  tell  how  much  tlie  States  are  putting  in. 
These  cooperative  arrangements  are  extremely  beneficial  in  two  ways: 
First,  they  have  eliminated  duplicate  reports  in  many  of  the  States 
and  the  single  report  that  is  now  made  has  been  stivngthened.  It 
lias  been  j)ossible  to  merge  the  clerical  help,  the  reporters,  ami  the 
furi(l>.  In  practically  everv  State  where  these  cooj)erative  relations 
are  in  effect  the  work  is  gomg  along  in  a  very  satisfactory  way,  and 
we  are  able  to  get  much  niore  detailed  information  concerning  each 
individual  State  than  was  possible  before  these  cooperative  arranj'e- 
iiients  were  made.  vSecond,  it  has  kept  down  the  expen.so  to  tlie 
Fe«leral  (iovenunent  of  doing  the  crop-reporting  work. 


AORirULTrRAI.  APPR(n*RIATION    BII.I^    1&24.  41.'} 


I.IVr-MTfXK    HKI'OHTISO    PH«MI»«"T 


F(»r  tlic  currt'iil  \  i-m  linn-  i>-  im  iririra>-r  in  inc  I  iiihI>  of  t  Ins  iii\  i.-inin, 
prjKl i«'all_v  all  of  wliirli  has  Ix-cn  ijs<m|  for  stniiiii^  tin*  livr-^loi-k  rv- 
portiu};  project,  wliich  is  now  jjrttinK  umlrr  way  in  jfo<Ml  Mhupi*  mul 
alr(Mi(h'  showing  some  rcsMJIs. 

I  iiHj;lit  say  that  up  lo  this  yrar  thr  livo-stock  work  of  ihi-  un  i-.m.ii 
has  l)«M>n  very  liiiiiird  and  very  unsalisfartory  to  the  livi»-slork 
iiitorrsts  ill  that  thestalistics  havonot  Ihmmi  instifliciont  dclitil  tofiirni.Hli 
th«'  iiifoiiiiation  (hat  the  livj'-stock  inton'sls  rHTfJiMJ.  'I'lir  work 
ituliKicd  up  to  this  year  simply  an  annual  rstimali*  of  (he  nuinhcr  of 
live  stock  on  farms,  hascd  on  a  pcrccnta^'c  method  of  estimating, 
taking  the  census  as  a  hasis.  The  mortality  (»f  live  stoi'k  has  uUo 
l)eerj  estimated,  the  i-ep(»rl  hein;,'  simply  an  index  numl)er  showinjj 
the  relative  mortality  from  year  to  y«'ar.  The  numher  of  hrood  stock 
on  farms  on  the  1st  of  Ai)ril  has  Ixm'H  estimated  on  a  percentajje  luiHiM, 
and  the  numher  of  stocK  hoj^s  on  farms  on  .Septi'inher  I.  That  ron- 
resentod  all  of  the  live-stock  work.  When  we  hei^an  lo  |>hin  for  tne 
new  Work  it  was  found  that  there  wore  so  niaiiv  deniantls  for  work  it 
would  he  necessary  to  limit  it  to  certain  fields  in  order  to  pet  results, 
or  the  work  would  he  spread  out  so  much  that  nothing;  would  he 
accomplished.  Two  conferences  were  held,  one  in  ("hii-afro  in  Nfav, 
an«l  the  (ttlu'r  in  I)env«'r  in  .July,  at  N\hich  wrvr  present  a  luunher  of 
live-stock  producers  and  representatives  of  live-stock  associations, 
railroads,  and  otluM*  orjranizahons. 

In  addition  a  number  of  men  who  cotdd  not  he  j)resent,  like  re[)re- 
sentativcs  of  the  Texas  Cattle  Association,  for  instance,  send  letters 
su<;<;estin«;  what  they  wanted  in  the  way  of  service,  and  based  on  the 
meetin<j:s  in  Chicaj^o  and  Denver  a  rather  elaborate  prof^ram  of  what 
the  live-stock  rej)ortini;  service  should  inchnle  was  outlfned.  We 
ascertained  directly  from  the  peoj)le  who  are  raising  stock  what  they 
wanted.  Mr.  Bi.xby,  Mr.  Tondinson,  and  some  of  the  other  live- 
stock association  men  told  us  what  they  wantcMl,  and  our  proi;ram  is 
lar»;ely  based  on  what  these  men  said  was  needed.  The  program  as 
nt)W  outlined  includes  the  following  things:  First,  an  effort  will 
be  made  to  make  the  January  1  estimate  of  numbers  on  farms  more 
accurate  and  have  it  give  more  details  than  in  (he  past.  Heretofore 
the  ilivision  has  siinj)ly  rejjorted  the  number  of  cattle  and  milk  cows, 
sheep,  swine,  and  horses,  but  nothing  a*;  to  age  or  sex.  This  year 
will  l)e  the  first  attempt  to  separate  the  classes  of  cattle  into  steers, 
bulls,  and  cows  and  calves,  and.  if  po.ssible.  make  an  estimate  as  to 
the  number  of  steers  of  did'erent  ages.  The  information  will  be 
gathered  in  several  ways,  the  principal  one  of  which  will  be  to  get 
reports  from  thousands  of  individual  ranches  and  farms,  telling  just 
what  they  have  on  their  own  farms,  in  the  way  of  stock  of  various 
classes  and  ages,  and  from  those  re])orts  W(trk  uj)  ratios  which  will  be 
apj)lied  to  the  totals. 

Four  regional  live-stock  men  have  been  j)ut  into  the  lield  and  sev- 
eral avSsistant  live-stock  statisticians  have  been  addeil.  We  now  have 
a  live-stock  statistician  in  Texas,  a  regional  live-stock  statistician  for 
Arizona  and  Now  Mexico,  a  regional  man  in  Denver,  with  an  assistant, 
one  in  Wyoming,  who  covoi*s  the  Wyoming-Nebraska-South  Dakota 
area,  one  in  the  (Jreat  Bjusin  area,  with  hoad(iuartoi-s  at  Salt  Lake 
City,  and  through  an  arrangement  with  the  Live-Stock  Marketing 


i 


414  AGRICULTURAL  APPITOPRIATIOX   BILL,   1924. 

Division  one  of  them  in  California  will  do  considerable  of  this  work 
in  California  in  addition  to  his  work  on  the  marketing  end. 

Then  a  live-stock  specialist  has  been  put  in  Iowa,  one  in  Illinois, 
and  a  reorional  live-stock  specialist  lias  been  stationed  in  Chicago,  who 
lias  his  ofKce  with  the  marketing  division.  The  live-stock  reports 
are  to  be  cleared  through  the  Chicago  office  to  a  large  extent,  where 
they  will  be  combined  and  fitted  in  with  the  marketing  reports,  so 
that  the  whole  project  of  reporthig  on  the  markets,  reporting  on  the 
receipts  of  live  stock  at  various  stock  yards,  and  the  estimates  which 
this  Division  will  make  will  be  one  and  the  same  project.  There  will 
be  close  co(»[)ci:iti()ii  between  all  the  lines  of  live-stock  work,  which, 
we  think,  will  improve  the  service.  Then  an  arrangement  has  been 
made  with  the  Post  Ofhce  Department  to  make  a  semiannual  pig  survey. 
One  was  made  last  spring  which  was  very  complete.  The  returns 
from  the  17  states  in  which  we  made  the  survey  included  about  10 
per  cent  of  the  farms,  and  from  the  statistical  standpoint  a  sample  of 
that  size  is  abundantly  large  enough  to  give  a  picture  of  the  whole: 
in  fact,  we  think  the  number  of  reports  could  probably  be  cut 
down  to  o  per  cent,  which  would  be  much  less  expensive  and  still 
obtain  a  very  exact  picture  of  the  whole.  At  the  present  time  an- 
other survey  is  in  progress,  and  we  already  have  in  about  200,000 
schedules  from  all  over  the  country.  I  noticed  this  morning  that 
something  like  fifteen  or  twenty  thousand  have  come  in  from  Iowa. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  these  schedules  pretty  accurate  and  do  the 
farmers  make  them  out  carefully  i 

Mr.  Cat.i.endek.  They  are  made  out  for  the  most  part  by  the 
rural  carrier  himself;  he  asks  the  questions  and  fills  in  the  answei-s, 
just  like  a  census  enumerator.  Those  are  the  instructions,  at  least, 
which  go  i)ut,  and  each  carrier  is  instructed  to  pick  a  section  out  of 
his  route  of  10  consecutive  farms.  He  is  instructed  not  to  select  his 
farms,  but  to  take  every  farm  as  it  comes,  regardless  of  size  or  owner- 
ship, until  he  gets  10  reports.  From  these  reports  we  hope  to  be 
able  to  work  out  the  ratios.  For  the  first  year  the  information  is 
not  particularly  valuable,  because  we  have  no  comparisons  that  are 
satisfactory;  hut  beginning  with  next  spring's  survey  we  will  have 
comparisons,  and  I  feel  that  these  pio;  surveys  are  going  to  be  of 
great  assistance  in  showing  trends  in  liog  production,  and  I  think, 
based  on  these  surveys,  it  will  be  p()ssiV)le  to  forecast  very  accurately 
and  a  o;o(k1  many  months  ahead  what  the  supply  of  hogs  for  mar- 
keting is  going  to  be. 

I  believe  these  estimates  can  be  made  very  accurate,  because  we 
have  as  a  check  the  receipts  at  the  stockyards  as  well  as  railroad 
movements,  and  we  are  arranging  now  to  get  from  frtie  stockyards 
and  from  independent  packing  plants  which  do  not  get  their  stock 
throiigli  tile  yards  direct  the  state  of  origin  of  all  the  stock  coming  to 
tlu'ir  plants,  so  that  we  will  be  able  to  forecast  how  many  pigs  Iowa, 
for  instance,  will  produce  and  check  the  forecasts  from  the  actual 
records  of  what  go  to  market.  Based  on  the  surveys  and  checks  we 
will  be  able  to  forecast  after  this  coming  year,  I  think,  how  manv 
pigs  we  may  exjx'ct  from  any  Stale  during  a  season.  I  (loui)t  if  we 
can  estimate  very  closelv  the  number  to  be  marketed  in  any  one 
nKMJth,  hut  for  a  season  (  think  we  can  forecast  {|uite  accurately. 

That  covers  what  is  being  kV^wk^  on  tin-  pig  survev.  If  continued, 
I  think  it  will  jlcvelop  into  one  of  our  most  im|)ortant  pieces  of  live- 
stock reporting  work. 


Ar,nT<  I'lrrrLM,  APiMiopniATiox  bii.u  vci.  415 

lOvory  month.  hnseA  on  returns  from  Mo.iMK)  farnirn*.  wr  aro  rrpctrt- 
in«;  the  nioiillily  cliMnj^oH  in  niinilnTs  «>f  liv«'  jjtnrk  on  n  r«ti<»  l)n>iiii. 
This  work  was  slaitcd  oxpcriniontallv  nhmit  four  yrurs  ap».  liul  we 
have  startod  into  it  on  n  much  wiifor  scah*  huwo  tho  HrHt  of  .luly 
under  the  new  appropriation.     These  monthly  ••hanj/t-. 

Mr.  Am)i;i:s<)N  (interposinj»i.  ho  yoti  mean  monthly  <inin^eH  m 
hog  piochietion  ( 

Air.  Callanukk.  Ves;  we  report  the  monthly  ehan^eH  in  hoj?  pro- 
duction, as  well  as  for  cattle  an<l  sheep.  Here  is  what  we  do:  We 
have  tlu'se  .■>().()()()  farmer^  who  report  to  us  once  a  month  how  many 
«attle,  sheep,  ami  swine  they  have  on  theiv  farms  on  the  1st  i»f  the 
month  and  how  many  at  the  close  «)f  the  month;  how  nniny  wore 
horn  duriiii;  tjie  month,  how  many  were  sold,  and  how  manv  were 
slau«;hti're(i.  and  how  many  died.  From  that  we  are  ijettm;;  an  inde.x 
lunnher  show  in<]j  the  ratio  of  tlu'  number  horn,  died.  sold,  purrhased, 
and  slau»;htere(l  hears  to  the  total  numher  on  the  farm.  It  is  really 
a  sort  of  hookkeepincr  account.  Tliis  work  will  he  expanded  <'ventu- 
ally  to  include  ahout  tit), ()()()  farmers  rep()rtinj^  onc«'  a  month  as  to 
what  happens  on  their  farms.  That  will  j;ive  us  a  very  splendid 
index  oinl  oven  the  exnerimental  data  tliat  lias  come  in  so  far  lias 
been  very  valual)le  on  lioi^s,  Ixmu*;  home  out  hy  the  receipts  at  the 
stockyards.  ^V(>  also  ask  hoAv  nuiny  sows  are  hrcil  each  month,  and 
we  have  found  fpiite  a  correlation  between  the  numher  of  sows  bred 
and  what  goes  to  market  some  months  later.  We  feel  that  is  going 
to  become  a  very  important  index  for  tlie  future  and  enable  the  live- 
stock producers  to  get  a  picture  of  what  is  happening  and  thereby 
determine  whether  they  should  increase  or  decrease  their  herds;  in 
fact,  some  of  them  are  already  using  the  data,  but  we  are  not  giving 
much  j)ublicity  to  the  work  until  we  can  dev«dop  it  further. 

Mr.  Anderson.  When  tliey  get  to  using  it,  tliat  will  modify  your 
returns,  will  it  not  ? 

Mr.  Callander.  Tlie  thing  about  it  is  tliis:  A  great  mass  of  farmers 
will  probablv  not  pay  much  attention  to  it.  at  least  for  some  years, 
but  there  will  be  fjuite  a  percentage  of  the  farmer's  who  will  profit  by 
it  from  the  start;  enough  to  tend  to  stabilize  the  movement  to 
market. 

lAKM    PRICES    OF    LIVE    STOCK. 

Then  we  are  estimating  the  fann  prices  of  live  stock.  We  have 
been  doing  that  for  a  great  many  years  and.  of  coui"se,  will  continue. 

We  are  also  planning  to  make  and  we  are  making  right  now — the 
report  output  will  come  out  on  December  10 — an  estimate  of  the 
number  of  sheep 

Mr.  Ani>erson  (interposing).  Before  vou  go  into  that,  1  have 
always  had  a  great  deal  of  doubt  about  the  accuracy  of  your  intimate 
of  farm  prices,  and  I  would  like  tt)  know  how  you  get  at  them  i 

Mr.  ('all.\ndet{.  We  do  not  say  tlu\v  represent  actual  prices,  but 
our  contention  has  always  been  that  thev  give  us  the  trends  from 
montli  to  month  and  from  year  to  year.  They  are  gotten  in  this  way : 
We  have  a  corps  of  price  reporters  and  the  number  runs  up  to  1 .000 
])er  State:  in  souk^  States  we  have  as  many  as  1. ()()()  reporters  who 
report  the  average  farm  prices  that  are  bieiig  received  in  their  terri- 
tory. Now.  what  makes  the  figures  a{)pear  to  be  off  sometimes  is 
that  these  figures  come  from  importing  areas  as  well  a.s  from  areas 
o'jQo^ 22 27 


416  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

of  surplus.  In  otlier  words,  hero  is  an  area — and  I  will  take  potatoes 
as  an  example — that  only  produres  a])out  one-fourth  of  its  potatoes 
and  has  to  import  all  the  rest:  the  price  of  potatoes  in  that  area  is 
very  much  higher  than  it  is  in  another  area  which  ships  out  potatoes 
and  that  naturally  raises  the  average  State  price.  We  have  been 
thinking  for  some  time  of  trying  to  work  up  a  system  of  price  reporting 
which  would  give  us  the  price  in  surplus  areas  in  addition  to  State 
averages.  You  see,  now  there  is  one  average  for  a  State  which  also 
includes  the  prices  in  areas  which  import.  Whether  we  cnn  work 
out  something  or  not  I  do  not  know,  but  that  is  what  causes  the 
prices  to  seem  too  high  when  you  take  an  averat^e  for  a  State. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  do  you  weight  these  prices  when  you  come 
to  get  an  average  for  the  whole  country? 

^lr.  {  ALLAXDER.  We  weight  by  production.  The  prices  for  eacli 
State  are  weighted  by  districts  for  .some  crops  and  by  counties  for 
others;  we  use  nine  districts  in  each  State  for  weighting  purposes, 
and  we  weight  the  price  for  the  State  according  to  the  importance  of 
those  nine  districts,  and  then  we  weight  the  price  for  the  United 
States  b}'  relative  importance  of  eacn  State.  Of  course,  greater 
accuracy  could  be  secured — but  it  would  involve  a  great  deal  more 
work — if  we  weighted  each  State  by  counties  for  all  crops.  Most  of 
the  prices  for  the  principal  crops  are  weighted  by  county. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  those  weighted  figures  continue  the  same  every 
year '. 

Mr.  Callander.  No:  they  are  adjusted  from  year  to  year. 

Mr.  Anderson.  To  the  production  ( 

Mr.  Callander.  Yes,  sir.  Returning  to  our  live-stock  work,  as 
I  just  stated,  we  are  going  to  issue  on  about  the  l(3th  of  December 
the  first  estimate  as  to  the  number  of  cattle  and  sheep  on  feed  in  the 
Corn  Belt,  and  in  the  case  of  sheep  the  number,  also,  on  feed  in  the 
Greeley  and  Scotts  Blufl  area  in  the  West.  Our  men  are  working  on 
that  now. 

PA.STURE    AND    FEED    CONDITIONS    ON    THE    RANOK. 

We  are  making  monthly  reports  on  pasture  and  feed  conditions 
in  all  the  range  States;  also  on  the  conditicm  of  live  stock  and  live- 
stock prices  on  the  range.  Those  reports  are  coming  out  once  a 
month.  We  began  in  September — ana  we  are  about  half  through — 
to  compile  a  complete  record  for  three  years  back,  from  railroad  data, 
of  the  ninnber  of  head  of  cattle  shipped  out  of  each  station  and 
shijiped  into  each  station  in  all  States  from  Ohi(»  west.  A  nund)er 
ttf  railroads  have  been  kind  enough  to  furnish  the  data  free  of  cost 
but  for  some  we  have  paid  the  actual  clerical  expense  required  in 
ct)nipiling  the  information.  We  feel  we  must  have  the.'^e  data  as  a 
l)asis  before  we  can  make  intelligent  live-stock  estimates,  because 
we  are  planning,  as  soon  as  we  cam  get  these  data  worked  up.  com- 
piled, and  thrown  into  counties  nnd  regions,  to  estimate  live-stock 
supplies  and  ft)]('cast  the  probable  nuuket  movements  of  stock 
fr(»m  different  areas. 

Mr.  Ander.son.  Do  you  expect  to  get  these  railroad  data  every 
year^ 

Mr.  Callander.  Yes;  we  hope  to  be  able  to  make  such  an  arrange- 
ment with  tlie  railroads,  in  fnct,  a  nund)er  of  them  have  alreadv 
agreeti  to  furnish  it  to  us  monthlv  hereafter.     We  have  that  matter 


ACJRU'VI.TURAL   APPIUHMUATIOX    BIIJ^    1W4.  417 

u|>  ii«)\v  with  tlic  ruilrtMuiH  iiifurinully  tind  <|iiili'  u  nuinlMT  of  tho  Ui^ 
HMiiis  have  a(;r(>(Ml  tt>  furnish  this  infoniiation  to  um  monthly  horc- 
aftrr;  it  iii(iiii>  (iiiito  a  hit  of  I'XfX'Uso  t«»  thrm  hut  thrv  havi*  aj;r<««I 
to  furnish  it.  The  railroad  and  stockyard  diita  will  atfonl  a  ha«is 
which  will  cnahlc  us  to  forecast  thnt  <»ut  of  a  certain  area  there  in 
<;ouii;  to  he  shinped;  so  nniny  head  of  eattlo  or  »<»  many  hea<l  of 
stock  of  any  otiicr  knd;  in  addition  we  will  have  the  suhseciuent 
railroad  and  stockyard  records  as  to  the  actual  movements  i<»  use 
as  a  «lieck  ajjainst  our  estimates,  an<l  we  ouj;ht,  as  time  j;oes  on,  to 
miikc  more  and  niore  accurate  forecasts  of  the  movement. 

RPRINO    MOVKMKNT   OP    HHRRP    AMI    I.AMRN. 

One  little  pie«'e  t»f  work  whi<h  has  attractcjj  (|uite  a  hit  of  attention 
un<i  interest  is  om*  plan  to  estimate  the  prohahle  spring  movement 
of  sluH'p  ami  lamhs  from  California,  Ariz<»na,  Kentucky,  Tenne.ssee, 
West  Vir<;inia.  and  \'ir^itiia.  The  movements  fn>m  these  areas  c«tmo 
very  <'lose  to<;ether  in  the  spriiij;  and  early  sumiiicr.  mid  whin  tlnv 
overlap  thev  hurt  the  sheep  market. 

We  will  fn"st  show  how  many  head  arc  likely  to  come  out  of  each 
of  these  areas.  We  have  the  ma'  hinciy  in  motion  and  I  think  we 
are  «;oin«;  to  he  ahle  to  make  rather  ace  urate  estimates.  Then  wo 
will  report  when  the  movement  starts  from  California,  for  instance, 
an«l  when  the  movement  starts  from  these  other  areas,  and  arninf;© 
with  the  sto(  kyanl  companies  and  railroads  to  make  weekly  rep<»rts, 
if  they  <  an.  a.s  to  what  is  moving;,  so  that  the  people  in  Kentucky  ami 
Tennessee  (an  avoid  t;ettint;  their  stock  on  the  nnirket  when  stock  i* 
comin«;  from  California  or  vice  versa.  There  is  a  ^reat  deal  of  interest 
in  that  |)arti<  ular  project  at  the  j)resent  time,  hecau.se  when  that  sto(  k 
all  comes  in  at  the  same  time,  espec  ially  into  the  Jersey  City  market 
which  hapjicns  frecjuently,  the  price  goes  to  pieces. 

Another  report  on  the  proj^ram  is  an  estimate  of  the  calf  and  hunh 
crop  in  the  range  States,  so  that  we  may  have  a  long  time  view  of 
what  the  future  supplies. 

1  might  say  that  in  all  this  work  we  have  the  live-stock  associations 
hack  of  us;  they  are  helping  us.  their  memhership  is  reporting  and 
their  leadei-s  are  hacking  us  ui)  in  the  work. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Prohahly  tliey  will  feel  differently  about  it  when 
they  find  out  what  vou  are  goinj'  to  do? 

Mr.  (^ALi-ANi)EH.  The  things  I  have  mentioned  are  the  things  the 
live-stock  people  have  asked  for  and  we  are  trving  to  shajie  our 
projects  in  the  West  and  Middle  West  to  give  the  producers  what 
they  want. 

SPECIAL    REPORTS. 

Then  there  are  a  great  many  other  special  reports  relating  to 
localized  areas  that  we  are  planning  to  make,  hut  it  is  hardly  worth 
detailing  them  here.  For  instance,  an  estimate  of  prospective  move- 
ments of  grass-fat  cattle  from  southern  Texas  will  he  made  in  Feh- 
ruary:  an  estimate  of  lamh  crop  of  California  and  early  lamh  crop  of 
Arizona,  also  Idaho  and  Colorado,  will  he  made  in  March:  report  on 
con<lition  of  |)asture  in  Kansas  Flint  Hills  slu)rt-grass  aresis  will  he 
matle  in  March,  that  is  very  important  to  the  people  who  hrin^ 
cattle  from  Texas  and   put    them  on   the   Flint    liills   pastures;   the 


418  AGRIcrLTrRAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

movcmont  amounts  to  about  MO. 000  or  250.000  head,  that  l)eing  the 
numher  brouficht  in  tliere  in  the  spring.  The  prospective  movement 
of  grass-fat  sheep  from  west  Texas  will  be  estimated  in  March. 
Another  report  (^  the  condition  of  Kansas  Flint  Hills  and  short -grass 
pastures  will  })e  made  in  April.  An  estimate  of  fat  cattle  movement 
from  California  will  be  made  in  May-  An  estimate  of  number  of 
cattle  which  have  gone  from  the  Southwest  States  to  Oklahoma. 
Kansas,  and  other  northern  pastures  will  be  made  in  June;  that 
will  give  an  index  as  to  what  fat  stock  will  come  from  those  areas  in 
August,  September,  and  October.  Estimates  of  the  probable  number 
of  ifat  and  feeder  lambs  available  for  shipment  from  Arizona.  Idaho, 
Wvomins:.  Montana.  Colorado,  and  Xew  Mexico  during  July  and 
August  will  be  made  in  June;  that  will  give  an  index  as  to  the  supply 
of  feeder  lambs  for  the  corn  belt. 

A  estimate  of  the  number  of  grass-fat  cattle  coming  from  Montana, 
Wyoming,  and  South  Dakota,  etc.,  to  market.  That  will  be  a  general 
inquiry  which  will  be  made  in  July.  An  estimate  of  the  calf  crop  of 
Texasj  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona,  which  will  be  made  in  September. 
I  have  already  mentioned,  I  think,  some  of  the  other  things  we  have 
already  started  and  I  will  not  go  into  them  again. 

COOPERATION    WITH    LIVE-STOCK   ASSOCIATIONS. 

I  have  also  mentioned  the  cooperation  we  have  with  the  live-stock 
associations,  and  I  might  sav  that  we  have  been  directly  helping  these 
associations.  We  are  helping  through  our  work  to  put  the  feeders 
in  the  Middle  West  in  touch  with  the  people  in  the  West  who  have  the 
feeders  to  sell.  We  are  doing  the  work  in  this  way:  We  get  these 
men  to  report  to  us  and  tell  us  how  many  cattle  or  sheep  of  different 
kinds  they  have;  we  are  turning  that  information  over  to  the  asso- 
ciations and  the  associations  are  drawing  it  off  and  sending  it  out  and 
then  handling  the  business  themselves.  Just  recently  we  have  helped 
to  locate  pastures  in  Texas  and  some  other  areas  for  the  cattle  which 
were  starving  in  New  Mexico.  We  have  done  quite  a  bit  of  that  in- 
directly and  as  an  incident  to  our  other  work.  We  do  not  consider 
it  a  part  of  our  work  but  we  help  wherever  we  can. 

Mr.  AxDERSo.x.  The  information  is  there,  and  there  is  no  reason 
why  they  should  not  have  it? 

iJlr.  Callandkr.  That  is  true,  and  we  are  making  the  greatest 
possible  use  of  the  information  we  are  gathering. 

CnOP-WOHK    srUDIKS. 

T  hav(>  not  mentioncvl  anything  about  our  crop  work,  but  that  has 
gone  on  about  the  same,  and  we  are  spending  about  the  same  amount 
of  money  this  year  as  usual.  However,  I  might  say  this:  We  have 
just  j)ut  into  the  Washington  odice  one  of  our  experts  from  the  field, 
who  lias  made  one  of  the  best  records  lus  to  tlevising  new  methods  and 
better  methods  of  croj)  estimating. 

During  the  last  year  or  two  we  have  devised  improved  methods  of 
estimating  aereage,  which  is  our  greatest  prol)l(Mn  m  cro|>  estimating. 
If  we  can  g<'t  the  acreage  accuiately,  the  rest  is  rather  easy. 

So  we  have,  within  the  last  year  or  two.  been  exj^erimenting,  an<i 
now  we  have  woiked  out   two  or  three  ncnv  methods  of  estimating 


AGRICVLTIRAL  AI'IMUHMtlATlON    BII.I-,    11124.  419 

Hcrcujjc.  wliicli  arc  Ix'iu^  put  iiitn  piju'licr  which  will  luivr  u  vitv 
important  rfrcct  on  our  ostiinatin^  w<»rk  of  tin-  future.  If  vou  arV 
intcrt'sti'cl.  1  will  nuMition  thoni.  One  is  hv  jirttinj;  ciinii);!!  ukIivhIuhI 
farmci's  to  rrpoit  what  tlu'v  thnnsrlvcs  )iavr  ;^n»wu  ami  pr«*(lur<><|, 
so  that  whni  we  <;rt  a  rjrcat  many  tliou»»an<ls  of  thi-sr  n>jMtris  put 
to<;«*tlu'r  w(>  will  liavc  a  fair  samph*  of  tho  whole  rountry.  Wi»  havr 
ma<le  somi'  stjidirs  as  to  how  many  wr  iummI  to  do  that,  and  our 
studies  s(»  far  would  indicate  that  if  we  «-ould  ^et  ahout  2  per  cent  «»f 
the  farmers  of  the  country  to  tell  us  exactly  what  acrea;je  thev  have 
in  oro|)s  we  woidd  have  enou<;h  t»)  jjive  us  a  true  pirturi'  of  what  is 
ha|)penin<r.  We  have  done  that  this  year  in  everv  State,  and  our 
revisions  for  Decemher  will  he  hased  larj^ely  on  those  studies.  Then 
wo  have  encoin*a}4ed  the  developm«>tit  of  the  assessor's  census,  u>  you 
tnif^ht  call  it,  and  in  ahout  1')  or  20  States  the  States  have  pH.s.s<><| 
laws  which  r»'(|uire  the  assessors,  at  the  tim«'  of  makini;  their  annual 
assessments,  to  take  n  crti^us  of  the  ncreML'''  "fid  tnindier^  of  live 
stock. 

In  ahout  four  States  the  data  have  heccune  so  accurate  that  we  feel 
it  is  renllv  hetter  than  th(>  Inited  States  census  so  far  as  acreajje  is 
concerned.  That  is  ««speciallv  true  in  \Visc(»nsin ;  in  Minnesota  this 
year  thev  are  taking  it  for  the  first  time  and  it  is  extrenielv  satis- 
factory;  Michigan  has  an  annual  assessors'  census  as  well  as  Iowa, 
Nohraska.  Missouri,  and  Colorado.  \\v  are  anxious  to  see  and  arc 
encouraging  the  pa.ssage  of  State  laws  which  will  give  a  census  in 
every  State.  Then  we  have  also,  following  out  the  suggestions  made 
by  a  statistical  committee  of  experts  who  investigated  our  system 
last  winter,  started  a  system  of  field  counts,  as  we  call  it.  that  is.  each 
of  our  field  statisticans  takes  a  certain  line  of  railroad  or  certain  road 
and  he  covers  that  same  area  each  year.  The  arrangement  now  is 
that  he  will  take  enough  of  those  r»)a(ls  in  his  State  to  give  a  goo<l 
cross  section  of  his  State  and  will  count  the  number  of  fields  of  each 
kind  of  crop  along  those  roads,  makin<c  an  exact  record  every  year  of 
what  changes  have  taken  place.  In  tne  case  of  fields  that  are  not  of 
good  shape  or  ar(*  of  odd  sizes  we  are  trving  the  experiment  of  counting 
the  kind  of  crop  that  is  opposite  each  telegraph  pole.  We  find  the 
field  count  is  a  very  satisfactory  way  of  estimatmg  the  changes  in 
acreage  from  year  to  year  in  the  East  and  South,  but  it  is  not  so 
satisfactory  in  the  West. 

Some  of  our  men  are  quite  enthusiastic  about  the  accuracy  with 
which  changes  in  acreage  can  be  determined  by  coimting  the  fields 
from  year  to  year  over  exactly  the  same  area.  In  a  State  like  (leorgia. 
where  it  has  been  tried  out  to  the  greatest  extent,  it  takes  about 
4.000  miles  oi  road,  covered  year  after  year  in  exactly  the  same 
way^  to  determine  the  change  that  has  taken  place  during  the  year. 
I  might  say  that  last  year  in  South  Carolina  our  statistician  covered 
about  .3,000  miles  of  road  and  estimated  the  ct)tton  crop  base<l  on 
his  survey.  His  estimate  was  about  the  same  as  that  finally  deter- 
mined in  December  after  the  ginning  returns  were  nearly  all  in. 
All  of  the  other  sources  of  information  gave  a  much  lower  acreage 
than  his  survey,  but  as  it  was  a  new  experinu'iit  he  wm'^  to  tru<t  the 
results. 


420  AGRlCULXrRAL   APPROPRIATION    BlIJ.,    hrli. 


INCREASE    USED    FOR    LIVE-STOCK    WORK. 


The  increase  for  tlie  coming  year  will  be  used  im  part  to  strengthen 
the  livestock  work.  The  (livision  simply  can  not  begin  to  meet 
the  demands  on  it  for  livestock  information;  it  is  expensive  to  get 
railroad!  data  and  other  information  of  that  kind,  and  we  want  to 
put  on  about  two  or  three  more  men  to  strengthen  the  service  in  the 
Corn  Belt  States.  We  were  only  able  this  year  to  put  on  two  live- 
stock men  in  the  Corn  Belt  besides  the  regional  men  in  Chicago. 

We  have  allowed  extra  money  for  clerical  help  and  the  travel 
expenses  of  our  Corn  Belt  men  but  we  had  not  enough  money  to  put 
on  more  assistants  there  this  year.  There  really  ought  to  be  four 
more  men  in  the  Corn  Belt  States.  Another  man  is  needed  in  Texas. 
We  find  that  one  live-stock  statistician,  with  an  assistant,  is  not 
enough  by  any  means  to  cover  the  State  of  Texas.  There  are  two 
or  three  well  defined  live-stock  areas  there  and  we  want  a  new  man 
to  put  in  the  Panhandle  area,  and  at  the  same  time  have  him  cover  a 

Sart  of  Oklahoma.  We  also  need  a  man  in  the  western  part  of 
ebraska  and  South  Dakota,  as  well  as  eastern  Wyoming,  to  help 
the  regional  man  there  So  we  are  estimating  we  will  use  about 
$14,000  of  this,  if  we  get  this  increase,  on  that  part  of  the  work. 

We  can  not  undertake  dairy  work  this  year  because  the  funds  will 
not  permit  it.  To  start  on  a  project  of  estimating  milk  production 
and  changes  in  dairy  needs  would  take  as  much  more  monev,  probably, 
as  it  would  to  handle  the  meat  animals,  to  which  we  are  limiting  the 
work  at  the  present  time.  An  increase  of  S 11, 000  is  asked  for  to 
strengthen  the  Washington  office.  We  have  put  one  more  man  in 
this  year,  but  our  weakness,  if  we  have  any — and,  of  course,  we  all 
have  that — is  that  our  W^ashington  office  has  not  had  enough  trained 
statisticians  to  handle  the  information  that  comes  in  from  the  field. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  you  mean  you  want  these  men  to  act  as 
interpreters  ? 

Mr.  Callander.  I  mean  that  we  need  additional  men  to  interpret 
the  information  that  comes  in,  to  study  its  weaknesses  and  improve 
the  methods  of  getting  it.  We  need  a  cotton  statistician  in  the 
Washington  office  who  will  help  and  who  will  study  new  methods  of 
estimating  cotton,  which  is  a  tricky  crop  and  it  is  very  hard  to  get 
good  results.  He  will  {2;ive  his  whole  time,  practically,  to  a  study  of 
whit  we  have  been  dom^  in  estimating  and  to  the  devising  of  new 
methods.  He  will  also  visit  our  various  cotton  States  and  help  the 
field  men  improve  their  estimates,  and  he  will  also  be  in  a  positicm 
to  furnii^h  aiiylhiiui;  iji  the  way  of  cotton  statistics  which  may  be 
needed  at  any  time. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  do  you  do  in  securing  statistics  and  what 
is  the  diderence  in  what  you  do  and  what  the  Department  of  Com- 
inerce  does  { 

Mr.  Cali  ANDER.  The  Department  of  Commerce  simply  reports 
the  amount  of  ((ttton  ginned.  They  begin  in  September  and  period- 
ically iiiak*'  ref)orts  until  the  1st  of  December.  They  have  paid 
reporters  who  go  to  the  gins  and  report  the  actual  number  of  bales 
ginned.  Wc  begin  estimating  in  rhine;  we  estimate  the  condition  on 
the  1st  of  .June  and  then  on  the  1st  of  July  we  estimate  the  acreage 
of  (•otlon. 

Mr.  lirciiANAN.  Do  you  not  start  in  by  estimating  the  acreage 
planted  in  cotton  i 


AORICUI.TI'RAK    AI'IMIOIMMATIO.V    lUI.U    1^4.  421 

COTTON    AVHUAUr.    KMTIMATKn. 

Mr.  ('allam)KK.   \\v  do  not  mako  a  rotton  ncrcaf^p  c«itininti>  until 

ubout  tlio  1st  of  .Inly;  tliut  is  tlic  first  lumijjp  estimate;  then  we 
ostiinntt'  the  coiiditiorj,  ntid  from  these  two  fa«t<»rs  fon'mst  what  the 
[)n)hjihU'  production  will  \h' ,  we  make  a  prodnetion  e>.timate  about 
the  1st  of  July,  the  1st  of  Aujjust.  the  Ist  of  S««pt<Muher.  and  the  2d  <»f 
October,  and  that  is  the  bust  forecast  w«>  make.  Y<»u  see.  nearly  all 
these  reports  have  been  made  before  the  Department  of  Commerce 
has  bei^un  to  nuike  ^^itmin;;  reports  in  the  fall.  Then  a  final  otunate 
is  made  in  December,  about  the  IJth  of  December.  We  have  Wen 
accumulatin<j  data  for  several  vears  with  a  view  to  makin;;  another 
forecast  in  Novemlx'r.  and  1  tliink  we  now  have  sufficient  data  to 
be«jin  tiiis  comiji*;  year  to  make  one  more  additi()nal  cotton  forecast 
in  November  of  each  year.  There  has  been  (juite  a  demand  for  that 
because  there  is  (piite  a  ^ap  between  the  estimate  made  oji  the  2d 
of  October  and  the  final  production  estimate  will  be  in  December. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  I  understantl  it  costs  about  $270,000  to  get  these 
cotton  f^innint;  statistics.  Do  you  think  vou  couhl  do  it  any  cheaper 
than  tliat  ? 

Mr.  Callandkr.  Well.  I  tiiink  we  have  the  macliinerv  .mil  tlt.it 
we  probably  could  if  it  were  given  to  us. 

^ir.  BrciLVXAN.  The  most  of  that  is  paid  out  in  wages  to  the  cotton 
statisticians  in  each  county,  is  it  not  i 

Mr.  (\vLLANDEK.   I  think  so. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Have  you  anybody  now  employed  who  could  take 
up  that  work  without  much  extra  expense? 

Mr.  Callander.  We  have  men  in  every  county  and  I  think  we  could 
probably  arrange  to  get  it.  Of  course,  we  have  a  head  man — a 
statistician — in  each  State  who  is  familiar  with  conditions  in  his 
State,  and  we  get  that  sort  of  information  from  other  sources,  that 
is,  not  on  cotton,  but  we  get  similar  information  on  some  other  pro- 
<lucts  by  getting  reports  direct  from  the  people  who  are  doing  the 
work  through  our  State  statisticians.  As  it  is  now.  the  ginning  re- 
ports are,  in  a  way.  a  check  on  the  other,  and  it  is  very  desirable  to 
have  not  only  an  estimate  of  what  the  probable  production  will  be, 
but  a  report  of  the  actual  amount  ginned.  We  have  estimated  that 
we  could  make  the  ginning  reports  for  about  -SI 00.000. 

Mr.  BuciLVNAX.  WTien  you  make  your  estimates  after  tlie  ginning 
statistics  come  in  you  have  those  ginning  statistics  to  take  into  <'on- 
sideration  in  making  vour  estimates  ? 

Mr.  Callaxder.  We  only  have  them  for  one  report  and  that  is  the 
December  report.  At  that  time  we  do  take  into  considerati(»n  the 
ginning  statistics,  because  the  crop  is  pretty  well  ginned  by  that  time. 
as  a  rule,  and  this  ye^r  a  great  deal  of  it  is  ginned. 

In  addition  to  tliis  cotton  statistician  we  want  to  put  a  grain  man 
in  the  office  who  will  specialize  on  grain  statistics  and  methods  of 
estimating  wheat  antl  corn.  Up  to  this  time  we  have  only  had  Mr. 
Murray,  tne  chief  statistician,  and  one  other  man,  »vs  statisticians  in 
the  W^ashington  office.  The  information  comt^  in  from  the  field  and 
it  has  to  be  rushed  through,  and  there  has  never  been  enough  trained 
people  in  the  Wa.shington  ofhce  to  properly  handle  the  material. 
We  want,  if  po.ssible,  to  strengthen  the  Washington  organization  by 
putting  in  at  least  two  more  statisticians  than  we  have  at  the  present 


422  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924, 

time,  and  we  feel  that  the  results  to  the  whole  service  will  be  very 
beneficial. 

I  have  already  mentioned  the  fact  that  since  the  amalgamation  of 
the  bureau  with  crop  reporting  the  machinery,  the  field  men  and  the 
volunteer  correspondents,  are  now  being  used  for  other  purposes  as 
well  as  crop  reporting.  We  are  not  using  the  same  people,  but  we 
are  building  up  lists  of  men  who  report  only  on  special  subjects 
because  we  do  not  want  to  overburden  our  regular  crop  reporters. 

MARKETING    STATISTICS. 

Doctor  Taylor.  Mr.  Tenny  will  discuss  the  item  relating  to  mar- 
keting statistics. 

Mr.  Texny.  This  is  the  item  I  mentioned  3^esterday  as  being 
transferred  from  the  marketing  and  distribution  funds  last  year. 
$23,400.  This  is  used  exclusivelv  in  the  compilation  of  fundamental 
marketing  information.  It  includes  holdings  in  cold  storage;  it 
inchides  me  movement  of  cars  from  shipping  points,  and  some  price 
information  as  to  the  various  commodities. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  you  get  figures  yearly,  weekly,  or  monthly 
as  to  the  loads  and  unloads  of  fruits  and  vegetables  i 

Mr.  Tenny.  In  the  larger  cities  we  get  daily  reports  as  to  the 
loads  and  unloads  of  fruits  and  vegetables. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  information,  I  imagine,  gives  3'ou  a  fairly 
good  index? 

Mr.  Tenny.  Yes;  it  does.  In  addition  to  that  we  have  cold- 
storage  reports  on  35  commodities.  To  show  the  completeness  of 
these  reports,  we  are  circularizing  monthl}^  1,206  cold-storage  plants. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  you  include  public  and  private  cold-storage 
plants  ? 

Mr.  Tenny.  Yes;  1,191  of  the  1,206  are  giving  us  replies  monthly, 
leaving  only  15  out  of  1,200  that  fail  to  reply,  so  that  we  feel  our 
storage  reports  should  be  ver}''  nearly  accurate. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  these  reports  ever  checked  up? 

Mr.  Tenny.  Through  personal  visitation? 

Mr.  Anderson.  Yes. 

Mr.  Tenny.  Occasionally  an  individual  one.  but  not  universally 
so.  The  man  who  has  this  in  charge  is  right  now  making  a  visit  to 
six  or  eight  of  the  larger  cities  for  the  puqjosc  of  getting  in  touch 
with  these  cold  storages  and  finding  out  how  well  their  reports  are 
made.  Of  course,  that  does  not  mean  that  he  goes  into  a  storage 
house  and  makes  a  count  t)r  gt)es  through  their  books,  but  he  is 
en(k'av()ring  to  get  the  attitude  of  the  peojile  who  are  making  the 
re])orts,  how  they  are  making  them  an(l  the  data  from  which  they 
draw  off  tlie  re]>orts.  We  are  also  making  cold  storage  re])orts  on 
fish.  One  liundred  and  ten  concerns  are  on  the  mailing  list  and  the 
average  for  the  last  six  months  has  been  107  reports,  leaving  only 
three  that  have  failed  to  re])ort. 

We  are  making  cold  storage  reports  on  apples,  butter,  cheese,  ofi^f:^, 
(ish,  ice  cream,  lard,  live  stock,  live-stock  slaughters,  cold  storage 
holdings  of  meats,  coiuhMised  and  evaporated  milk,  oleomargarine, 
and  the  cold  stora<jc  holdings  of  ponltrv,  as  well  as  (juarterly  rejiorts 
on  wool.  We  arc  handling  a  portion  of  the  wool  rej)orts,  the  remain- 
<ler  being  handled    by   the    Department   of  Commerce,   and   we   are 


AGIUCULTl'IUL   Al'IMUiIMMATlON    IIILU    »U2».  4'J.'( 

isstiinjr  H  joitjl  ro|)<»rt,  tin-  \M'ik  ln'iiiif  <l<>ii»-  roop.  I'       in- 

formalion.  in  tin*  iiiuin,  is  piil>li>li(M|  u>  -irm^ht  .    ...   i:na- 

tioij,  niul  we  are  having  a  j;reat<T  mil  thari  ever  IwfKrf  for  the  hnrc 
statistics.      n«»\VfviT.  we  ijo  huuw  tHhiilaliiii;  nii«l  an  '  of  thpHo 

reports,  and  fniite  a  larire  niunher  of  niiniff ■•  '■  •  -         ticij 

with  a  brief  siMuniarv  of  the  situation  ni  <        _  ,,iih 

months  and  previous  years.      I  think  there  is  notlun^  furthrr  on  that 
item  tiiat  I  care  to  mention. 

roKKUiS    MAItKKT    IN VKNTl4;ATION-f<. 

The  hist  item  in  tliis  anpnipriation  is  that  rehitiii^  mi  i-m  i^n  ..-m- 
petition  and  (UMnand.  'Ihis  year  we  have  S()'>,(H)(),  whi<-h  is  handh-d, 
a*}  I  recall,  as  a  proviso.     That  is  true,  Miss  (Mark,  is  it  not  f 

Miss  ('i,AKK.  ^  es;  it  is  a  proviso  to  the  appropriation  for  crop  atid 
jive  stock  estimates. 

Mr.  Tk.nxv.  We  have  rec|uested  a  change  in  the  provi.so,  that  is, 
to  make  SHO.OOO  available  instead  of  $0").()0().  The  work  connoctecl 
with  foreign  compctitiitn  and  ilcniand  is  exactly  what  is  cf»vered 
in  that  headin<;  and  naturally  divides  its(>lf  into  two  lines  of  work, 
forei<i:n  competition  and  forei«;n  demand  for  American  productn. 
At  the  present  time  we  have  live  regular  men  in  the  foreitjn  field. 
Mr.  Foley  is  in  L<»ndoii.  wher(>  he  is  in  touch  with  reprt-sentatives 
from  the  whole  of  the  British  Empire.  In  aildition  to  keepinj;  in 
touch  with  the  developments  in  the  British  Empire  Mr.  P'olev  has 
made  several  other  studies.  Last  year  we  had  a  request  from  the 
almond  industry  for  information  re<rardin<;  competition  in  the 
almond  industry  and  this  mimeo<;raphed  circular  r«'port  was  t;otten 
out.  We  have  in  the  files  a  number  of  letters  from  the  almond 
a.ssociation  of  California  commenting  most  favorably  on  that  report 
and  tellin*;  us  it  is  just  the  information  they  want  in  shaping;  up 
their  industry  and  their  sales  policy.  Mr.  S(juires  is  now  in  Germany. 
In  Germany  we  are  studying  the  development  and  comeback  of  tlie 
live-stock  industry  there,  with  especial  reference  to  the  relation  of 
the  German  live-st<K-k  industry  to  lard  substitutes.  Germany  was 
one  of  the  largest  buyei"s  of  lard  before  the  war  and  we  are  now 
studying,  in  a  rather  critical  way,  the  lard  substitutes  that  are  being 
used  in  Germany,  with  especial  reference  to  the  question  of  demand 
for  our  own  products. 

Mr.  AxDEitsox.  IIow  is  this  foreign  work  organized  f  Do  you  have 
representatives  in  the  foreign  countries  who  stay  there  the  year 
around  ( 

Mr.  Texxy.  These  I  have  mentioned  are  in  tiic  foreign  countries 
most  of  the  time,  but  not  necessarily  in  any  one  countrv-  Mr. 
Squire  was  originallv  in  London.  Mr.  S(|uire  was  in  the  tnglish 
countries  with  Mr.  Kolev,  and  when  the  need  arose  for  making  a 
study  in  Germany  we  sent  Mr.  Scjuire  to  Germany.  lie  will  also  go 
into  Poland  and  cover  a  number  of  those  central  lOuropean  countries 
in  making  the  special  studies  we  want  made.  Mr.  Michael  is  still 
in  eastern  Europe,  in  the  Balkan  countries,  and  has  been  making  a 
very  careful  study  of  cereal  production.  We  have  this  month.  No- 
vember, issued  a  report  on  cereal  production  in  Yugoslavia,  and  that 
report  indicates  the  character  of  the  studies  these  m»'n  are  making. 
Mr.  Bullock  is  still  in  Argentina,  but  will  return  very  shortly  to  the 


424  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Washington  ofTioe.  Mr.  Bullock  has  been  studying  particuhirly  the 
statistical  work  in  Argentina,  with  the  idea  of  getting  better  statis- 
tics out  of  that  country,  which  are  very  important  from  our  stand- 
point, as  it  produces  much  of  the  same  products  we  are  producing 
and  those  products  come  in  competition  with  our  agriculture.  He 
has  also  been  studying  the  live  stock  industry  in  ^Vrgentina  to  a  con- 
siderable extent.  Just  recently  we  have  sent  Mr.  Lively  to 
Manchuria. 

Two  things  are  particularly  in  our  minds  in  this  work  in  Siberia 
and  Asia.  First  we  want  to  get  a  clear  picture  of  the  competition 
that  is  coming  from  there  on  cereal  production,  and  then  we  are 
proposing  that  he  shall  go  over  into  certain  parts  of  China  to  study 
the  cotton  production  in  that  country.  Something  over  1,000,000 
bales  of  cotton  enter  into  commerce  from  China,  and  it  is  our  desire 
to  know  more  about  where  this  cotton  is  produced,  the  conditions 
under  which  it  is  produced,  the  labor  conditions  that  make  the  crop 
and  the  whole  economic  aspect  of  the  production  of  cotton  in  China. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  I  would  like  to  know  is  whether  that  is 
something  which  will  become  a  mere  matter  of  history  and  which 
can  be  embalmed  in  some  library,  or  has  it  some  relation  to  what  we 
are  doing  i 

Mr.  Tenny.  Through  our  press  service  these  reports  are  being 
given  the  very  widest  distribution  and  they  are  angle  from  the  point 
of  view  of  being  of  assistance  to  American  agriculture  to-day  and  in 
the  future,  but  primarily  with  regard  to  the  development  of  our  agri- 
cultural policy  for  the  future,  because  if  China  has  the  possibilities  of 
producing  a  certain  type  of  cotton  and  not  another  particular  type 
that  fact  is  of  very  great  importance  in  all  of  our  agricultural  work  in 
developing  the  cotton  business  in  this  country.  I  am  usin^  that  sim- 
ply as  an  illustration.  The  review  I  have  given  covers  the  work  of 
individuals.  In  addition,  we  are  getting  a  great  deal  of  statistical 
information  direct  from  the  countries,  analyzing  it  and  issuing  it  in 
connection  with  the  crop  reporting  information.  We  feel  it  is  just  as 
important,  with  the  channels  of  trade  open  as  they  are  now,  for  us 
to  know  what  is  being  produced  in  foreign  countries  and  what  is 
being  done  with  it  as  it  is  to  know  what  is  being  produced  here  and 
what  is  being  done  with  our  home  production.  So  all  of  these  men 
and  all  of  our  correspondents  are  working  from  the  angle  of  being  of 
the  greatest  benefit,  from  the  statistical  point  of  view,  to  our  agri- 
culture. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  is  the  situation  now  with  reference  to 
securing  prompt  statistics  of  European  production  and  consumption  ? 
My  recollection  is  that  those  statistics  have  come  in  as  a  rule  six 
months  or  a  year  after  they  could  have  been  of  much  use.  I  am 
interested  in  knowing  just  what  is  being  done  with  a  view  to  getting 
those  statistics  more  promptly. 

Mr.  Trnny.  The  statistics  of  crops  and  live  stock  antl  live-stock 
products  that  we  are  able  to  gather  from  initial  sources  are  cabled, 
and  are  handled  just  as  expeditiously  as  our  o^vn  crop  and  live-stock 
reports. 

Mr.  Anderson.   Do  they  come  directly  from  the  country  concerned  ? 

Mr.  Tenny.  Yes,  sir;  we  are  getting  them  that  way,  and  wo  are 
also  getting  them  two  weeks  or  so  later  from  the  institute  at  Koine. 
Wc  linvc  a   miiiibci'  of  other  reports.     W(>  ari>   issuing  weekly   this 


AGRlcrLTrHAL  APPROPRIATION    BII.I^    1W4.  425 

F«»ri'i«;ii  Crop  and  Maikrfs.  whirli  is  u  riiiiniMi^^raplifMl  iirmlnr  tliAt 
siimmarizrs  tlic  infornuif i<»n  that  «MiMrs  m  ilmitjir  the  wti>k  tmin 
f(»r(M«^n  count rirs. 

Mr.  AvDKItsoN.  How  (Itirs  tliut  ronnrit  Up  witli  ulial  tlw  l>«*pnrt- 
inc'it  of  Comnion'r  is  doinj;? 

Mr.  Tknny.  Mv  in)prrssi<»n  is  ilutt  it  tUws  not  conilirt  at  all  with 
what  tliov  Jiiv  <l(»in}j:.  Tfiis  is  wholly  supplommtHry  to  anvthin^; 
that  th(\v  may  ho  «loin^.  'Phi<  is  fhr  anj^lc.  as  I  hnv«'  Htnt»'<l  hcforn: 
It  is  done  fn»in  the  viowpdint  of  hnn^  of  the  urcnti'sl  a.s.>«iMtnnri>  in 
shupinj;  our  own  aj^riiultiirr.  and  is  lUH-ossary  in  ordiT  to  iii'volop 
th<»  ("orroct  nj^rirultural  pra<ti<«v  llrrr  is  a  report  from  Mr.  S<|uiro 
on  (he  (juostion  of  Danisli  hncon  displa<in«;  flw  .Vmrrirari  pr<»dti»i  in 
British  markets.  'Phis  report  is  issued  hy  Mr.  Foley  on  the  British 
apple  market,  and  it  has  l)een  used  l>v  prartieally  all  of  the  a|)()le 
exporting  concerns  of  this  country  a.s  tlie  very  latest  information  on 
the  British  appl(>  mniket. 

Mr.  .\\i)Ki{S()\.    How  many  people  have  you  in  your  division  f 

Mr.  Thnnv.  There  are  live  or  si.\  scientilic  people  and  12  rjerkft 
workin;;  on  the  prol)lem  of  analy/jn<;  this  material  that  is  cominir  in 
from  foreif^n  countries  and  j^ettin;;  it  out  from  week  to  week  so  that 
it  may  he  useful. 

Mr.  Andkrsox.   Hmv  many  people  have  you  in  foreijjn  countries? 

Mr.  Texnv.  There  are  five. 

Mr.  Anderson'.  Are  they  all  in  lOurope  f 

Mr.  Tewy.  No,  sir;  there  is  one  in  Asia,  and  one  in  South 
America.     The  others  are  in  Kurope. 

FOR  mark?:t  inspection  of  perisharlk  Foons. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  take  up  the  item  on  pajje  2H1,  for  enahlinp 
the  Secretary  of  AjTriculture  to  invest ijjate  and  certify  to  shippers  and 
other  interested  parties  the  quality  and  c(»ndition  of  fruits,  veiretahles, 
poultry,  butter,  hay,  and  other  perishable  farm  products. 

Mr.  Sherman,  ^fr.  Chairman,  we  have  here  an  estimated  increase 
<^f  -SIOO.OOO,  which  it  is  proposed  to  expend  in  the  following  propor- 
tions: For  the  inau<;uration  of  hay  inspection  work.  $4(),()()();  for 
poultry  and  eggs  inspection  work,  -SS.OOO;  and  for  further  w«»rk  in 
the  inspection  of  fruit  and  vegetables,  §.52,t)00.  The  hay  work  will 
be  entirely  new.  The  anpronriation,  however,  for  the  last  three 
years,  I  think,  has  carried  authority  to  inspect  hay  along  with  those 
other  products,  but  no  addition  was  made  to  the  amount  carried  in 
the  appropriation  and  no  hay  inspection  work  has  been  done. 

HAV   INSPECTION    SERVICB. 

Ilay  standardization  work  has  gone  forward,  as  Mr.  Tenny  ex- 
plained to  you.  under  the  marketing  and  distributing  item,  or  through 
an  allotment  from  that  item,  and  now  the  department  is  in  a 
position  to  p)  ahead  with  the  actual  inspection  work.  The  hay 
exchanges  of  the  country  have  taken  a  most  lively  interest  in  the 
work,  and  apparently  have  been  entirely  converte<l  to  the  idea. 
Thev  now  have  men  in  training  with  the  department  who  are  to  be 
used  as  inspectors  to  be  cunployed  jointly  by  the  hay  exchanges  and 
the  department.     They   are   to  l)c  em|)loye(l   untler  the  supervision 


426  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRLVTIOX   BILL,   1924. 

of  the  department  in  the  application  of  the  recommended  grades  for 
timothy  and  clover  mixtures. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Will  any  charge  be  made  for  those  inspections? 

Mr.  Sherman.  Yes,  sir;  a  charge  will  he  made  for  the  inspections, 
but  how  nearly  it  will  come  to  making  the  work  self-supporting,  we 
can  not  tell  in  advance.  It  will  have  to  be  tried  out.  We  will  have 
to  experiment  with  that  as  we  go  along,  just  as  we  did  in  the  case  of 
fruits  and  vegetables.  As  you  will  remember,  the  fruit  and  vegetable 
inspection  work  during  the  first  year  was  a  free  service.  In  connec- 
tion witli  the  fruit  and  vegetable  work,  during  the  fiscal  year  ended 
June  .30,  1919,  14,493  cars  were  inspected,  and  no  charges  were  made 
until  October  of  that  year.  Then  we  began  with  a  fee  of  .S2.50  per 
car,  and  that  fee  was  continued  through  the  next  year,  or  the  year 
ended  June  30,  1920.  During  that  year  25,488  cars  were  inspecte<l 
at  a  fee  of  82. .50  per  car.  Then  the  fee  was  raised  to  .S4,  and  the 
interstate  limitation  was  put  on  by  Congress.  Then  the  number  of 
inspections  dropped  to  23,877.  Then  in  the  fiscal  year  ended  June 
30,  last,  the  inspections  went  up  to  31,207,  at  a  fee  of  S4  per  car. 
Therefore,  as  you  will  see,  we  have  progressed  from  no  income  at 
the  beginning  to  a  point  wliere  we  have  returned  to  the  Treasury  in 
the  last  fiscal  year  $128,627  out  of  an  appropriation  of  §17.5,000, 
making  the  service  about  five-sevenths  self-isupporting.  We  are 
running  at  just  about  the  same  rate  this  year  in  our  work  in  the  cities. 
That  is  a  digression  from  the  discussion  of  the  hay  work  to  a  discus- 
sion of  the  fruit  and  vegetable  work. 

Now,  the  same  policy  is  to  obtain  in  the  hay-inspection  work  that 
has  obtained  in  the  fruit  and  vegetable  inspection  work — that  is.  to 
start  with  fees  that  the  people  will  pay  and  then  work  it  up  as  nearly 
to  a  self-supporting  basis  as  possible.  When  we  come  to  the  (|uestion 
of  the  inspection  of  fruit  and  vegetables,  I  would  like  to  go  into  that 
matter  further,  and  see  whether  the  committee  has  the  idea  that  we 
should  raise  the  fee  so  as  to  make  the  work  entirely  self-supporting, 
or  until  we  reach  the  point  where  the  decrease  in  business  balances  the 
increase  from  higher  fees,  or  whether  we  should  aim  to  keep  the  work 
)opular,  even  at  the  expense  of  a  small  part  t)f  the  appropriation, 
t  is  a  f|uestion  right  now  whether  we  should  raise  that  fee  to  $5. 
If  the  fee  had  been  $5  last  year,  and  if  we  had  had  the  same  number 
of  inspections,  we  would  have  been  only  $10,000  short  of  turning  in 
the  full  amount  of  the  approj:)riation  to  the  Treasury. 

Mr.  Anderson.  If  I  understood  Mr.  Tenny  correctly,  those  hay 
standards  arc  still  in  a  somewhat  experimental  stage. 

Ml-.  Shehman.  They  necessarily  aie  in  an  experimental  .>^iagc  until 
they  reach  the  stage  of  demonstration  in  actual  practice.  '1  he  hay 
associations  of  the  country  have  generally  accepteil  and  approved 
this  proposition,  and  wish  to  jMit  their  business  upon  the  basis  of  the 
recommended  bay  grades,  so  far  as  timothv  and  clover  mixtures  are 
<'onceined.  Most  of  the  work  lemains  to  be  done  with  reference  to 
prairie  hays  and  alfalfa,  so  that  the  hay-insjiection  work  contempUted 
under  this  item  will  be  conlined  very  largely  to  the  Kastern  cities. 
'Ihe  men  actually  in  (raining  n«iw  are  expiH-ted  to  work  in  lioston. 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  an<l  Richmond,  \'a.,  with  one  operating 
here  in  Wasliin<;tori,  who  will  be  available  for  inspection  work  at 
Washing((»n  and  in  .Mexandria,  wheie  the  hav  laboratorv  is  located. 


1' 


I 


ACiHu  ii.Tri!Ar,  xfrMti'PniATiox  nii.u  1024.  427 

Mr.  Andkrhon.   Will  yoti  have  any  liav  in«*portion  at  KuiiMUtCitrt 
Mr.  SiiKHMAN.    I  |)r('«<iinH'  it  will  n-arh  Chicaifo,  KniiMAx  Citv.  ami 

(incimuiti  ln'forc  the  end  of  flu-  floral  vrar  if  this  ; 

prialrd.      1I(»\V('\ «'r.  then'  lia>  Immmi  ^mjiu-  (jtii-stion  n,  ,......,    ,.. 

should  have  Imy  itispri'tion  nt  Kati^nx  City  iinfil  wr  nn*  r«*a<lv  lo 
iiispt'ct  prairio  hay  and  alfulfji 

Mr.  .VsDKItsoN.    How  do  yoii  arn\r  nt   that  5  ju,uuu  r 

Mr.  SiiKHMAN.  That  is  purely  an  rsiiniate. 

Mr.  Andkksov.  Is  it  just  a  irurss.  or  do  you  have  anv  idrn  what 
you  will  do  with  it  ^ 

Mr.  SnKltMAN.    \V<'  h:i\.    .1   i.i .  1 1  ^    - I  idea  «)f  wlml    \M-  \Miuld  Uki- 

to  <lo.  I  hclicv*'  that  .Mr.  \Vln'«'It*r  will  handle  the  details  of  that 
work,  and  ho  is  not  hero.  I  thifik  that  the  SlO.OOO  will  take  eare  of 
the  work  in  Boston,  New  ^'ork.  I'hiladelphia.  \Vashin;:lon.  and 
|{i(hiuon<l.  \'a..  and  also  at  certain  shipping;  points  in  New  York 
State,  where  State  funds  can  he  used  in  cooperation  with  us  in 
making;  this  service  availahle  at  the  shi|)pins:  end.  It  may  also  be 
used  in  CinciinnUi,  ('hica<;o,  and  Atlanta.  Now,  I  am  not  ready  to 
commit  the  tlenartment  to  the  statement  that  the  work  will  he 
carried  on  in  all  of  those  citie^s  durin*;  the  entire  fiscal  year  on  this 
$40.0()(),  hecause  it  would  seem  to  me  that  that  would  he  m(»re  tlum 
we  could  reasonahly  hoji«»  to  carry  out,  hut  those  points  I  have 
mentioned  are  j)oints  where  we  e.xpect  to  hejjin  worK,  and  it  will 
he  (fone  pretty  nearly  in  that  order,  so  far  as  the  money  will  j^o. 

Mr.  Andeusox.  I  think  you  had  hetter  furnish  us  wit)i  a  statement 
showiiif^  wh(>re  you  propose  to  put  those  men.  what  salaries  you  will 
pay   them,   and   ^vhen   you  expect  to  put  them  on. 

(The  statment  referred  to  is  as  follows:) 

Estimate  cotering  hay  inspection. 
Salariop: 

1  chiof  inspector  ( hoadiiuartera,  W'ashiiiijton.  D.  C.) $.i,  juo 

3  supervising  inspector.-*  at  .'ji:i,0(Xt  (I  at  \Va.«hineton.  D.  C,  to  cover 
ca-^torn  markets:  1  at  Chicago  to  cover  the  Middle  West;  1  at  Atlanta 

to  cover  the  South) 9, 000 

1  inspector  (Kansas  City) 3,000 

("lerical  assistance  (temi)orary  clerks  a."  needed  1 2, 700 

30  inspectors  on  cooperative  basis  ;it  following  points:  Boston,  New  York. 
I'hiladolphia.  Haltinioro.  Wiv-^hiiitrion.  Riclunond.  Pittslmrgh.  .\flanla. 
Jack.sonville.  lUrmingham.  ('hattanix)ga,  .\a.>«hville.  Mt-mphi.-",  Nrw 
Orleans,  St.  Ix)uis,  St.  Joseph.  Ix)uisville.  Cincinnati,  Columbus.  Ohio, 
lndiana])olis.  Chicago.  Milwaukee.  Omaha.  Minneapolis.  St.  Paul. 
iHduih,  shipping  ]>oints  in  New  York  and  Virginia,  and  also  in  Ohio. 

Indiana,  and  Michigan,  if  possible '"    "Hi 

Stationery  and  office  8U]t])lies 1 .  mh) 

Telephone.  telegrai)h.  freight,  express,  drayage,  etc 1,  760 

Traveling  ex])ense8 •'>.  1  tiO 

R.Mit  of  ollice  8i>ace 1 .  h  n) 

Scientific  ami  other  ecpiipment 1,  '"OO 

Miscellatieous  items : 390 

40.000 

If  this  appropriation  is  granted,  arrangements  will  be  made  to  start  men  in  traininf; 
for  inspectors  on  July  1.  and  within  six  weeks  of  that  time,  the  departnu-nt  will  be 
ready  to  gel  the  service  under  way  in  all  of  the  cities  shown  above. 

Mr.  SnEit.MAN.  There  are  five  men  in  traininj'  now. 

Mr.  Ten.nv.  The  only  arran<;ement  that  will  be  nnule  until  the 
1st  of  July  will  be  to  put  these  men  in  at  SI  per  year,  which  is  simnly 
a  nominal  salary  arrangement,  hecause  we  have  no  funds.     Alter 


428  AGRICULTURAL.  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

that  time,  if  the  funds  are  availubk*.  we  would  like  to  pay  them  not 
less  than  $100  per  month,  and  in  some  cases  it  will  be  a  little  bit 
more  than  that.     All  of  them  will  be  tooporative  men. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  is,  partly  paid  by  States  ? 

Mr.  Tennv.  In  some  cases  partly  paid  by  States  and  in  some 
cases  partly  paid  out  of  inspection  fees  that  are  collected  by  hay 
exchanges. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  do  not  see  how  you  can  charge  an  inspection 
fee  on  the  side  of  the  Government  where  the  men  are  partly  paid  by 
the  Government  and  partly  paid  by  the  States. 

Mr.  Tenny.  The  way  it  is  handled  is  that  the  fee  will  be  charged 
and  collected  through  the  hay  exchanges,  and  the  part  of  the  salary 
that  is  not  paid  by  the  Federal  Government  will  be  paid  out  of  those 
fees.  In  addition  to  the  amount  that  will  be  paid  these  men  out  of 
the  fees,  a  part  of  the  fee  will  also  come  to  the  Federal  Treasury  to 
cover  the  approximate  cost  of  the  service  to  the  Federal  Treasury. 
We  will  have  to  pay  our  proportion  of  the  salaries  out  of  the  appro- 
priation, but  out  of  the  fee  will  come  into  the  Treasury  an  amount 
approximately  equal  to  the  amount  paid  from  the  Treasury. 

Mr.  Sherman.  Gf  course,  if  such  agreements  are  made,  you  can 
provide  for  the  reimbursement  of  the  Treasury  with  much  more 
accuracy  than  from  the  fees,  which,  in  turn,  are  dependent  upon  the 
flow  of 'business.  We  have  a  rather  profitable  arrangement  that  I 
would  like  to  explain  to  you  a  little  later  with  reference  to  shipping- 
point  inspections  of  fruits  and  vegetables,  in  which  the  States  guar- 
antee to  us  a  return  of  the  salaries  that  we  have  to  pay. 

POULTRY    AND    EGG    WOUK. 

It  is  the  purpose  to  allot  $8,000  of  this  increase  to  poultry  and  vg^ 
work.  Mr.  Tenny  has  spoken  to  you  with  regard  to  the  progi-ess 
that  has  been  made  in  the  develoj)ment  of  ogs^  standarrfs.  The 
people  who  are  handling  tiie  poultry  and  o^^i;  work  realize  that  it  is 
of  very  little  use  to  recommend  t^gg  standards  or  grades  unless  you 
are  ready  to  put  on  the  inspection  service  and  demonstrate  whether 
or  not  they  are  being  used  and  lived  up  to.  If  you  simply  recom- 
mend certain  grades,  they  will  be  adopted  in  both  the  western  markets 
and  the  eastern  markets,  but  you  will  still  have  those  questions  and 
difl'erences  of  opinion  between  shippei"s  and  receiACi's  until  you  put 
on  Federal  insjK'ctoi-s.  Therefoi'e  it  is  expected  that  if  this  increase 
is  granted  ab(»Mt  ."§S, ()()()  of  it  will  be  used  for  j)oultrv  and  egg  work. 
That  work  will  be  done  in  the  big  cities,  like  New  York,  Boston, 
Philad('lj)iiia.  and  Ghicago.  In  New  York  City,  we  will  say,  there 
will  jjrobably  be  a  certain  innuber  of  ins|)ections  of  live  poultry. 
They  will  have  the  same  old  (juestions  that  have  been  agitating  the 
poultry  trade,  of  the  overfeeding  of  poultry  before  nutting  it  on  the 
market.  'I'hev  ai'e  still  having  a  gi-eat  deal  of  diliiculty  with  that, 
and  they  want  Federal  iiis|)ection  to  determine  whether  or  not 
poultry  arrives  in  a  proj)er  condition  to  be  placed  upon  the  market. 

iN.sPErrioN   WOUK   i\   i  lu  its  wh  vk<;ktahi,ks. 

Gut  of  the  .SlOO, ()()()  in«ica->c  askcil  Tor,  it  is  proposed  to  allot 
$.'>2,()00  to  the  e.xonnsion  of  the  inspection  work  in  connection  with 
fruit  and  ve«jetal)les.  I  have  just  reviewed  the  work  to  date.  .Vs 
it  has  been  nandh'd  in   the  past,   the  inspections  have  grown  from 


ACiRKTI.Tl'RAL    AI'l'llorMtlATIflN    HII.U    I'^I*.  429 

14,()()()  rars  in  tlir  (ii-s(  yvnr  up  to  31.207  in  iIh'  pii.st  yoar,  or  in  the 
y«'iir  wliicli  riMUMl  on  .liiin'  'M)  lust.  'Plir  <'ilv  work  is  riiiinin;;  jiwt 
iil)(»ul  llic  same,  t)!"  at  tin*  uvcraijr  ratt*  of  last  yrur,  for  tin*  frw  iiioiiihM 
we  liavr  passt-d  through  of  tliis  lisrnl  Vfur.  Tin*  only  now  work 
that  lias  (M>nio  on  us  in  tiu*  citirs  is  tlio  iiispiTlion  work  that  we 
liMvr  h«M'n  askcil  to  (1(»  for  the  Army  and  Navy  hospitals  iti  the 
\iciiiily  (»f  the  port  of  Nrw  York,  and  \vr  an*  now  just  (-oiiii)lflin^ 
an  arran<;(>niont  to  inspoct  all  the  fruit  and  v«>i;clal>l«>  supj>li(*s  for 
the  (IiM't  under  the  control  of  the  Shippin<;  lioanl.  which  will  involve 
the  cnii)lovincnt  of  one  or  two  additional  men  in  New  Y«irk.  How- 
ever, tliey  will  he  paid  for  hy  transfer  of  funds  from  the  Shipping 
Board's  appropriation  to  ours,  just  as  is  done  in  the  vnsp  of  the 
work  that  we  do  for  the  Navy.  We  have  ei^ht  men  rmw  ^jivinjj 
full  time  to  the  inspection  t)f  siipplit's  for  the  Navy,  and  the  salarioH 
of  those  men  are  reimhursed  to  us  hv  a  transfer  of  fumls  from  the 
Navy  appropriations  to  ours.  For  that  reason,  if  you  look  ut  our 
pay  roll,  it  mi^ht  appear  (hat  we  are  t-arrvinj;  n  rather  larj^'e  force 
for  the  amount  of  inspection  work  we  are  doin^',  hut  a  numher  of 
those  men  are  really  Ixmii*;  paid  hy  the  Navy,  and  they  constitute 
no  drain  upon  this  af)propriation. 

dust  at  the  present  time  there  is  an  extra  (iemaiHJ  m  the  poit  of 
New  York  on  the  part  of  expoiters  f(»r  the  inspection  of  commodities 
^oin^  ahroad,  particularly  of  apples,  which  work  we  liave  not  heoJi 
al)le  to  do,  hecause  of  our  inahility  to  put  on  any  more  men.  The 
inllexihility  of  the  service  is  a  verv  serious  liandicap  in  some  respects. 

Last  \ear,  as  you  aie  aware,  tin'  House  aineiMled  the  hin^^ua^e  of 
tliis  item,  providiiij;  that  inspections  nii^ht  he  made  of  those  products 
when  ofTered  for  interstate  sliipment,  or  when  received  at  such  im- 
portant central  mark«>ts  as  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  may  from 
time  to  time  tlesi»riiate,  etc.  I  am  not  sure  wliether  the  committee 
realizes  just  what  they  <li(l  to  us  when  that  chan«;e  in  lan^ua^'e  took 
j)lace.  or  whether  they  thou«rlit  they  would  multiply  our  held  hy  It). 
20.  or  100.  As  a  matter  of  lact,  you  multiplied  our  field  very  nearly 
«>ne  hundredfold,  hut  as  you  know,  there  was  no  increase  made  in 
our  appropriation  to  meet  it.  'I'herefore,  we  have  lind  the  delifjhtful 
outdoor  sport  of  seein<];  1h)W  many  hricks  could  he  made  witlu>ut 
straw.  You  may  he  interesteil  to  know  that  from  the  1st  day  of  July 
to  the  loth  day  of  Novend)er  we  Iiad  inspected  at  shipping:  points 
35,900  cars  of  Iruit  and  vegetahles,  of  the  a^'grejjate  value  of  some- 
thing over  ?24,0(i0,0()0.  Tliat  is  to  say,  we  liad  inspected  more  cars 
at  the  sliippin*;  points  hetween  July  1  and  No\  emher  lo  than  w»«  luid 
inspected  in  the  course  of  the  entire  preceding;  hscal  year. 

Mr.  Andkilson.  How  did  you  do  it  ( 

Mr.  SiiKH.MAN.  On  the  11th  day  of  June  1  >larted  myself  on  a  tour 
of  the  State  ca()itals,  visiting;  the  commissioners  of  a«;riculture  and 
the  people  who  have  authority  to  do  those  things  in  the  States,  anil 
also  those  who  have  some  money  to  spen«l.  antl  especially  tlmse 
who  have  authority  to  use  the  money  that  they  may  make  in  such 
enterprises.  1  was  fortilied  hv  a  series  of  o|)inions  from  the  solicitor's 
ollice  as  to  what  sort  of  hargalns  we  could  enter  into  uiuler  that  item. 
I  had  a  series  of  conferences  with  commissionei-s  of  ajrriculture.  the 
market  men  in  the  States,  and  a  «;ood  many  with  the  attornevs 
general  of  the  States,  to  see  how  we  could  lit  the  .State  law  into  tho 
Federal  law  and  work  up  a  cooperative  agreement  under  which  thiii 


( 


430  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOX    BILI.,   1921, 

work  could  be  done.  In  some  of  the  States  they  had  unexpended 
balances  in  their  aonicultural  appropriations  that  they  were  jjlad 
to  put  into  this  work  as  a  matter  of  experiment  and  as  educational 
work.  They  were  willing?  to  do  that  whether  they  could  get  the 
money  back  or  not,  and  in  those  cases  that  was  the  measure  of  the 
amount  of  work  that  could  be  done.  In  other  States  tliey  were 
already  operatinu;  inspection  services,  and  they  had  authority  to  use 
fees  for  tlic  support  of  such  work.  In  those  States  we  had  a  rela- 
tively simple  propo.sition. 

We  worked  out  agreements  witli  IS  States.  Some  of  them  have 
operated  for  a  few  months,  or  until  the  State  money  was  gone,  and 
some  of  them  will  operate  throughout  the  fiscal  year.  As  I  have 
said,  we  have  18  cooperative  agreements  with  States  for  shipping 
point  inspections,  and  in  many  vital  particulars  absolutely  no  two 
of  those  agreements  are  alike. 

Every  one  is  different  from  any  other — that  is,  as  to  the  method  of 
making  application  of  the  funds,  the  division  of  the  money,  the 
method  of  employing  the  men,  etc.  However,  in  every  case  we  held 
to  two  or  three  basic  principles.  We  have  held  in  each  case  that  a 
reasonable  fee  must  be  charged  and  collected,  approximately  sufficient 
to  cover  the  cost  of  the  service  rendered.  We  have  allowed  the  States 
that  wanted  to  put  money  into  it  to  fix  the  fees,  and  in  some  cases 
they  have  put  in  a  scale  of  fees  that  would  not  make  the  work  self- 
supporting,  but  in  those  cases  the  States  were  willing  to  invest  a 
certain  amount  in  it  for  educational  purposes.  We  have  also  in- 
sisted that  the  inspections  should  be  on  the  basis  of  United  States 
grades,  and  that  the  form  of  statement  concerning  any  matter  of 
grade  should  be  a  form  that  we  approved. 

We  hope  next  year  to  bring  about  an  almost  absolute  uniformity  in 
the  form  of  the  certificate  and  in  the  nature  of  the  statements  made, 
and  we  expect  to  do  that  b}^  having  all  of  the  certificates  printed  here 
at  the  Government  Printing  Office.  They  will  be  printed  in  such 
manner  that  each  State  can  run  in  the  State  name  under  that  of  the 
Dej)aitment  of  Aa;riculture,  with  sufficient  room  alongside  the  citation 
of  our  authority  tor  them  to  cite  the  State  authority. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  is  the  certificate  signed? 

Mr.  Sherman.  It  is  signed  by  the  inspector,  who  states  that  he  is 
autiiori/ed  by  the  acts  cited  to  inspect  and  certify  both  on  the  part 
of  the  State  and  of  the  United  States.  He  holds  a  license  card 
signed  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  and  countei-signed  by  myself, 
or  by  the  supervising  inspector,  authorizing  him  on  behalf  of  the 
Secretary  to  inspect  under  this  act.  Therefore,  all  of  those  shipping- 
point  certificates  are  joint  State  and  Federal  certificates.  Where  no 
one  in  the  State  has  authority  to  do  this  work,  we  can  not  operate, 
i>ecaiise  we  have  no  money.  We  liave  the  authority  i)ut  iiave  no 
money.  If  anybody  in  the  State  has  the  authority  and  the  money,  ^ 
we  can  coofx'rate  with  them. 

Mr.  Andekkon.  How  are  those  shipping-point  inspections  carried 
out?  1  suppose  that  in  the  case  of  many  coiuincxhties  it  is  a  seasotud 
proposition. 

Mr.  Sherman.  Yes,  sir;  in  some  cas(»s  it  is  seasonal,  and  tlu'r(>  will 
be  no  occasion  for  the  work  except  (hn-ing  a  few  w(>(>ks  or  months.  In 
those  cases  there  will  be  no  permanent  State  organization  to  hanille  it. 


A(ini(  11,1  I   ItAI.    AI'l'H<>l'l(IATION    llll.I.,    I'.rji.  431 

Ml.  Am»i:ks<)N.  WIu'Iv  you  Imvt'  shi|>|>iii(;-})t>int  iiiH|N>rlioiiM,  tlv 
voii  inspect  rvcn  tiling  that  t^uvs  out  of  n  rcrlniM  point,  or  whal 
kind  of  an*aii>;«MU(>iit  tio  you  havr  for  that  with  thi'  Hhipprrsf 

Mr.  SiiKitMAN.  This  is  iusprrtion  at  riMpn'si,  with  rrrtniii  oxro|»- 
tious.  For  instance,  thp  Stnto  of  ('oh>rn(h>  hiw  phsmmI  n  hiw  m  which 
it  i>;  n>H(h'  the  (hily  of  its  hiirciiu  tif  inark«*ls  to  ■  ul 

of  fruit  and  vc^ctahlcs  ^tiui;^  out  of  tlu'  Stale,  i  ,..,.. rr 

for  business  n-asons  they  can  not  reach  the  conunothtv,  nml  then 
thev  must  issue  a  reh'ase  so  as  to  ch'ar  the  shipper  if  it  i«  shippofl 
without  State  inspection.  The  ('o|ora<h>  hiw  does  not  [irescri*  '.»it 
a  man  may  ship  or  what  he  may  not  ship,  and  it  does  not  |  ibu 

any  tirade  that  he  must  conform  to,  hut  provi(h>s  that  he  must  have 
the  inspection  nuuU'  and  the  certihcat(>  put  in  the  car  showing  the 
resuh  of  the  inspect  ion.  For  th<*  pur|)oses  of  this  insi)e<-tion.  the 
State  l)ureau  of  miirk<»ts  has  adopted  all  tlie  j^ra«les  we  nave  re<-om- 
meinU'd  for  fruits  and  vei^etahU's,  and  they  have  dniwn  up  their 
own  where  we  have  not  made  reconunemhit ions. 

Now,  the  hiw  havinj^  re(|uircd  the  Stat<'  a<;encv  to  (h>  this  work,  we 
reco*;nize  tlie  wState  as  an  interested  party  witli  reference  to  every 
sliij)ment  of  fruit  and  vejjetal)U's  maih'  out  (»f  the  State,  and  our  a«;reo- 
ment  with  the  State  hureau  of  markets  in  Colorach)  provith»s  that  we 
will  jointly  with  the  State,  and  at  its  rcfjuest,  made  a  Federal  inspec- 
tion of  every  car  of  fruit  and  vejretahles  tiiat  the  State  ajjency  in- 
spects.  The  State  authorities  have  divided  up  the  territory  into  six 
districts,  under  six  supervisors. 

Mr.  Andeksox.  Do  you  mean  hy  that  that  you  have  two  in>-p<'<'- 
tions  made? 

Mr.  Sherman.  The  same  man  makes  the  inspection,  and  there  is 
oidy  one  insnection.  There  is  one  operation  and  one  certifi<ate  is 
issued.  In  that  case  legally  we  do  not  know  the  shipper  at  all,  and 
we  only  know  the  State  of  Colorado.  The  shipper  must  submit  to 
the  inspection  and  the  shipper  is  delightetl  to  have  the  Fe<leral  cer- 
tificate added  to  the  State  certificate,  wliich  he  must  accept  and 
pay  for. 

Mr.  Andeh.son.  I  should  imagine  that  it  would  be  a  pretty  expen- 
sive proposition  to  make  an  inspection  of  every  carload  of  fruit  and 
vegetabh^s  shipped  from  the  State  of  Colorado.  Are  those  cars  con- 
centrated at  gateways? 

Mr.  Shkrman.  No,  sir;  they  have  a  complete  system  covering  the 
entire  State.  They  have  divided  the  State  into  six  districts  under 
six  supervisors.  ()ut  of  the  fees  that  they  ct)llected  last  year  fri>m 
this  service  they  sent  the  supervisors  of  those  six  districts  to  Chicago, 
and  we  gave  them  there  our  regular  course  in  inspector  training,  say, 
for  a  month.  Then  we  made  them  cooperative  t'mployees  under  the 
State  law.  Unfortunately  they  could  »)nly  be  paid  S1..")(H)  a  year, 
and  it  is  not  to  be  expected,  of  course,  that  thev  can  hold  good  men 
at  that  salary.  Therefore  we  made  those  six  district  men  coopera- 
tive employees  and  added  S3()0  a  year  to  their  salaries.  We  matle 
them  I  nited  States  food  products  inspectors  untler  the  law  and 
authorized  them  to  inspect  commodities  received  in  their  markets, 
just  as  our  men  do  in  New  York  and  Chicago.  For  instance,  they 
can  make  inspections  of  shipments  coming  into  Ciran<l  Junction  from 
points  outside  of  the  State.      In   that  connection,  we  were  able  to 

22028—22 28 


432  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

reestablish  the  Federal  inspection  at  Denver,  which  we  had  to  take 
out  of  the  State  after  the  war.  Therefore,  as  I  have  said,  we  have 
those  six  well-trjiined  men,  jind  under  them  there  are  inspectors  who 
are  inspecting:  tlio  cars  from  day  to  day.  Tliose  six  men  are  travelinij; 
over  their  territory  all  the  time.  The  local  inspectors  under  those 
men  inspect  practically  all  the  fruit  and  vegetables  that  come  out 
of  Colorado  and  issue  t'nited  States  certificates  ahtng  with  the  State 
certilicates. 

The  State  pays  us  §s  our  share  of  the  fee  collected  25  cents  per 
car.  The  State  of  Colorado  has  inspected,  or  we  have  inspected 
jointly  with  the  State  of  Colorado,  between  the  1st  of  July  and  the 
loth  of  November,  13,342  carloads,  or  a  little  more  than  one-third 
of  the  total  shipping  point  inspections  in  which  we  have  participated 
have  been  right  there  in  the  State  of  Colorado.  The  State,  having 
statistics  of  the  shipments  over  a  ptM-iod  of  yeare,  knows  just  about 
what  it  has  to  do.  and  can  apportion  its  men  in  such  a  way  that 
they  can  handle  the  work.  They  can  take  men  on  and  drop  them 
off  so  as  not  to  have  a  large  idle  force.  They  have  adopted  fees 
running  from  S3  per  car  on  potatoes  up  to  So  on  boxed  iruits  per 
car.  On  that  scale  of  fees,  the  work  is  entirely  self-supporting,  and 
the  25  cents  per  car  that  they  pay  us  returns  to  the  Treasury  just 
about  twice  the  amount  of  money  that  we  are  putting  in  the  State 
in  the  way  of  contribution  to  the  salaries  of  those  supervisors.  There- 
fore, we  will  come  outof  the  shipping  point  inspection  work  in  Colorado 
with  about  from  three  to  five  thousand  doUai-s  a  year  above  our 
expenses. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Under  this  increased  appropriation,  then,  you 
would  continue  to  make  cooperative  arrangements  with  the  States^ 

Mr.  Sherman.  To  some  extent.  Let  me  explain  another  cooper- 
ative arrangement  that  we  have  with  the  vState  of  California,  where 
the  work  is  entirely  voluntary.  There  is  no  State  law  retjuiring 
anybody  to  submit  to  inspection,  although  that  is  not  exactly  true 
with  reference  to  apples.  They  have  a  special  mandatory  law  with 
reference  to  apples,  which  makes  inspection  almost  compulsory,  or 
the  shippers  think  so  anyway.  Generally  speaking,  the  inspection 
in  California  is  on  a  purely  voluntary  basis,  and  the  State  is  out 
soliciting  business  all  the  time  for  its  inspection  service.  In  Cali- 
fornia, by  the  way,  we  inspected  9.407  cars  between  July  1  and 
November  15,  that  being  the  second  largest  number  of  cars  inspected 
for  any  State.  In  California  we  also  have  an  agreement  that  our 
share  of  tlie  lee  is  to  be  25  cents  per  car.  That  State  will  make  no 
mspections  witliout  the  participation  of  the  Federal  (Jovernnient, 
ami  we  have  made  three  men  in  California  cooperative  employees 
and  have  contributed  to  their  salaries.  One  of  them  is  the  chief 
of  the  bureau  of  standardization  of  the  State  department  of  agri- 
culture, and  lie  represents  us  in  the  supervision  of  that  work. 

basically,  tiiat  is  not  a  desirable  arrangement,  and  we  shouhl 
have  a  man  who  is  u  full  time  and  full  salaried  Federal  man  repre- 
senting us  m  California  in  the  supervision  of  that  work,  and  working 
jointly  with  the  State  men.  The  State  men,  of  course,  should  be 
paid  entirely  by  the  State. 

It  is  not  a  healthy  arrangement  to  have  the  Federal  supervision  in 
any  territoiy  entirely  in  the  hands  of  a  man  who  receives  the  major 


AOlUC  ILTinAI.  APPimPKIATloX    BILL,    1U24,  4M\ 

pint   of  Ins  Miliiiv   lioin   llir  Miilr.      1    lliink   \ mi  will  uilli  liir 

tliiil  tlial  is  l)asn'all\  iiiuh'siraMr.  and  an  urran;,'riiii  :..  ..n  jusi  u^ 
well  1)0  iniulc  to  provide  for  full-time  Kednal  iiirii  and  at  the  Miiriir 
time  return  to  liie  Federal  'rreasiirv  a  proportion  of  the  f««<'»  wliieli 
will  take  eare  of  the  portion  of  the  eost  tliat  \\v  fiirni>li  in  llie  wav  of 
salaries. 

My  idea  is.  if  we  are  jriven  this  in<Tease  of  ."<.V_*.(MM).  to  hire  out  of 
that  at  least  1(1  or  I'J  men  who  will  he.  on  the  average,  ahout  $:{.(NM) 
men.  and  who  will  he  iis«'d  as  supervisors  in  the  ^hippin;;-poini  int|N*e- 
tion  work.  One  of  them  nniy  he  emph>yed  in  the  (iiilf  .Sinirs  for  two 
or  three  months  durini;  the  slii|)pint;  sea.<-on.  and  then  taken  off 
there  and  sent  to  West  N'ir^inia  and  Ohio.  It  can  he  so  ai ranged 
that  a  man  can  work  in  three  or  four  States  in  the  «ourse  of  the  y»*nr, 
hut  he  will  always  he  scMvinj;  on  a  full  salary  as  a  Federal  sU|HTVi.sor 
in  eharjje  of  the  work,  and  always  answerahle  to  us.  I  ean  s<»e  no 
reason  now  why  we  can  not  return  to  the  Treasurv  fully  as  lar;_'e  a 
proportion  (»f  this  .S") "J, (•()(•  as  we  are  now  relurnin;;  of  the  j)re-ent 
appropriation,  and   I  should  hope  to  do  a  1  ttle  hetter  than  that. 

ISSIHTIOV     POINTS. 

Mr.  Andf-Kson.  To  what  extent  is  use  heinj;  made  of  this  new 
hui«;ua«:;e  authorizing;  inspections  at  points  wjiich  may  he  conveniently 
reached  ( 

Mr.  SiiKii.M.VN .  We  simply  notify  the  trade  in  all  of  those  eitic.s 
that  there  is  no  l<)n«;er  any  limitation  as  to  places,  and  that  our  in- 
spectt)rs  will  «jo  anywhere  within  a  day's  journey  of  the  places  where 
tliev  are  located  when  thev  are  wanted.  We  make  it  a  i;»'neral  nil* 
that  the  inspector  will  not  go  so  far  away  from  his  post  as  to  keep 
him  overniiiht.  In  several  instances  it  has  heen  necessary  to  send 
a  man  out  from  Chicago,  for  instance,  on  work  that  will  take  a  lon^'er 
time  than  that,  hut,  as  a  general  proposition  and  as  an  administrative 
matter,  we  say  that  they  may  go  anywhere  within  a  day's  journey 
of  the  j)laces  where  they  are  located. 

Mr.  Anderson.   Is  there  considerahle  insDectioii  work  of  that  ^>>rt 

:ed  poi 
deal  o 
fairly  well  concentrated.  I  would  say.  For  instance,  the  Atlanta 
man  seldom  ^joes  out  of  Atlanta,  hut  the  Clevelaiul  peoj)h'  oftt'ii  go 
to  Akron.  The  Detroit  inspectors  go  to  Toledo,  and  the  Toledo  people 
are  exercised  over  the  fact  that  they  have  to  pay  the  carfare  of  the 
inspectors  from  Detroit  down  to  Toledo  and  hack  again.  The  New 
York  inspectoiN  make  inspections  all  around  New  York,  and  up  into 
Connecticut  particularly.  The  Chicago  office  also  makes  a  good  many 
inspections  outi^ide  of  Chicago. 

Mr.  Andeu.son.  Do  you  have  any  inspections  made  of  shipments 
out  of  the  larger  cities  as  well  as  inspections  of  shipments  in  '.  Fi»r 
instance,  at  Chicago,  do  you  have  shipping  p«)int  inspections  of  ship- 
ments out  of  Chicago  as  well  as  inspections  of  sliipments  coming  into 
Chicago  ( 

Mr.  Sheu.man.  I  do  not  think  we  have  had  much  «»f  that  this  year, 
hut  we  have  had  that  sort  of  inspection  work  at  Chicago  in  two  or 
tliree  past  seasons  of  Wisconsin  I'ahhage  coining  into  Chicago  and 
heing  stopped  there  for  inspection,  and  then  heing  sold  in  the  Smith 


'   11  is  I 

at  points  away  from  the  designated  points: 


Mr.  SiiER.MAX.  There  is  a  good  deal  of  it  in  the  aggregate.  l)Ut  it  is 


4'M  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

on  the  basis  of  llie  inspection  at  Chicago.  We  inspect  a  great  many 
onion  sets  also  in  Chicago.  There  seems  to  be  large  quantities  of 
onion  sets  produced  in  the  areas  close  to  Chicago,  and  they  are  shipped 
out  through  Chicago  houses  that  handle  them.  For  that  reason  we 
have  a  good  many  onion  set  inspections  to  make  there. 

We  had  cooperative  agreements,  for  the  inspection  of  potatoes 
only,  with  the  vStates  of  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  and  Montana, 
each  of  those  States  having  a  certain  amount  of  money  available  in 
their  agricultural  appropriations  with  which  they  were  anxious  to 
secure  inspection  work,  largely  as  educational  work,  as  well  as  a 
service  work.  In  each  case,  the  service  was  offered  until  the  State 
money  was  gone,  and  then  it  was  dropped.  For  instance,  in  North 
Dakota  we  inspected  222  carloads  of  potatoes,  in  South  Dakota  306 
carloads  of  potatoes,  and  in  Montana  only  70  carloads. 

The  machinery  was  set  up,  but,  as  you  realize,  this  year  has  been 
an  exceptionally  hard  year  in  which  to  support  a  thing  of  that  .sort 
in  the  case  of  potatoes,  because  everybody  had  to  consign  his  potatoes, 
and,  of  course,  the  man  who  consigns  his  potatoes  does  not  care  much 
about  the  inspection  of  them,  because  he  knows  that  when  they  get 
into  the  market  the  buyer  will  form  his  own  judgment  regarding 
them  anyway. 

In  normal  years,  I  think,  the  potato  inspctions  at  the  shipping 
points  would  be  by  far  the  largest  single  item,  as  potatoes  are  by  far 
the  largest  single  item  in  the  market.  This  year,  outside  of  Colorado, 
where  everything  has  to  be  inspected,  I  presume  the  inspection  of 
apples  will  run  almost  as  heavy  as  the  inspection  of  potatoes,  although 
in  Idaho,  where  the  inspection  work  is  entirely  voluntary,  we  have 
inspected  over  6,000  cars  of  fruits  and  vegetables,  rr\ore  tlian  half  of 
which  consisted  of  potatoes. 

Mr.  Andersox.  WTien  you  inspect  a  car  of  apples,  do  you  open  all 
the  boxes  ? 

Mr.  Sherman.  No,  sir;  all  of  the  inspections  are  made  by  sample. 
Usually  in  a  car  of  apples  that  will  mean  about  10  boxes  if  they  are 
of  one  variety  and  size,  but  if  you  have  four  or  five  different  sizes  in 
a  car,  or  four  or  five  different  varieties  in  a  car,  we  have  to  inspect  the 
usual  run  of  samples  for  each  size  and  for  each  variety  before  we  can 
issue  a  certificate  covering  the  car. 

In  the  case  of  a  carload  of  sacked  potatoes,  the  rule  is  to  inspect  as 
many  as  eight  sacks,  and  if  from  tliat  inspection  we  find  the  con- 
dition running  fairly  uniform,  we  will  assume  that  we  have  the  aver- 
age of  the  car — that  is,  provided  we  have  taken  the  eight  sacks  from 
all  parts  of  the  load.  If  we  (ind  an  irregular  condition  in  the  potatoes, 
we  go  a  little  further.  When  we  find  a  range  of  as  much  as  12  per 
cent  between  the  Ixvst  and  poorest  sacks  of  potatoes  in  a  car.  we  do 
not  certify  that  as  a  first-grade  car,  but  we  say  it  is  an  irregular  car. 
We  may  say,  "A  majority  of  the  sacks  up  to  grade,  with  some  show- 
ing 1.")  per  cent  defects,"  or  we  may  say  that  they  do  not  meet  the 
re(|uin'in('nts  of  the  Cnited  States  No.  1  grade  on  account  of  the  ex- 
cess of  ([(ifects.  We  may  say  that  they  run  from  3  per  cent  to  15  per 
cent  defective,  oi-  njostly  12  per  cent  dcfeclivi',  or  something  like  that . 

In  New  York  we  had  a  situation  in  which  the  State  thought  that 
they  could  put  up  about  $2, ()()()  to  do  this  work.  They  were  to  em- 
ploy three  men,  and  we  were  to  furnish  a  supervisor.  The  fees  were 
<livided  between  us,  we  taking  50  cents  per  car  and  taking  chance 


! 


AGRICULTURAL  AI»lM;«iililAi  iu-n    uHJ.,    WH.  -i.JJ 

oil  wliut  it  WdiiM  tiiniuint  to,  lotting  the  StuU*  (nk<«  tlir  other  $°J.o<). 
Our  of  the  points  at  whirl)  insnrrtiori  wuh  oiFrnMl  whm  Avoca,  nixt 
I  hitvr  hrrr  n  htlrr  from  (ihMihill  tV.  i'titnaiii  iliic).  who  haridli* 
[>otato«'s  for  an  association.  Thrv  arr  uriliti;^  partKiihirly  iihoiil  n 
car  on  which  thrv  ha<l  a  rrinsprrtion.  I  want  to  (|uoto  two  para'* 
^'raphs  from  tlir  h'ttrr,  as  follows: 

Jiitt  w)  I'tuv' «•<  ynii  iirr  favoriiii.' 
.xcr\  i<(\  wt>  want  every  cur  of  jMii 

are  |ilu<-iu>;  th<Mr  (inierx  with  uk  wuh  ui!«truclior)ii  lu  itetul  iii.«|MMiion  >  ii 

the  invuice.  uti<l  the  tiiae  is  tieur  ul  huiid  when  we  will  In*  uiittiilt>  lu  Umk'-  m'  u  •!•  uln 
until  we  ran  furnit<h  the  (iovernnient  inH|MMiioii  cerlilii'ate. 

In  othri  words,  thr  hiiyrrs  are  rapidly  hrcomiri^  rdurutiul  to 
kiKtw  what  that  ins[)rclion  srr\  i<r  mrans,  and  thry  plarr  thrir  ordcre 
ac(  «)rdin<^ly.     Thr  last  para^^raph  of  thr  Irttrr  rrads: 

We  itiuierstaiKi  that  there  ha.M  Ix'en  no  {troviHioii  made  for  inH|M'(  tiun  r-<  i  uif, 

t«Tritory  after  .lannary  i.  and  we  want  to><uy  tn  yuu  that  it  im  the  i«leaof  our  i  on 

that  curtailment  of  thJH  service  i.«  ImiuikI  to  work  a  ." 
to  the  usual  pn)<«Hlure,  our  crop  ho.-'  not  rno\cf|  in  ; 
is  a  hirv'*'  crop  of  [mtalocs  to  Ik-  handled  here,  an<i  it  im  out  opinion  that  tfii!«  )»tuit  will 

all     move    after    .I:H1U;1I\       I       ainl     tlliU     MkiIi'     ||i;Mi     I'V.T    «1I|     Hi-     rciiiiiii.     ll...     i  iw|>...   t  i..t, 

.•service. 

That  is  rxactly  thr  situation  in  North  Dakotti.  whrre  cvervttimp  i.s 
full  that  can  hr  Idlrd  witli  potatoes,  aixi  that  hif;  movrmrnt  is  comJnj; 
on  after  thr  Statr  has  rxprndrd  all  of  thr  monry  that  it  has  for  thr 
work  hy  puttine;  on  10  salari<'<l  mrn.  In  othrr  words,  the  monrv  is 
^one,  while  the  husiness  is  there,  and  there  is  no  way  by  which  those 
irrs  can  tiow  hr  colK'ctrd  and  thr  rxprndittirrs  rrcouprd.  In  Colo- 
rado, California.  Idaho,  and  llir  Slatr  of  Washinejton  whrrr  thr  work 
is  supported  by  the  fees  collected,  we  have  suflicirnt  elasticity  to  take 
care  of  the  business  as  it  comes.  Of  course,  that  would  be  n  thor- 
ou<;idy  satisfartory  situation  in  places  whrrr  wr  havr  a  prrsonnrl  that 
wai\ts  to  cooprrate,  hut  in  other  places  whrrr  thr  frrs  can  n(»t  be 
reexpended  we  run  right  up  against  this  situation  of  getting  the  trade 
educated  up  to  the  service  and  making  the  business  men  drprndent 
on  thr  srrvicr,  and  thru  having  to  withdraw  thr  service.  Tluit  is  the 
oidy  ground  on  which  we  are  open  to  any  honest  criticLsm. 

Congress  has  asked  us  to  go  into  this  business  and  to  render  a 
business  service.  This  is  a  service  that  can  be  s(»ld  like  lifr  insur- 
ancr,  but  you  must  show  that  it  is  a  goo«l  thing.  Afirr  the  business 
man  is  shown  that  it  is  a  good  thing,  hr  wants  it.  Then  the  business 
men  begin  to  build  up  their  business  upon  the  basis  of  this  inspection 
service.  Then  if  thr  condition  of  thr  mtirkrt  is  such  that  it  becomes 
rasy  to  srll  at  the  sliipping  points,  it  becomes  exceedingly  im()ortant 
for  those  people  to  be  able  to  get  the  service. 

As  we  are  situated  now,  we  are  utterly  helpless,  and  I  think  you 
must  rralizr  that,  as  a  practical  proposition,  wr  must  mortgagr  or 
obligate  nearly  all  of  our  appropriation  within  the  first  three  months 
of  the  fiscal  year.  We  have  prrssurr  now  from  cities  like  Toledo, 
Ohio,  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  Hartf(»r<l.  Conn..  San  Antonio.  Tex.,  and 
Wichita,  Kans.,  whrrr  tiirrr  is  a  demand  for  inspection,  and  thrv  are 
too  far  from  points  where  wr  havr  inspection  srr\"icr  already 
establishetl. 

As  a  practical  matter,  we  must  lay  out  «»ur  program  at  tlu>  begin- 
ning of  thr  liscal  yrar  and  provide  for  the  exprnditurr  of  most  of 
our  monrv. 


436  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Then,  when  a  situation  arises  like  this  export  situation  in  New 
York,  where  there  is  a  volume  of  business  that  we  should  handle, 
if  we  are  to  handle  this  business  as  we  would  handle  a  i)nvate  business, 
or  if  we  are  to  make  an  inc  ome  when  it  is  possible  to  make  money, 
we  should  have  the  funds  available.  We  should  handle  our  business 
in  just  that  way,  so  as  to  take  advantage  of  the  conditions,  but  our 
pay  roll  is  su(  h  and  our  balance  is  such  that  we  do  not  dare  to  put 
on  two  men  in  Now  York,  even  though  they  will  earn  a  profit  for  the 
Treasury.  That  i<  in  a  ])la(  e  where  we  have  rent  already  paid  and 
where  we  have  statutory  dorks  assi^i^ned,  and  whore  we  have  every- 
thing ne<  essaiy.  ex(  opt  the  additional  men  to  ilo  the  additional  work. 

'1  his  shipping  point  situation  in  western  New  Yt>rk  is  duplicated 
right  now  in  dozens  of  places  all  over  the  (ountry.  Men  say  to  us, 
'We  aro  ready  to  pay  for  tliis  service."  They  ask,  "What  do  you 
*  do  with  the  fees?"  We  can  only  say  to  them  that  we  put  them  in 
the  Treasury,  and  if  we  tell  a  good  enough  story  to  the  committee 
they  may  add  something  to  the  fixed  amount  that  we  can  spend 
next  year. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  seem  to  be  keeping  pace  with  you  as  it  is,  as 
nearly  as  I  t  an  figure  it  out. 

Mr.  Sherman.  1  do  not  think  we  can  find  fault  with  the  way  the 
committee  has  treated  this  project.  We  are  placed  in  a  situation 
where  we  have  to  compete  with  private  agencies.  We  have  private 
agencies  competing  with  us  all  the  time,  and  we  have  had  a  private 
agency  to  take  some  railroad  business  away  from  us  this  year.  Last 
year  it  was  our  service,  and  we  inspected  5,196  cars  in  Philadelphia 
last  year. 

Mr.  Magee.  What  did  you  charge  for  that  inspection  ? 

Mr.  Sherman.  S4:  per  car. 

Mr.  Magee.  Wliat  does  the  private  agency  charge? 

Mr.  Siiek.man.  The  private  agencies  will  charge  whatever  price 
they  have  to  make  in  order  to  get  the  business  under  contract.  We 
were  oil'ered  the  business  of  one  of  the  large  railroads. 

Mr.  Magee.  What  do  they  charge  for  that  service  ( 

Mr.  Sherman.  Tliey  charge  all  that  the  trafHc  will  bear. 

Mr.  Magee.  That  does  not  mean  anything.  What  do  they 
ordinaiily  charge  ? 

Mr.  Sjier.mw.  So  far  as  I  know,  they  have  no  ordinary  charge. 
They  make  contracts. 

Mr.  Magee.  Tiiat  does  not  indicate  anything  at  all.  Do  you 
know  wliothor  thoy  charge  $10,  S25.  SI,  or  S2  as  compared  witii  your 
charge  of  $4  per  car?  1  ask  for  that  as  a  matter  of  infttrmation,  and 
if  you  can  give  it,  1  would  like  to  have  it  in  tiie  record. 

Mr.  Sherman.  In  some  cases  one  agency  is  inspecting  for  S2.o0  per 
car. 

Mr.  Magee.  What  is  the  highest  amount  that  you  know  of  any 
private  agency  charging? 

Mr.  SiiKHMAX.  1  would  nut  like  ti>  (|uoto  anyl)<»dy  because  w  i-  are 
ilopondout  upon  somebody  s  wortl  for  it. 

Mr.  Ma(!Ee.  You  have  a  pretty  good  idea  of  it,  have  you  not i 

Mr.  Smkr.man.  There  is  a  man  inspecting  at  Minneapolis 

Mr.  .M.voKK  (inteiposing).  What  is  the  maxinunn  charge  that  you 
kijnw  about  and  what  is  the  miuinuiui  charge  that  you  know  al)out 
made  by  |)rivate  a";oncies  ? 

Mr.  Shei{m.\.n.   Vruxn  $\.!S{)  to  $5,  where  no  arbitration  is  involved. 


Al^Jillf LiUJtAI,    Al'l'iitii'KlAiMi.S     IWU.,    iiU4.  46l 

Mr.  M.vciKK.  Vhc  |)i)iiit  1  hail  in  iiiiriil  wus  tiiis,  timl  uiulcr  thi* 
Federal  art  it  is  pntvhlnl  that  thocrrtificati-  i>i.suc(|  |>v  llu'  authnriM*<i 
aj^t'nt  (»f  llu'  th'partmi'iil  sliall  l)c  rr<i'iv«'(l  in  all  of  tin-  riiit4><l 

Slalt's  as  prima  f  iri.'  ex  id..,.  ..  ..f  d...  iiuth  nf  1 1,  .  axMiU'iil.t  tlnTt'ln 
coiitaiiicd. 

Mr.  SiiKicMAN.  If  v<'ii  (ii<i  not  ^iv»»  us  that,  we  <oiiM  ii<»t  do  miv 
hiisiricss  at  all. 

Mr.  MA(iKK.  With  thai   pnivi-i-in  in   tl.ii..    !   .1,.  u.. 
could  huv(»  any  couiprtilioii. 

Mr.  Shkii.mas.  Wo  j^ct  coinpctiiion,  bin-au.sr,  as  a  piai  Ii'mI  niatior, 
most  of  those  coiit rovei^sies  are  not  taken  info  Fedcr.d  <i> 

.\lr.  .\l  \<.i:k.   liul  tiiey  may  bf  taken  into  the  Federal  <•     . 

Mr.  SiiKUMAN.  As  a  pruclioul  mutter,  if  a  man  wants  to  hrin;;  null, 
he  will  hriiifx  it  in  a  Stato  or  city  court,  when>  lie  can  ^et  <{uieker 
action,  and  th(>  testimony  of  the  man  who  hioked  in  the  cat  door  and 
who  says  that  the  things  were  all  smashe<l  to  pieces  will  he  Worth  just 
a.s  mucli  to  him  in  the  Stato  or  city  court  as  the  cortificate  that  we 
issue  wouhl  he.     One  advant  ijje  that  the  privjit  icy  has  ovor  us 

is  that  they  furnish  men  as  witnesses,  and  the  ...  j,.  rtor  uv'  ■■  his 
inspection  for  the  person  wjio  hires  him  and  not  as  a  di-iin  d 

a<;(Mit.  If  ho  is  hired  by  a  railroad  to  make  that  inspection,  he  looks 
in  t!ie  ear.  makes  his  c(M'tifical(»  to  the  railroad,  whi'h  <;ives  the  rail- 
road idl  that  there  is  to  he  said  on  it-  -id.'  ..f  l!"-  '•■•-■•  ''f  ''!■•  '.mi.-.- 
voi"sy  is  carried  into  court. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  g'^ined  tiie  ijupression  .somehow  that  some  of 
tliese  peope  who  make  contracts  coverinf^  a  certain  largo  number  of 
iiispoctioiis  made  tiiem  as  low  as  SI  per  car. 

Mr.  SiiKK.MAN.  I  think  very  likely  they  do.  I  do  not  knovs-  what 
tlie  j)rivale  atjencv  oflered  to  do  the  work  for  the  B.  Si  O.  Uailroad  for, 
i>ut  the  B.  cV:  O.  ftailroad  practically  odered  us  a  j]^uaranty  of  S  ),')()(> 
cars  a  year  in  Philadelphia  and  New  York  if  we  would  make  a  sub- 
stantial reduction  in  the  fee.  They  expected  to  get  it  done  for  $2  per 
car  or  loss.  We  und(>rstood  tliat  this  private  agency  had  oU'ered  to 
inspect  SO, ()()()  cars  at  Philadelphia  und  New  York  for  ??1..') )  f)er  car. 
I  will  explain  to  you  wliat  sort  of  insnectit)n  that  moans.  If  they 
lind  out  that  we  have  inspected  a  car,  they  go  in  and  look  at  our  cer- 
tilicate,  and  they  will  always  trail  us.  Thov  will  never  make  a  state- 
ment which  disagrees  with  our  inspection.  \nil  their  inspection  is  for 
the  purpose  of  furnishing  evidence  to  the  person  who  employs  them. 

Mr.  ^1AGEE.  I  understand  that,  but  I  view  it  from  the  standpoint  of 
the  shij)ner  and  not  the  transporting  agency.  It  seems  to  me  that, 
with  a  leo  of  S4  a  man  who  exorcised  ordinary  prudeji..'  u.nil.l 
hardly  take  the  chance  of  mi.ssing  a  Federal  cortilicato. 

Mr.  Sherman.  That  is  true.  1  think  I  am  safe  in  saying  tltat  liiese 
private  inspection  agencies  have  almost  no  business  from  the  pro- 
tlucors  and  are  almost  never  omnloyed  hv  a  siiipping  association. 

Mr.  Anderson.  It  is  practically  all  railroad  inspection  ' 

Mr.  wSherman.  It  is  railroad  nispection  and  mspection  for  the 
receiving  interests. 

Mr.  Ma(;ke.  That  is  the  way  it  impressed  me,  that  you  would  not 
have  much  competition  from  the  producers. 

Mr.  SuER.MAN.  No;  not  at  all. 

Mr.  Ma(;ee.  But  what  the  transporting  agency  might  ilo  is  an<»ther 
tiling. 


438  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  SiiERMAX.  We  have  no  (ompetition  at  the  shipping  point. 

Mr.  AxuERSOX.  I  am  not  (juite  satisfied  as  to  this  liay  business, 

Mr.  vSiiERMAX.  Mav  I  say  one  more  word  on  this  matter  of  elas- 
ticity, ahliough  I  tliink  you  see  the  point  all  right  ^  1  was  <.oing  to 
sav  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  make  all  of  the  income  from  the  service 
reexpendable  in  order  to  take  care  of  that  situation.  The  first 
•SIO.OUO,  .S20.()()(),  .S3(),(H)().  or  §40,000  of  fees  could  be  held  in  the 
Treasury  as  an  emergency  fund,  not  to  be  drawn  upon  to  increase  the 
permanent  salary  roll  but  for  the  specific  purjjoses  which  vou  mi^ht 
designate,  in  order  to  take  care  of  work  tnat  would  develop  dunng 
the  vear. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  You  will  have  to  settle  that  with  the  Budget  officer. 

Mr.  Shkkmax.  Of  course  we  never  put  it  up  to  him. 

Mr.  AxDERSOX.  1  think  it  is  the  policy  of  the  Appropriations  Com- 
mittee, and  I  presume  the  Budget  Bureau  too,  to  oppose  revolving 
funds.  We  could  not  do  it  without  its  being  subject  to  a  point  of 
order  any  way,  and  I  think  it  is  a  rather  bad  policy. 

Doctor  Taylor.  Mr.  Tenny  will  say  something  more  about  the 
hay  situation. 

HAY-I.\.SPECTION    WORK. 

Mr.  Texxy.  All  I  can  say  is  that  the  demand  for  the  hay-inspection 
work  is  verv  stron*'.  As  Mr.  Sherman  has  said,  we  have  simplv 
estimated,  to  the  best  of  our  ability,  what  it  is  going  to  cost  to  take 
care  of  the  cities  which  have  already  indicated  a  desire  for  hay 
inspection  work.  We  have  estimated  it  on  the  basis  of  carrying  a 
substantial  portion  of  the  salaries  of  the  inspectors  in  these  diH'erent 
cities  and  then  have  provided  for  from  two  to  four  supervisors, 
dei)ending  on  the  number  of  cities  that  actually  take  the  work. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  In  how  many  cities  do  you  think  you  will  have 
inspection '( 

Mr.  Texxy.  At  the  present  time  Boston,  New  York,  Philadel])hia, 
Chicago,  ami  Richmond  have  written  us,  and  we  have  practically 
arrived  at  a  tentative  agreement  to  undertake  ins])ection  work  in 
those  cities.  Cincinnati,  wSt.  Louis,  Atlanta,  Baltimore,  and  Pitts- 
burgh have  been  considering  the  matter  but  have  not  arrived  at  any 
definite  decision. 

Mr.  Andersox.  Then  you  have  five  cities  in  which  you  feel  confi- 
dent you  will  be  able  to  establish  it  i 

Mr.  Texxy.  Yes,  sir;  five  cities  that  have  assured  us  that  they 
want  the  ins])ection  work,  and  the  matter  has  gone  so  far  that  men 
re])resenting  those  cities  have  been  and  are  in  the  city  taking  thehay- 
in.s])ection  course  we  are  giving. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  Will  you  be  able  to  get  this  started  immediately 
after  the  1st  of  .Inly  ^ 

Mr.  Tenxv.   Yes. 

Mr.  AxDEUHox.  We  will  next  take  up  the  item  relating  to  the 
nuirket  news  service. 

.MARKET    XEWS    SERVICE. 

.Mr.  .M,\KQi  js.  The  nnirket  news  service  appropriation  involves  no 
iiicrea.se,  as  you  will  note,  but  there  is  an  appnrent  decrea.se,  due 
to  Iran.sfer  of  three  clerks  to  the  statutory  roll.  That  fund  is  devoted 
to  niiirkcl  news  projects  in  four  principal  lines,  live  stock  and  meats, 


AORICl'LTURAL   APPnoPRIATlOX    IIIU.,    1  4£9 

fruits  tiixl  V('«;rtal»l«'s.  iliiirv  ami  poultry  pnnln'  •        ••'  '     •    ' '       'tf| 

>rc<ls.     Tlu*  division  of  the  fiiiul,  as  shown  I  ,i\ 

with  that  of  tho  provions  y»»ar.  in  fart,  this  w«»rk  in  ffom^;  nionjf 
st(MnliIy  «)n  the  sntur  ^^rnrrnl  phin  with  the  cvxrrption  that  in  thi"  InHt 
\ct\r  there  was  a  sniall  increase  ;;iven  ajuJ  a  eorrespon«!'""  •■vpan«*ion 
In   the   collection   an<l    (list rihtit ion   end   of   the   ne\s^  ••.      The 

present  statement,  theroforo.  eoneonis  pnrtiefthirlv  the  wny  in  which 
this  fnnd  is  \isih\.  what  this  service  18,  what  cluin;;o.H  have  taken 
phjce.  and  the  results  ohtained. 

In  the  first  place,  this  market  news  service  is  the  collecli<»n  and 
•  lissemination  of  news  concerning;  prices,  movements  of  pnuhicts  to 
the  njarkets,  marki't  conditions,  and  other  inea>Mres  of  <;o«id  iudjj- 
Mient  on  market in<;  to  Ix*  transferred  particularly  to  tlie  proifucer, 
also  to  serve  the  trade,  and  also  inform  that  |)art  <if  the  trade  which 
is  close  to  the  consumer.  The  or;;anization  involves,  first,  a  means  of 
ciillectin<;  the  information  and  keeping;  in  tou<h  with  the  markets. 

The  hi^^cst  item  of  expense,  aside  from  that  of  its  tiM-hrncal 
personnel,  is  the  matter  of  communication,  which  is  maintained  by 
means  of  a  lease*!  wire  service.  This  leased  wire  servi<'e  is  the  oul- 
Lfrowth  of  tlu>  experience  of  th«^  Bureau  of  Markets  over  five  years, 
het^inniiif;.  first,  with  rommercial  teh'^^rams.  later  devt-lopinj;  a  siM-ciul 
arrantjement  with  the  teiej^raph  companies  to  lease  a  wire  at  half  the 
cost  «)f  commercial  rates  and  to  utilize  this  wire  to  the  maxinmm 
unih>r  the  suj>ervision  of  our  own  staff.  This  wire  at  the  present  time 
connects  the  piincijuil  agricultural  markets,  hei^inniiiLT  with  Boston 
on  the  east,  New  York.  Trenton.  Philadelphia,  a  connection  to 
Lancaster  and  Harrisl)ur<;,  Baltimore.  Washington,  Bittsl)urj;h, 
Columhus.  Cincinnati.  ('hica»;o.  and  Madison  ami  Fond  <lu  Lac, 
Wis.,  Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul  in  the  Northwest.  Then  there  is 
a  st)uthern  and  "western  branch  connecting  St.  Louis.  defTerson  City, 
Kansas  City.  St.  Joseph.  Mo.:  Omaha  and  Lincoln.  Nehr.  Since 
.September  I.  an  extension  of  the  leased  wire  conne<tion  has 
been  made  to  Fort  Worth.  Tex.,  and  on  to  Austin.  There  is  no 
leased  wire  .service  to  any  other  points  than  those  I  have  named; 
there  is  no  connection  to  tlie  Southeastern  States  or  farther  wi'>t  than 
Lincoln.  Nebr.  You  may  recall  that  during  the  war,  at  the  maxi- 
mum ex{)ansion  of  this  service  under  the  emergency  funds,  a  complet* 
national  system  was  laid  out. 

Mr.  Andkrson.   Wliere  <lid  it  go  in  ihe  .Soulheasi  i 

Mr.  M.vHyiis.  Here  is  a  map  showing  the  maximum  development 
on  December  .'iO.  11)1  S.  At  that  time  there  was  a  branch  which 
went  from  Washington  to  Atlanta,  a  branch  to  dacksonville  and 
Orlando,  Fla..  an<»ther  branch  t(»  Birmingham  and  Memphis,  the 
main  line  passing  on  to  New  Orleans  and  thence  to  ll«uis(on.  the 
connection  between  Kansas  City  and  into  Texius  coming  to  Fort 
Worth  only  and  not  going  on  to  Austin.  Then  on  the  western 
circuit  the  leased  wire  went  west  from  Kansas  City  to  Denver,  to 
Salt  Lake  City,  to  San  Francisco,  .south  t<)  I^os  Angeles.  tou«-hing 
at  F>esno  tvnd  Turlock  in  California,  with  a  branch  to  Sacramento; 
then  in  the  northern  loop,  to  I\>rtland.  S|)okane.  Butte.  Idaho 
Falls.  Greeley.  Colo.,  and  hitching  in  with  the  other  cinuit. 

Mr.  AxDKUso.N.  But  that  service  was  maintaineil  for  only  u  rela- 
tively short  time  ? 


440  AGRICULTURAL.  APPROPRIATION  BILL,   1924. 


Mr.  Marquis.  That  was  maintained  for  about  a  year  and  a  half 
and  was  (Hscontinueil  when  the  appropriations  were  readjusted  at 
the  end  of  the  war.  Here  is  a  statement  which  shows  the  amounts 
carried  for  the  work.  It  readied  its  maximum  development  in 
1919,  when  the  omer*^encv  funds  amounted  to  Sl,114,0U(),  combined 
with  the  reguhir  funds  of  S254,580,  making  a  grand  total  of  $1,368,580. 
In  1920  there  was  a  reduction  to  S497,920;  in  1921  another  reduction 
to  8103,920:  then  in  1922  to  8390,100,  and  last  year  there  was  an 
increase  of  820.000  to  840.5.000.  and  then  this  year  it  is  the  same 
The  ligures  represented  in  this  appropriation  are  83,000  less,  due  to 
changes  in  the  statutory  roll. 


DEMAND   FOR   NEWS   SERVICE. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  there  any  demand  for  the  extension  of  the  leased 
wire  service  ? 

Mr.  Marquis.  During  the  past  year  there  has  been  a  strong  demand 
for  the  market-news  service.  As  we  have  observed,  the  demand  for 
market  news  is  greatest  when  prices  are  low  or  falling.  Farmei-s  are 
not  particularly  concerned  about  prices  as  long  as  they  are  high  and 
satisfacto  y.  They  are  not  searching  for  a  market,  and  they  are  not 
so  much  interested  in  the  choice  of  markets  witli  reference  to  which 
will  pay  the  best  pric  s,  but  when  prices  begin  to  go  down,  then  comes 
tne  call  for  more  market  information.  The  result  is  that  we  have 
had  a  greater  call  for  infomiation  of  this  cliaracter  during  the  past 
12  months  than  in  the  past,  due  to  the  Ioav  prices.  The  farmers 
seeking  markets  wished  to  Know  the  difference  in  prices  at  various 
markets,  the. best  time  to  s  11,  and  the  danger  of  gluts;  also  to  know 
the  r.lative  prices  for  various  fjualities  of  products.  All  of  these 
tilings  have  tremendously  increased  the  call  for  tliis  sort  of  informa- 
tion, with  the  result  iiiat  we  have  had  frequent  reriuests  to  extend 
tnis  service  into  areas  that  are  removed  from  our  regular  lines  of 
communication. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  this  service  maintained  with  respect  to  all  these 
various  commodities  —live  stock,  fruits,  and  vegetables — or  only  as 
t)  so. lie  of  tliem  i 

aL-.  AlvRLiLTS.  A-ll  of  t;i3  four  principal  lines,  live-stock  meats, 
fruits  and  Vv.>g3ta)les,  d  dry  and  poultry  products,  and  hay,  feeds  and 
sjeds,  are  in  luded,  and  t.iat  includes  a  variety  of  reports  which  go 
all  tae  way  iro.ii  tne  spread  hi  price  quotations  to  market  movements, 
tie  entire  range  oi  various  Kinds,  grades,  and  qualities,  and  any  other 
nows  tn.it  bears  upon  tiie  mar  .vet  situation. 

Tne  leased  wire  furmsnes  tne  most  reliable  means  of  connecting 
our  o.licos  lOr  tne  coUectioa  oi"  inforiUation,  and  1  would  like  to  sliow 
you  tne  way  tuat  is  us.hI  most  eil'ectively.  On  the  leased  wire  con- 
necting tiiese  points,  wnicii  now  amounts  to  3,300  miles,  2,000  up  to 
SeptcMiher  1  and  tnen  700  added  for  going  into  Texas,  we  have  32 
br.mcii  oiliccs.  Tnesi'  ollices  are  in  constant  com.nunication  for  12 
houi-s;  .)3  tch'graphers  are  on  tiiese  circuits,  and  messages  go  over 
tnesc  wires  by  code  in  tne  most  contlensed  form  possible.  Here  is  a 
record  showing  ttiat  from  o  o  cIock  in  tne  morning  until  (i  p.  m.,  and 
every  minute  during  tne  day,  tnere  is  a  series  of  code  messages  of 
various  .sorts  going  tlirougli.  vV'e  maue  the  best  pi>ssible  use  of  the 
ti  ne.     These  messages  are  not  sent  in  mil  but  in  code  letter  and 


o 


AORK  TLTniAI.   AI'PltorRIATlON    IlIU^    1024.  HI 

(i<;urcs  \vlii<*li  ^ivo  thr  cMitiiv  inforinHtion  wlu-n  it  is  rrniriUMl  *n\  ttm 
sporijillv  propnnMl  forms  in  all  the  (WlircH  thai  arc  on  tlicwiroal  thai 
tmu'.  This  method  is  used  in  onh'r  to  jji-t  as  mii<h  matiTial  im 
|)()ssihl('  over  the  win-.  We  an*  hmitcil  in  ihr  (piaiitity  of  i-rrtniri 
(  lussrs  of  nows  that  \vf  can  distrihiito  l>y  thr  ijipmiiv  of  thi'^  win*, 
nlth(»iJ«;h  in  sonic  cases  <lunn^  th««  war  there  were  two  pandhl  wirrn 
whicli  <-ouId  he  nscd.  or  the  time  was  ('xti'mh-d  ami  more  operatont 
w«Me  on  duty  in  order  to  carry  the  news. 

Now.  this  information  j;oes  through  not  iit  tiie  ortler  of  comni<Mlitie« 
hut  in  the  onler  in  whi(  h  it  is  (  olle<ted.  For  instance,  tho  live-Ml«M-k 
informaticn  from  St.  Paul  was  the  first  on  the  wire  on  thi-^  piirti'  uhir 
i\i\\  in  this  rc'  ord.  At  various  limes  durni^  tlie  day  iIumc  i.-»  put  on 
the  wire  short  code  messajji's  in  order  to  kecf)  the  news  ui>  to  <lat<» 
and  at  <  ertain  jieriods  in  the  day  there  is  a  lot  of  market  iniormati  )ii 
to  he  sent  a-  ross:  <  <  iisecnu  ntly  we  have  io  condense  in  ttrder  to  Ik* 
ahle  to  <;ct  that  inaterial  over  the  wire  in  time  to  Im*  ux'ful  in  the 
mnrlets.  wliere  it  is  posted  immediately  and  ^\\vx\  to  the  trad«'rs  in 
the  markets.  It  is  distrihuted  also  to  others  who  are  interested, 
cither  i)y  telecjranh  or  hy  radio. 

'ihe  s<  ope  <)f  tliese  reports  is  increased  eonsiderahly  hy  the  lem- 
j^orary  field  stati<  ns  which  are  mainlainetl  prin  ipally  hy  the  fruit 
!ind  \(<:etahle  (li\isi(>n.  In  this  last  year  there  were  'M'>  of  these 
field  stati(  ns  whi<  h  operated  over  a  period  of  from  one  to  .seven 
UKntlis.  'Ihese  field  stations  were  located  in  25  of  the  various 
>tates.  They  had  to  do  with  the  movement  oi  particular  <  rops  in 
the  harvest  so as<  n.  <  ollec  ting  infornuition  as  tt)  the  late  of  harvestinj;, 
the  lale  of  ^hij  nunt  inul  the  (lualilics  of  the  g(n)ds  j^iung  t»ut,  and  in 
tiiin  liinging  bai  k  inlormatitn  from  the  gi  neral  marKet  to  these 
>hippers  t.nd  inloiniing  the  farmers  as  to  general  conditions.  Some 
idea  td  the  s«  (,pe  of  the  work  of  these  field  stati'  ns  is  indicateii  by  the 
ni  ii  1  er  (>t  ie)U)rts  issued  i  n  fruits  and  vegetables. 

In  the  general  market  stations  about  five  and  a  (piarter  million 
reports  were  issued,  and  in  the  field  stations  about  one  and  a  half 
indli  )n  roports.  making  altogether  appri>.\imately  7.(H)0.(H)()  rep(»rts 
distributed.  These  rei)orts  are  sent  out  not  only  in  mimeograpli 
form,  which  are  mailed,  such  as  these  samples  show,  but  are  release<l 
at  various  points  to  the  press.  Our  service  ties  together  all  of  the 
various  means  for  the  distribution  of  news,  and  we  have  particularly 
liail  increased  demands  from  various  publications  for  market  infor- 
mation and  market  reports.  Within  the  past  fe^-  months  we  have 
been  asKed  to  furnisli  to  tlie  Associated  Press  additional  reports 
which  heretofore  tliey  have  gathered  from  their  own  sources.  Ttiey 
tell  us  that  the  Federal  Government  reports  are  now  being  regarded 
as  standard;  that  the  public  has  come  to  regard  them  as  unbiastnl 
and  as  being  tlie  best  source  for  general  market  information.  There- 
fore they  prefer,  wherever  possible,  to  take  our  repi)rts  and  distribute 
them  rather  than  to  collect  information  through  their  own  market 
reporters. 

1)EM.\XI)    K01{    IJAUIO    e<J>IMLM(..MION. 


There  has  also  been  a  greatly  increased  demand  owing  to  the 
development  of  radio  communication.  Since  a  year  ago,  wfien  some 
preliminary  tests  were  being  made  as  to  the  use  of  radio  in  ci»n- 
neetion  with  the  post  oflice  radio  stations,  this  work  has  developed 


I 


442  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TIOX   BILL,   1924. 

until  there  are  at  the  present  time  eoverin^  tlie  United  States  some 
forty-odd  broadcasting  stations  which  take  popular  market  news 
and  distribute  it  direct  to  the  peoplo"  who  have  receiving  outfits, 
and  these  broadcastinjj  stations — which  broadcast  by  telephone 
rather  than  by  telegraphic  code — in  turn  are  rapidly  developino; 
until  thev  can  pick  up  tne  general  market  news  which  is  distributed 
from  higli-powered  naval  stations.  Through  cooperation  with  the 
Navy  Department  we  are  sending  from  the  high-powered  naval 
stations  at  Arlington  and  the  Great  Lakes  station  at  Chicago,  at 
several  hours  during  the  day,  ctmdensed  market  reports  whicli  are 
picked  up  by  these  iforty-odd  stations  throughout  the  I'nited  States, 
turned  into  telephone  radio  reports,  and  given  further  distribution. 
This  map  indicates  the  manner  in  which  the  country  is  being  covered 
by  radio,  on  a  regular  schedule,  at  the  present  time. 

This  radio  communication  has  greatly  extended  the  possibilities 
for  the  distribution  of  market  news  to  the  producer  and  to  the  small 
)rimary  markets.  It  has  not  as  yet  proven  so  valuable  in  the  col- 
ection  of  information,  because  witli  radio  thf're  is  no  chance  to  check 
back  doubtful  messages  or  to  confirm  any  points  that  may  need  con- 
firmation. On  our  leased  wire,  if  there  is  anything  that  appears  to 
be  doubtful,  the  operators  can  easily  get  in  touch  with  the  sending 
station,  confirm  the  message,  and  be  sure  of  the  result.  With  radii) 
that  is  impossible,  but  for  very  fjuick  service  at  the  very  minimum 
of  cost  it  is  unequaled.  We  have  i^een  able  to  distribute  our  news 
to  hundreds  of  thousands  of  people  throughout  the  country  by  means 
of  the  radio  that  othenvise  could  only  get  it  through  the  expensive 
method  of  either  telegraphing  or  telephoning.  Consequently  we  are 
continuing  our  work  in  a  more  or  less  experimental  way.  and  these 
experiments  are  relatively  inexpensive  because  of  the  cooperation  of 
other  branches  of  the  Government.  The  Bureau  of  Standards  has 
lent  its  aid  in  the  development  of  receiving  apparatus  and  in  tests 
of  receiving  apparatus  to  encourage  the  use  of  radio.  The  Post 
Office  Department  very  generously  loaned  its  facilities  in  order  to 
make  them  of  use.  All  of  this  radio  work  has  been  conducted  at 
the  very  minimum  of  expense  and  the  maximum  of  promise  of  results. 
There  are  yet  many  problems  to  be  worked  out,  and  the  States  are 
going  at  those  local  problems.  All  of  the  work  being  done  has  for 
its  end  tiie  securing  of  eftective  distribution  over  certain  areas. 

Of  all  the  elements  of  cost  involved  in  this  work  the  greatest, 
of  course,  is  that  for  the  technical  men  who  gather  the  news.  The 
gathering  of  market  news  involves  the  use  of  men  trained  in  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  particular  product  they  are  covering,  whetiier  it  is  live 
stock,  fruit  and  vegetables,  or  dairy  products.  It  involves  a  knowl- 
edge of  grades  and  standards  in  order  that  they  may  know  what 
they  arc  (pioting  prices  upon.  In  many  commodities,  which  we  have 
not  yet  begun  to  (|Uote  fully  the  |)rol)lem  is,  first,  to  gel  uniform 
standards  to  apply  in  various  markets  in  order  to  determine  what 
is  a  comparable  price  of  one  market  with  another.  Things  which 
have  the  same  names  are  not  always  the  same  thinjrs  in  our  agri- 

III  «  ' 

cultural  inarkets;  consc(|uently.  the  price  of  a  prime  article  in  one 
market  i.s  not  the  price  of  a  prime  article  in  another,  so  that  the 
[)roblem  in  a  pmper  news  service  turns  on  the  (piestion  of  cla.^ses, 
names,  slandaids,  and  designations;  conse<|uently  this  work  improves 
us  the  men  improve  in  experience  an<l  as  our  grade  and  standard 


A(JRICULTl'KAI.   .\!MMti»PRI.\TI(»X    HII.I.,    1U24.  4  l.'t 

work    im[)rov('s,    aixl    it    tics   tn^i>|li«>r   nil   of   tlio  ••\|MTion«i'   of   the 
workciN  ill  the  Imrcaii. 

We  linvo  in  tlu*  live  siiwk  miil  ineal  news  Hon'ice  17  te<hturiil 
iiK-n;  in  tin*  fruit  iitui  vc^rlnhjc  s^-rvice  al)oiit  10;  in  the  <iuirv  an*! 
poultry  service  S.  niul  in  the  hay.  feeds,  utnl  seejls  work  'i. 

Mr.  AvDKiisoN.   Are  these  men  hnMiteil  in  the  priiKipal  inarkrU  f 

Mi.  MMtgiis.  They  arc  prineipally  in  the  hirpT  nmrkctM  mn- 
Iircted  hy  the  leased  wire,  ^neh  ii>i  Ko>ton,  N'rW  Volk,  PhdHdelphill. 
Pittshurj^h,  and  Chica^ro.  Tliev  niauitaui  olliees  there  with  men 
who  are  familiar  with  various  lines;  tliev  po  into  the  market  and 
collect  the  reports  from  persojial  i»hservntion  and  iswue  them  durin); 
the  day  as  the  reports  arc  <;ather«'d. 

The  entire  system  is  <-onstanlly  hein«;  revised  and  adapted  to  the 
slow  hut  steady  ehani;«'s  in  market  methods.  Wo  have  to  meet  the 
chan«;es  in  the  trade,  <'han<;es  wiiich  the  tra<le  often  thinks  are  very 
minor  ami  yet  they  sometimes  have  far-reaching  iidhn-nces.  All  of 
these  oflices  are  frecpiently  visited  and  inspc<-t«-d  hy  reproentativiti 
from  Wasiiin^^ton  with  the  vi«>w  of  chanjjint;  and  adapting  the  service. 
None  of  these  reports,  1  mi«:ht  say.  are  ti.xed.  hut  are  >uhje<-t  to 
revision  at  constant  intervals.  Mailinj;  lists  are  made  up  for  the 
field  stations,  for  instance,  at  tln»  hejjinnitif;  of  a  season,  tnose  listn 
heinj;  made  up  of  people  who  make  application  for  the  service. 
When  the  season  is  over  those  mailing;  lists  are  liled  and  are  not  use<l 
a*;aiii,  hut  new  lists  ar(>  made  out  for  the  next  season.  We  are  con- 
stantly revising  our  lists  and  sendinj;  our  material  only  to  the  people 
who  re(|uest  it.  In  that  way  we  avoid  the  waste  involve<l  in  send- 
injX  material  to  people  wlio  have  no  jiarticular  use  for  it. 

One  otlier  point  whicii  1  mi<;ht  mention  is  that  the  commercial 
organizations  arc  showing  a  growing  interest  in  the  value  of  market 
reports  gathered  by  the  Federal  department.  I  might  cite  as  an 
instance  th^U  in  one  of  the  large  live-stock  markets  the  commission 
men  were,  up  to  a  few  months  ago,  each  tlistrihutmg  once  a  week 
a  market  review  of  his  own  preparation,  but  they  have  recently  state<l 
that  they  would  like  to  all  join  together  and  through  their  organiza- 
tion send  out  one  market  re[)ort  prepared  weekly  by  the  market 
reporting  service,  and  have  that  report  coincide  exactly  with  the 
Government  reports  which  producers  are  receiving  by  radio  and 
otherwise.  As  soon  as  this  broadcasting  station  was  developed  there 
came  a  call  for  market  news,  hut  privately  collecte<l  marKct  news 
broadcasted  generally  and  without  any  check  upon  it  was  regarded 
as  of  less  value  than  a  Government  report  which  they  could  state  in 
broadcasting  was  the  official  Government  report,  and  thereby  »reate 
confidence  in  the  material  that  came  through  the  air  and  where 
there  was  no  opportunity  to  check  back.  The  result  is  that  nwKst  of 
the  market  reports  that  are  now  being  broadcasted,  dealing  with 
commodities  on  which  we  collect  complete  reports,  are  Government 
reports.  However,  that  does  not  apply  to  grain  in  certain  localities, 
where  we  do  not  have  a  complete  grain  market  reporting  service.  It 
does  not  apply  to  some  other  c<mimo(iities  which  are  reported  l(»cally, 
but  in  a  general  wav  the  reports  <;athered  bv  the  Fe<leral  (i«)vern- 

I  *  1  t 

ment  have  shown  an  increase  in  favor  in  the  past  year  on  the  part  of 
the  press  a.ssociations  and  commercial  organizations. 

\Ir.  Andersox.  If  there  are  no  (piestions  we  will  take  up  the  next 
item,  enforcement  of  the  United  States  ct)tton  futures  act. 


444  AGRICULTURAL  APPR0PRL\T10N    BILL,    1924. 

FOR    EXFORCEMEXT    OF   THE    COTTOX    FUTURES    ACT. 

Mr.  Tenny.  This  is  an  apj)ioj)riation  for  the  enforcement  of  a 
definite  law.  No  increase  is  asked  but  there  is  a  slight  transfer  to 
the  statutory  roll,  leaving  the  amount  actually  the  same  as  the 
appropriation  of  this  year.  The  only  thing  of  very  great  importance 
in  connection  with  this  appropriation  is  that  there  is  an  unusually 
heavy  demand  on  the  department  for  the  preparation  and  distribu- 
tion of  official  cotton  standards.  For  the  last  year  or  more  we  have 
been  developing  some  new  cotton  standards  on  some  of  the  main 
grades  of  cotton.  Those  have  been  promulgated  to  be  effective  in 
August,  1923,  and  naturally  all  the  people  who  are  going  to  use 
those  standards  are  going  to  want  new  sets  of  standartls.  We  are, 
therefore,  securing  a  considerable  amount  of  cotton  and  equipment 
for  the  purpose  of  getting  these  sets  ready  to  go  out. 

Simply  to  show  the  progress  of  the  work,  the  })oards  of  examiners 
at  New  York  and  New  Orleans  have  classed  234,148  bales  of  cotton. 
During  the  year  requests  for  reclassifying  were  filed  on  43,384  bales. 
Of  these  43,384  that  were  reclassified  the  grade  was  changed  some- 
what on  3,724. 

We  are  maintaining  the  same  machinery  in  the  Cotton  Belt  for 
arriving  at  the  price  of  cotton  at  points  of  origin  and  the  differences         , 
in  price  of  the  different  grades  of  cotton  as  provided  for  in  the  law. 

Mr.  Axdersox.  Are  3'ou  doing  any  investigational  work  under  this 
item  i 

Mr.  Texxy.  None. 

for    EXFORCEXIEXT    OF    the    GRAIX    STANDARDS    ACT. 

The  next  item  is  for  the  enforcement  of  the  United  States  grain 
standards  act,  and  the  same  appropriation  is  asked  for  the  coming 
year  that  we  have  for  tliis  year.  During  the  present  year  we  have 
not  quite  as  much  money  as  we  had  last  year,  which  has  necessitated 
the  readjustment  of  our  work  somewhat.  We  have  eliminated  4 
field  offices,  having  now  34  field  officers  instead  of  38.  We  are  taking 
care  of  the  work  in  one  of  these  places.  Atlanta,  Ga.,  through  the 
office  of  Federal  grain  supervision  at  Nashville.  In  the  other  three 
cities  where  offices  have  been  eliminated  a  Federal  employee  has 
been  left  to  supervise  the  inspection,  but  without  expense  to  the 
(iovernment  other  than  his  salary. 

This  is  a  compulsory  piece  of  legislation  and  this  appropriation  is 
used  entirely  for  the  enforcement  of  the  law.  The  enrorcement  of 
the  law  necessitates  two  lines  of  work.  First  I  might  say  that  the 
inspection  work  is  not  done  by  the  Federal  (iovernment  in  this  grain 
standards  work.  I 

Mr.  A.NDKUso.N.    Is  that  universally  truc^  ' 

-Mr.  'I'knxy.  '^'es.  'J'he  original  inspection  work  is  not  done  b\' 
the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Mr.  .V.NDKitsoN.  Do  you  have  any  inspectors  who  are  not  licensed 
by  States  or  boards  of  trade  ( 

Mr.  Tknnv.   No;  we   have    none.     The    work    we   have    to   do   is, 
first,  to  supervise  the  inspectoi-s  who  aic  eniploved  by  the  States 
and  boards  of  trade.     Second,  the  law   piovides  that  if  any  shipper 
receiver,  or  interested  party  desires  to  jippeal  from  the  grade  assigned 


AQRICULTrRAI.  APmoPRIATIOJf    BII.I.,   1!»24,  445 

by  11  licensed  ins[)e<ti>r,  Iw  nmy  «l<)  no.  niid  we  Imvr  In  pr«»vitl«-  tJn» 
ninchiiierv  for  (jiKiiif:  siintples  under  thcisc  ronditionM  nnd  for  n; 
\\w  inspections.  The  ap|)enls  have  ^niwn  trcnuMKhni.-lv  simo  the 
work  WMs  started.  I  would  like  to  havr  iti  the  ncord  for  vour 
information  the  nppcaU  since  I'.MS,  when  the  uork  uas  hrst  uiider- 
laken.  In  that  yt'ar.  which  wn.s  the  lirKt  full  yenr.  them  uit^  i  \:,s 
app«'als;  in  IMIO  there  were  r),<i')I,  an  increase  of  M.')»i  per  cent;  ui 
ll»'JO  thtM'e  wen*  1().*.M>()  app<'als.  or  an  increase  over  the  fir  •  •  '■■■r  of 
t»')2  f)er  cent ;  in  I021  the  niunher  remained  up|)ro\iinately  me, 

;dthoui:h  there  wjis  a  slight  incren.se  to  Il.tllT.  or  an  increiwo  <»f 
(»'I7  p«r  <ent.  over  1*.)1S,  hut  in  1'.>J2,  «iur  Inst  yenr,  due  to  certnin 
conditions,  the  appeals  incn'iised  to  IiI,(iSi),  (»r  an  mcre(i>^e  of  soiuo- 
thin<;  more  than  2.(K)()  per  ci'Ut  over  HMH  ami  an  increa.'^e  of  almost 
MU)  per  cent  over  last  year. 

Mr.  .\nI)KI{S().\.  I  do  not  i-eeall  thetxnct  melhfid  of  making  these 
apj)cals,  hut  are  these  nppenis  to  the  <iifn'r\  i^nrv  or  nii-  ilii'\  nptwul^ 
to  the  Secretary  ^ 

Mr.  Tk-NNV.  rh(\v  an*  n[)peals  to  the  Secretary  of  Aj^rK'uiture 
tiiroui;h  h»cal  oliices  of  Fedend  f^rain  supervision. 

Mr.  .Vm)KI{s<).\.  Do  the  li;.ui('s  which  you  have  r«'adily  ohtainahle 
show  the  number  of  eases  in  which  the  ^rnde  wns  raised  and  the 
numlx'r  of  cases  in  whicji  t)ie  grade  was  l(>wered  '. 

Mr.  Thnny.  Yes.  sir. 

Mr.  .Vm)KI{s<).\.   I  would  like  to  have  that  information. 

Mr.  Tknny.  \'erv  well,  we  will  furnish  it  for  the  record.  This  in- 
(U'eased  number  of  ap|)0)ds  is  simply  an  indication  that  the  party  in- 
terested tiesires  a  Federal  certificate. 

(.){ tlio  tnfal  nuinl  or  of  appcaKs  (r(2,:575)  to  tlio  Secretary  of  .V^riciiltiire  tliroiigli  Im-al 
Kedoral  grain  ^'ul)('rvif^(>rs  for  true  graile  (letermination.i  iinrU'r  tlio    t'nit«'(l    ."^'tatiti 
trraiii  .standards  act.  from  July  1.  1917,  to.liine  :'0.  1922.  tlie  li«-«'n.-o<l  iiL^peetnr 
was  chanijfd  in  25.71(1  (•a.«es.  or  41.2  per  cent  of  \ho  niiinlier  tiled.     Of  the  luii;  i 

ciifles  in  which  the  gradi-y  were  changed,  in  5.31!)  ciu?es,  or  20.8  per  cent,  the  iH-eFu-n-d 
inHpoctor's  niimt'rical  grade  was  rai.-^ed:  in  8,872  ca^e.'*,  or  34.5  p<'r  cent,  the  licenw'ti 
insi)octor's  numerical  grade  was  h)wered,  and  m  11,495  ca^es,  or  44.7  per  cent,  the 
licensed  in.«>jH>ctor\«<  numerical  grade  was  not  changed,  hut  the    'ixrade  (!•  i.n" 

wa.'^  changed  because  of  a  differt-nce  hetween  the  inMj)ector  and  I'edcra!  l  |<4'r- 

visor  on  factors  of  grade  dt^ignation  such  iu>^  cliu«s.  sul!clai<.s,  ctilor.  treated  grain,  etc.  In 
3r),»;.')9  of  til"  anpeals,  or  58.8  per  cent  of  the  number  liletl,  the  licensed  inspector's 
grade  wa'  founn  to  be  correct. 

Of  the  fi2.375  appeals  filed.  ;W,012,  or  48.1  per  cent,  were  taken  from  "inbonnd*  in- 
spections, and  32.:{().i,  or  51.8  percent,  fnmi  "outboun<l'   in.-^pections. 

All  of  tbis  appropriation  is  u.sed  for  the  enforcement  of  standards 
of  shelled  corn,  wheat,  and  oats;  we  bavc  other  fjratles  that  are  ready 
for  pronudfjntiou  but  they  can  not  be  ollicially  promulj;at«Ml  with(Uit 
the  enforcement  act  forthwith  becomin*;  operative,  entailin*;  unon  us 
the  need  of  doint;  the  supervisory  work  and  the  appeal  work,  but 
which  we  can  not  do. 

Mr.  Andkh.son.  What  are  the  grains  for  which  you  iiave  standards 
but  which  have  not  been  promul<!;ated  '. 

Mr.  Tenny.  Rye,  milled  rice,  jjjrain  sorj;hums,  barley,  and  flax. 

Mr.  AyDKRSoy.  Are  there  men  (lualified  to  make  these  inspections 
in  the  event  they  shoidd  be  promulj^ated  '. 

Mr.  Bksi.ky.  if  1  understood  your  (|uesti(»n.  it  was  whether  the 
inspectors  in  the  country  are  ready  to  take  these  standards  and 
apply  them. 

Mr.  AxDKRsoN.  Yes. 


446  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Besley.  Yes.  sir;  they  are,  with  the  exception  of  milled  rice 
and  with  an  additional  reservation  on  the  grain  sorghums.  In  the 
markets  where  they  handle  grain  sorghums  extensively  they  a;'e 
equipped,  but  in  certain  other  markets  they  would  not  be. 

Mr.  Andek.sox.  Do  the  standards  which  have  not  been  promul- 
gated require  specialized  equipment? 

Mr.  Besley.  Only  to  a  very  minor  extent.  For  example,  the  sor- 
ghums would  have  to  have  a  special  set  of  sieves  of  certain  sizes,  but 
that  is  practically  (he  only  additional  equipment. 

Mr.  Tenxy.  We  have  a  number  of  urgent  letters  from  foreign  gov- 
ernments for  grades,  particularly  on  rye.  I  have  mislaid  those  letters, 
altliDUgh  I  have  them  with  me.  But  one  is  from  the  German  Gov- 
ernment to  the  embassy  here  and  one  from  a  large  importer  in  France, 
particularly  urging  that  grades  be  established  on  rye,  so  that  the 
importations  can  be  made  on  the  same  basis  as  these  other  grains. 
They  claim  that  the  present  methods  are  unsatisfactory  and  that 
they  are  not  geting  uniform  deliveries. 

FOR    ADMINISTRATION    OF    UNITED    STATES    WAREHOUSE    ACT. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  next  take  up  the  item  for  the  administra- 
tion of  the  United  States  warehouse  act. 

Mr.  YoiiE.  This  estimate,  which  is  for  administering  the  United 
States  warehouse  act,  carries  an  increase  over  last  year  of  S16,400. 
We  shall  quite  likely  use  this  additional  money  to  place  an  additional 
man  in  our  Raleigh  office,  from  which  office  we  cover  Virginia  and 
the  Carolinas;  one  additional  warehouse  inspector  to  work  from  the 
Atlanta  office,  which  serves  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
and  Tennessee;  and  an  additional  inspector  in  the  gi'ain  territory 
extending  from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Then  it  is 
contemplated  to  open  an  office  at  Memphis,  which  will  mean  placing 
one  additional  inspector  and  taking  from  the  office  or  inspection  force 
of  the  Dallas  and  Atlanta  offices  certain  men  and  adding  them  to  the 
Memphis  force.  It  also  provides  for  adding  four  clerks,  two  of  whom 
will  (juite  likelv  come  to  the  Washington  office,  due  to  the  increased 
amount  of  work,  which  I  will  show  you  before  I  finish;  and  one  to  the 
Denver  office,  which  is  to  be  opened.  W"e  now  have  a  man  working 
from  that  city  but  have  not  established  any  office  headqiuirters. 
One  clerk  will  be  needed  in  the  Memphis  odice,  which  will  be  opened 
probably  after  the  1st  of  July. 

It  is  hiirdly  necessary  for  me  to  tell  this  committee  what  the  pur- 
pose is  of  the  warehouse  act.  It  was  passed  six  years  ago.  Prima- 
rily its  purpose,  in  a  wt)rd,  is  to  aid  in  orderly  marketing  and  in  pro- 
<lucing  or  bringing  forth  an  instrument  which  can  be  used  for  credit 
purposes  when  the  pi'oducts  arc  in  storage.  My  understanding  of  the 
history  of  this  act  is  that  in  the  first  few  years  after  its  passage  this 
committee,  and  (-ongress  in  General,  was  (luite  discourageil  with 
what  was  being  done  under  it;  discouraged  witn  respect  to  the  manner 
in  which  tiie  fanners  themselves,  who  were  su|)posed  to  be  using  it 
and  f(»r  whom  it  was  passed  primarily,  were  availing  themselves  of  it, 
and  discouraged  also  with  respect  to  the  manner  in  which  the  ware- 
housemen w«>re  responding  to  it. 

To  (h'velop  a  credit  instrument  properly  and  mak(>  it  of  the  greatest 
use— and  in  this  instance  it  hnj)pens  to  be  the  \varelu>usi>  receipt      it 


} 


AGiticui.rtn.vi.  Aiii..a-uiAri(o'  iwu,,  lyji.  447 

is  ncocssjuy  to  have  at  lotist  lUrw  .liirrrcnl  purine  inlorc-^ilnl  lo  no 
Hniiill  (Ic^'icr.  First  cf  all  is  thr  iinxliiror.  who  iim^  tho  wurc-luuiiM.- 
secomi  is  tlu;  warrlintiscmnri.  mid  tliini  tlu-  '  '  1,  tlii>  nmti  who  will 
list'  tho  credit  instniiiu'rit  mxl  iiiak<>  l(.nii-.  .  u. 

Xatiirally  it  takoH  soiiio  time  t(»  t*ol  thwe  thriM*  <lifriTcnt  i>h*iii(>iit« 
nitcicsltMl  to  sucji  an  rxtciit  that  flu«v  will  rradilv  i.-,(..,iul  and  avail 
tiu'inselvos  of  the  act.  llow.-vcr,  wo  hdicvr  wr  liavc  rrarh.ui  the 
place  now  whore  this  coinmitloe  must  fed  iiiij)n'.>H,.d  with  the  fact 
that  the  educational  work  is  a  thiiii;  of  tho  past  and  wiiere  demands 
are  heinLT  made  almost  faster  than  thev  can  he  answered.  A  few 
fijjurcs  in  connection  with  liiis  dcv»«I«.pment  will  reinforce  th<  •  :  r. 
l^  to  April   1,  1020,  which  wius  almost  four  yeai-s  after  the  |  _e 

of  the  act,  we  hatl  hut  23  cotton  warehou.sos  licensed,  with  a  <apacity 
to  accommodate  K), ().')()  sah-s.  and  .")  irrain  warelu.uses.  with  a 
canacity  to  accommodate  1  .■)(),( too  hushels  of  ^'rain.  We  had  no 
tobacco  and  no  wool  warcliousos  licensed.  One  year  thereafter  we 
had  2.'iS  cotton  warehouses,  with  a  capacity  to  accommodate  rj!».y7.5 
hales;  oO  <rrain  warehouses,  with  a  capacity  to  accorniiKMlatc'  2.  lOS JOO 
hushels,  and  .J  wool  warciiouses,  witii  a  capacifv  i<.  .m.  .■intiKulale 
approximately  24,375,000  pounds  of  wool. 

Up  to  the  1st  of  May  of  this  year  the  li«;ures  showed  20.s  cotton 
warehouses,  with  a  capacity  to  accommodate  I,2()I),»i!>.")  bales;  2f.  '  u 
warehouses,  with  a  capacity  to  accommotlale  approximately  1 4,.V  .  j 
hushels  of  <^niin ;  18  wool  warehouses,  with  a  capacity  to  acconimodate 
27,500,000  pounds  of  wool,  and  for  the  first  time  we  had  licensed 
tobacco  warehouses^ — 14 — witli  a  capacity  to  accommodate  ai)oiit 
68,000,000  pounds  of  tobacco.  Those  ligures  are  as  of  Mav  1,  iUJ2. 
1  have  taken  occasion  to  brinj;  them  practically  to  date— November 
20— so  that  tlie  committee  miu'ht  see  that  pro^n-css  is  still  l)ein.i,' made. 
We  have  now  400  cotton  warehouses,  with  a  capacity  to  accommodate 
2,000,000  bales  of  cotton-  218  grain  warehouses,  with  a  capacity  to 
accommodate  14,000,000  bushels  of  gnun;  23  wool  warehouses,  with 
a  capacity  to  accommodate  25,000,000  j)ounds  of  wool;  and  52 
tobacco  warehouses,  with  a  capacity  to  accommodate  225,000,000 
pounds  of  tobacco. 

TERMINAL   WAUEHOLSKS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Have  any  of  the  warehouses  whicli  have  been 
previously  licensed  withdrawn  from  the  system  i 

Mr.  \onE.  Oh,  yes;  there  are  cases  of  witiidrawing,  suspending, 
canceling,  and  pcnnitting  the  licenses  to  expire.  A  license  is  onlv 
issued  for  a  period  of  one  year.  It  may  interest  you  to  know  just 
why  warehousemen  permit  their  licenses  to  expire  or  why  the}'  are 
suspended.  Conditions  change  from  year  to  year  with  respect  to  the 
advantages  to  be  gained  in  storing  or  not  storing  products;  also  the 
development  of  the  cottcm  cooperative  movement  and  other  coopera- 
tive movements  has  some  edcct  upon  it.  You  will  notice  from  tho 
figures  which  1  gave  you  tiiat  we  have  about  2.500.000  pounds  less 
ot  licensed  capacity  for  wool  tlian  we  had  on  May  1.  That  is  due  to 
the  fact  that  one  of  our  licensed  warehousemen,  who  was  operating 
live  large  wool  warehouses  in  Chicago  last  year,  found  that  this  year, 
with  the  increased  price  of  wool,  that  the  farmei's  were  selling  their 
wool  quite  freely  aa  it  was  clipped  and  there  was  im  .xra^iixt  »'■  -'(»rc, 

UL'OliS— IK 21) 


448 


AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 


and  as  these  warehouses  which  he  had  Hcensed  were  in  leased  huikiings 
he  decided  he  couhl  not  afford  to  take  the  risk  of  a  loss  this  year,  so 
he  did  not  renew  his  licenses  when  they  expired:  in  fact,  he  asked  that 
some  he  canceled.  The  same  thing  is  true  of  grain.  In  grain  we 
had  one  case  where  a  warehouseman  had  68  licenses  last  year  and  this 
year,  due  to  cooperative  movements  in  that  particular  section  and 
the  movement  of  grain  for  export,  he  difl  not  renew  his  licenses  on 
more  than  about  34.  His  warehouses  were  in  leased  buildings  and 
he  could  not  afford  to  take  the  risk  of  a  loss. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  these  terminal  warehouses  as  a  rule  ? 

Mr.  YoiiE.  No;  they  are  practically  all  at  comitry  points.  We 
have  not  gone  into  terminal  territory  as  yet.  We  have  one  rather 
large  wareliouse,  which  is  terminal  in  nature,  at  Davenport  and  an- 
other at  Fort  Worth,  with  a  capacity  to  accommodate  about  1,000,000 
bushels.  We  have  one  at  Mansfield,  Ohio,  and  we  have  now  pending 
an  application  from  the  Mill  and  E)levator  Association  of  North  Da- 
kota for  the  licensing  of  the  warehouse  at  Grand  Forks,  which  has 
a  capacity  of  about  2,000,000  bushels.  If  we  once  begin  to  get  appli- 
cations from  these  terminal  warehouses,  it  is  going  to  make  very 
heavy  inroads  into  our  appropriations,  because  it  will  practicallv 
mean  that  we  will  have  to  station  one  man  continuously  at  such 
terminal  warehouses. 

I  do  not  know  whether  the  committee  would  care  to  see  how  the 
work  is  going  with  respect  to  the  large  warehouses,  but  your  inquiry 
with  respect  to  termmal  warehouses  prompts  me  to  place  in  the 
record  some  figures  with  respect  to  how  the  large  cotton  warehouse- 
men are  availing  themselves  of  the  act.  As  you  probably  recall,  in 
the  first  few  years  most  of  the  cotton  warehouses  were  o\^^led  by 
small  operators,  but  now  we  have  a  ^reat  many  ranging  from  4,000 
bales'  capacity  up  to  165,000  bales.  I  shall  be  very  glad  to  give  the 
clerk  the  figures  to  place  in  the  record. 

(The  figures  referred  to  follow:) 

Number  and  capacity  of  warehouses. 


Number  of  Number  of , 
warehouses ,  warehouses  ,    Capacity 
May  1,     I    Nov.  20,        in  Dales. 
1922.  1922. 


14 
7 
3 
1 
3 
1 

11 
1 
1 
1 
1 


10 
21 
8 
6 
2 
5 
1 
17 


4,000 
5,000 
6,000 
7,000 
7,500 
8,000 
9,000 
10,0(X) 

io,r.oo 

11,000 

wjm 

12,  (MX) 

i:{,(MX) 

II,  (MM) 
1.">,(MM) 
115,000 


Number  of 

warehouses 

Mav  1, 

1922. 


Number  of 

warehouses 

Capaiitv 

Nov.  20, 

in  bales. 

1922. 

2 

18,000 

1 

18,500 

1 

19,000 

4 

20,000 

2 

22,000 

1 

25,000 

3 

26,000 

1 

29,000 

3 

30,000 

1 

35,000 

1 

40,000 

1 

.52,000 

1 

»l,000 

1 

75,000 

1 

165,000 

'*.  I 


! 


ACTIVITIKH    OK    COOPERATIVE    AHROCIATIONa. 

Mr.  YoiiE.  I  might  state  tluit  the  tremendous  increase  in  this 
work  in  the  last  two  years,  and  j)arli(ularly  in  the  past  year,  is  due, 
in  a  measure,  to  the  influence  of  these  cooperative  associations.    Take 


A(;nicuLTriiAj.  appropriatiox  hill,  1914.  449 

the  I>)ng  Staple  Cotton  Association,  at  (iroiMiwooil,  Miss,  It  nilopied 
us  its  policy,  before  the  organi/ation  was  nratticaily  «<»mpl«'t«'4l, 
that  all  of  its  cotton  should  he  stored  in  federally  licenseil  warehoiisrs, 
and  t(»  show  how  ri<;idly  it  has  a<lhered  to  its  pnh<v.  it  has  >  '  I 
to  phuc  any  cotton  with  any  warehousemen  iinles,s  thev  i..  ...c 
licenscil.  One  warehous«Mnan  hehl  out,  an«l  after  there  had  heen 
something;  between  ")()()  and  1, ()()()  hales  of  cotton  placed  with  him, 
on  the  assuni|)tinn  tiint  he  would  hecome  licensed,  he  still  refused, 
and  the  pri'sidcnt  of  the  association  sent  a  raft  down  the  river,  or 
some  kind  of  a  llathoat,  and  put  ')()()  hales  of  cotton  on  the  Ixmt;  ho 
put  a  sif^n  on  it  readin<;,  "doinj;  to  a  federalized  warehouse."  and 
shipped  it  up  the  river.  The  result  was  the  waridiousenian  win-d  to 
he  licensed  as  soon  as  we  possibly  could  nnike  arranj^ements.  'I'lmt 
association  has  absolutely,  durinj;  this  year  and  last  year,  put  all  «)f 
its  cotton  in  licensed  warehouses,  'j'lie  same  tiling  is  true  of  tho 
North  (\irolina  Cotton  (.Jrowers  A.ssociation,  and  the  Arkansas 
Cotton  Cirowers  Association,  and  practically  every  one  of  tin-  asso- 
ciations are  in  some  measure  usin«^  licensed  warehouses,  although 
some  of  them  have  not  adopted  the  license<i  warehouse  as  their 
exclusive  policy. 

WAR    FIN'.\NCE   CORPORATION    I.OAVS. 

The  work  of  the  War  Fuiance  ('(trporation  in  this  connection  has 
undoubtedly  been  exj)edited  considerably  as  far  as  nnikin«;  loans  to 
these  cotton  associations  have  been  concerned.  This  year  the  War 
Finance  Corporation  has  had  applications  for  loans  fnim  practically 
every  one  oi  the  cotton  <;rowers'  associations.  The  Xortii  Carolina 
Cotton  Growers'  A.ssociation  has  applied  for  SIO, ()()(), ()<)():  the  South 
Carolina  Cotton  Growers'  Association  has  ap|)lied  for  SIO.OOO.OOO; 
the  Geor^ria  Cotton  Association  has  apnliecf  for  Sa.OOO.OOO;  tho 
Alabama  Farm  Bureau  Cotton  Association  has  applied  for  $8,()()().000; 
the  Staple  Cotton  Cooperative  Association  has  applied  for  ?7.0()(),()()(); 
the  Arkansas  Cotton  Growei*s'  Association  has  applied  for  .?7, 500.000; 
the  Arkansas  Farmers  Union  Cotton  Association  has  appIi(Ml  for 
$1,000.00(1 ;  the  Texas  Farm  Bureau  Association  has  ajiplied  for 
$9,000,000;  the  Oklahoma  Cotton  Association  has  applied  for  S<i,()00,- 
000;  and  the  Arizona  Cotton  A.ssociation  has  applied  for  SI. 200,000. 
In  each  one  of  these  applications,  and  as  n  part  oi  the  aixrcement  with 
the  War  Fiiumce  Cornoration,  the  stipulation  was  made  that  as 
collateral  for  loans  tne  War  Finance  Corpj^ation  would  accept, 
without  further  question,  Federal  warehoiLse  receipts,  but  that  if 
receiptxS  issued  by  any  warehousemen  who  were  not  opt'ratiiii;  under 
the  federal  act  were  presented  as  collateral  the  War  Finance  Corpora- 
tion would  reserve  tne  right  to  inspect  and  pass  upon  the  receipts 
issued  by  such  warehousemen.  In  other  wortls,  it  placed  the  Fwleral 
warehouse  receipts  at  once  on  the  basis  of  being  an  accept abh^  piece 
of  paper  to  the  War  Finance  Corporation  without  aiiv  hut  her  con- 
sideration. 

Mr.  Andehsox.  If  I  remember  correctly,  all  commodities  that  are 
placed  in  P'ederal  warehouses  have  to  be  inspected  and  classed  beforo 
they  go  in  i 

Mr.  YoHE.  The  law  originally  proNntled  that  the  gratle  should  bo 
stated  on  every  receipt.  Then  a  year  aftenvards,  I  think,  it  was 
amended  to  read  that  the  grade  should  be  stated  on  every  receipt 


450  AGRICULTUR.VL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

issued  for  nonfunsjible  products  unless  the  depositor  renuested  other- 
wise, leaving  it  optional  with  tlie  depositor  as  to  whetlier  the  grade 
and  class  should  be  stated.  In  that  connection  it  is  interesting  to 
note  that  the  depositor  is  fast  getting  to  the  place  where  he  is  having 
his  grade  phiced  on  the  receipt,  but  it  should  be  pointed  out  that  the 
option  is  only  with  the  depositor  and  not  with  the  warehousemen; 
in  other  words,  if  a  depositor  says  nothing  with  respect  to  grade,  it 
must  be  noted  on  the  receipt. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Do  these  warehousemen  maintain  inspectors  for 
determining  the  specific  grades  or  do  they  have  Federal  inspectors  ? 

Mr.  YoTiE.  No;  they  have  their  omti  graders  and  inspectors;  in 
fact,  we  will  not  license  a  warehouseman  until  he  has  satisfied  us  that 
he  has  someone  who  is  capable  of  grading  under  the  law,  and  provision 
is  made  for  licensing  inspectors.  The  same  is  true  with  respect  to 
graders. 

In  administering  this  act  and  in  our  relation  with  the  War  Finance 
Corporation  we  have  recognized  that,  of  course,  the  War  Finance 
Corporation  could  not  very  well  say  it  would  not  accept  as  collateral 
any  form  of  warehouse  receipt  urless  it  was  issued  by  a  federalized 
warehouse,  and  to  meet  the  War  Finance  Corporation  in  that  respect 
we  have  assisted  in  a  great  many  instances  by  giving  information  with 
respect  to  the  warehouses  which  might  be  used  but  which  were  not 
licensed,  as  well  as  information  as  to  the -management  and  financial 
responsibility  of  the  warehouses,  and  in  a  great  many  instances  we 
have  undertaken  to  supervise  and  inspect  nonlicensed  warehouses 
which  might  be  used  by  different  associations. 

APPLICATIONS    FOR   LICENSES   PENDING. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  many  applications  for  license  have  you 
pending  now  not  acted  upon  ' 

Mr.  YoHE.  I  should  imagine  not  more  than  15  or  20  that  have 
not  been  acted  on  as  far  as  we  can  act.  By  that  I  mean  to  say  that 
a  considerable  number  of  other  papers  must  be  filed  besides  applica- 
tions. These  are  cases  where  the  application  had  been  fded,  and  we 
have  not  had  an  opportunity  yet  to  make  inspections  of  the  plants, 
or  where  the  warehouseman  has  not  been  able  to  file  a  bond,  or 
because  there  is  some  other  difficulty  in  the  way. 

WAREHOUSE    RECEIPTS. 

It  has  occurred  to  me  that,  perhaps,  I  can  best  show  the  growth 
of  the  work  and  tlie  result  of  the  work  of  the  department  with  the 
bankers,  in  getting  them  interested  in  tliese  federalized  warehouse 
receipts,  and  getting  tliem  to  the  place  where  they  fully  appreciate 
what  the  receipts  mean,  by  reading  to  the  committee  a  few  extracts 
from  tlie  minutes  of  the  American  flankers'  Association,  wliicli  was 
in  session  the  other  week  at  New  York.  This  part  of  the  minutes 
is  a  part  of  some  resolutions  prepared  by  a  subcommittee  of  the 
committee  of  commerce  and  marine  of  the  association.  It  reads  in 
part  as  follows: 

IlcaU/.inc;  tho  groat  iin]>ortanro  of  pnal)liiif?  (ho  (armors  to  markot  thoir  crops  nioro 
or(l<>rly  aiifl  in  closer  relation  to  the  consuininjj;  nootls  of  tlie  country,  your  conunission 
han  (ieoiiied  it  appropriate  to  consider  and  coiunient  briotly  upon  iho  I'nited  States 
wariihouHo  act  passed  by  (.Congress  in  lillG. 


•■m 

•hi 

'I* 

1  t  ^   f . 

•t;. 

V 

•4 

li 
.1 

\„ 

1 

t>M 

it« 

AUKICULTUllAL  Al'l'Koi'UIATKiN    BIIJ.,    1^2*.  4jl 

At  this  point  tlu'  cominittt'(>  iDclu'lfMl  some  fijftiR's  Hhowiii^  llu* 
profjross  that  had  boon  mado,  and  it  jjoes  on  to  say: 

These  MMrclumxt'H  for  the  I:  ,«! 

thiTi'lDrc  ilirc<(|\    s  Tviiii;  lli  _  .      .  ixn 

making;  it  more  (iesirahh'  collatnral  in  tho  inoiioy  rpnlcm  and  prnvidini;  a  wulor  fifld 
for  itM  U!t(>fiihi(t9s. 

The  rapiilily  with  which  tho  cix>ppnitiv(>  tnarkolinira'iNx-ialioiu)  urc  lif>inff  nrvanizMl 
thri)ii^:h(»iif  lh<'  fuuiitrv  uml  the  variei 
into  this  iH'W  scllinu  nlun  i.-<  niakiiiK  it  i  • 
cun-ful  ••ousidcrution  !>>  lioth  hiiiikor  an<l  larinor. 

Tho  I  nit(><l  Stitti'.s  wurehoiw  ii<l  in  just  now  «'o'i<!t>"  'x^i" 
the  hunker,  aiul  the  public  jieiierully  will  he  p 
legislation      Certainly  it  ha**  oi)ene<l  a  t' 
would   nol  otherwise  have  hail  ami   il   . 
hmns  with  warehouse  receipts  eoverini;  airriculinral  pnxltn 

Your  committee  wishes  to  commend  the  act  to  your  i"on 
many  advantatros  will  ho  of  prrowinK  benefit  to  thn  country 

In  tliis  connection,  to  show  tho  committee  how  closely  we  have 
worked  with  the  War  Fiiiniice  Cot j)orati<»n,  I  wotd<l  like  to  include 
in  the  record  Ji  letter  si<;ned  hy  tlie  inana<;in<;  direct. .p  <>f  tl...  W-ir 
Finance  Corporation,  reading  as  follows: 

1  wish  to  take  this  op])ort unity  to  thank  you  for  the  valuahio  servirc*  whirh  your 

hureau  has  ren<lered  to  the  War  Finance  C'or|>i>ratir)'i  in  connc  '  le 

by  the  War  Finance  <'or)>oration  to  c(X)perati\e  niarketintj  a-  it 

the  Initefl  Stales. 

These  loans  have  been  made  as  you  know  on  the  security  of  warehoiis*;  n-eeipta 
representiufj  the  eomnuHlities  to  be  marketed,  audit  has  been  of  prime  iniportanco 
that  such  commodities  be  j)r<)perly  warehoused.     In  a  lar_"  ity  of  (  ■  o- 

orative  as.sociations  obtainini:  advances  from  us  have  ;„nven  ;i  iiy  rere;  -d 

by  federally  licensed  warehouses,  licensed  and  supervise*!  I)y  your  bureai.  Tho 
fact  that  a  warehouse  is  so  licenced  and  supervised  has  given  us  added  feeling  of 
security  and  an  assurance  that  our  interest  in  the  security  was  beinp  properly  cared 
for.  and  the  integrity  of  the  warehovi.«K^  receipt  re.-<pected. 

From  my  ex])erience  in  the  work  of  the  \Var  Finance  Corporation.  I  believe  that 
the  safeguards  impo.sed  under  the  licensing  svstcm  of  your  bureau  a  i?ly  to  the 

value  ol  a  warehouse  receipt  as  security  and  works  to  the  advantu_  .  iie  {N-rsona 
or  institutions  which  lend  money  on  warehouse  receipt  securitv,  of  the  owner  of  the 
commodities,  and  of  the  warehouse  which  assumes  res])onsibihty  for  the  r  • 

We  have  found  the  form  of  warehouse  receipt  refpiired  by  your  bureau  •  ly 

valuable  in  connection  with  our  loans.     In  connection   with  our  cotton  or 

instance,  the  warehouse  receipt  issued  by  federally  licensed  warehouses  i  ■  •  i«n 
its  face  not  only  the  number  of  bales,  but  the  weight,  grade,  and  staple  of  the  i-otton. 
Such  certification  adds  greatly  to  the  value  of  the  receipt  as  collateral. 

Mr.  Chairman,  it  is  not  necessary,  or  I  do  not  believe  it  is  necessary, 
to  hurden  the  record  to  show  tlie  progress  we  have  been  making 
under  this  piece  of  legislation,  but  as  you  can  easily  appreciate  the 
usefulness  of  it  will  depend  in  large  measure  upon  the  attittide  \\hi<'h 
the  bankers  mav  take  towjird  the  federalized  warehouse  receipt. 
Therefore,  1  woukl  like  to  put  into  the  record  |)art  of  a  letter  from  the 
recent  governor  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Boanl,  reading  as  follows: 

I  think  it  is  recognized  by  banks  and  other  fuiancial  institutions  that  se 

receipts  representing  readily   marketable   nonjM^ri.shable  agricultural   <^i :ie« 

properly  warehoused  are  a  desirable  kind  of  security  for  bank  loans.  It  is  apparent, 
of  course,  that  some  warehouse  receipts  are  more  desirabU-  than  otl  '    '         ho 

degree  of  desirability  is  dependent  upt)n  a  number  of  factors,  inclu..  h 

are  the  form  and  legal  effect  of  the  receipt,  the  (|uestion  of  whether  or  not  the  i.-«suin(f 
warehouseman  is  licensed,  bonded,  and  operated  under  Fetleral  law  or  a  .^tate  law 
furnishing  proper  .safeguards,  and  is  supervised  and  examined  by  conipt>tent  otiieials 
with  a  view  to  the  protection  of  the  public,  the  reputation  and  finan<-ial  responsibility 
of  the  warehousemen,  the  physical  conditions  affecting  the  warehouse,  the  (juestion  of 
insurance,  etc. 


452  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TIOX   BILL,   1924. 

Generally  speaking,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  I  think,  that  warehouse  receipte  i^ued 
by  warehousemen  licensed  and  bonded  under  the  United  States  warehouse  act  will  be 
considered  by  bankers  as  more  desirable  collateral  security  than  those  issued  by  ware- 
housemen who  are  not  licensed  or  bonded  under  any  State  or  Federal  law. 

There  are  a  great  many  other  statements  which  I  mi^ht  place  in  the 
record,  but  I  think  these  will  suffice  to  show  that  the  Federal  reserve 
banks,  the  War  Finance  Corporation,  and  all  those  who  have  to  do 
closely  and  intimately  with  the  granting  of  credit  to  farmers  based 
upon  products  when  they  are  in  storage  are  fast  reaching  the  point 
wnere  they  respect  more  highly  the  Federal  warehouse  receipts  than 
almost  any  kind  of  receipt  issued  by  warehousemen. 

INCREASE   IN    WORK. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  appear  to  be  anticipating  some  increase  in 
this  business.  What  is  tne  basis  upon  which  you  anticipate  an 
increase  ? 

Mr.  Yoke.  The  basis  of  our  anticipation  is  the  realization  of  the 
past  two  j-ears,  and  the  further  fact  that  we  know  that  there  are  a 
good  many  warehousemen  not  now  in  the  system  who  expect  to  come 
in  next  year.  I  am  quite  confident  that  we  shall  see  just  as  much  of 
an  increase  in  the  licensing  of  cotton  warehouses,  or  in  the  demand 
to  be  licensed,  next  year  as  we  have  had  in  the  last  two  years.  We 
have  been  told  that  the  Tobacco  Growers'  Cooperative  Association 
of  the  Connecticut  Valley  intended  to  use  licensed  warehouses  ex- 
clusively this  next  year.  We  are  quite  confident  that  there  will  be 
a  big  increase  in  the  licensing  of  grain  warehouses  between  the  Missis- 
sippi River  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  as  well  as  in  the  Northwest. 
In  fact,  the  estimate  which  is  before  the  committee  is  not  in  line 
with  our  anticipation  of  what  the  needs  will  be.  Our  anticipation 
is  based  entirely  upon  what  has  taken  place  in  the  last  two  years, 
and  upon  what  we  liave  pretty  concrete  evidence  now  in  delinite 
expressions  of  intention  on  the  part  of  those  who  have  warehouses. 

Mr.  Tenny.  The  committee  should  realize  that  this  work  involves 
the  making  of  reinspections,  and  the  more  warehouses  that  are 
licensed,  the  more  reinspection  work  has  to  be  carried  on. 

FOR    enforcement    OF    THE    STANDARD    CONTAINER    ACT. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  item  is  for  the  enforcement  of  the 
standard  container  act.  The  current  appropriation  for  this  purpose 
is  S3, 800,  and  the  estimate  for  1924  is  S5,000. 

Mr.  Sherman.  The  estimate  for  the  enforcement  of  the  standard 
container  act  is  So, 000;  SI, 200  of  the  amount  previously  appropriated 
or  allotted  from  the  original  appropriation  of  $5,000  was  set  aside 
for  one  statutory  pla(;e,  and  the  lump  fund  was  reduced  to  S3, 800. 
That  has  been  tlie  amount  of  the  lump  fund,  I  believe,  for  the  last 
two  seasons,  j)erhaps.  That  is  no  longer  sullicient  to  carry  the  salary 
of  one  techmcul  man  in  charge  and  his  necessary  travel,  if  he  is  to 
do  the  work  that  he  should  do  under  this  appropriation.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  another  man  from  the  grades  and  standard  work  has  been 
obliged  to  give  a  part  of  his  time  to  this  work. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  have  only  one  on  this  job? 

Mr.  SiiKKMAX.  Only  one  man  is  giving  his  whole  time  to  this  job. 
There  are  hundreds  of  manufacturers  making  these  containers,  all  of 


A<;HI<  TLTIRAI.   Al'PUonilATION    BILL,    1W4.  46$ 

whom  are  urulor  the  provisions  of  tlir  art,  hikI  tho  lut,  of  rourH<»,  in 
order  to  be  effective,  must  lie  enforced  at  the  factory.  Now.  the 
factories  are  not  making  us  any  troubh».  because  the  fa<tori<'«  that 
are  inakin*;  these  Muckii^cs  that  arc  used  in  iutersfnfe  rornruene  want 
to  couioly  witli  tlic  hiw.  It  is  entirely  a  matter  (»f  testing  thi*  new 
forms  that  tliey  put  in.  or  of  testiii};  the  samples  that  thev  nend  in 
to  us.  and  in  visiting  the  new  men  and  in  visiting  the  factories  at 
times  wlien  they  nut  in  new  machin(>ry,  witli  whicJi  thev  have  trouble, 
and  witli  which  llicv  aic  not  turning  out  strictly  standard  ri.ntMir)'-r>i 

Mr.  Andkuson.  What  does  this  container  art  (rover  f 

Mr.  SiiKUMAN.  It  covers  grape  biuskets,  berry  boxes,  and  tills. 

Mr.  Andkusox.  That  is  all  ( 

Mr.  Smkkman.  Yes,  sir,  that  is  all.  but ,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  same 
manufacturers  wlio  are  making  Climax  graj)e  baskets  arc  also  manu- 
facturing strawberry  and  raspberry  boxes  and  tills,  anri  a  g(K)d  many 
of  them  arc  also  manufacturing  the  round  stave  bushel  basket, 
whi(  h  is  coming  into  very  general  use.  Thev  send  tis  all  those  pa<k- 
ages  in  order  that  they  mav  know  whether  they  are  nuiking  stan<lard 
bushel  baskets,  or  not.  lliey  do  not  want  to  make  nonstandard 
packages,  espec  iallv  those  covered  by  ponding  legislation. 

Mr.  Anderson.  In  this  work  you  have  to  cover  containers  that 
really  are  not  covered  by  law  at  all  ( 

Mr.  wShekmax.  We  have  to  do  some  work  on  containers  that  are 
not  covered  by  the  law  itself,  antl  the  same  man  is  working  on  both. 

FOR    COMPLETION    OF    WOOL    WORK. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  item  is  on  page  294,  for  the  completion 
of  the  wool  work. 

Mr.  Sherman.  Under  this  item  we  are  asking  for  ."53.000  less  than 
you  gave  us  last  year  for  this  work.  The  collection  and  <listributi«»n 
of  excess  wool  profits  have  reached  the  point  where  our  speed  is  de- 
pendent entirely  upon  the  sjieed  of  the  courts.  We  have  distrib- 
uted practically  all  of  tlie  money  width  we  have  <()llecte(l,  that  can 
be  distributed,  except  certain  funds  that  were  paid  under  protest, 
and  which  we  can  not  disbui-se  until  the  courts  have  decided  certain 
pending  cases.  We  have  actually  disbursed  and  sent  back  to  the  wo«)l- 
growers  between  three  and  four  Inmdrcd  thousand  dollar's,  and  in 
doing  so  we  have  accumulated  an  undistributable  fund  in  the  Treas- 
ury, for  which  no  growere  can  be  located,  amounting  to  over  .$100,000, 
which  amounts  to  more  than  all  that  has  been  spent  in  the  entire 
course  of  the  collection  and  tlistribution. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  much  have  you  in  process  of  li(|uitlation  or 
held  up  by  suits? 

Mr.  Sherman.  We  have  over  -SSOO.OOO  in  sight  thai  has  not  been 
collected,  but  it  is  not  all  in  suit.  That  is,  in  some  of  those  cases  wo 
still  have  assurances  that  the  amounts  will  be  paid  whenever  the 
amounts  can  be  arrived  at.  In  some  cases  there  are  estates  to  bo 
settled,  and  the  executors  assure  us  that  they  will  settle  with  us 
whenever  they  get  through  settling  for  income  taxes,  etc. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Suppose  you  fjive  us  the  exact  status  of  the  matter, 
or  furnish  a  statement  showing  now  much  money  has  been  collected, 
what  amount  has  been  disbursed,  etc. 

Mr.  SHER.MAN.  I  will  tlo  that.  We  have  that  statement  every 
week,  and  I  can  give  it  to  within  seven  days  of  this  time. 


454  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TION   BILL,   1924. 

PRESENT    STATUS    OF   THE    COLLECTION"    AND    DISTRIBUTION    OF    EXCESS    WOOL    PROFITS 

TO    NOVEMBER   25,    1922. 

Net  excess  profits  collected $650,  682. 15 

Amounts  mailed  to  j^rowers $.i60, 066.  41 

Undistributable  (growers  unknowu) $106,  798.  37 

Total  number  of  checks  mailed 105,  576 

Balance  in  hand  is  held  under  ])r()te.st  or  is  comjxjsed  of  partial  pajTnents  on  pend- 
ing cases  or  .sum.''  in  process  of  distribution. 

Total  excess  profits  ascertained  and  uncollected $816,  056.  07 

Total  excess  in  hands  of  .solicitor  or  Department  of  Justice 615. 198.  87 

Excess  pending  uncollected  in  our  hands 200,  857.  20 

This  sum  is  covered  by  excess  profits  due  from  estates  which  are  in  course  of  set- 
tlement, the  executors  of  which  have  promised  settlement  without  suit;  cases  in 
which  ])artial  pajinents  have  been  made  and  notes  given  for  balances  due;  and  a 
few  in  which  attorneys  for  the  dealers  have  assured  us  that  settlement  will  be  made 
without  suit  whenever  the  exact  amounts  due  under  the  regulations  have  been 
agreed  upon.  A  few  of  these  cases  are  still  open  because  of  unusual  conditions  sur- 
rounding the  dealers'  business  which  caused  him  to  deviate  from  regulations  in 
handling  the  1918  clip,  resulting  in  eiToneous  audits  of  the  reports  originally  sub- 
mitted. There  are  in  all  only  21  pending  cases,  which  have  not  been  passed  to  the 
solicitor  for  legal  action  and  their  number  is  decreasing  almost  monthly. 

More  than  5,000  dealers  participated  in  the  handling  of  the  1918  wool  cli]).  Final 
settlement  has  l)een  made  with  all  but  78  of  these  firms.  Among  these  78,  however, 
are  several  firms  whose  excess  profits  were  large.  From  one  of  these  firms  we  are 
demanding  over  .$295,000.  Their  attorneys  have  stated  that  they  will  appeal  this 
case  to  the  I'nited  States  Supreme  Court  before  they  will  make  paynnent. 

Three  United  States  district  judges  have  overruled  demurrers  entered  by  de- 
fendant wool  dealers  claiming  that  the  regulations  were  invalid  and  that  the  Gov- 
ernment was  without  right  to  bring  suit  for  the  recovery  of  these  so-called  excess 
profits.  Three  other  United  States  district  judges  havp  heard  arguments  on  similar 
demurrers.  One  has  rendered  no  decision,  another  has  expressed  the  opinion  that 
the  Government  has  a  legal  and  binding  contract  with  the  dealers  but  that  it  is  mis- 
appr()])riating  the  moneys  received  or  is  recovering  them  for  an  illegal  ]>urpose.  He 
has  withheld  decision  as  to  whether  this  fact  established  a  condition  which  is  open 
to  demurrer.  The  third  judge  expressed  the  verbal  opinion  that  the  contract, 
evidenced  by  the  acceptance  of  a  permit,  was  binding,  promised  to  render  his  judg- 
ment on  a  stipulation  of  facts  submitted  by  the  (tovernment  and  defendant  and,  at 
the  request  of  the  Government,  to  put  his  opinion  in  writing,  which  thus  far  has 
not  been  received. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Have  any  of  the  lawsuits  been  tried  ? 

Mr.  Sherman.  In  several  cases  arfjjument  has  been  heard  on 
demurnM's.  In  nearly  every  case  the  defenchmt  has  (Unniirretl  to 
our  complaint,  and  has  alleged  that  the  Government  had  no  rii^ht  to 
maintain  a  suit.  There  have  been  three  decisions  by  I'nited  States 
district  judges,  the  decision  in  each  case  upholding  the  Government's 
right  to  sue.  Argutnent  on  similar  demurrers  has  been  made  before 
three  other  judges,  who  still  have  the  matter  under  consiileration  and 
liave  not  hantknl  down  decisions. 

Mr.  A.NDEK.soN.  You  have  had  no  adverse  decisions? 

Mr.  Sherman.  No,  sir.  We  have,  however,  an  expression  of 
opinion  by  Judge  Maitin,  o!  lioston,  that  in  his  mind  (here  is  no 
doubt  that  the  Government  has  a  legal  ami  binding  contract  with  the 
dcalei's,  but  that  there  is  no  doubt  in  his  mind  that  tlie  j)urpose  to 
wbicli  the  money  is  being  devoted  is  wholly  illegal.  So  he  alloweil 
the  (juestion  to  be  reargued  as  to  whether  (he  illegal  piupose  for  which 
the  money  was  being  collected  and  expended  was  a  matter  open  to 
demurrer.     On  thai  point  he  has  no(  rendered  a  decision. 

Mr.  A.NDEK.SON.   \N'ha(  is  (he  basis  ol"  this  reduction  < 

Mr.  Sher.man.  The  basis  of  this  reduction  is  the  release  of  auditors 
from  the  work. 


AGRIClTLTrRAL  AI'PROI'RIATION    BIIJ^    1024.  455 

FOR    OrKRATION    AND    MANAOKMKNT   OF   CKNTKK    MAKKKT. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  Wv  will  take  up  llus  ( ViiUr  Murkft  it4<ii)  on  pa|fo 
i)  I.'). 

Mr.  KrrciiKN.  Tlu*  appr(>|)riati«>n  for  tlio  Ontir  Market,  Mr. 
Chainnnn.  rovers  nn  cstiinHtr  for  \\ic  (intt  time  thnt  the  (tovcrn- 
nuMit    \\t\s  over  nctiiallv  opcrntrd   the   plnoc.     'VUc   law    i  '        mjj 

(lie    pro|)crty    to    [\w   (iovrrium-iil    wa.s    p&sstMl   nn   Muci  ;.  .    Jl. 

'Dint  net  provided  that  a  C(>ninii.><Mion  should  Im*  uppomti'd  hv  tho 
I'rcsidont  to  make  a  valuation  of  tlic  |>hysi<-al  iniftroviintnt.H  on 
\\\v  land.  Jind  the  roninii.'^'^ion  was  appointed  on  tlic  Ith  of  Orfohor. 
1021.  The  conniiission  conipietf'd  its  work  within  six  ninntiis.  as 
re(|uired  by  law,  and  tiled  its  award  on  the  3l9t  of  March,  1922. 
Tlu'  award  amounted  to  .51  M»(),'J .')().  On  the  1st  day  of  April  of  this 
M'ar.  the  Department  of  Aj^riculture  ttssunied  control  of  the  properly 
ami  took  over  the  management  of  it.  W  v  are  operalinj^  a  larp-  busi- 
ness institution.  Before  takinj;  it  over,  we  had  U*  draw  rules  and 
rejjulations.  which  we  have  done,  and  we  had  t<)  chan;;)'  the  a<-eounting 
system  so  jis  to  conform  to  the  liscal  n*f|uiremenls  of  the  Treasury. 
We  put  all  of  the  tenants  under  lejuse.  and  other  contracts  were  made. 
One  of  the  diflicuit  thinj^s  that  we  had  to  handle  was  that  at  tho 
time  we  took  o\ cr  the  proj>erty  llie  cold-storage  warehouse  was  prac- 
tically filled  with  perishable  commodities.  All  of  those  accmints 
had  to  be  liquidated,  and  the  storage  <lue  the  market  company  had 
to  be  paid  to  the  market  company,  and  that  due  the  Government 
had  to  be  collected  as  it  became  iluc. 

SANITARY   CONDrriONS    I.MPROVKD. 

We  started  out  in  the  operation  of  the  market  itself,  first,  to 
improve  the  sanitary  conditions,  and  we  have  had  a  general  clean-up. 
A\  e  liave  painted  the  ceiling  in  tlie  interior  court  of  the  B  Street  wing, 
ami  we  have  naiuteil  the  interi(»r  of  the  bowling  alley  completely  and 
the  side  walls  of  the  auditorium.  We  have  also  remodeled  the 
public  toilet  facilities  at  considera})le  expense.  In  connection  with 
the  sanitation  work,  we  have  issued  regulations  covering  the  handling 
of  meats,  and  have  employed  a  meat  inspector  by  transfer  from  the 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  to  protect  the  public  against  the  sale  of 
impure  or  unwholesome  meats.  Tlie  duties  of  that  inspector  are 
also  to  make  sure  that  the  utensils  and  equipment  used  in  handling 
meats  are  kept  in  a  thoroughly  clean  and  sanitary  condition.  The 
ct)ld-storage  warehouse  is  operated  on  as  nearly  a  commercial  basis 
as  is  practicable  under  Government  control.  We  receive  commodi- 
ties for  storage  from  tenants  and  from  outsiders,  and  the  storage  is 
j)aid  on  the  basis  of  the  established  rates. 

OPEIL\TION    OF    HLSINKSS    S  KLK-y  I  ri'OK  11  N  ( I . 

I  am  glad  to  inform  the  committee  that  the  operation  of  this 
business  by  the  Government  is  entirely  self-supporting.  1  have  a 
statement  here  covering  seven  months,  or  from  the  time  we  took  the 
property  over,  showing  our  receipts  annnmt  to  SI 30.2 P.). 23,  against  an 
expenditure  of  ?100,OS7.o6.  The  expenses  show  a  balance  in  the 
Treasury  of  about  S30.000.  At  the  present  rate  of  expense  and 
income  we  will  take  in  about  $240,000  this  year.     Our  appropriation 


456  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,  1924. 

is  S165,000,  and  barring  unforeseen  accidents,  we  probably  will  not 
expend  over  $155,000  for  the  reason  that  we  have  been  asked  to 
set  aside  about  $8,000  as  a  reserve.  Of  course,  that  may  be  spent 
in  case  we  have  serious  accidents. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  does  that  $240,000  receipts  compare  with 
the  receipts  of  the  market  under  private  management  ? 

Mr.  KiTCHEX.  As  nearly  as  I  can  find  out,  it  compares  almost 
exactly.  You  may  remernber  that  when  I  made  a  statement  before 
the  committee  before,  we  estimated  that  the  receipts  would  amount 
to  $258,000,  but  I  am  not  now  prepared  to  say  that  that  was  correct. 
The  Market  Co.  operated  the  Center  Market  and  the  Washington 
Terminal  Storage  Co.  as  one  corporation,  and  in  the  appraisal  hear- 
ings, considerable  difficulty  was  encoilntered  in  separatmg  the  activi- 
ties for  the  two  plants. 

We  have  issued  our  leases  for  the  same  rates.  Our  storage  rates 
in  some  instances  have  had  to  be  lowered,  because  they  have  lower 
rates,  and  we  have  had  to  meet  their  competition. 

So  I  make  a  conservative  statement  that  our  income  probably 
would  not  be  more  than  $5,000  less  than  theirs,  and  a  margin  of 
that  kind  could  be  accounted  for  by  natural  changes  in  business 
conditions. 

The  handling  of  the  auditorium  under  our  management  is  more 
productive  than  it  was  under  theirs. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  are  still  maintaining  the  auditorium  ? 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Yes, 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  there  any  change  in  that  situation  ? 

Mr.  Kitchen.  We  have  kept  the  auditorium  and  rent  it  for  special 
occasions,  so  that  it  can  be  available  for  use  by  the  department  for 
any  purpose  desired. 

AUTHORITY   NEEDED   TO    PAY   CLAIMS. 

We  have  run  into  some  difficulty  in  operating  a  business  concern, 
due  to  the  regulations  of  the  Government,  and  wc  will  have  to  ask 
for  a  little  additional  authority  to  carry  us  through. 

Since  the  estimates  were  made  we  nave  presented  to  the  comp- 
troller two  small  claims  for  damage  to  goods  in  cold  storage.  One 
is  for  $12  and  one  is  for  $17.  And  when  we  drew  this  law  in  tlio 
first  place  we  inserted  the  word  "claims,"  but  the  comptroller 
feels  that  payment  of  these  claims  is  unauthorized,  so  I  have  some 
language  lieic  which  I  will  present  for  your  consideration. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Well,  this  committee,  of  course,  has  no  legislative 
juriscUction.  There  is  no  objection  to  it  being  submitted,  but  I  do 
not  think  that  we  can  do  anything  with  it. 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Well,  how  are  we  going  to  pav  the  claims? 

Mr,  Andkuson,  You  will  have  to  ask  the  authority  of  Mr.  llaugen's 
committee,  the  Committee  on  Agi'iculture,  1  guess.  Well,  go  ahead 
and  present  the  proposition  anyway,  and  we  will  deal  with  that 
latci'  on. 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Well,  the  proposition  is  this,  that  we  would  like  to 
have  made  a  pari  of  the  appropriation  authority  the  following 
language.     After  the  word  "made"  insert  the  following: 

and  td  pay  in  arcordann*  with  ictjiilatiDns  of  the  Secretary  of  .VtrrifMiltiirc  any  rlaiins 
for  <luMia>^M>  lo  ^'(ki(1h  wliik-  in  wlora^c  in  Ccnlor  Market  tluit  Inivo  ai-iTUotl  or  nniy  atcnui 
at  uny  liuw  during,'  the  upurutiun  thuri-of  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture.  . 


AlSRICULTl'RAI,   APmoPniATIOX    BILL,    1924.  457 

It  in  almost  n  nhysiml  impmmMlity.  Mr.  Chnimiuii.  t<»  ojMTnto  n 
business  of  that  kind  withotit  some  provision  to  mc»««t  thono  Hmnll 
<lamaf;«'  clnims.  It  is  nistomarv  in  thr  ofwration  of  mmniorrinl 
st<»rHj;o  houses  tlint  if  iiiiy  «;<kmIs  are  dainnprd  hv  the  netjht;eiire  of 
the  <-oni|»itiv  tltat  the  ronipaiiy  will  inake  ^ood,  and  I  ferl  that 
having;  handled  several  hurnlred  thousand  dollars  worth  f>f  j;<mx|«  in 
an<l  out  of  stora^(>.  duriri<;  the  last  seven  months,  and  having  pre- 
sente<i  claims  amounting  to  only  $!'*.>  that  we  are  doinj;  very  well. 
And  if  we  are  not  «;iven  authority  to  pay  theso  little  elainm  the«(» 
fellows  will  sav  that  the  (Joveniment  is  not  responsible  ami  thev  will 
take  their  business  soniewhere  o\sr.  and  w<'  will  lose  moncN .  'I'hat  is 
the  argument  for  payinj;  the  claims,  aiul  if  this  is  not  the  pr«»per  iom- 
mittee  to  present  it  to,  we  wouM  b<>  ?lad  to  have  it  j;o  before  the 
proper  committee. 

.\ir.  Andf.KSon.  \Vt>ll.  as  I  >a\  .  w  »•  t  hcorcl  i<  ally  and  [)raciicallv  «lo 
not  iiave  any  le^ri^ljitive  jurisiliction.      If  thai  lan«;ua^e  can  be  sup- 

fjorted  by  the  Ian«rua«;e  of  the  art  itself.  I  suppose  we  can  appropriate 
or  it.  The  real  (juestion  from  our  point  of  view  is  whetluT  the  lan- 
j;ua«:e  of  the  acts  authori/.in*;  the  operation  of  the  market  by  the 
Secretary  of  Aijricullure  furnishes  su(li<'ient  basis  for  ai)pronriatir>n.s 
to  pay  claims  of  this  character.     1  would  imajjine  that  it  did. 

Mr.  Magke.  Are  vou  given  power  to  take  goods  in  storage  < 

Mr.  AxDER.soN.  Ves. 

Mr.  Mac.ee.  I  should  think  that  there  would  be  the  impli<'d  power 
to  pay  for  any  damages. 

^^r.  Andeksox.  Let  me  jisk  this  ouestion:  Is  the  comptrollers 
decision  baseil  upon  the  language  of  tnc  appropriation,  that  it  «loes 
not  give  authority '. 

Mr.  Kitchen.  No;  the  principal  argument  is  this: 

The  fionoral  policy  of  the  laws  of  the  I'niteil  States  \?  against  a.HHunn)tion  of  lia- 
bility for  (lamatres  indefinite  as  to  amount.  If  damaj»o  claims  prowing  out  of  ■•  -"f":! 
acts  or  negligence  of  omi)loyce8  operating  tJiis  cold-storage  plant  are  to  be  r<  i 

and  paid,  there  .shoidd  be  specific  authority  of  law  for  such  i  i 

restrictions  and  limitations  a."  Congress  may  see  fit  to  impose.     A~  ^ 

payment  of  the  claims  is  unauthonztnl. 

I  just  got  this  on  November  2.3.     It  has  been  pending  for  some  time. 

Mr.  .Tr.MP.  Mr.  (^hairman,  could  not  this  language  go  in  in  the  form 
of  a  limitation  as  to  the  amoimt  of  claims  which  the  Secretary  coidd 
pay  ? 

Mr.  Anderson.  1  should  think  so. 

Mr.  .Tump.  It  could  specilically  provide  that  the  amount  'sliall  not 
exceed"  so  much. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  judge  from  what  has  been  read  that  the  comptrol- 
ler's objection  is  that  the  language  of  the  appropriation  does  not 
authorize  the  payment  of  the  claims. 

Mr.  Kitchen.  The  basic  law.  however,  gives  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  the  following  authoritv: 

The  Secretary-  of  Agriculture  is  hereby  authorize*!,  out  of  appropriations  mado  by 
Congress  from  time  to  time  for  that  purpose,  to  employ  such  |M«rsons  and  v  ''-'-• 
such  materials  as  may  be  essential  to  the  operation  or  maintenance  of  jwid  ; 
and  for  the  proper  management  and  control  thereof.     (41  Stat.  UJl.  sec.  2. 

It  seems  to  me  that  the  payment  of  these  claims  would  be  a  proper 
authorization  bv  the  comptroller. 

Mr.  Maoee.  What  is  the  specific  amount  of  the  claims? 


458  AGRICULTUR.VL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Kitchen.  We  have  oiily  had  two  claims,  and  thev  amount  to 
$29. 

Mr.  Magee.  You  recoo^nize  that  amount  as  just  i 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Yes.  We  secured  all  of  the  necessary  supporting 
statements  before  they  were  sent  to  the  comptroller. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  whole  question  is  on  the  legal  aspect,  as  to 
whether  you  have  authority  to  pay  them,  rather  than  upon  the 
validity  of  the  claims  ( 

Mr.  Kitchen.  They  are  absolutely  good  claims  and  I  recommended 
that  they  be  paid;  but  these  being  the  first  ones,  naturally  we  made 
a  test  case  of  them,  and  put  the  proposition  up  to  the  comptroller. 
We  can  not  afford  not  to  pay  these  claims. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Have  you  any  records  upon  which  you  could  base 
an  estimate  of  the  total  amount  of  claims  that  might  be  allowed 
during  a  fiscal  year,  or  what  they  would  amount  to  i 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Well,  these  two  claims  occurred  in  May,  I  believe, 
and  we  have  not  had  any  since.  Now,  if  everything  goes  well,  we 
ijiight  go  through  a  year  and  not  have  a  claim.  On  the  other  hand, 
some  experienced  man  might  quit  and  we  might  get  more  claims  in  a 
month  tnan  we  had  had  for  two  years. 

Mr.  Jump.  Something  might  happen  overnight,  and  we  would  have 
more  claims  the  next  morning  than  we  might  have  in  two  years  with 
good  luck. 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Yes.  A  serious  mechanical  accident  might  produce 
large  claims. 

I  believe  there  was  some  other  language,  also. 

Mr.  Anderson.  There  is  some  new  language  proposed  in  the 
estimates. 

PURCHASE    OF   NECES.SARY   SUPPLIES    AND    EQUIPMENT. 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Yes.  The  other  change  that  we  would  like  to  have 
is  after  what  I  have  just  suggested.  We  would  like  to  have  the 
words — 

Provided,  That  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  may  purchase  necessary  supplies  and 
equipment  for  use  at  Center  Market  without  regard  to  awards  made  by  General  Supply 
Committee. 

We  have  felt  justified  for  asking  for  that  for  this  reason,  that  we 
are  operating  a  business  institution  and  competing  with  other  busi- 
ness institutions,  and  in  buying  supplies  and  materials  we  fretiuentlv 
fhid  that  we  can  buy  cheapei"  in  the  open  market  tlian  we  can  tlirough 
the  General  Supply  Committee  contracts,  and  for  that  reason  we 
would  like  to  have  authority  to  buy  either  through  the  General  Sup- 
ply ('onnnittee  or  in  the  oj)on  market,  whichev(M-  we  beli{>ve  to  be 
most  advantageous  to  the  Govrrnment;  but  in  doing  that  we  would 
not  be  released  from  any  of  the  laws  or  legulations  of  the  department 
re(niiriiig  competitive  bids.  Any  uurchase  under  the  Department  of 
Agiieulture  amomiting  to  more  than  S")()  has  to  be  pmeliased  by 
open  bids. 

Mr.  Mauek.  Open  bidsf 

Mr.  Kir<  iiK.v.  I'es.  Thi.s  language  is  merely  to  place  the  (Jovern- 
ment  on  an  e(|iial  footing  with  [irivate  industry  in  the  o|)eration  of 
til  is  plant. 

Mr.  Ma<;ee.  Where  you  purchase  supplies  you  get  them  all  through 
the  General  Siipply  Commit  lee? 


I 


A(5ni<;iLTrRAT.  AprmirniATiox  biix,  UM.  459 

Mr.  KiTciiKN.  YoH,  sir;  uiilrsM  tlwv  mu  not  fiimiMh  tlM'>« 
Mr.  Ma(»kk.  Thon.  how  rl<»  yoii  j»'''   v«nir  «4Upf)lir«*    t 

pptitivf  bidding  '. 

Mr.  KrmiKN.    If  there  is  timre  ilmii  >.•<•  inxtMved  m  tiu'  piirrhaMe*.. 

Mr.  Mackk.    Does  the  hiw  provide  that  i 

Mr.  KiTriiKN.   Yos. 

Mr.  MA(iKK.  Thi.s  \v(»iiM  he  in  «hrert  eoulhet  witlj  tile  law  tiM  it  now 
stands  if  you  wanted  to  purchase  anything  in  exeess  of  ?.'»()  f 

Mr.  KiTciiKN.  No;  this  does  not  sav  that.  This  merely  \fivif*  uh 
authority  to  piurhuso  either  throu^^li  the  (ienoral  Supply  C-om- 
mitteo 

Mr.  Maoee  (interposing).  Well,  what  1  am  talking  alxtut  is  thni  if 
3i)U  did  not  >vish  to  pureha.s(>  through  the  (leneral  .Supply  Com- 
mittee, you  could  go  into  the  open  market  and  make  your  purrhaMes 
in  excess  of  §50,  without  coinpetilive  hids  < 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Well,  we  rould  not  unless 

Mr.  M.voEE. (interposing).  Well,  if  Congress  should  atlopt  thi.s 
language,  you  could. 

Mr.  Kin  HK\.  It  is  my  understanding  that  the  basic  law  of  the 
Agricultural  l)e])artnu'nt 

Mr.  Jump  (interposing).  Both  the  law  and  the  regulations  of  the 
department  re(|uire  that  we  obtain  competitive  bids  for  any  purchases 
in  e.xcess  of  $')()  in  the  Department  of  Agriculture  in  \Vasbington, 
e.xcept  in  cases  of  emergency  or  cases  where  competition  can  not  bo 
obtained. 

Mr.  Magee.  And  if  Congress  shoultl  adopt  this  language,  you 
would  not  hayo  to  do  that? 

Mr.  Jl'.mp.  The  language  proposed  would  not  affect  tliat  at  all, 
because  the  regulations  promulgated  by  the  Secretary*  of  Agriculture 
and  wliich  are  in  the  hands  of  every  j)urchasing  officer  provide  that 
any  purchase  in  excess  of  $'A)  must  be  by  competitne  bidding, 
except  as  I  stated  a  moment  ago.  The  only  thing  that  this  language 
does  is  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  purchasing  under  the  General  Supply 
Committee  contracts  so  far  as  Center  Market  is  concerned. 

Mr.  M.vGEE.  I  do  not  sec  where  this  has  anything  to  do  with  the 
regulations  of  the  Secretary.    It  says: 

Providtd,  That  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  may  purchase  iioc<^ssary  supplinfi  and 
equipm  Mit  for  use  at  Center  Market,  without  regard  to  awards  made  by  General 
Supply  Committpo. 

Mr.  Jump.  They  would  not  be  relieyed  by  this  language  from  the 
restrictions  imposed  by  the  Secretary,  because  they  would  continue 
to  be  enforced  and  are  not  affectetl  by  the  proposed  change. 

Mr.  Magee.  You  do  not  think  that  the  regulations  of  the  Sc(;retary 
of  Agriculture  affect  the  law  as  enacted  by  Congress  ? 

Mr.  Ju.MP.  Not  if  the  two  are  related.  l)ut  in  this  instance  you  do 
not  have  that.  This  merely  relievos  the  (Vnter  Market  fn»m  the 
obligation  it  now  has  to  purchasing  all  of  its  supplies  po<<il>l.>  il. tough 
the  (ieneral  Supply  Committee's  contracts. 

Mr.  Ma(;ee.  .Vrc  you  a  lawyer  ? 

^Ir.  Ji  MP.  Xo,  sir. 

Mr.  Ma(;ee.  Well,  1  am,  and  I  think  that  I  can  tell  what  the 
English  language  means  when  it  is  clear.     This  language  reads: 

Provided,  That  the  Secretary  of  .Vgriculture  may  purchase  necessary  Huppiies  and 
equipnu'iit  for  use  at  Center  Market  without  regard  to  awania  made  by  the  (ieneral 
Supply  Conuiiittce. 


^ 


460  AGRICULTI'RAL   APPROPRIATIOX    BIIJ.,    1924, 

My  legal  judgment  is  that  if  Congress  enacted  this  language,  that 
you  could  make  all  of  your  purchases  without  regard  to  the  terms 
laid  down  either  by  the  General  Supply  Committee  or  anybody  else. 

Mr.  Andersox.  As  I  understand,  the  regulations  of  the  department 
require  competitive  bids  for  all  purchases  in  excess  of  SoO,  under  de- 
partmental regulations,  and  that  those  regulations  are  based  on  the 
statute.     Is  that  correct  ? 

Mr.  JcMP.  They  are  based  on  the  statute;  that  is  correct. 

Mr,  KiTcnix.  When  we  talked  this  over  with  the  solicitor,  when 
this  appropriation  was  being  considered  there,  he  stated  that  if  this  ^ 

were  approved  by  Congress  that  we  would  be  bound  by  the  SoO  limit 
and  we  would  have  to  secure  competitive  bids  for  any  purchases  over 
that  amount. 

Mr,  BucHAXAX.  But  the  position  taken  by  my  colleague  is  that  this 
is  legislation  in  this  bill  and  that  it  modifies  the  statutory  law  and 
should  come  through  the  proper  legislative  committee. 

Mr.  Magee,  Yes, 

Mr.  BucHAXAX.  New  legislation. 

Mr.  Magee.  New  language. 

Mr.  AxDERSOX.  There  is  no  question  about  that, 

Mr,  Magee,  If  this  is  put  in,  then  the  amounts  in  excess  of  $50 
would  not  come  under  existing  statutes. 

Mr.  BucHAXAX.  That  is  the  regulation. 

Mr.  Magee.  I  understood  him  to  say  that  it  was  a  statute,  that 
there  was  a  statute  requiring  them  to  secure  competitive  bids  where 
purchases  exceeded  S50  in  amount. 

Mr.  AxDERSox.  That,  of  course,  is  where  the  purchases  are  not 
made  through  the  General  Supph"  Committee. 

Mr.  Magee.  Whether  it  is  a  regulation  or  a  statute,  I  do  not  know. 

Mr.  Kitchex.  I  do  not  know  whether  it  is  u  regulation  or  a  statute ; 
but  1  know  that  we  have  to  do  it  before  we  can  get  purchases  approvinl. 

Mr.  Ju.MP.  The  law,  the  regulations,  and  the  policy  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  are  not  to  permit  any  purchases  in  excess  oi^SoO, 
without  competitive  bids,  unless  there  is  an  emergency  or  .some 
other  extenuating  circumstance,  which  makes  it  necessary  to  pur- 
chase a  certain  item.  I  will  have  the  law  covering  the  matter  looked 
up  and  a  statement  inserted  in  the  record. 

Tlie  law  (Rev.  Stata..  sec.  3709.  p.  733)  roads  a.s  follows:  '\\\  purchasi^s  and  con- 
tracts for  Hupplics  or  services,  in  any  of  the  department's  of  the  (iovernment, 
except  for  perHonal  services,  shall  be  niatle  by  adverti.siug  asulHcient  time  previously 
for  y)roposals  respectinjj  the  same,  when  the  public  exigencies  do  not  require  the 
immi'diate  delivery  of  the  articles,  or  ])erformance  of  the  services." 

Tliis  j)rovision  of  the  law  wa.s  amended  on  March  1,  1S!)9  (30  Stat.  L.  9.57)  by  pro- 
viding "That  hereafter  section  3709  of  the  Revised  .Statutes  of  the  I'liited  States 
shall  n()\  be  construed  to  apply  to  any  purchase  or  .service  rendered  in  the  Dejnirtment 
of  Agriculture  when  the  aggregate  amount  involved  does  not  exceed  the  sum  of  $50,"' 

Mr.  Magee.  The  point  that  I  am  making  is  that  Congress  enacts 
any  legislation  which  is  in  conflict  with  the  existing  legislation,  and 
it  IS  nece-ssary  to  construe  the  language  of  the  act,  the  last  enacted 
language  would  rescind  llie  prior  eiiattment.  Now,  if  wo  are  going 
to  adopt  this  law  lierc  piovidiiig  niitliority  for  you  to  iJinrhase  in  this 
manner,  you  mi{.jht  still  piu'chase  through  the  General  Supply  Com- 
mittee, if  you  did  not  have  aiitliority  to  nnike  these  purchases  in 
excess  of  $o{)  without  competitive  bidding. 


i| 


ACI'.K  ri.TIKAI.   AI'I-nopKIATlOX    BIU^    1924.  4G1 

Mr.  A.NDKKsoN.    WrII.  is  thcrr  anvtlimt;  fmilirr  on  thin  Irini^iiAri- ^ 
Mr.  Kit*  II K.N.   \\c  \\n\v  snj^p'stotl  oiip  inorr  minor  <'liaii(;<>  in  < 
in'ction  with  this:  After  the  word-*  "  (•  per  rt-ntiitn  pi-r  iiiunim,"  wo 
wouhl  like  to  insert  tlic  words  "  iindrr  such  rules  as  the  .STrelnry  of 
A«;ri<ultiire  may  preserihe."     That  is  morrly  t«»  rhirif\  that. 

Mr.  Andku.son.  Vou  |)ioposo  an  increiuso  under  this  nppropriution 
<if  about  -SI  I.OOO.      What  is  that  for' 

IN'CRKAHi:    IN    APrHOIMIIATION. 

Mr.  KlTciiK-N.  'rhepriiuijml  purpose  for  which  that  will  he  used  will 
he  to  remodel,  modernize,  and  im]»rove  stands  in  the  market  ami  to 
j)urchase  some  small  items  of  <'(|uii)ment.  Those  stands  in  the  nun 
some  of  them.  wen>  hudt  when  tlu-  market  was  <-onstrueled  in  ls,j, 
and  ahout  half  of  them  have  heen  remodeled  and  hrouj^ht  uj)  to  <late, 
hut  none  of  them  are  as  modern  as  you  will  find  in  the  hest  rfjuippeil 
markets  in  tin*  country.  We  have  constructe<l  three  since  we  nave 
heen  there,  and  I  think  all  of  that  inci-eM.ie  (.f  .51  1. ()()()  would  he  used 
j)rimarily  f«)r  that  pumose. 

Mr.  Andkr.so.v.   I'ndor  ncw^  e(juij)ment  f 

Mr.  Kttchf.n'.  Wherever  we  imprt»ve  the  stands  and  improve  the 
e(|ui)mient.  we  increase  the  rent  JO  ])er  cent. 

Mr.  Ma(;ee.  And  you  say  that  you  are  taking  in  S2 lO.OOO  and  your 
expenses  amount  to  ahout  SHiO.lioO^ 

Sir.  KiTCHKX.  A])proximately  SKIO.OOO. 

Ml'.  Ma(;kk.  AiuI  the  (lovernment  owns  the  ])roperly  ^ 

Mr.  Kitchen.   I  wouhl  like  to  add  to  that  statement  that 

Mr.  Maoee  (interjxjsing).  Does  the  Government  own  the  property  i 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Yes. 

Mr.  Mache.    Buildings  and  all  ( 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Yes. 

Mr.  Ma(.ee.  Have  you  made  any  allowances  for  depreciation  or 
anvthinuj  of  that  sort  ( 

Nir.  IvjTdiEN.  If  we  take  in  §240.000  and  spend  $155,000  for  oper- 
ating:; ex])enses.  alterations.  im])rovements,  we  would  have  left 
$85,000.  The  taxes  on  the  land  and  the  huildinj;  and  the  water  rents 
formerly  ]>aid  by  the  private  corjioration  amounted  to  $25,000.  and 
addin<x  that  to  our  o])erating  ex])enses  would  bring  them  up  to 
$180,000.  leaving  $60,000.  And  then  I  figure  on  the  amount  of  the 
awaril,  which  was  $9()0.000.  interest  at  the  rate  of  5  ])er  cent,  which 
would  amount  to  S4S;000.  and  still  leave  us  a  surplus  of  $12,000.  I 
figure  that  he  improvements  that  we  have  made  to  the  building  will 
onset  the  de])reciation. 

Mr.  Ma(;ee.   What  about  repaii^s  as  necessar}' ? 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Weil,  I  say  tne  repairs  and  iniprovements  which  wo 
make  would  add  to  the  capital  account  and  offset  depreciation. 

Mr.  Magee.  Do  you  figure  on  anv  insurance,  too  i 

Mr.  Kitchen.  We  have  not  figured  insurance. 

Mr.  Ma(jek.  Wiuit  wouhl  your  insurance  amount  to? 

Mr.  Kitchen.  1  do  not  know  what  the  insurance  would  amount  to. 
but  the  figures  certainly  <lo  show  that  we  can  make  a  return  of 
between  4  and  5  i)er  cent  on  the  amount  expended  by  the  Govem- 
ment,  allowing  for  taxes  and  all. 

Mr.  Magee.  Taxes  and  water  rent  would  be  how  much  ? 


462  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Twentv-five  thousand  dollars. 

Mr.  Magee.  That  would  make  S155,000  plus  $25,000. 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Which  would  be  SI 80,000,  subtracted  from  $210,000 
would  leave  SGO.OOO. 

Mr.  Magke.  The  interest  is  how  much? 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Forty-eight  thousand  dollars. 

Mr.  Magee.  You  figure  that  at  5  per  cent? 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Five  per  cent  on  S960,000  would  be  $48,000.  Sub- 
tracting that  from  860,000,  leaves  SI 2,000. 

Mr.  Magee.  Do  you  know  what  your  insurance  would  be  ? 

Mr.  Kitchen.  No;  but  it  certainly  would  not  be  more  than  that. 
We  will  check  that  item  up,  though,  to  make  Sure. 

Note. — As  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  amount  of  the  fire  insurance  premium 
paid  in  the  past  on' the  Center  Market  property  was  approximately  $5,000  per  annum. 

Mr.  Tenny.  I  want  to  make  one  statement  about  that  $11,000 
increase.  If  we  have  anything  to  do  with  the  market  we  are  going 
to  get  that  baked  goods  stufi'  under  cover  and 

Mr.  Anderson  (interposing).  That  what? 

Mr.  Tenny.  Baked  goods,  pies,  cakes,  that  is  now  handled  out  in 
the  open  market.  That  has  got  to  go  under  glass  cases,  and  we  are 
very  anxious  to  have  an  increase  to  take  care  of  the  amount  of  im- 
provements necessary. 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  much  would  be  involved  in  that? 

Mr.  Tenny.  Mr.  Kitchen,  can  you  give  an  estimate  i 

Mr.  Kitchen.  We  have  not  prepared  an  estimate  on  that.  Stands 
already  built  have  cost  us  about  $1,000  apiece. 

Mr.  Magee.  How  much? 

Mr.  Kitchen.  About  $1,000  apiece. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  said  that  you  increased  the  rent  20  per  cent 
when  you  made  improvements.     Twenty  per  cent  on  what? 

Mr.  Kitchen.  Over  what  it  is  now,  to  reimburse  us  for  the  im- 
provements. I  fed  that  it  is  only  proper  if  we  improve  a  man's 
facilities  to  let  him  pay  a  little  more.  It  is  only  fair  if  we  improve 
a  man's  facilties  that  we  should  be  reimbursed  gradually  for  those 
improvements. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Are  there  any  further  questions?  If  not,  we  will 
take  up  the  next  item. 

Mr.  fJuMP.  Doctor  Ball  and  Doctor  Langworthy  are  here  to  present 
the  estimates  of  tlie  Bureau  of  Home  Economics. 


Tuesday,  November  28,  1922. 

BUREAU  OF  HOME  ECONOMICS. 

STATEMENTS  OF  DR.  E.  D.  BALL,  DIRECTOR  OF  SCIENTIFIC 
WORK,  AND  DR.  C.  F.  LANGWORTHY,  CHIEF,  OFFICE  OF 
HOME  ECONOMICS. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  is  the  Bureau  of  Homo  Economics: 

SalaricH,  riorks— ^two  of  flasa  throo,  one  of  class  two,  one  $1,:}20,  ono  f  1,2()0,  aovi'ii 
of  «la.>w  011(1,  three,  at  .til.KK)  «'uch;  mi'ssonKor  b»iy  at  iitSO;  messpnucr  hoy  or  laborer, 
I|fl8();  (^Imrwonieii— throe,  at  if  170  eadi;  two,  at  *L':i()  ea«-h;  in  all,  $Jl,7(iO. 


AORICULTI'RAL   APPROPRIATION    HILL,    IVC*.  .lJi3 

PLAN    or    RK0K(JA.M/AT10N. 

Doctor  Hall.  'Vhv  drpartinont  is  n.skini;  as  a  part  of  itn  riH»r"""Jfa- 
tioii  plan  that  the  sricntifir  and  rrsoarrli  w<irk  wliuh  wa.H  :  Iv 

incorporated  in  the  States  Kolat  ions  Service  l>e  removed  and  that  the 
work  in  home  economics  he  made  afj  independent  hiireau. 

In  askin{^  this  the  <h>[)artmeni  i>  r>ot  ready  at  this  lime  to  oiithnr 
what  the  hnal  reortjanization  of  the  homo  economics  work  will  !><•. 
It  is  the  intention  of  the  department  to  call  in  n  comnnttee  of  experts 
on  tlie  (liU'erent  phases  of  the  suhject  and  to  ask  them  to  conswh-r  tho 
orj^anization  of  a  proj^ram  of  development  of  this  work  and  to  trv 
and  (it  that  work  into  the  present  or;;ani/.ation  of  the  Department  of 
Af^riculfure.  In  its  hroa<lest  aspects  a  home  e<-onomics  drpartinerU 
would  he  as  l)i<;  as  the  whole  Department  of  A^ricidture,  htit  it  would 
cover  practically  the  same  lines  of  work  the  department  !U)W  d<M's; 
so  instead  of  or<;anizin<;  home  economics  as  a  hureau  coverinj^  all  of 
those  phases  (»f  the  work  the  idea  W(»uld  he  to  make  the  Hureau  of 
Home  Economics  the  center  or<;anization  wiu«h  would  cooperate 
with  the  other  hureaus  to  make  the  full  and  complete  field  of  woman's 
work. 

For  instance,  wo  have  in  the  Puhlic  Hoads  a  di\  i^ion  of  airricullunil 
eni]:inoerini;.  Tlu'  Dci)urtment  of  Home  lOconomics,  jis  fully  devel- 
opetl,  would  have  a  (livision  that  would  consider  equipment  of  the 
h(»me.  especially  the  machinery  of  the  kitchen,  and  that  work  could 
he  hamlled  in  cooperation  with  the  Scientilic  Enjjineerin*;  Division 
with  special  applications  to  the  woman's  prohlems.  The  same  thing 
is  true  in  the  nutrition  work.  There  will  he  certain  phases  of  the 
nutrition  work  whicli  will  he  purely  related  to  the  food  of  man.  hut 
in  a  very  larj;e  percenta<;e  oi  nutrition  pn>hlems  there  will  he  no 
difference  iYi  method  or  application  hctween  the  studies  carried  on 
for  the  henefit  of  man  or  the  domestic  animals.  Therefore  it  is 
prohahle  that  most,  if  not  all,  nutrition  w(»rk.  except  special  adapta- 
tions in  foods  and  cooking,  would  he  hamlled  ro.MXM-.itiv.K  under 
the  Hureau  of  Home  Economics. 

In  the  same  way  we  would  fin<l  that  as  vou  organize  and  develop 
the  home  economics  work,  comhining  it  M-itli  the  work  of  jigriculture. 
you  would  find  a  very  small  amount  of  it  needed  to  have  sne<ial 
developments  of  its  own.  It  simpiv  means  organizing  that  work  and 
applying  all  of  it  to  the  prohlems  of  the  home.  There  will  he  certain 
other  pluises  in  which  tliore  will  he  no  change  needed  and  tin*  work 
will  he  continued  as  at  the  present  time. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  What  phases  are  not  receiving  attention  now  t 

Doctor  Ball.  1  would  not  say  that  there  was  any  particular  phase 
receiving  no  attention;  but  take,  for  instance,  tiie  e(|uipments, 
which  is  probably  one  of  the  phases  in  which  substantial  advances 
could  be  made 

Mr.  BiH'iiANAN  (interposing).   E(|uipment  for  the  horned 

Doctor  Ball.  Equipment  for  the  home:  the  mechanical  appliances 
in  the  home  are  receiving  practically  no  attenti<m  at  the  present  time. 
The  major  research  problems  of  the  Office  of  llome  Economics  up  to 
the  present  time  have  been  the  nutrition  problems  and  the  textile 
problems.  This  work  restetl  largely  i)n  the  utilization  of  agricul- 
tural production  and  so,  of  course,  the  nutrition  and  textile  pn»hlems 

22  028—22 30 


464  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   192-1. 

came  to  be  the  major  feature  of  the  work.  Home  economics  from 
the  standpomt  of  our  institutions,  from  the  standpoint  of  building  up 
rural  communities,  has  a  much  broader  scope  than  that.  The  agri- 
cultural economists  would  like  to  have  us  change  the  name  and  make 
a  division  of  home  economics,  involving  the  economic  factors. 
This  is  a  phase  of  the  work  that  has  had  little  development. 

Mr.  Magee.  This  is  new  >. 

Doctor  Ball.  This  will  be  one  of  the  features  to  be  developed, 

Mr.  Magee.  You  do  not  have  an  office  of  home  economics  now? 

Doctor  Ball.  It  is  now  under  the  States  Relations  Service. 

Mr.  ^LvGEE.  Then  30U  would  take  it  out  of  States  Relations 
Service  and  make  a  bureau  of  it  % 

Doctor  Ball.  Yes;  take  it  out  of  States  Relations  Service  and 
make  it  a  bureau.  The  Secretary  has  already  announced  that  he 
proposes  to  put  at  the  head  of  this  work  a  woman  of  outstanding 
research,  ability,  and  of  national  reputation. 

Mr.  Magee.  You  are  asking  for  the  same  appropriation  for  this 
year? 

Doctor  Ball.  Yes:  and  in  asking  for  this  we  do  not  wish  to  be 
misunderstood.  We  are  not  ready  at  this  time  to  outline  any 
program  of  development  of  this  work.  This  is  a  continuation  of 
the  work  that  is  now  going  on,  with  the  hope  that  we  will  be  able  to 
strengthen  this  work  where  it  should  be  strengthened,  and  probably 
eliminate  certain  work  which  should  be  eliminated. 

The  work,  you  understand,  has  been  developed  under  States 
Relations  Service,  and  the  development  of  it  has  been  along  the  lines 
helpful  to  extension,  but  the  Secretary  is  coming  to  feel  that  the 
real  function  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  is  in  the  research 
field,  as  the  .States  now  have  well-developed  extension  pn\grams. 

Doctor  Langworthy  will  discuss  the  organization  of  the  bureau 
and  the  work  to  be  done. 

GENERAL    STATEMENT    OI'    WORK. 

Doctor  Langworthy.  Speaking  for  the  present  organization:  As 
1  recall  it,  Mr.  Chairman,  the  appropriations  for  the  Oflice  of  Home 
Economics  have  been  made  to  enable  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to 
study  the  use  in  the  home  of  the  agricultural  nroducts  for  food, 
clothing,  and  other  purposes,  and  labor  incident  tnereto.  The  work 
of  tlie  ollice  has  been  organized  along  those  lines. 

Nearly  three-fourths  of  the  total  sum  appropriated  for  the  Office 
of  Home  Economics — $.50,000  for  each  of  the  last  two  fiscal  yeai"s — 
has  been  expendetl  for  work  concerned  with  food  and  its  uses  in 
the  home.  Aluch  of  this  is  technical  laboratory  work  and  all  of  it 
generally  recognized  as  highly  desirable.  Some  of  the  work  is  an 
ai)|)liciition  of  statistical  methods  to  problems  of  dietetics,  with 
the  result  that  rational  or  "balanced"  food  selection  can  now  be 
offered  to  home  makers  in  nontechnical  as  well  as  technical  terms. 
In  other  words,  food  selection  and  meal  planning  can  now  be  easily 
discussed  with  an  accuracy  foriiu'rly  dillicult  except  for  the  e\j)ert 
student.  Sucli  a  geiierali/ation  has  been  oftcMi  att(Mnpted,  but  never 
in  so  workable  a  form  as  that  provided  by  the  Ollice  of  Home  Eco- 
nomics. Attention  has  been  given  to  Revising  graphic  methods  of 
summarizing  and  presenting  such  data. 


AORICULTrilAL  APIMlopilIATIOX    BIIJ.,    1U24.  465 

Followinjj  the  usual  custoui  of  tlic  DrpurtinriU  of  \.m  ,.  ..If  ..re, 
results  of  this  work  with  food  huvf  hroii  iiunh-  puhlir  in  U  -ui 

pr(»f('>sintiiil  pnpcrs  atid  also,  when  suilahic  for  ihi*  purpose,  in  n  non- 
tt'clmical  form  useful  to  thr  woinm  in  tlw  honir.     T!        '  '    .-n 

ust'd  iilso  to  a  very  ^n'at  extent  in  answennj^'  uuiuirie  tn 

houst«keep«>rs  and  others  int4'reste<l  in  luune  prohlcni 

The  studies  of  raiiriin;;,  drviii;,'.  and  other  nirthod,  of  pii<MTvui^ 
food  In  household  nirthods.  and  of  prohlonis  of  eookuji;,  «»f  tl-  o? 

fuels,  etc.,  arc  or<^ani/ed  Ut  supply  <lelinit4>  data  on  whuh  s..  ul 

practice  must  rest,  and  also  to  nrovide  reliahle  diroetions  mt  ntnU'il 
that  they  can  he  readily  followed  hv  the  housekeeper.  ('  '  '.h* 
research  work  imd  other  material  has  heen  reporte<l  in  |»..,,.  .  ,,  ;h- 
lished  in  professional  and  technical  journals,  in  neeordaneo  with 
<lepni(rnent  j)rocedure. 

Studies  of  tiu'  f h(»rouiLjhness  of  diL^e^iinn  of  fdmU  Iia>  mUm  Immmi 
continued.  Research  in  household  hd)or  prohlems  has  heen  con- 
tinued, the  respiration  calorimeter  heini;  used  for  determinations  of 
enerj^'v  expenditure.  The  results  provide  exact  data  not  liitherto 
avaihihl<»  ref^ardin^  the  demands  on  a  wonnm's  strenj;th  which 
household  tasks  involve.  Without  such  data  one  can  not  dixcuss 
in  definite  terms  the  important  (piestion  of  work  in  the  home.  The 
meth(»ds  followed  are  also  admirahly  adapted  to  the  studv  of  the 
relative  value  of  householil  appliances  intended  as  lahor  savers, 
hi  fact,  it  is  hard  to  say  how  such  (piestions  can  he  studied  ns  they 
shoidd  he  without  sucli  measurements. 

The  use  T)f  housidiold  efpiipment  for  the  purpose  of  savins;  lahor 
was  included  in  tliis  prohlem.  the  outcome  heinj;  that  a  working 
surface  too  low^  or  too  lii^h  to  fit  the  housekeeper  was  found  to  cau.se 
a  greater  expenditure  of  energy  than  the  use  of  one  tlie  right  height; 
that  is.  one  on  which  the  hand  will  rest  lightly  when  the  arm  is 
dropped  to  the  side  and  the  fore-arm  raised  to  an  angle  of  l')'^  from 
the  hody.  The  manufacturer  of  sinks  and  kitchen  tal)les  has  heen 
(juick  to  take  up  this  conclusi(m,  as  have  the  housekeeper  and  the 
teacher.  Besides  this  there  is,  of  course,  a  field  in  household  lah(»r  for 
the  engineer  and  the  mechanician.  The  j)Ian  of  work  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  as  Doctor  Ball  has  pointed  out,  provides  for 
this  elsewhere,  along  with  prohlems  pertaining  to  central  heating, 
water  supply,  sewage  disposal,  and  otiier  engineering  questions  re- 
lated to  the  home. 

There  are  other  phases  of  household  management  regarding  which 
we  have  heen  collecting  information,  partly  from  lahoratory  studies 
and  partly  from  surve3's  and  statistics  of  actual  home  practice. 
Closely  related  to  these  are  the  prohlems  of  economics  in  the  home. 
These  have  heem  studied  chiefly  hy  means  of  surveys  and  the  analysis 
of  statistical  data  which  are  provided  hy  them.  It  is  difficult  to  sep- 
arate the  farm  and  the  home  in  considering  these  questions  of  the 
management  of  income  in  the  farm  home,  and  so  it  is  natural  ttuit  in 
survey  work  and  interpretation  of  statistical  results  we  should  have 
been  working  in  cooperation  with  the  Bureau  of  Agricultural  Kcon- 
omics. 

The  wise  use  of  money  is  an  important  household  management 
prohlem,  and  this  question  has  received  consitieration,  particularly 
with  respect  to  the  wise  selection,  suitable  care,  and  repair  of  w«>aring 
apparel,   furniture,    and   other   articles   of   personal    niid    JKnist^hold 


466  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRLATION    BILL,   lft24. 

equipmont.  In  so  far  as  possi})le.  laboratory  studies  have  been  made 
oi  the  materials  and  operations  involved,  and  critical  examination 
made  of  available  literature,  and  as  a  result  some  information  has 
already  been  made  public  and  considerably  more  awaits  publication. 
A  practical  outcome  of  such  work  is  that  it  enables  the  housekeeper 
to  save  mone}'  by  prolonging]:,  without  undue  labor,  the  usefulness  of 
clothino:  and  household  equipment.  For  example,  good  household 
ways  of  mending  china  and  wood  have  a  technical  as  well  as  an  eco- 
nomic interest.  To  learn  why  some  cements,  for  instance,  are  superior 
to  others  in  mending  porcelain  \vill  take  one  far  into  physics  and 
chemistry. 

STUDIES  OP  THE  ORIGIN  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  HOME  AND  ITS  EQUIPMENT. 

The  Office  of  Home  Economics  has  done  considerable  work  in  the 
collection  of  material  for  the  discussion  of  important  problems  such 
as  the  origin  and  development  of  the  house  and  its  equipment,  of 
the  manners,  customs,  ana  social  usages,  since  these  in  great  measure 
determine  the  distribution  of  the  income  in  household  expenditures, 
and  are  equally  important  in  the  discussion  of  the  whole  question  of 
household  management.  The  time  available  for  such  work  has  been 
limited,  but  nevertheless  it  has  been  carried  on  to  such  an  extent  that 
some  generalizations  at  least  can  be  made. 

Special  equipment,  such  as  apparatus  for  the  study  of  accelerated 
wear,  is  a  necessity  if  one  is  to  study  the  question  of  relative  durability 
or  wearing  quality  of  textiles  and  other  materials.  I  believe  that  all 
who  are  familiar  with  the  problem  would  a^ee  that  the  development 
of  such  devices  is  time-consuming  and  costly  and  that  nothing  of  the 
sort  has  yet  been  provided  which  is  entirely  satisfactory;  and, 
furthermore,  that  it  is  not  possible  to  discuss  such  ciuestions  except 
relatively  until  such  measurements  are  possible.  It  is  a  step  forward 
in  the  march  or  research  to  reach  a  point  where  one  can  see  the  way. 
That  point  has  been  reached  and  useful  work  can  be  done.  The  cost 
will  be  considerable  in  terms  of  mone}',  and  it  seems  to  me  that  the 
development  of  such  equipment  might  suitably  be  a  cooperative 
project  in  which  several  Government  agencies  should  unite. 

In  the  experimental  work  carried  on  with  food,  mention  should  be 
made  of  the  stud}'  of  food  storage  problems  in  which  the  respiration 
calorimeter  is  used,  a  kind  of  work  which  is  highly  technical.  How- 
ever, it  provides  data  immediately  useful  to  those  interested  in 
comnu'rcial  cold-storage  ]n-ol)lems,  and  also  which  will  prove  very 
imj)oitant  in  the  questions  of  farm  and  home  storage.  The  case  is  a 
parallel  with  that  of  canning,  pickling,  and  brinhig,  and  dehydration 
of  food,  projects  which  doniaiid  and  are  receiving  special  study  fn)m 
the  wholesale  or  manufacturer's  standpoint,  from  the  household 
stand])oint,  and  in  some  cases,  at  least,  from  the  farm  stanilpoint  as 
regards  (uiantity.  While  it  is  true  that  in  such  cases  the  fundamental 
biological,  chemical,  and  physical  principles  can  be  studied  inde- 
pendently «)f  the  aj)])li(ution,  wherever  facilities  are  available,  the 
application  of  the  j)rinciples  ant!  e\])erimental  study  of  the  pro- 
cedures re(juisit(^  in  each  case  are  of  ijreat  value.  Since  procedures 
and  e(piij)m('tit  desirable  dinVr  with  the  (piantities  of  material  used, 
there  is  as  distimt  a  held  for  such  stiuly  and  research  on  home 
])roblems  as  there  is. for  those  which  concern  the  large  manufacturer. 


AUHICliyrURAI.  APPIIOPKIATION    BlU.,    1924.  467 

So  in  the  cuko  of  thrsc  n'snirutioii  ciiloriiiu'tf'r  MtU(li().s  of  Htonige 
pi-ol)l('ms  tluMV  will  l>c  a  i'n'Ul  for  thr  hoiiu'  worker,  even  if  it  hIiouTiI 
(•(>iii(>   jilioiit    (lint    those   intrn'.ste«l   in   roinrnercial   prohlciii  lij 

mlopt  these  methods  for  their  own  imrticular  line  of  work.      I  \< 

no  (loiiht    that  thev  are  applieahle  to  prohlnns  of  lionie  Mt<M  >f 

such  |)ro«luets  as  potatoes  and  t)tlu'r  vejjetahles  and  appU-s  Hn«l  other 
fruits  so  eoniniordy  stored  for  winter  use  in  the  farm  hoine:  and 
that  thev  have  a  reiatinr)  tn  flu-  \.  .nf  ilnf  i.>i\  find  li.ii,,l!ii,.f  ,.f  »?,,. 
household  refrij^erator. 

lu'search  to  bo  sueeessful  depends  not  only  on  thr  intiividiiai 
problem  studied  and  th(>  means  emploved  for  that  studv  it  enllH 
also  for  a  hrotid  outlook,  vision,  and  uiulci-standmj^  in  onler  to  s<'lr<'l 
th(»  problems.  The  ollice  of  home  economics  trieil  to  shape  il« 
work  with  this  hroader  end  in  view  and  1ms  endeavored  lo  ;»et  llu« 
maxinuim  of  residt  oi)tainal)l('  under  the  eonditi»>ns  in  which  it  has 
worked.  It  has  tried  s<»  far  as  in  it  lies  to  j;ive  the  housekeeper  the 
information  which  she  has  asked  for  and  to  serve  also  tlu'  pnift-s- 
sional  worker.  It  has  also  endeavored,  as  have  all  hranclie-.  of  the 
Department  of  Aj];riculture,  to  contril»ute  to  the  extension  service  of 
the  dej)artment  in  such  ways  as  it  could.  But  over  an<l  heyiunl  thi:i 
has  been  the  (h^sire  to  add  to  the  sum  of  knowhMl«;e  bearing  on  the 
home  and  its  problems,  in  order  that  the  housekeeper  may  the  more 
easily  achievi'  a  better  result. 

That  we  have  been  successful  in  some  of  our  efforts  I  think  is  borne 
out  by  this  simnle  illustration. 

The  stu(fy  of  food  preparati(»n  has  not  had  for  its  [)urpo-e  the 
preparation  of  delectal)le  dishes,  allhouj^h  that  is  somelhin;^  that  wo 
couhl  always  do  and  plea.sc  a  very  large  |)ublic,  but  it  has  had  this, 
to  find  the  principles  upon  which  the  preparation  of  food  shojd<l  he 
based,  not  only  that  a  palatable  di.sh  nniy  result,  but  also  tluit  a 
larger  part  of  the  food  value  may  be  conserved. 

And  we  liavc  also  tried  to  find  some  way  of  making  sure  that  the 
housekeeper  could  choose  the  foods  to  form  a  ''well-balanced"  diet, 
as  pe()pl(>  like  to  call  it.  so  we  could  give  some  advice  to  the  house- 
keep(>r  which  would  not  require  detailed  information  in  phvsiologv 
and  chemistry  of  food  and  nutrition  to  enable  her  to  pick  the  foods 
to  enable  her  to  take  care  of  her  family,  and  not  result  in  ill  health. 

Mr.  lU'CHAN'.VN'.  There  is  administered  under  the  Department  of 
Labor  the  maternity  bill,  that  carries  on  work  along  the  sanu*  lines 
that  you  have  outlined.  Is  there  any  duplication  of  work  as  between 
your  departments? 

Doctor  Langwouthv.  There  is  always  friendly  relations  between 
this  w^ork  and  that  we  have  carried  on,  but  we  do  not  do  anything 
that  is  as  intimate  in  the  relation  to  the  home  as  the  maternity  bill, 

Mr.  Brf  hanax.  Do  they  take  advantage  of  the  information  that 
you  are  able  to  give  them  i 

Doctor  Lax(;wokthv.  I  am  sure  I  am  right  in  saving  that  thev 
take  advantage  of  such  information  as  we  have  published,  but  before 
it  would  reacli  the  person  to  be  benelited,  under  the  maternity  bill  the 
facts  wouUl  be  restated. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  But  what  I  am  trying  to  get  at,  I  would  like  to  see 
whether  these  investigations,  or  what  not,  scientihc  facts,  trutlis, 
with  regard  to  nutrition  as  aj)j)lied  to  the  young  mother  and  the  child, 
or  young  mother,  during  the  prenatal  daiys  before  chihlbirlh,  1  would 


468  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

like  to  find  out  whether  your  l)iireau  is  undertaking  to  cover  that 
suhject,  or  that  })ureau  is' undertaking  to  do  it,  or  whether  the  two 
bureaus  are  undertaking  to  cover  the  same  subject. 

Doctor  Langwohtiiy.  No,  sir:  we  have  never  done  that. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Well,  it  has  been  done  in  other  instances,  and  I 
was  wondering  whether  there  was  any  duplication  of  that  work  in 

your  bill. 

Doctor  Langworthy.  It  would  not  be  done  in  the  office  of  home 
economics  because  all  of  those  problems  are  involved  and  are  con- 
nected with  the  study  and  practice  of  medicine;  and  we  would  not 
undertake  work  in  such  a  field.  So  far  as  I  am  concerned,  that  work 
would  not  be  considered  in  connection  with  the  office  of  home  eco- 
nomics. The  work  in  connection  with  the  feeding  of  the  expectant 
mother,  and  the  feeding  of  the  young  child,  and  the  feeding  of  the 
mother  and  her  child  after  the  child  has  been  born,  has  so  far  received 
attention  in  the  Children's  Bureau — all  that  it  has  received  in  the 
Government  so  far  as  I  know,  unless  the  Public  Health  Service  may 
have  done  something. 

That  reminds  me:  There  has  been  a  publication,  that  I  recall, 
Mrs.  Max  West  is  author  of  a  bulletin  on  feeding  young  children. 
In  it  she  made  some  statements  yviih  regard  to  general  nutrition, 
and  she  sent  the  manuscript  down  to  us  to  see  if  she  had  stated  them 
well.  As  a  special  subject  of  research  I  am  sure  that  I  am  safe  in 
saying  that  there  has  not  been  any  such  duplication  as  3'ou  fear. 

Air.  Buchanan.  My  object  was  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  in  the 
event  that  would  be  gone  into,  if  you  have  the  facts  alread3%  whether 
they  would  get  the  facts  from  you,  and  use  the  information  you 
have  already  collected. 

Doctor  Langworthy.  Yes,  sir;  the  Red  Cross  is  an  organization, 
an  independent  organization  which  has  always  worked  with  us  in  the 
way  you  suggest. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  The  Red  Cross  is  not  trying  to  build  up  an  organ- 
zation,  especially,  like  some  of  these  Government  bureaus  are.  I 
think  without  any  question,  some  of  them  are,  and  I  would  say  that 
all  of  them  are. 

Doctor  Langworthy.  I  can  only  speak,  of  course,  for  myself.  As 
1  say,  if  you  left  it  to  me  to  decide,  I  should  not  want  to  take  any 
of  their  functions,  in  any  way,  and  if  I  had  a  piece  of  information 
and  they  asked  for  it,  I  would  give  it  to  them.  Would  not  that  be 
about  what  you  would  naturally  expects 

Mr.  Buchanan.  That  would  be  wnat  I  would  expect. 

Doctor  Langworthy.  Yes;  that  would  be  just  the  way  I  would 
feel  about  it. 

Mr.  BircHANAN.  I  guess  it  is  our  duty  to  see  that  there  is  no 
duplication. 

Doctor  Langworthy.  We  have  always  thoufrht  that  the  relation, 
the  friendly  relntioii  between  individuals  and  between  bureaus  in 
u  department,  and  between  dillerent  departments,  was  one  of  the 
very  satisfuctory  lhin;.s  about  carrying  on  the  work. 

h\»r  instance,  tiie  study  of  tiie  usi>  of  home  e(|uijunent  and  textiles, 
which  is  carri(>(l  on  to  som<'  e.xtent  by  the  BurcNiu  of  Stauihirds,  but 
for  entirely  dillerent  purposes — they  liave  instituted  it  from  a  manu- 
factinin<^  and  trmle  slaiidpoiiit  has  yieldiMl  material  which  could  be 
inf('tj)i('ted  in  household  terms,  and  that  we  have  tried  to  got  and 


Adlllcri.Tt'IlAI,   API'UolMtlATIOS    HII.I.,    11«4.  409 

tried  to  uso.      The   HiinMiu  of  Stninlimls  Ims  Imth  px'  .    willinij 

to  work  witli  us  in  that  way.  Wo  had  on.»  uwrv  of  .....irh  work 
soino  years  ajjo  on  rloaninp  silvrr  for  which  thr  depart nimt  had  no 
e<|ui|)mont  and  for  wliicli  the  Itiirran  of  Stanjlnrds  ha«l  ffpnpniont, 
nnd  a  rooprraf  ivr  arran^'cnicnf  n\  as  arriviMl  at  hv  \\hi«h  ojw  workrf 
from  tho  niirrau  of  Standards  and  onr  from  the  ofjirr  of  M..i...  |'>i>- 
nomics  studied  tlio  prohh»m  nt  the  RuriMiii  of  Stun<hinl.'-  ih  we 

obtained  material  f<»r  n  useful  puMication  nn<l  tl»e  Iturenu  of  Stand- 
ards, throui^'h  that  rooprration.  developod  a!i  entirelv  n<w  hne  of 
researrli  which  proved  very  vahiahh*  to  it.  I  can  inultiplv  instances* 
of  that  kind.  1  would  rather,  if  I  couhl.  j;ivo  you  ftn  idea  as  to  the 
spirit  under  which  we  luive  tried  to  do  the  wort. 

SAf^RlKS. 

Mr.  Andkuson.  \'ery  well.     Now.  on  pni^e  207  vou  )mvr  itory 

roll,  whicli  I  assume  is  made  U|)  cut  in)  \  fr<»m  tin"  transfers  li-,,,  elates 
Relations  Service. 

Doctor  Laxowortmy.  It  is  the  same  in  content  ns  has  l>oen  in 
States  Relations  Service.  There  is  no  essential  chanfje  and  it  covers 
the  same  projects. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Now,  you  propose  in  your  «;eneral  lan^uajje.  in 
the  Bureau  of  Home  Economics,  to  eliminate  the  lan<;u»ipe,  'Cooprra- 
tion  with  otlier  bureaus  of  the  department."  Whv  do  vou  cut  that 
out  '. 

Doctor  Ball.  Simply  because  it  is  unnecessary.  .Vll  liureaus 
cooperate.  The  lanjijuajTe  is  not  necessary.  It  mip^ht  be  necessary 
in  providing  for  cooperation  with  other  departments,  but  it  is  not 
necessary  here. 

Mr.  Anderson.  If  there  are  no  further  questions  on  this  item,  wo 
will  take  a  recess  until  10  o'clock  to-morrow  morning. 


Wednesd.w,  NovF\fnFR  20.   1022. 

ENFORCEMENT  OF   INSECTICIDE   AND   FINGR  IDE   ACT. 

STATEMENT  OF  DR.  J.  K.  HAYWOOD,  CHAIRMAN  OF  THE 

BOARD. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Doctor  Haywood,  we  will  take  up  your  item  on 
page  300,  for  the  enforcement  of  tlie  inse<'ticitle  act. 

Doctor  Haywood.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  have  a  short  prepared  state- 
ment, which  presents  this  matter  in  a  concise  wav.  and  1  believe  it 
will  make  the  discussion  shorter  if  I  am  permitted  to  submit  it. 

GENERAL    STATE.MENT   OF    WORK. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  may  proceed  with  vour  general  statement. 

Doctor  Haywood.  The  insecticide  and  fungicitle  board,  composed 
of  four  scientists  representing  the  Bureaus  of  Chemistry.  Plant  In- 
dustry. Entomology,  and  Animal  Industry,  and  working  in  coopera- 
tion with  those  bureaus,  wa.s  organized  in  the  department  to  assist 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  in  the  enforcement  of  the  act. 


470  AGRICULTURAL  APPR0PRL\T10N    BILL,   1924. 

The  insecticide  act  places  upon  the  department  the  responsibility 
for  preventing  the  nianufacture.  sale,  or  transportation  of  insecticides 
and  fungicides  (including  disinfectants)  which  are  below  the  strength 
claimed  for  them,  which  will  not  accomplish  the  results  promised, 
which  are  injurious  to  vegetation  when  used  as  directed,  or  those 
wliich  fail  to  comply  with  any  other  provision  of  the  act,  the  purpose 
being  to  require  that  labels  shall  contain  only  truthful  statements 
and  that  the  materials  shall  not  be  adulterated.  The  products  de- 
signed for  the  use  of  farmers,  fruit  growers,  market  gardeners,  and 
stock  and  poultry  raisers  constitute  the  most  important  class  which 
comes  within  the  purview  of  the  act.  Products  used  to  rid  the  house- 
hold of  insects,  and  disinfectants,  germicides,  etc.,  used  to  kill  or 
combat  bacteria,  also  come  within  the  scope  of  the  work. 

The  act  has  been  in  effect  since  January  1,  1911,  and  its  enforce- 
ment has  resulted  in  greatly  improving  the  quality  of  proprietary 
insecticides  and  fungicides  and  in  making  the  labels  truthful  repre- 
sentations of  their  elliciency. 

The  industry  regulated  by  this  act  has  experienced  a  tremendous 
growth,  with  a  consequent  increase  in  the  work  of  the  board.  It  has 
developed  from  a  side-line  business  to  one  attracting  the  investment 
of  a  large  amount  of  capital  and  the  erection  of  many  plants  for  the 
manufacture  of  an  increasing  variety  of  preparations.  Through  the 
efforts  of  scientific  investigators  new  methods  of  controlling  insects 
and  fungi  have  been  developed  and  the  industry  is  of  constantly 
increasing  economic  importance.  The  overcoming  of  losses  to  crops 
and  animals  through  the  application  of  proper  remedies  has  come  to 
be  regarded  as  an  important  part  of  commercial  farming  and  stock 
raising,  and  the  use  of  the  materials  controlled  by  this  act  has  conse- 
quently become  more  general  and  the  tonnage  entering  interstate 
commerce  is  now  very  large. 

Another  important  result  of  the  enforcement  of  this  act  which 
should  receive  considerable  emphasis  is  that  it  has  pn)ved  to  be  a 
potent  aid  in  the  endeavor  oi  the  department  to  introduce  new 
remedies.  By  invoking  its  provisions  it  is  possible  to  materially 
assist  other  bureaus  of  the  aepartment  in  the  introduction  of  new 
methods  of  control  treatment,  by  preventing  the  sale  of  materials 
which  purport  to  be  of  the  standard  recommended  by  the  depart- 
ment, but  which,  in  fact,  are  less  efficacious  and  sometimes  posi- 
tively injurious.  By  inspecting  tlie  material  ofl'ered  for  sale  in  the 
localities  where  other  bureaus  are  attempting  to  introduce  new 
control  methods,  it  is  possible  to  prevent  to  a  large  degree  the  failure 
of  the  contrf)l  treatment,  which  would  follow  from  the  use  of  materials 
not  up  to  the  standard. 

The  board  is  giving  special  attention  to: 

(1)  Campaigns  designcfl  to  improve  the  cpiality  and  labeling  of 
Bordeaux  mixtin-e  and  Bordeaux-lead  arsenate  mixture. 

(2)  ('ani|)aigns  against  hitherto  uninspected  ins(>cticides  and 
fungiridcs  falsely  claiming  to  control  the  cotton  boll  weevil  and 
falsely  claiming  to  control  many  insects  and  plant  diseases  bv  inocu- 
lation into  the  tn'e  or  by  absorpti(Mi  through  the  roots  or  seeds. 

CA)  Campaigns  ngainst  insect  j)o\V(lei'  iidulteratcfl  with  j)owdere(l 
daisicB. 

(4)  (\im|)aigns  against  disinfectants  which  are  adulterated  or  the 
labels  of  wliich  bear  false  and  misleachng  claims. 


AORICULTl'IlAL  AITIIOI'KIATION    BlIJ^    lltti.  471 

I .'»)  Campaigns  against  rHlciiiin  ap^Muitc  which  in  .J.r:-  j.-m  jf,  nrtive 
iri<;n'(li<'nts  or  <'(HitaiMs  in^riMlioiits  injurious  to  vr,  n 

(6)  ('am|)ai;;ns  against  so-calh'il  pino  oil  liisinfixtnniH  nixl  ronl-tar 
dips  and  disinfi-ctants  which  nrr  adult<>ral<'d  with  mineral  od. 

A   niindxT  of  scicntihr  invcslij^ations  urr   undtT  way   r«-l'''^'-   '" 
cah-iuni  arsenate,  hirkspur  srrds,  nii'otino  soapM.  ni«'otini* 
pin*>    pnxliict    (Miiulsions,    paradi*ddoroh(>n/.in«>,    liordratix    nii 
«lnsls.  (h'v  linic-sidphnr.  and  inscfticidrs  rocoinnirtidrd 
on  animals,  intestinal  paiasitrs,  and  inanp',  to  drtniiiin 
nt'cossarv  in  the  cnfon-tMniMit  of  lh»»  provi.sioii.s  of  thr  in 

For  several  yoars  ?iow'  there  has  heen  sijeh  a  marked  in 
niimher  and  tonnajje  of  inseetieitles  and  funj^icides  to  1 
that  it  is  only  hy  an  exercise  of  the  striet4»st  e<onomv  in  all 
tures  that  we  have  heen  ahle  to  j^ive  even  a  fair  «le<;ree  of  prol<><*tion 
to  the  eonsumirif::  puhlic.     The  time  has  come  when  we  feel  that  we 
would  not  he  doin<;  (»nr  duty  if  w<'  did  not  frankly  state  to  you  that 
under    our    present    api)roj)riation    and    exereisinj;    the    nif)st    rij^id 
economy,  we  do  not  feel  that  we  are  able  to  f!}yo  that  dem-ee  of  pro- 
tection eontemphitcd  hy  the  law  f>r  ri;;htfully  expecte«l  by  the  con- 
suiiiin*;  puldjc. 

SALAUIF.S. 

Mr.  Andehsox.  I  want  to  ask  you  one  or  two  (piestions  alnmt  the 
statutory  roll,  covered  hy  the  item  on  pajje  .'iOO.     The  item  a(' 
to  he  the  same,  with  the  exception  <»f  the  (Ironnin'j  of  otk^  inr- 
b(»y  at  S4.S0  and  one  at  S3(;(). 

Doctor  Haywood.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  A.XDKRsox.  Are  those  places  vacant  now  < 

l)(»ctor  Haywood.  They  are  tilled  now.  hut  we  will  have  to  drop 
those  boys. 

Mr.  Anderson.  There  are  no  chaiifjes  in  your  general  expense 
item  ( 

Doctor  Haywood.  There  is  no  change  whatsoever  in  the  rest  of 
the  appropriation. 

Wednesday,  Xove.miikk  l'O.  1022. 

FEDERAL  HORTICULTURAL  BOARD. 

STATEMENT    OF    DR.    C.    L.     MARLATT.     CHAIRMAN    OF    THE 

BOARD. 

Mr.  Andek.son.  Doctor  Marlatt,  do  you  wish  to  make  a  general 
statement  before  we  take  up  your  statutory  roll  i 

Doctor  Marlatt.  We  were  aske<l,  Mr.  Chairman,  to  present  a 
statement  of  the  more  impt)rtant  work  of  the  board,  particularly 
with  reference  to  the  items  of  the  appropriations.  I  have  such  a 
statement  here,  which  I  would  like  to  submit  for  the  record.  It 
contains  information  that  may  be  of  use  to  the  ct)mmittee.  covering 
the  general  work  of  the  board  in  its  more  important  phases. 

Mr.  Anderson.  You  mav  submit  that  for  the  record. 


472  AGRICULTUPvAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

(The  statement  referred  to  is  as  follows :) 

GENERAL   STATEMENT' OF   WORK. 

The  Federal  Horticultural  Board  is  the  agency  for  the  administration  of  the  Federal 
plant  quarantine  act  of  August  20,  1912.     This  act  has  for  its  objects: 

(1)  The  prevention  of  entr>'  into  the  United  States  of  new  and  important  insects 
or  plant  diseases  injurious  to  agriculture,  horticulture,  and  forestry. 

(2)  The  ])re\ention  of  spread  in  the  United  States  of  any  such  pests  which  may 
have  gained  more  or  less  limited  foothold. 

(3)  The  control  and,  if  ])racticable,  the  eradication  of  such  pests,  either  directly 
or  in  cooperation  with  the  bureaus  concerned. 

To  give  such  protection  now  involves  the  administration  and  enforcement  of  some 
22  foreign  and  15  domestic  (quarantines. 

A  somewhat  detailed  record  is  given  of  these  activities  in  the  annual  report  of  the 
board  now  in  press.  This  special  report  for  the  information  of  your  committee  covers 
the  subjects  of  more  general  interest  and  of  immediate  importance.  These  are: 
(1)  Control  of  important  new  plant  pests,  such  as  the  pink  boUworm,  corn  borer, 
pine  blister  rust,  etc.,  and  (2)  the  port  inspection  service  for  the  enforcement  of  the 
various  foreign  quarantines. 

CONTROL   OF  IMPORTANT   NEW   PLANT  PESTS. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  is  now  attempting  to  prevent  the  spread  and  in 
some  instances  to  eradicate  a  number  of  important  introduced  pests  which  still  have 
a  rather  limited  foothold.  These  include,  among  insect  pests,  the  pink  bollworm 
of  cotton,  the  I^uropcan  corn  borer,  the  gipsy  and  brown-tail  moths,  the  Japanese 
beetle,  and  a  number  of  minor  enemies.  Among  plant  diseases  similar  control  is 
being  attempted  in  the  c:ise  of  the  potato  wart,  white-pine  blister  rust,  citrus  canker, 
and  certain  diseases  of  small  grains.  The  present  status  of  the  more  important  of 
these  will  be  briefly  summarized. 

The  pink  bolhrorm. — This  is  probably  the  worst  known  enemy  of  cotton,  and  had 
gaine  I  limited  fo()th"ld  in  Texas,  Louisiana,  and  New  Mexico.  The  possilnlity  of 
eradicating  this  pest  is  better  now  than  ever  bef  )re.  No  infestation  by  it  was  found 
in  1921  in  l.ouisiana,  nor  has  there  been  any  reappearance  determined  so  far  this  year, 
and  Louisiana  may  be  looked  upon  as  substantially,  if  not  entirely,  freed  from  the 
pest. 

In  Texas,  as  to  the  older  infestations  in  eastern  Texas,  but  a  single  infested  boll 
containing  a  single  larva  of  the  pink  bollworm  was  found  in  the  large  Trinity  Bay 
distrii  t  in  1921.  There  has  been  no  return  of  the  pest  in  the  Ilearue  distrii  t  since 
the  original  cleanup  in  1917,  and  this  area  may  now  be  released  as  absolutely  free 
from  the  pest.  In  the  western  areas  of  infestation  in  the  Pecos  \  alley  and  in  the 
Rio  Grande  X'alley  near  El  I'aso,  noncotton  zones  have  never  been  estaUished,  and 
the  pink  l)nllw(irm  reappeared  very  scatteringly  in  1921,  as  was  to  have  1  een  expected. 
As  1  mg  as  the  outcome  in  eastern  Texas  was  uncertain,  neither  the  iilanters  nor  the 
State  auth  )ritie8  have  been  willing  in  these  western  areas  to  abandon  the  growth  of 
cott  >n  in  an  effort  to  comi)letely  eradicate  the  pest,  but  if  it  can  be  held  to  these 
western  areas,  which  are  separated  by  wide  and  uncultivated  and  fairly  desert  tracts 
frim  eistern  cotton  cultivation,  they  will  present  very  little  greater  risk  than  occurs 
fn^ra  the  pink  IjoUworm  in  Mexico. 

The  situation  in  New  Mexico  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  and  in  the  upper  Pecoe 
Valley  is  similar  to  that  in  western  Texas. 

The  only  new  outiir(!aks.l)y  the  jnnk  l)ollworm  during  1921  were  two  very  incipient 
infe.statiniis  in  Ellis  and  (iraysnn  Counties  in  northern  Texas,  originating  from  shijv 
inents  <>t  sac.  1  from  ('arlsbad,  N.  Mex.,  made  j)rior  to  the  determination  by  the  de|  art- 
nuMit  iif  infestatinn  at  the  latter  i)oint.  These  new  outl)reaks  were  immediately 
and  vigorously  taken  hold  of  by  the  i^tate  and  Federal  autlu)ritie8  and  thoroughly 
cleane  1  up,  and  noncotton  and  surrounding  regulated  zones  estal  lished  for  1922. 
No  infestation  of  the  crop  of  1922  noar  these  (loints  has  so  far  developed.  They  present 
a  situation  no  more  serious  tlian  was  liearnc  in  1917,  which  was  coini)letely  eradicated 
with  one  year's  cleanup. 

Up  to  <  )ctt»lier  1,  l!>22,  the  only  recurrences  of  the  i>ink  bollworm  which  have  been 
•letermined  have  been  in  three  fields  on  the  Rio  Grande  in  the  Great  Bend  district. 
.Noicssarily  in  this  area,  with  the  possibilities  of  reinffstation  from  Mexict),  the  jnnk 
bollworm  may  lie  ex|i("teil  to  occur  in  greater  or  l(\s.s  nnml  ers  any  year.  Fortunately, 
thi.4  urea  is  a  very  unini|>oitant  cotton  district  and  is  isolutod  from  other  cotton  regions. 

Ah  a  ba-MiH  for  the  knowledge  of  the  prestuit  status  of  this  post,  very  intensive  in8i)ec- 


AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BIIJ.,    1924.  473 

tion  bafl  hocn  carried  out  (luring  (hi>  )irot«ont  M<a««>n  in  '>•••  <^t.i«.-«  ..(  j . ..,;..,,.. ^  v^.^ 
Mexico,  Oklahoma,  ami  Texjw,  involvintr  a  total  of  r 

insjx'Ction  will  n.ntinun  thrfMiRliout  thin  yinir  ami  it  m  |>r"r.ni.ic  mat  aiu'  uu 

of  iiift>Htatioii  nmy  l>r>  liit«T  ilcti-niiiMf><l 

Am  u  rf.-<iilt  of  irit< 
fairly  tult'iiuatp  Sta:.  ^  ^    _  I 

with  th«>so  States  in  this  iMlort  at  •Tniiicatinn. 

The  real  danjjer  will  conie  juMt  at  thi«  iK>ri»Hl  when  the  in  -.  ■  ".. 

oliminatod,  ami  j)lantere  and  othen*  may  come  to  the  fal-*'  ' 

nere«Hary  to  contiiuie  the  work  and  (ciKt      Th«- i 

toirv  and  should  he  ppweeuted  with  more  int<  i 

ultmiate  suc("<'.>v  is  to  l)«>  pained. 

Inci<lentiilly,  it  may  l)e  said  that  fhi«  effort  at  eradication  ha/«  re»tii''"'  ...  >»...  .  .  -. 
lection  at  a  comparatively  trivial  cost  of  the  cotton  crop  not  onlv  of  t 
concerned,  hut  pmhahly  of  the  entire  South,  and  what<>ver  the  outomii;  oi  un   t;iijrl 
has  lieen  tremendously  worth  while  from  this  stan  liN.jnf  al<irn> 

In  the  ca.se  of  the  ]nnk  hollworm  we  ari>  now  af  ' 

in  the  case  of  the  holl  weevil  in  spite  of  the  poi        ^  i  :  ._    .  .    :.._3 

department  at  that  time,  nearlv  :$(•  years  apo. 

The  scientific  and  res«'arcli  plia.'H's  of  the  Bubject  have  boon  conduct'  '    ~    '   •' 

in  the   l.apuna  district,   Mexico,  and   very  imnortanl  inf'innatir)n    ' 

obtained  relative  to  the  habits  and  control  of  tne  yt-^t.     One  in 

come  of  thLs  work  is  the  determination  that  the  ^)ink  boUworm 

surN-ive  in  moL«t  soil.     This  determination  has  an  important  bearing  on  the  ■ 

operations  practiced  by  thus  department  in  Texas  and  other  Stat«-s  -i.  e.,  the 

tion  of  all  standing  and  scattered  cotton  and  bolls  has  undoubte<lly  had  mu 

succe-ss  from  (he  fact  that  any  remaining  larv;e  and  bolls  ' 

have  i)erished  in  the  moi^t  soil.     It  ha.H  been  shown  that  \\ .  ; 

from  flo  to  00  per  cent  of  the  larv.-e  die.     This  work  Ls  beim;  conductinl  on  a  ver>- 

small  appropriation  ($5,00(ij,  but  it  is  ver>'  dc'^irablc  to  con.siderably  extend  it,  and 

a  fund  of  $10,000  was  requested  for  next  year  (1923-4).    This  incrcaae  was  not 

approved  by  the  Budget  Bureau. 

TIic  corn  borer. — The  administration  of  the  corn-borer  atipropriation  has  l>oen 
assigned  to  the  Bureau  of  Entomology,  but  in  cooperation  with  this  board  as  to  quar- 
antine features.  There  has  l)een  no  new  outbreak  of  the  corn  borer  this  year.  In 
other  words,  this  pest  is  still  limited,  so  far  as  is  known,  substantially  to  the  area.s  deter- 
mined last  year,  these  representing  for  the  most  part  areas  of  original  infej»tation 
from  Europe  in  1900  and  1010,  namely,  the  New  England  area,  the  eastern  and  wpst- 
ern  New  \ork  areas,  and  the  Ontario  area,  from  which  latter  it  has  ap^ 
a-i  determined  la'<t  year,  to  the  southern  and  western  shores  of  I.aM 
has  I  eei  during  the  year  a  local  but  limited  natural  8|)read  of  the  insect  in  the  case 
of  each  of  these  areas. 

It  would  appear  from  this  record  that  the  quarantine  and  control  m< 
guarding  the  movement  of  products  from  the  known  infested  area  have  pp 
wi 'e  jumps  of  the  insect,     'i  he  funds  available,  however,  for  this  work  haw  , 

entirely  inadequate  for  general  surveys  of  other  States  or  areas  and  no  tHi*>iii\e  claim 
is  maile  that  the  department  now  has  information  as  to  the  existing  distribution  o( 
this  pest  in  the  United  States. 

It  IS  very  important  that  the  corn-borer  work  should  be  continue<l.     '  ' 
question  at  all  as  to  the  imimrtance  of  this  pest  of  corn.     It  is  a  new  pe.st 
an  adilitional  burden  on  this  crop.     During  the  present  year  it  has  niaintauied  ii^-if 
about  in  the  same  status  as  pre\nously  in  the  known  areas  of  inl«'slation,  ther.   t.  it  ,' 
certainly  no  increase  of  damage  in  the  western  areas  of  invasion  in  New  York,  I 
vania.  Ohio,  and  Michigan,  and,  in  point  of  fact,  in  the.s«'  areas  no  comnur      ' 
has  ever  resulted,     'ihe  extensive  damage  which  the  irusoct  frequently  ■ 
the  New  ?^ngland  area  seems  to  be  explainable  by  the  fail  that  the  in.-' 
double-brooded  and  that  the  cultural  and  croj)  conditions  are  pfHi:!i.ul\ 
its  multiplication.     The  Canadian  authorities  report  that  thedn  (»ntano  is 

very  much  less  than  in  either  of  the  two  previous  years,  'l  his  is  .-^uji . .-» vl  to  be  duo 
to  better  cultural  conditions  and  tilivt  to  the  late  i>lanting  of  corn. 

'1  he  menace  of  this  pest  to  the  main  corn  areas  of  the  country  i 
It  may  prove  to  be  a  ven,'  serious  pe.«t  when  it  rea<hes  the  <ji' 
ticularly  when  it  gets  into  the  more  .southern  regions  of  corn  culture.     It  i 

always  have  a  very  serious  phast*  in  connrn-tion  with  table  corn  lor  initu' 

sumption  or  for  canning,  ami  in  exceptional  seasons  with  flint  and  {Kiwibly  other 
corn,  unless  efficient  control  bv  natural  I'uemies  or  other  nieans  •'        ' 
therefore  every  reason  to  continue  and  ade<iuaU'ly  supi>orl  the    i 
prevent  spread. 


474  AGRICULTURAL  iU'PROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

The  effort  during  the  current  year  to  divide  the  cost  of  the  work  between  the  States 
<?oncerned  and  the  Federal  Government  has  been  only  partially  successful.  Fairly 
adequate  support  and  cooi)eration  has  been  obtained  from  ai^proxiniately  half  of  the 
States  concerned  and  varyin<i  gujiport  more  or  less  inadequate  from  the  other  States. 
It  becomes,  therefore,  a  question  to  be  seriously  considered  whether  in  a  menace  of 
this  kind,  which  affects  the  wliole  country,  protection  should  Ije  jeopardized  by  con- 
ditioning the  neces8ar^■  fiuarantine  and  inspection  work  on  the  support  of  any  State 
or  States  out  of  a  series":  in  other  word.'^,  the  neglect  or  failure  of  any  State  may  negative 
both  the  efforts  of  other  States  and  of  the  Federal  Government. 

The  situation  is  very  similar  to  that  in  Texas  30  years  ago  when  the  boll  weevil 
first  appeared,  and  when  it  wa.-^  neither  pos.^ible  to  arouse  the  Texas  Legislature  nor 
the  farmers  to  take  protective  action  whirh  at  that  time  would  have  been  a  fairly 
easy  and  simple  proceeding.  In  other  words,  it  has  repeatedly  proved  difficult  to 
get  a  State  where  an  insect  has  not  yet  reached  the  stage  of  caiLsing  material  damage 
ito  become  sufficiently  interested  to  cooperate  in  funds  and  work.  It  would  seem 
clear  that  the  necessary  control  measures  should  lie  instituted  in  connection  ■with 
such  State  until  stich  time  as  the  State  has  become  fully  aroused  to  the  need  by  edu- 
cational and  other  means. 

The  Japanese  beetle. — The  .Jai)anese  lieetle  quarantine  fund  is  also  being  admin- 
istered by  the  Bureau  of  Entomology,  the  board  cooperating  in  quarantine  features. 
It  seems  desirable  here  to  emphasize  the  belief  of  the  board  that  this  pest  is  one  of 
the  most  dangerous  insect  introductions  made  in  many  years,  and  threatens  large 
future  losses,  particularly  to  fruit  and  forage  crops,  to  the  latter  as  a  grub  infesting 
the  soil.  This  beetle  seems  to  be  still  limited  to  the  original  ai-ea  of  infestation,  except 
for  the  natural  spread  of  some  five  miles  a  year.  In  the  center  of  this  area,  where  the 
insect  has  become  most  abundant,  the  damage  to  foliage  and  fruit  is  very  alarniing. 
The  ease  with  wliicli  the  insect  may  be  carried  with  produce  is  also  a  very  dis(juieting 
feature:  for  exam])le.  during  ]!)21,  out  of  some  200,000  baskets  of  sweet  corn  moving 
out  of  the  district  and  subject  to  insi)ection,  upwards  of  .5,000  Ijcetles  were  removed. 
The  insect  may  be  canied  l^y  almost  any  of  the  farm,  garden,  florist,  or  uurserj' 
products  moAdiig  out  of  the  district  and  in  addition  is  a  strong  flier. 

The  quarantine  and  control  work  against  a  pest  of  this  kind  can  be  justified  only  by 
the  repres.'sion  of  spread  and  lessening  of  damage  secured.  There  is  no  question  at  all 
but  that  this  pest  will  in  time  spread  throughout  the  United  States.  The  prevention 
of  spread  is  of  immediate  value  and  gives  a  period  during  which  the  insect  can  be 
studied  and  its  means  of  control  more  fully  determined,  and  more  particularly  affords 
opportunity  for  the  introduction  from  its  original  home  of  natural  enemies.  From 
this  point  of  view  the  department  would  seem  fully  justified  in  maintaining  for  the 
present  the  quarantine  and  other  control  of  this  pest  which  is  now  in  operation. 

The  (jipty  and  brovn-tail  moths. — -The  quarantine  control  of  the  gipsy  and  brown-tail 
moths  is  in  cooperation  with  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  of  this  department.  The 
(piarantine  on  account  of  these  two  i)ests  has  been  twice  slightly  modified  during  the 
year.  The  quarantined  area  has  been  extended  with  respect  to  the  gipsy  moth,  but 
with  respect  to  the  brown-tail  moth  it  has  been  possible  to  reduce  very  materially 
the  area  quarantined  on  account  of  this  insect. 

The  new  areas  determined  as  infested  in  Xew  Jersey,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania 
in  l!)20-21  remain  as  fi)rmerly  under  the  control  of  State  quarantines,  no  Federal 
action  having  been  taken,  inasmuch  as  these  State  quarantines  are  beinj^  administered 
in  active  cooperation  with  the  officers  of  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  of  this  department. 
The  scattered  points  of  invasion  in  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey,  which 
resulted  from  the  big  central  colony  at  Somerville,  N.  J.,  have  been  apparently  eradi- 
cated. The  Somerville  colony  has  been  subjected  to  thorough  clean-up  and  control 
work  now  for  two  seasons,  and  the  outlook  is  good  for  the  eradication  of  this  pest  in 
New  Jersey. 

Two  new  points  of  infestation  weie  detemxined  during  the  year  on  Long  Island  and 
the  c!ean-uj)  of  tliese  areas  is  actively  underway  in  cooperation  with  the  State  oHicials. 

Inspection  of  i)roducts  likely  to  di.-<seminale  the  giii!<y  moth  has  been  continued  in 
New  England  and  in  New  .Jersey  in  cooperation  with  the  State  authorities  and  ship- 
ments have  been  safeguarded  by  careful  examination. 

'J'hc  pine  hlixter  rust. — The  Federal  riuarantines  on  account  of  this  disease  are  being 
adminiHlered  in  cooperation  with  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry.  The  ini|)0!tant 
<le\ch(|)nienl  in  the  while  |)ine  l)lister  rusl  situation  was  the  discovery  in  the  fall  of 
l'.)21  of  tiie  estal)lishmenl  of  this  disease  in  .souihwestern  Brilisli  ('oiunibia  and  in  the 
Pugel  Sound  region  of  W'asiiinglon.  Tlie  department  in  cooperation  with  State  and 
Ciinadiun  autliorilies  look  i)rompt  action  to  determine  the  extent  of  the  infected  area 
ami  to  control  or  eradicate  this  new  outbreak.  The  condition  of  the  infested  pines 
indicttteH  that  the  disease  must  have  been  present  in  British  Columbia  as  early  as  l!ll  I, 


Adr.IClLTrKAI.    \IMM:<»prtlATI«»N    BII.I.,    1024.  475 

Tho  infoi-lion  in  wi<l«>lv  diclribiit*'*!  on  n«ti\i*  witrtirn  w\ut-  ^nr%f  ami  >-«tlti«-at«4 

hlark  (iirrant-H  in  !lriti.H|i  <'ohiiiit>ia,  tin-  iihxI  irni"  ' 

uhoiit    \'2U  rnilc.M  tinrtli  of  tlii>  SiaK*  of  liiulio      T 
iiifcctrii  with  tli<-  ni.Ht  huv«-  Imtii  fnutui  in  W 

San  Jiiun.  Sku>;il.  I.hIuikI,  ('lulluni.  I'ncilir,  »n<l  .1-.. ; 

tnfmtimln\  w&h  f«>untl  at  HIaiiif.  \Vtt»»h       In  IW.'I  two  ■mall  pin»^  1  r 

runt  w»'n'  foiMnl  in  a  nupM-ry  at  Moum  V<  r  ■'      • 

A    K<M|<'nil    i|uaniiiiuu-    wti-   i^i.iI.IwIh   :  i»h    »h«'   Wa-hinr'^n   •*♦«♦*» 

niiui^iiliiH-.   atnl    inclmlini^   tin-    known    1:  i 

fiv<'-I«'ttf«'<l  pino!«  an<l  iiirrnnt  ami  i:«K>M«'l.ir 
lyinp  wt>»«t  of  the  HUiunut  of  tin-  riiM4-»».|f  M 

Ah  to  tho  ojmtorn  an-aM  of  MiKtcr-niHt  in\n?<iciii    1  .ci.  i.u 
hihil.s  till"  ino\'cnicnt  of  l>li,'<t«'r-r\i.M|   liof<t   iilantH  fr<in»    S' 
Minn<f<ofa.  Iowa    MixHonri    Arkan.-a-    ;iu<l  I  <■ 
niiarantiiif  liin'.  Im.'<  Ix-f-n  continip-il   ti.  |ir<-\< 

fli.'M'tts*'   into   uninforti'd    ro^jionn.      In    th«'   <'iilori<'nii'nt    of    thin   cjn.i  1 

HhipnuMits  of  nnrsHTV  stork  weir  cxainini-d  for  l>lb>l<T-ruKt  hottt  i)|:<-*- 
ycnir.     Thcro  wt«re  int«'rr<>pIo<l  i:i'»  f<hi])nii>nt!<  in  violation  «»f  tn« 
niit  of  which  wrr<>  ri'tiirnod  to  tho  confiijrnor        '    ' 
Mjin'o  or  Statr  otlicials.     'I'hc   numh'T  oi    \  ,■ 

from  Si  por  rent  in  thr  spring  of  l!»_M  to  :a)  jmt  mit  in  lh«'  v  in- 

rrtnuxiii^  ciicctixoiu'ss  of  tho  <{iiarantin(-  it*  shown  hy  thiw  niarkt<i  .•  ...  "»- 

ber  of  vi<)iatioiu<  l>v  iiurat'ryinon.     Practically  all  violations  l»y  niirm'r 
to  result  from  nc<:fp<'t  or  ••arclc.'<.>inrst<  on  tho  part  of  niirwi  ' 

tion  hiU"*  l>c«'n  corrcclcd  through  iniprovcHJ  nictho«ls  when 
nunM>rymon.     N'iolation.''  liv  individualn  not  in  tho  nun-  ar<-  in 

commiltc<l   through   hick   of  knowledge  of  (|uarantino  r«  _    ^  In  <  "i 

((uarantine   inspt'ction   work   the    department   has   recoive<l    excellout 
from  the  Post  Ollice  Department,  common  carriers,  nunt'rymen,  and  ^' 

The  potato  wart. — The  Kuro])ean  ))otato  wart  is  still  res^lricti'd  in  th^ 
to  aI>out8<X)  gardens  situated  entirely  in  mining  villagis  in    " 
West  Virginia,  and  .Nhiryland.     Nearly  all  standard  Amt  > 

been  tested  for  reaction  tti  wart  and  many  immune  varietie."<  have  been  determined 
80  that  this  di.sease  does  not  now  have  the  menace  to  thi.s  country  which  it  ori  •'  ■•  'Ms- 
had.     In  the  inva<led  di.-tricts  these  immune  varieties  are  now  for  the  m. 
being  grown  under  regulations  enforced  by  the  States  concerned  and  the  iUui;i;r 
from  these  di.slricts  is  tiius  being  very  greatly  minimized. 

A  large  volume  of  work  has  been  acannpliahed  in  a  slmly  of  thus  disea.-  "^o 

the  technical  standpoint  of  the  disease  itself  and  its  control  and  also  the  <h  ;   .  ■■  •■» 

of  the  reaction  of  varieties  of  potatoes  to  it  as  U)  immunity.     It  is  projHifled.  :i 
vear,  to  <liscontinue  much  of  the  research  work  which  Iuuh  hitherto  !• 
Iiy  tho  board  in  cix)j)eration  with  the  Hureau  of  Plant  Industrv       \' 
for  the  board  for  the  next  fiscal  year  has  been  iusked  for  of  oiil 

in  quarantine  work  ami  for  some  essential  survey  work.     It  .. ..^' 

Bureau  of  Plant  In<lustry'  will  continue  such  technical  research  work  in  connection 
with  the  di.sease  as  may  be  nece.ss;iry. 

The  board  does  not  ieel,  however,  that  the  time  has  come  when  it  i«  either  n*»*'»«#- 
sary  or  desirable  to  oj)en  the  port«  of  the  United  Suites  to  thi'  im: 
p<itatoes  from  countries  known  to  be  invaded  by  this  diseas<>.     ^  .1 

probably  result  in  the  extension  of  this  disease  to  practically  all  tl  -  in 

the  I'nited  States,  and  might  very  shortly  involve  a  very  serious  c<'ii.-*t'qinii.  «•  Hiiere 
the  nonimmune  rural  group  varieties  are  the  main  dejH>ndence. 

DATE    SCALE    ERADICATION" 

There  are  approximately  20,000  imported  date  palm-  ii..»  {tlanttnl  in  orchards  in 
California,  Arizona,  and  Texas.     These  special  dau^  districts  include  l'«»achella  and 
ImjH'rial   \alleys  in  (.'alifomia,    Vuina,  and  Salt   Kiver  \alleys  in 
small  g-arden  at  Laredo,  Tex.     In  addition  to  the.-**-  niantod  orchanl.- 
12.000  offshoots  recently  im(X)rted  from  Algeria  and  Kgypt.  now  being  grown  in  tour 

quarantine  nurseries — two  in  Indio.  ("alil.,  one  in  Yuma.  .\rix..  and  one  i"  ''"' ^ 

Ariz.     .Ml  together  there  are  aj)])roximately  200  date  planUitions  in  the  I'n 
of  w^hich  14  are  still  infested  with  the  Parlatoria  date  .scale.     Several  of  (!•. 

'  OwinK  to  a  r<vpnt  rlmiiKo  in  tho  N\  . 
extend  the  FelenU  ii'iAmiuine  to  the  i:  ■'  '  ■' 

west  of  itio  summit  of  the  Cascades. 


476  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

orchards  have  been  almoBt  completely  cleaned  up  during  the  year,  but  others  are 
still  seriously  infested,  and  among  them  are  half-a-dozen  orchards  which  contain 
large-sized  palms  which  require  rejx'ated  treatments  over  a  considerable  period  to 
thoroughly  eradicate  the  8cale. 

The  12,000  recently  imported  offshoots  are  all  under  close  observation,  and  many 
of  them  are  likely  to"  develop  scale  infestation  later  on,  even  if  they  are  now  appar- 
ently (lean,  and  these  plantings  must,  therefore,  be  kept  under  observation  for  a  con- 
siderable period  of  years  before  the  plants  can  be  taken  out  of  quarantine  and  dis- 
tributed. 

More  than  100  of  the  date  plantations  in  the  United  States  have  been  completely 
cleaned  up  within  the  past  eight  years  by  the  methods  now  being  followed,  and  it  is 
believed  that  the  remaining  infested  groves  can  be  similarly  cleaned  up  within  the 
next  few  years. 

The  Parlatoria  scale  is  so  destructive  to  the  date  palm  that  the  experts  of  the  Bureau 
of  Plant  Industry  and  all  others  who  have  studied  the  matter  agree  that  dates  can 
not  be  grown  in  this  countr>-  profitably  unless  the  Parlatoria  scale  is  completely  eradi- 
cated. The  whole  future  of  this  promising  industr>-,  which  is  so  admirably  adapted 
to  the  irrigated  valleys  of  the  Southwest,  is,  therefore,  tied  up  with  the  success  of  the 
Parlatoria  eradifation  work.  Several  million  dollars  have  already  been  invested  in 
date  culture  and  the  industry'  is  a  rapidly  growing  one. 

During  the  past  year  a  very  efficient  corps  of  date  scale  inspectors  has  been  trained, 
and  rapid  progress  is  being  made  in  the  work  of  eradication  of  the  scale.  The  State 
and  county  officers  of  California  and  Arizona  ha\e  given  most  thoroughgoing  coop- 
eration in  this  campaign  of  eradication. 

PORT  INSPECTION    SERVICE. 

Of  particular  importance  at  this  time  is  the  strengthening  of  the  port  of  entry 
inspection  service  for  the  enforcement  of  the  various  foreign  quarantines.  This 
service  is  the  first  line  of  defense  and  represents  a  very  important  and  rapidly  growing 
activity.  The  enforcement  of  foreign  quarantines  must  primarily  he  carried  out  at 
the  ports  of  entry  of  the  United  States.  It  involves  the  inspection,  in  cooperation 
with  customs  officers,  of  vessels  arriving  from  foreign  countries  for  the  purpose  of 
excluding  plant  pests  with  plant  material  brought  as  cargo  of  such  vessels  or  In' 
passengers  or  crews.  In  the  case  of  Mexico,  it  involves  the  control  of  freight  and 
other  traffic  between  that  Republic  and  the  United  States,  ^nd  control  to  a  much 
less  extent  on  the  ('anadian  ])order. 

Two  States,  California  and  Florida,  on  account  of  their  very  important  fruit  inter- 
ests, are  giving  most  valual)le  cooperation  and  aid  in  such  port  inspection  work.  The 
State  of  California  is  spending  in  this  work  approximately  §100,000  a  year  to  protect 
her  great  fruit  industry,  and  by  collaboration  this  department  gets  the  advantage 
of  this  work  at  trifling  cost.  Florida  is  in  a  similar  status.  No  other  States  are 
taking  this  same  sort  of  action  and  the  protection  at  the  other  ports  of  the  United 
States  is  practically  limited  to  work  of  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board  of  this  de- 
partment. 

The  imjjortance  of  this  work  may  be  illustrated  by  the  following  typical  instance: 
The  examination  of  the  personal  baggage  of  a  jja-ssenger  landing  at  Baltimore  from 
Brazil  disclosed  in  one  of  his  l)oxes  some  fifty-odd  packages  of  Brazilian  cotton  seed 
all  infested  with  living  pink  l)ollworms.  The  owner  proposed  to  take  the  material 
to  the  cotton  section  of  Mississippi  for  planting.  Jlad  there  been  no  insjiector  at 
Baltimore,  this  entry  would  i)robal)ly  have  resulted  in  the  establishment  in  that 
State  and  in  the  Soiith  of  tii(!  Wdi-st  known  enemy  of  cotton,  and  would  iK>ssil)ly 
have  nullified  all  the  effort  which  has  iieen  going  on  now  for  several  yeai-s  at  great 
cost  to  control  and  erailicate  this  j)est  in  its  present  rather  limited  foothold  in  Louis- 
iana, Texas,  and  New  Mexico.  This  is  only  one  illusti-ation  of  hundreds  during  the 
year  of  the  interception  of  {)ests  threatening  many  of  the  major  fruit  and  lield  crops 
of  the  Nation.  These  intercciptions  have  included  such  important  pests  as  the  corn 
l>orer,  <-itrus  canker,  i)ink  bollworni,  various  fruit  llies,  including  the  Metliter- 
ranean,  jtolato  weevils,  and  many  others  of  both  known  and  unknown  possibilities. 
A  total  of  ;{it7  dilfercnt  kinds  of  insect  ju'sts  have  been  thus  intercepted  and  identi- 
lied,  together  with  IT.'j  others,  the  specilic  identilication  of  which  it  has  been  iniptw- 
eible  to  make.  This  service  is  now  much  undermanned  and  long  hours  are  involved, 
and  at  itn|)()rtant  j)orts  oidv  partial  inspection  cun  now  lie  made,  and  other  ports  are 
without  any  protection  of  this  sort  wIiuIi'mt. 

In  conrii-ctioM  \silli  llii.M  inspection  ol  iniporled  plants  and  plant  |>ro(huls  it  is  very 
ini|iortaiit  that  jirovision  be  made  for  cooperation  with  the  Post  Oflice  Department  for 
the  examination  of  parcel-post  packages  from  abroad.     The  postal  inspectors  are  not 


AORKl'I.TrRAL   APPROPRIATIMN    BIU.,    iWi.  477 

trainoil  to  muk<- Much  in  ux.  aii'l 

U)  ottituin  tin-  vi-ry  |m>; u  lh«'  •!•  ; 

from  tliirt  ri)Uijlry  uri'XHTiiiiimtf.  anil  i; 

tiitcriur  |>oiiifH  f,,r  <      • 

inciuu'«>.     'IMpti'  ai 

|>arci'l-|><*(|  !ta<kai:i-<  in  tin-  I  iiiif<l  Mat«f>.      I 

tinn  with  iitlHT  port  diitii*  at  only  tt  ,,f  Mi.-. 

of  acontitmiiiis'  imtiirouirl  iniiNt  Im*  • 

fop',  on  a  tlit'ffri'nt  ha^iM  frotii  work  «  :i 

Ik»  r('Hinn''il  lator.      In  olh«'r  wonh  n-r 

^'l\'-Ii   ;il>\''   Woulil   ru.1t    ill'  irjj 

init'i.liii  I  |.iiis  can  !»<•  lar};i-l_ 

TIh'  i>ort  inspection  wrvice  ai*  n>w  Ih-ih 
of  Haltitnon'.  lio<«tMn.  Now  OrW-an-*,  l'hilu<l"iiM,,  .    . 
Xhv  insp»'<lion  of  tin*  ocean  coinin>Ti'<'  <'nt<'riin»  fiv 

very  ina>ie<|uate  at  ail  of  th**  Atlantic  p<irt.H  lifted  uitU  nitouUl  U-  f&U'UtU'«i  u>  oUmtt 
Atlantic  ami  Culf  port.><. 

An  additional  very  important  featnn*  of  the  in.<|>«-<  tion  «"Tvirr  of  t' 

insi)cction  at  the  qnuranline  honMe  uf  the  department  of  i.ix.i   » 

fnwn  all  (imirters  of  the  world  under  flp<'rial  iK-rmitK.  and  ai 
plantvX  and  s«'eds  made  l)y  ihi.-*  ilepartment.     In  conn'  ■ 
iL'.TiVJ  .■<hi])ment.'<  of  i>lant.'»  and  plant  prodticf<  wer<>  >'\.. 
service  nf  ilw  l>oard.     ( >f  this  niiinlxr  12«>  rf|. resented  ."Im  <  ml  pi 

tations  under  the  provisions  of  (juarantine  :{7.     The  (»ihen<  re| ,  „ 

imixtrtAtion.s.  or  inspection  and  c^'rtilicatiou  of  plants  and  plant  prtxluct^  of  •! 
ori'zin  arriving  in  or  leaving  the  T>i.strirt  of  Columhia. 

Nearly  2,(KK)  of  these  shijiments  came  throujjh  the  parool  post. 

THE    MEXICAN    BORt*ER   fONTHOL. 

The  Mexican  border  control  to  prevent  the  entry  of  the  pink  l»ollworm  from  ^'-  "  ■    ■ 
an<l   for  the  enforcement  of  various  fruit  and  ^rrain  ipiarantines  aeain.^t  M- 
j)roporly  a  part  of  the  general  port  in«pecti.in  work 
special  and  additional  i)o\vers  authorized  in  the  Ian 
for  the  ]»urpoee.     On  account  of  the  relation.ship  t)t  this  work  to  the  p-ner 

tralive  work  of  the  lx)ard  in  conne«-tion  with. such  |)ort  of  entry  control,  in  tli       

for  the  li.scal  year  Iffil.  the  appropriation  for  the  Mexican  iKyrder  work  an<l  the  lan- 

^'iiajje  authorizinir  it  have  been  transferred  from  the  central  pink  1    " 

tion  to  the  administrative  appropriation  for  the  l)oard.     It  is   :, 

lans,Mias:e  pivint,'  specilic  authori/alion  for  the  exclusion  of  cotton  stn'd  and  the  pink 

hollworm  should  i>e  retained  in  connection  with  this  item. 

The  prevention  of  the  movement  of  cotton  and  cotton  Boeil  from  Mexico  into  the 
United  States  in  connection  with  railway  cars  and  other  vehicles,  fr^     '  •         •  - 
baiT-^ace,  and  other  materials  from  Mexico  has  involved  for  the  liscnl  v  ■ 
'M,  1922.  tlie  ins{H»ction  of  35,747  freii,'ht  cars,  of  which  number 
At  Del  Rio,  Tex.,  where  there  are  at  present  no  railr<ja<l  coiiih 

of  various  descriptions  were  examined,  69  of  which  were  fumigated  on  account  oi  the 
presence  of  cotton  seed  at  the  time  of  ins|)ection. 

In  addition  to  the  control  of  freii^ht  and  other  traffic,  the  insp<^ction  at  the  footbridnw 
in  ctKiperation  with  the  customs  oliicials  located  at  Br-  '         "      ;  •■     •- 

and  El  I'xso,  Tex.,  as  well  ai<  on  the  boundary  line  at     > 

interception  of  a  total  of  5,511  pieces  of  contraband  material  durinj;  the  last  fiscal  year 
as  follows:  Avocados,  13,422;  com,  4,971;  cotton,  1,797;  prajK-fruit,  519;  puava^t,  2,M2; 
limes,  2,106;  mangoes,  1,550;  oranpes,  8,073;  peaches.  8,037;  plants,  5,tX)l;  pluma, 
882:  potatoes,  951;  sajKites.  142;  sugar  cane,  3.967;  sweet  p  ' 

TIh'  amount  of  car  fumigation  and  other  work  involved  iii  ereaf  ly  dnrine 

the  last  liscal  year,  due  to  the  improved  conditions  in  Mexiiu,  an<: 
increa.se  in  freight  and  other  tratlic  In'tween  Mexico  and  the  I'l 
result  of  this,  it  bec-ame  necessary  to  call  u{>on  Congress  for  a  suppl'  'i»- 

tion,  and  ?'>0,00()  was  so  appropriated  in  connection  with  the     -  " 

approved  March  20,  1922.     As  noted  the  moneys  s«»  ex|K'nde<l  \  > 
to  the  Treasury  of  the  I'nited  States  from  the  charges  math-  i  ■!  Mit  ,.  ,  .i 
fumigation — charges  based  on  the  cost  of  chemicals  and  labor  involved       i 
fees  amounting  to  !j:i26,350.50  were  collecte<l  and  turned  into  the  Tn-asury. 


478  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

SALARIES. 

Mr.  Anderson'.  We  will  take  up  your  statutory  roll  on  page  304. 
It  appears  to  be  the  same  as  before,  except  that  you  drop  one  clerk 
of  class  1,  and  one  messenger  or  laborer  at  $720. 

Doctor  Marlatt.  That  effort  to  reduce  the  statutory  roll,  I  think, 
has  been  explained. 

Mr.  Anderson.  This  was  in  accordance  with  the  general  policy? 

Doctor  Marlatt.  Yes,  sir;  it  was  in  accordance  with  the  general 
policy. 

FOR    PLANT    QUARANTINE    WORK. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  take  up  the  item  on  page  305. 

Doctor  Marlatt.  The  portion  in  italics  on  page  305  is  transferred 
from  the  pink  bollworm  appropriation,  which  comes  later  on  under 
the  miscellaneous  items. 

Mr.  Anderson.  It  brings  the  language  of  the  appropriation  up 
into  this  general  item  ? 

Mr.  Marlatt.  Yes,  sir.  It  is  very  important  that  this  language 
should  be  preserved  substantially  as  it  was,  because  it  is  under  this 
language  that  we  have  authority  to  control  the  border  situation 
between  Mexico  and  the  United  States.  We  have  not  that  authority 
anywhere  else.  We  do  not  have  it,  for  example,  under  the  plant 
quarantine  act. 

Mr.  Anderson.  There  is  no  change  in  the  language.  It  is  the  same 
as  it  was  in  the  other  paragraph. 

Doctor  Marlatt.  Yes,  sir.  It  should  be  changed  very  slightly  in 
the  way  of  punctuation,  as  I  have  indicated  here  in  my  copy.  The 
item  includes  a  series  of  statements  separated  by  semicolons,  and  this 
addition  should  be  separated  in  similar  manner  by  a  semicolon.  I 
have  insei'ted  the  words  "provided  that"  here  [indicating]  to  make 
the  statement  a  little  more  logical.  If  there  is  objection  to  these 
verbal  changes  you  can  accomplish  the  same  correction  by  simply 
putting   in    a   dash   instead   of   the   semicolon   following   the   word 

thereof."     Then  there  would  be  no  change  in  the  language  at  all 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  do  not  think  there  will  be  any  difliculty  about 
that. 

There  appears  to  be  an  increase  of  S70,000,  as  shown  on  page  57 
of  the  notes. 

Doctor  Marlatt.  This  increase  is  explained  in  part  in  the  notes 
submitted  with  the  estimates.  The  increase  of  S70.000  inchides  really 
two  items,  one  an  increase  of  S50,000,  for  the  Mexican  border  control 
explained  in  note  (b),  page  59  of  the  "explanatory  notes  and  state- 
ments," antl  the  other  $20,000,  explained  under  note  (a),  for  the 
extension  of  the  port,-inspection  service  of  the  board. 

INCREASE    FOR   PORT   INSPECTION    SERVICE. 

The  ar{i;umont  for  the  port  inspection  service,  I  think  you  know. 
This  service  is  a  very  essential  part  of  the  administration  and  en- 
forcement of  soinc^  30  <niarantinos.  'J'lie  |)rincipal  item  of  expense 
is  in  connection  with  tlic  cnforcc'inent  of  ioreign  ([uarantines  at  the 
ports  of  entry  in  the  rnit(ul  vStates.  We  have  to  maintain  at  these 
ports   inspectors   adecjuate    to   carry   out   the   inspection   necessary 


i 


AOHlrrf.TfUAr,   APPROPRIATION    BIIJ^    11124.  479 

under  tlir  (|imnintinps,  an<I  partiruUrly  in  rolntion  to  prrxlurtii  thnt 

jiro  iini)()rhMl  in  (|u»intitirs.      For  instniu-p.  w«»  irisprrt  nml 
till  imported  cotton,  uiid  timt  lius  umoiitit<*d  to  nmrlv  (iOOo...,  duhs 
in  one  year.     The  nvcnifijc  is  alxmt  :{()(),(>()()  Imlrs  u  vrur.     It  m  oiio 
of  the  huj^e  items  of  import  of  the  I'nited  Stiites.     All  of  that  cotton 
must     l>e    disinfected    under    our    sii[)crvision.     Similnr    i-  nn 

applies  to  nil  otiier  foreijjn  plant  products  that  are  under  r».,,,.  ,,.,n. 
It  mcludes  nursery  stock,  a  threat  many  fruits,  some  j^rams.  c«.rn.  and 
cereals  from  the  Orient,  all  of  which  recpiires  insi)ecti<>n  and  some  of  it 
disinfection.  We  have  had  to  supplement  the  fiujds  f(ir  that  pur|M»<«) 
hy  usiii}^  pink  hollworm  funds  on  thai  work,  that  hein;;  dom-  on  the 
pound  that  u  portion  of  the  inspection  had  relati<m  to  the  pink 
oollworm. 

Mr.  A.NDKKsoN.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  c«>mhinin;,'  of  tii...,.  tw.» 
appropriations  is  a  rather  donhtful  proposition.  I  suppo>r  ilnre  is  a 
certain  amount  of  relation  hetween  the  border  control  work  and  llio 
general  inspection  of  importations  of  nursery  stock,  hut  I  think  it 
would  be  better  policy  to  maintain  this  whole  border  business  us  a 
separate  item. 

Doctor  Maulatt.  That  is  a  matter  about  which  I  do  n(»t  feel  very 
stronj^ly,  Mr  Chairman,  but  the  arj^ument  for  the  change  is  a  perfectiv 
good  and  logical  one.  The  bonier  control  work  between  the  Lnited 
States  and  Mexico  relates  not  only  to  the  pink  hollworm  but  to  a 
number  of  other  quarantines.  It  is  paid  lor  out  of  the  pink  boll- 
worm  funds,  but  the  men  are  there,  and  enforce  locally  other  (puiran- 
tines,  such  as  quarantines  against  corn,  Mexican  fruits,  etc.  These 
men,  who  are  being  paid  out  of  the  pink  hollworm  funds,  are,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  enforcing  along  the  border  half  a  dozen  other  quaran- 
tines. A  considerable  percentage  of  their  work  has  relation  to  the 
general  port  of  entry  enforcement,  and  the  rest  is  closely  related, 
and  that  makes  it  entirely  logical  and  proper  to  transfer  this  whole 
Mexican  border  work  to  the  administrative  work  of  the  board.  It  is 
work  in  port  that  will  necessarily  have  to  go  on  even  after  the  pink 
hollworm  work  has  stopped. 

Doctor  Ball.  If  we  get  rid  of  the  pink  hollworm,  this  work  of  in- 
spection would  have  to  go  on  just  the  same. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  understand  that,  but  it  would  be  upon  an  entirely 
different  basis. 

Doctor  Ball.  Do  you  mean  the  work  on  the  border  ? 

Mr.  Andkuson.  Yes. 

Doctor  Ball.  It  would  be  very  much  the  same. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Including  all  this  fumigation  of  railroad  cars,  and 
that  sort  of  thing  ? 

Doctor  Marlatt.  It  would  reduce  the  expense  very  much. 

Mr.  Anderson.  But  that  is  distinct  from  the  pink  hollworm  propo- 
sition. 

Doctor  Ball.  Suppose  we  sliould  eradicate  the  pink  bi)llworm,  and 
it  looks  as  if  we  would,  we  would  still  have  to  maintain  the  border  in- 
spection, including  the  fumigation  of  cars  and  everything  »>f  that 
kind.  \Vhat  we  would  like  to  do  would  be  to  have  our  bookkeeping 
show  the  amount  of  money  spent  in  the  eradication  of  the  pink  holl- 
worm. but  after  that  work  is  hnislied.  we  must  continue  forever  at  the 
work  of  keeping  pests  out  of  the  country. 

22028—22 .31 


i 


480  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Doctor  Marlatt.  This  work  of  port  inspection  involves  all  the 
United  States,  but  the  cost  as  to  California  and  Florida  is  borne 
by  those  States.  California  is  spendin<r  al)out  S  100.000  in  port 
inspection  work,  and  tiie  Federal  Government  gets  full  advantage 
of  it  by  using  the  CaHfornia  men.  FU)rida  is  spending  about  one-half 
as  much  as  that  in  protecting  her  various  ports,  and  again  we  get 
full  advantage  of  lier  work  in  the  same  way.  These  expenditures 
indicate  the  importance  which  these  States  attach  to  that  sort  of 
protection.  They  do  it  on  account  of  their  great  fruit  interests, 
which  are,  perhaps,  the  OTe'atest  in  the  world — certainly,  those  of 
California.  Other  States  nave  not  the  same  reasons  for  port  inspec-  ^ 
tion  in  an  immediate  menace  to  fruit  or  nursery  interests,  or  at  least  \ 
do  not  realize  it  in  the  same  way.  The  result  is  that  few  of  the  other 
States  arc  doing  much,  if  anything,  in  that  sort  of  work,  and  the 
Federal  Government  is  carrying  out  most  of  the  port  inspection  work 
that  is  being  done  outside  of  (California  and  Florida.  We  are  not 
covering  the  gi'ound  by  any  means.  We  cover  certain  Pacific  ports 
north  of  California,  New  Orleans,  and  in  connection  with  the  pink 
boll  worm,  some  of  the  Gulf  ports  of  Texas  and  the  Mexican  border 
ports.  We  cover  also  the  principal  northern  ports,  such  as  Boston, 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Baltimore.  We  have  one  man  at 
Philadelphia,  and  one  at  Baltimore.  The  work  is  undermanned, 
and  the  men  are  working  overtime,  frequently  12  or  more  hours  per 
(lay.  They  are  enthusiastic  young  fellows  and  they  are  able  to  to 
do  it.  It  is  hard  work  for  them,  and  we  ought  to  liave  more  men. 
They  realize  the  responsibility  of  their  jobs  and  are  trying  to  keep 
plant  pests  out  of  the  country. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  value  of  this  work  I  want  to  tell  you  of  an 
inspection  incident  that  happened  last  spring.  A  gentleman  return- 
ing from  Brazil,  through  the  port  of  Baltimore,  brought  with  his 
Eersonal  baggage  among  other  things  a- small  box.  Fortunately,  we 
ad  a  man  at  Baltimore,  and  the  box  was  opened  and  found  to  contain 
a  lot  of  small  plants  and  wood  specimens  and  some  59  packages  of 
seed  cotton  an(l  cotton  seed.  Practically  every  one  of  those  packages 
contained  living  pink  bollworm  larva?.     This  man's  purpose  was  to  | 

take  these  packages  of  cotton  seed  to  his  home  in  Mississippi  for 
distribution  and  ])lanting.  The  carrying  out  of  his  purpose — it  would 
have  been  carried  out  if  it  had  not  been  for  the  department's  in-  _ 

spector — would  have  caused  a  vast  loss  to  the  cotton  crop  of  the  i 

South  through  the  introduction  of  the  pink  bollworm.     It  would 

frobably  have  amounted  to  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars,  and  when 
say  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars  1  mean  two  or  three  hundred 
million  dollars  annually.  That  would  have  been  the  cost  to  the 
cotton  crop  of  the  South.  We  have  many  other  eciually  typical 
cases.  We  are  intercepting  that  sort  of  thing  all  the  time.  At  norts 
like  New  Orleans,  where  many  interceptions  are  made,  mid  wiiere, 
on  account  of  the  favorable  climate  the  danger  of  establishment  of 
new  pests  is  great,  the  inspectors  go  through  the  passengers'  baggage 
and  examine  it  along  with  the  examination  of  tne  customs  service. 
Examination  is  also  made  of  the  storeroom  on  the  ship,  where  the 
.ship's  stores  are  kept,  and  of  the  pei-sonal  ellects  of  the  crew.  Various 
fruits  and  vegetables  are  often  found,  and  in  them  fniit  (lies  and  other 
pests.  Such  suj)i)lies  and  stores  nuist  be  promptly  destroved,  and 
Kometimes  it  is  nece.ssary  to  disinfect  the  ships.     Tliis  work  "does  not 


I 


A<}Rll?irLTl'RAL  APPROPRIATION   BIIJ^   1M4.  481 

(•t)sl  vi'iv  much.  l)iit   the  snvinp  ofTortiMl  throii^li  lh>'  ■'■ ?  -•    nf  a 

singU'  puckaj^c  Hk**  iJuit  in  Baliimon"  hl^t  >i>nn^  ihr 

cost  of  tliis  work  iiulclitiitcly. 

Wo  want  to  «'\t<Mi(l  this  work  and  niakr  it  a<h«|iiiiii<.      \\ «.  do 
rxjx'ct  ut  this  timt"  to  tlovrhip  insp(M'lion  at  all  |K»rt>'  '-^  .-..ir.     i.,,. 
want  to  extend  it  to  a  nuinher  of  portM  when*  the  di 
We  have  demands  from  surh  southern  port«  ti<  Savatuuih.  CharleH. 
ton,  and  Norfolk,  and  we  «iu;;ht  to  have  men  at  all  of  those  ph: 
We  ou^ht  to  have  two  or  thn-e  m<»re  men  in  New  Y«»rk  City.      i 
work  sliould  he  stren<^thened.     We  do  n«»t  noo<l  anvthmp  for  ( 
fornia  or  Florida,  heeatise  tluve  States  are  doing  the  work  ndefpinl* 
The  e\|)enditures  of  these  Stat«*s  are  over  twie<'  the  amount  of  tin 
Fe<leral  expt'nditures  in  this  work,  and  we  are  •jetfiri','  tlir  h.n.lif  <<f 
their  inspection. 

inckka.se  poi{  mexk  an  bokdkr  work. 

The  other  item  involved  in  tliis  $70,000  incren.se  is  diseu.s.se<i  under 
exphination  (6),  ptigo  59.  That  has  relation  to  the  Mexican  honlor 
work.  The  cost  of  tliis  work,  as  has  heen  «'Xf)laine<l  in  previous 
3eai"s,  is  dependent  uf)on  the  amount  of  tradic  that  jjoes  thron«;h  the 
various  ports.  The  very  much  imi)roved  situation  in  Mexico  in  the 
la.st  year  or  IS  months  has  «;reatly  increase<l  that  traflie,  which 
means  that  so  many  more  cars,  so  much  more  freijjht.  and  so  nnich 
more  passenjijers'  hajjga<je  crossinjij  the  horder  must  he  examined  and 
safofjuarded.  The  cost  of  this  work,  so  far  as  any  necessary  disin- 
fection is  concerned  of  frei<;ht  cars,  freijijht,  and  ha};j;age,  is  covered 
by  charc^es  made  for  the  work.  The  price  is  fixed  to  cover,  as  do-  '' 
as  we  can  estimate  it,  the  cost  of  tlie  lahor  involved  in  operaii;g 
the  fumigating  plants  and  the  cost  of  chemicals.  The  hig  <'ost  is 
for  chemicals,  sulphuric  acid  and  cyanide,  which  we  buy  in  carlofd 
Jots.  That  cost,  however,  is  covered  back  into  the  Treasury,  so  thtt 
it  does  not  represent  an  actual  loss  to  the  Government. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Have  you  any  figures  as  to  the  receipts  from  this 
fumigation  and  inspection  work  last  year  or  so  far  this  year? 

RECEIPTS   FROM    INSPECTION    SERVICE. 

Doctor  ^^ARLATT.  I  think  they  are  given  in  the  statement  which 
I  submitted.  They  amounted  to  Sr2(),000  for  last  year.  We  had 
to  get,  as  you  recall,  an  emergency  increase  of  S.jO.OOO  to  carry  the 
work  through  last  year,  and  this  year  again  we  will  have  to  as1v  for 
an  emergency  ijicrease  of  So0,000,  and  to  avoid  that  next  year.  1021, 
the  increase  is  now  put  into  this  appropriation. 

Mr.  Anderson.  And  that  makes  the  appropriation  f(»r  this  par- 
ticular work  the  same  as  the  amount  expended  this  year? 

Doctor  Maklatt.  Yes;  the  same  as  the  amount  expended  last 
year  and  the  amount  that  will  be  expended  this  year.  I  have 
drafted  an  item  for  an  emergency  increase  to  cover  the  balance  t»f 
this  year.  The  work  now  is  a  §.30,000  bigger  job  than  it  wm>.  two 
years  ago. 

The  thing  I  want  to  emphasize  most  in  connection  with  the"  com- 
mittee's hearing  to-day  is  the  need  for  strengthening  the  port  of 
entry  inspection  for  the  enforcement  of  thcije  many  foreitrn  plant 
quarantines. 


482  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION  BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Have  you  any  specific  insects  or  injurious  animals 
for  which  your  inspectors  are  looking  and  have  you  any  specific  ones  5 

by  name  ?  '. 

Doctor  Marlatt.  Yes.  Each  one  of  these  quarantines  relates  to 
a  specific  pest,  that  is,  most  of  them  relate  to  one  pest. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  According  to  what  country  they  come  from? 

Doctor  Marlatt.  According  to  the  country  and  the  product. 
For  instance,  we  have  grain  quarantines  against  pests  that  are 
prevalent  in  trans-Paciiic  countries,  and  we  control  tne  entry  of  all 
grain  from  trans-Pacific  countries  on  account  of  various  grain  diseases. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  What  do  j'^ou  watch  for  at  the  eastern  ports? 

Doctor  Marlatt.  At  the  eastern  ports  we  control  the  entry  of 
cotton  on  account  of  this  pink  boUworm.  We  control  the  entry  of 
all  the  fruit  which  comes  to  us — that  is,  we  regulate  it  and  see  that 
proper  safeguards  are  taken  in  connection  with  its  entry — all  of  the 
fruit  that  comes  to  us  from  the  countries  and  islands  south  of  us, 
that  is,  from  Cuba,  the  Isle  of  Pines,  etc.,  and  from  all  the  Central 
American  countries. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  In  other  words,  they  have  some  injurious  pests 
in  connecion  with  fruit  in  those  countries  which  we  do  not  have  'i 

Doctor  Marlatt.  There  are  two  or  three  quarantines  involved  in 
that.  Some  of  them  relate  to  certain  fruit  hies  which  occur  in  the 
West  Indies,  Central  America,  and  in  Mexico;  others  relate  to  other 
insects — for  example,  one  to  what  is  knowTi  as  the  black  fly,  which 
is  prevalent  in  Cuba  and  the  Central  American  countries  and  which 
would  be  a  very  serious  pest  to  all  the  citrus  cultures  of  the  south 
and,  perhaps,  to  the  Pacific  coast  later  on.  Ihese  quarantines, 
therefore,  have  for  their  object  the  prevention  of  the  entry  of  some 
known  specific  pest  or  pests.  Incidentally  our  inspectors  are  on 
the  lookout  all  the  time  for  things  that  are  not  Known  and  not 
expected. 

Several  of  the  worst  pests  which  have  come  into  this  country  are 
pests  that  we  did  not  know  anything  about  beforehand;  they  come 
on  us  as  a  surprise,  but  if  our  men  are  there  they  are  competent  to 
detect  many  such  pests.  For  example,  the  chestnut  bark  disease, 
the  citrus  canker  and  corn  borer  were  surprises  of  that  kind,  but  if 
we  had  had  our  existing  quarantines  in  force  15  years  ago  instead  of 
10  years  ago  we  might  have  excluded  some  six  first-class  pests,  such 
as  the  citrus  canker,  potato  wart,  oriental  fruit  worm,  Japanese 
beetle,  European  corn  borer  and  the  camphor  scale.  This  last  is  a 
new  and  very  dangerous  scale  for  the  South;  not  only  for  camphor 
and  many  other  plants  but  for  citrus  orchards.  It  got  in  during  the 
period  during  which  we  were  trying  to  get  plant  fiuarantine  legisla- 
tion. It  took  four  years  of  effort  to  get  this  legislation,  and  during 
that  period  the  six  very  important  pests  enumerated  got  in  when  we 
had  no  control  and  no  means  of  keeping  them  out. 

FOR  EXTERMINATION  OF  THE  POTATO  WART. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  next  take  up  the  item  on  page  307,  to 
enal>le  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to  meet  the  cmcrj^oncy  caused 
by  the  establishment  of  tiie  potato  wart  in  eastern  Pennsylvania, 
and  to  provide  means  for  the  extermination  of  this  disease  in  Penn- 
sylvania or  elsewhere. 


AORICULTUIIAL  APPRfJPRIATION    BIIJ^   IflM.  483 

Doctor  Maulatt.  The  potiiUi  wiirt  in  ono  of  llip  pottlM  that  got  in 
during;  tliut  period  just  rrforrod  to;  iim  n  in  tit  tor  of  fnrl,  it  cnine  in  the 

your  ln'fon'    tlu*   l«»j;islaf inn   wjis   (xismcmI   I»v   <  <«.     Thin  v,'m»  a 

disease  wc  knew  about ;  it  was  one  of  tin-  <!•  »iiir|j  ■ •■   -     I 

in  tlie  act  ns  one  of  the  reasons  for  the  1  i.  hut  :  , 

camo   a   litth»  too  late.      The  plant  i|uarantine  net  became  law  in 
Aufxust,    11>'2(),   |)ut    this   pest   j^ol    in  (hiring'    the    |)rfMrrdin<^'  winter 
thr(»u<?h   a  hirf^(>  shipment   of  potatoes  from  (lermanv,   whirli   were 
distributed  to  niinin«;  districts  in  Pennsylvania.  West  \'irKinia.  utui 
Maryland.     This  disease  has  been  un<ler  investigation  by  the  board 
since  n>J(>  un(h»r  sp«M'ilic  appropriations.     So  far  as  the  work  of  ih«» 
board  is  concerned,  it  is  now  possible  to  relincpiish  the  a))[>ropruition 
except  for  a  very  minor  item.     This  is  d<me  for  the  reason  ihnl  we 
have  completed  what  we  believe  is  the  necessary  investigational  and 
control  work  which  should  be  done  by  the  department  at  this  tir 
The  work  that  should  be  carried  forward  now  is  su<h  work  that  <  . 
States  can  take  care  of,  and  they  have  expressed  their  willini^nrHs  to 
do  that.     If  they  did  not  do  it  we  would  have  to  keep  tlu«  work  jjoi-   - 
but  Pennsylvania  has  her  own  internal  (piarantine  which  is    - 
as  much  protection  as  we  could  jjjive  with  a  similar  Federal  (|uai  . 
Marvland  has  promised  to  take  similar  action.     The  experimental 
work  under  this  appronrialion  has  been  carried   to  such  an  extent 
that  it  can  be  very  mucli  reduced,  but  it  is  necessary,  as  stated  in  l^  • 
exphuuition  which  yon  have  before  you,  to  continue  certain  ph.i  .  - 
of  the  work,  and  for  this  purpose  $5, ()()()  is  asked. 

Mr.  Bi'cHA.NAN.   Are  you  dostroyin<j  the  wart  and  <;etiin<;  vni  <.|  it  '. 

Doctor  Maulatt.  The  wart  has  proved  to  be  a  less  dan«;en»us 
disease  than  was  anticipated.  I  do  not  want  to  be  misunderstood  in 
that.  It  is  just  as  dangerous  as  we  anticipated  for  a  certain  jjroup 
of  potatoes — i.  e.,  for  what  is  known  as  tlii'  rural  i;roup  of  potat' .  - 
which  jirc  growni  largely  in  the  central  portion  of  the  countrv;  lu.ii 
is,  in  New  York,  Ohio,  anil  through  that  tlistrict.  It  is  very  destruc- 
tive to  this  rural  group  of  potatoes  and  that  includes  many  of  our 
best  potatoes,  grown  over  considerable  areas.  Most  of  the  v.-  '  - 
of  potatoes  in  this  country,  ln)wever,  are  immune  to  the  di- 
that  is,  other  than  the  rural  group,  and  particularly  the  potat<x»s 
grown  in  the  northern  sections,  in  Maine,  northern  New  York, 
Michigan.  Minnesota,  etc.,  and  the  potatoes  grown  in  the  S>uth. 
During  the  course  of  these  years  of  investigation  practically  all  the 
potatoes  grown  in  this  country  have  been  tested  and  many  important 
varieties — I  should  say  70  or  more— are  substantially  or  absolut  ' 
immune  to  the  disea.se.  That  has  very  much  simplified  the  cont..-, 
of  the  disease,  and  it  has  also  relieved  a  great  deal  of  fear  which  the 
disease  gave  potato  growers  when  it  first  came  to  this  countrv. 

What  the  btatcs  are  doing  now  in  all  these  districts  -and  they  are 
all  rather  limited  districts  and  not  commercial  potato-growin^;  dis- 
tricts— is  to  require  the  householdei-s  to  grow  immune  varieties  of 
potatoes.  The  experts  do  not  believe  that  it  is  possible  to  entirely 
eradicate  the  disease  by  that  means,  but  at  least  it  ]>ractically  elimi- 
nates the  risk  of  the  carriage  or  spread  of  the  disease. 

Mr.  Anderson.  This  disease  is  carried  in  the  soil  i 

Doctor  Marlatt.  The  disease  remains  for  several  years  in  the  soil, 
and  it  affects  also  other  plants  than  potatoes.  These  other  ]>lants  are 
affected  much  less  than  ])otaloes,  and  this  disease  may  not  be  tie- 


484  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

tected  in  them,  and  yet  the  disease  may  be  there,  just  as  doctors  tell 
us  that  we  have  all  the  germs  in  us  that  most  people  die  of,  but  we 
do  not  die — all  at  once,  at  least. 

It  is  possible  that  this  disease  may  attack  plants  and  not  be  recog- 
nized, but  it  is  known  that  if  susceptible  potatoes  are  planted  m 
an  invaded  district  within  eight  years  the  disease  will  probably  appear 
again:  in  other  words,  when  you  once  get  it  into  a  district  it  is  very 
doubtful  whether  you  will  ever  get  rid  of  it.  We  do  not  feel  that  the 
time  has  yet  come — and  we  have  not  done  it — to  open  our  ports  to 
foreign  potatoes  from  countries  where  the  disease  exists,  because 
that  would  mean  that  the  whole  country  might  be  flooded  with 
potatoes  that  might  carry  the  disease.  We  are  maintaining  our 
potato  quarantine  against  foreign  countries  where  the  disease  is 
known  to  occur,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  we  know  the  disease  exists 
in  limited  districts  in  this  country.  These  districts  are,  however,  not 
trade  districts  from  which  potatoes  are  exported  and  thej^  are  of 
little  danger  to  the  country  as  a  whole — that  is,  immediate  danger. 
Furthermore,  the  movement  of  potatoes  from  these  districts  is  pro- 
hibited and  controlled  under  State  quarantines. 

Doctor  Ball.  That  is  exactly  the  same  policy  which  England  and 
France  are  carrying  out  at  the  present  time;  they  have  such  disease 
districts  and  they  are  holding  the  disease  there. 

rOR   ERADICATION   OF   THE   PINK   BOLLWORM   OF   COTTON. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  will  next  take  up  the  item  on  page  331,  to 
enable  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to  meet  the  emergency  caused 
by  the  existence  of  the  pink  bollworm  of  cotton  in  Mexico,  etc. 
Doctor  Marlatt,  I  think,  perhaps  you  had  better  tell  us,  somewhat  in 
detail,  what  the  status  of  this  pink  bollworm  is,  as  we  want  to  keep 
track  of  this  fellow. 

Doctor  Marlatt.  I  have  covered  that  subject  in  the  statement  I 
have  submitted,  but  I  will  be  glad  to  abbreviate  it  and  repeat  it.  j 

I  have  a  very  hopeful  report  to  make  on  that  pest.     I  am  sorry  I  can  I 

not  say,  as  1  did  of  the  potato  wart,  that  we  have  found  any  cotton  1 

that  is  immune  to  it  or  any  district  in  America  that  is  going  to  be  < 

immune  from  that  pest.     In  other  words,  the  menace  of  this  pest  to  :i 

the  American  cotton  crop  is  the  same  that  it  has  been  before,  and  it 
is  therefore  worth  our  while  to  continue  every  effort  humanly  pos-  ■ 

sible  to  keep  it  out  and  to  complete  the  eradication  wliich  now  seems 
to  be  in  a  very  favorable  status.  i, 

Last  year,  and  I  mean  by  that  the  crop  year  of  1921,  but  a  single 
pink  bollworm  in  a  single  boll  was  found  in  the  large  Trinity  Bay  (lis- 
trict,  where  the  insect  first  got  its  big  foothold.  A  considerable 
portion  of  that  district  was  maintained  as  a  noncotton  zone  in  1921, 
but  a  considerable  portion  of  it  was  planted,  and  in  the  planted  area — 
all  of  wliicii  was  under  thorough  inspection — but  a  single  infested  boll 
was  found  containing  a  single  j)ink  bollworm.  That  was  mighty  en- 
couraging, and  that  result  has  come  about  from  the  work  the  depart- 
ment htus  done  in  that  district  since  1918,  aided,  in  large  measure,  by 
very  favorable  clinnilic  coiulilions,  which  have  helped  out  the  fight. 
Even  when  the  State  failed  to  come  forward,  as  it  ilid  for  a  year,  with 
full  (cooperation,  it  so  happened  that  that  year  was  a  year  of  floods 
throughout  that  district  and  cotton  failed  to  grow;  it  wa.s  drowned  out 


II 


A(SRI(;U^yUIlAh   APPKOPKIATIO.N    lUM.,    1&24.  1-.. 

and  destrovnd,  so  tliut  lUcro  w»im  vorv  litfli*  nrrnii;!'  in  rotten  •••  ••■" 
district.  Thftt  was  a  lurky  liafiprnin;;  and  jimt  at  llu-  tinir  u 
was  ncMMlod.  One  of  thr  results  of  our  nwcarrlj  work  in  M«'m<  ..  mid 
I  mention  it  horo  simply  Imvumsp  it  af>|)li«'M  to  thisiTadifation  plun  is 
that  if  you  remove  all  of  the  cotton  iilunts  and  all  of  ihr  »,iirfn«i. 
nmterial  you  ran  pot  and  burn  it.  wliicli  in  the  oph  e-^s  wr  follow,  tin- 
only  remainin':  pink  hollwonns  in  the  fields  will  ho  tluise  thai  are  in 
the  soil. 

Thev  are  pressed  in  with  some  holl  that  falls  down  and  j;ets  crowded 
into  the  «;ronnd  or  they  may  rrawl  into  the  proiind.  The  experi- 
ments in  Me.xico.  referred  to.  indicate  that  the  fiink  hollworm  larvae 
will  not  survive  in  moist  soil  hut  will  survive  in  drv  sfol.  In  r  '■  -n 
Te.xas.  durin*^  the  winter,  there  is  more  or  less  rairj  and  the  :, 

moist  .so  that  with  the  elean-up  and  the  snl)se(juent  cleath  in  the  Roil 
of  the  })alance  of  the  larvae,  due  to  moisture,  it  is  po.ssihie  to  do  pretty 
cffe('tiv(>  eradication  work  as  the  results  have  seemed  to  demonstrate. 
The  only  unfavorable  factor  in  that  year,  1020,  was  the  discovery  of 
two  new  points  of  infestation  in  two  counties  in  northern  Te.xas. 
Immediate  steps  were  taketi  to  clean-up  these  districts  and  the 
State  havinoj — ui  the  meantime  jjiven  us  a  i^ood  law  ami  pood  coop- 
eration— established  noncottcm  zones  in  these  counties,  and  full  <'on- 
trol  was  immediately  put  into  effect. 

Mr.  BrciiAXAN.  Have  you  traced  the  origin  of  the  infestation  m 
those  counties  i 

Doctor  Maulatt.  Yes;  we  know  the  origin  of  it  in  those  places. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Where  did  it  come  from  ? 

Doctor  Maki.att.  It  came  from  seed  from  Carlsbad,  N.  Mex., 
before  the  infestation  atf  that  point  was  determined.  Not  only  <lid 
that  seed  go  to  those  two  place  but  it  went  to  many  other  places  in 
Texas  and  everyone  of  these  places  has  been  under  the  most  tnorough- 
going  inspection  for  two  years,  but  no  pink  bolhvorm  has  been  found 
at  any  otlier  place,  so  that  by  this  time  we  feel  prettv  sure  that  these 
two  places  were  the  only  ones  where  it  got  a  foothold.  In  expla- 
nation it  may  be  said  that  the  infestation  at  Carlsbad  was  just 
beginning,  and  the  chances  are  that  practically  all  of  the  seed  from 
Carlsbatl  was  uninfested. 

COTTON    ZONES    FREE    FROM    KUKTHKR    INSPECTION. 

Mr.  RuciiAXAN.  You  started  this  work  in  lOlS  and  at  that  time 
vou  did  not  have  full  cooperation  but  since  then  you  have  had  it. 
Now,  have  any  cotton  free  zones  been  relcjxsed  under  your  inspection 
zoning  system  or  transferred  from  the  cotton  free  system  to  your 
inspection  svstem  ? 

.  Doctor  Maiilatt.  A  good  many;  most  of  the  zones  which  have 
been  established  have  been  so  transferred,  and  I  will  come  to  that  in 
a  moment. 

To  complete  what  I  was  saying  about  these  two  counties,  aiul  the 
present  status  in  Texas,  no  infestation  has  been  found  the  present 
year,  1922,  and  the  inspection  hjis  been  so  thoroughgoing  tnat  we 
Delieve  we  are  safe  in  relincjuishinj^  all  noncotton  zones  in  Texas 
for  192.3  but  still  maintaining  the  districts  under  regulation  so  that 
we  can  control  the  movement  of  the  cotton.  It  is  all  shipped  out  of 
the  country.  There  will  be  a  clean-up  this  fall  in  the  two  northern 
counties  as  an  additional  precaution. 


486  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924.  j 

Louisiana,  as  you  recall,  had  three  parishes  under  noncotton  zones 
for  two  years,  that  is,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State,  and 
there  has  been  no  reappearance  of  the  pink  bollworm  in  those  parishes  d 

during  that  time.     Tne  discovery  of  the  insect  at  Shreveport  was  the  ' 

only  other  point  in  Louisiana.     We  investigated  other  points  under  i 

suspicion,  but  without  finding  any  infestation.     No  reappearance  of         J 
the  worm  has  been  found  in  the  Shreveport  district  for  two  years;  | 

in  other  words,  we  have  had  two  years  in  Louisiana  without  the  pink  | 

bollworm,  and  for  1923  the  formerly  invaded  districts  will  be  under  J 

regulation  only.  '-^ 

Texas,  as  already  noted,  has  been  free  from  the  pink  bollworm 
with  the  exception  of  one  speciment  last  year,  now  for  two  years. 
But  this  applies  only  to  the  eastern  area.     There  is  a  western  area,  i 

which  is  entn-ely  separate,  in  which  the  attempt  to  eradicate  the  pest 
has  been  postponed,  not  necessarily  abandoned,  but  postponed  for  ') 

reasons  I  will  mention  later.     The  outlook  is  now  most  encouraging  ',. 

where  work  is  being  done,  both  as  to  the  main  portion  of  Texas  ana  ' 

as  to  Louisiana.  The  danger  comes  just  at  this  time  when  the  work 
seems  to  be  approaching  completion,  namely,  to  have  it  undei-stood 
that  the  cost  will  be  fully  as  great  now  as  before,  because  it  is  essen- 
tial to  keep  up  the  same  amount  of  inspection  for  one  or  two  years 
more.  To  materially  reduce  or  to  relinciuish  inspection  work  because 
success  seems  in  sight  would  mean  the  loss  of  tlie  opportunity  to 
eradicate  this  pest.  I  do  not  think  I  need  to  enlarge  on  that  because 
you  can  see  it  as  plainly  as  I  can  present  it. 

This  appropriation  is  for  1924.  which  means  the  crop  year  after 
the  next,  and  we  do  not  know  what  we  will  have  to  exjjend  but  we 
have  every  reason  to  believe  we  will  have»to  maintain  inspection, 
and  this  is  the  chief  item  of  cost,  even  if  there  are  no  new  outbreaks, 
in  the  most  thoroughgoing  manner  for  at  least  that  period.     There-  | 

force,  we  are  asking  for  the  same  amount  we  had  last  year,  less  the 
amount  that  has  been  transferred.  We  look  upon  that  appropriation, 
as  I  have  said  before,  as  an  insurance  fund,  and  I  do  not  use  that 
term  in  its  ordinary  signification,  but  as  a  fund  to  be  used  if  needed 
and  we  believe  it  probably  will  be  needed.  We  have  turned  back 
into  the  Treasury,  in  former  years,  ver}'  condideral)le  sums,  where 
the  money  was  not  needed ;  in  other  words,  we  only  use  what  is  needed. 

You  understand,  I  think,  the  arrangement  which  is  made  in  this 
appropriation  for  the  cooperation  of  the  States  with  the  Federal 
Government  as  to  reimbursement  to  farmers  in  noncotton  zones. 
The  amount  of  such  reimbursements  this  year  is  not  very  great. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  that  now  permanent  law  ? 

Doctor  Marlatt.  It  is  in  the  language  of  the  appropriation  act. 
You  will  find  that  at  the  l)ottom  of  page  333,  "of  wliich  sum  not  to 
exceed  $200,000  may  be  available  for  reimbursement,"  etc. 

The  nature  of  the  reimljui-sement  is  specilied  in  Senate  joint  reso- 
lution No.  72,  approved  August  9,  1921,  and  1  think  perhaps  that  is 
continuing  legislation. 

Doctor  Ball.  It  is  as  it  apj)lies  to  the  pink  bollworm,  but  it  would 
not  be  available  for  any  other  insect. 

Doctor  Maulatt.  Oh,  no;  and  as  it  is  tied  up  with  this  appro])ria- 
tion,  if  this  appropriation  should  lapse  I  suj)pose  that  resolution 
would  be  functionless. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  What  is  the  difreicnce  helwcen  llu-  approj^riation 
carried  on  page  331  and  the  appropriation  cariied  on  page  .333  < 


AGRICULTURAL   APPROPKIATION   HIIJ^   1924.  487 


Doctor  ^fAIlI.A^T.  Tlu'  pink  hollworm  u))|>n)f>riHtion  in  iiivi(i<>(l  into 
Kovornl  items.  Tlicro  was  ori^iimlly  the  item  f|>.  XW)  vovenng  ll»«> 
Mexican  holder  sitiinlinn,  then  there  is  an  item  on  |>at;e  'V  h 

eoNci-s  the  surveys  to  (h'ternune  the  actual  (h^trihutmn  of  i...  ,.,uk 
hollvvorin  in  Mi'xico  and  to  exterminate  lo<  al  inh'station-*  in  Mcxi«o 
near  the  honler  of  the  I'nited  States.  This  appropriation  wits  ori^- 
nally  §2'), ()()().  We  have  never  used  a  hir<;e  amount  «tf  that  appro- 
priation, and  it  was  redui  t<l  several  years  a^o  t<»  SS.IMM).  Another 
appropriation  is  to  investipnto  in  Mexico  or  elsewlnTe  the  pink  holl- 
worm  as  a  hasis  for  control  measures.     That  <-overs  the  i  al 

resean  h  wctrk  whi<  h  we  are  ( arryinfj  en  in  the  Lacuna  ui-im  I, 
^h'xico,  whei'e  the  pink  hollworin  is  nin>t  uhiindant.  Thut  i-i  it^ 
center  in  Mexico. 

Mr.  A.NDKRsoN.  And  the  inspeition  work  is  paid  for  out  of  tho 
item  carried  on  |)a<;e  '.V.i'.i  i 

Doctor  Maiu..m"1".   Ivxactly. 

Mr.  Anpkkson.  You  did  not  finish  your  statement  witli  n's|>eet  to 
the  infestation  in  western  Texas. 

INFESTATION    WORK    IV    WESTERN   TEXAH. 

Doctor  Marlatt.  There  arc  four  points  or  districts  of  infestation 
in  west  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  namely,  the  important  cotton  pro- 
ducing area  in  the  Pecos  Valley  in  western  Texas;  a  similar  area  much 
farther  north  in  the  same  valley  in  New  Mexico  in  the  vicinity  of 
Curlshud;  th(>  unimportant  Greut-Bend  district,  the  growth  of  cotton 
in  which  is  conhncti  to  a  few  trivial  fields  at  the  hases  of  the  hills; 
and  the  much  more  important  and  recent  cotton  development  in  tho 
Kio  Grande  N'alley  southeast  of  El  Paso  in  Texas  and  northwest  of 
it  in  Now  Mexico. 

The  invasion  of  the  Pecos  district  in  west  Texas  was  due  to  cotton 
smuggled  across  the  horder  from  Mexico  in  the  Great  Dcnd  area. 
The  invasion  of  the  Carlsbad  district  was  apparently  from  seed  from 
the  Pecos  \'allev  in  Textus,  and  the  invasion  of  the  Kl  Paso  region 
in  Texas  and  New  Mexico  is  traceable  directlyto  infested  cotton  seed 
brought  to  the  immediate  horder  at  Juarez  in  freight  cars  and  in 
connection  with  traflic,  and  probably  chieily  by  flight  t)f  insects 
across  the  river.  These  sources  of  invasion,  particularly  for  the 
Great  Bend  district  and  the  El  Paso  region,  will  continue  as  long  as 
the  insect  is  abui'dant  in  Mexico,  and  no  permanent  control  can  be 
certainly  cflfected  until  cooperation  with  Mexico  leads  to  joint  action 
by  that  country  with  the  I'nited  States.  The  establishment  of 
noncotton  zones,  therefore,  as  to  the  districts  along  the  Kio  (irande 
immediately  bordering  Mexico  is  a  rather  useless  proceeding  under 
present  conditions.  The  establishment  of  noncotton  zones  and 
attempted  thoroughgoing  cleanup  areas  in  the  Pecos  N'alley  in  Texas 
and  >few  Mexico  would  be  possif)le  but  the  planters  of  these  areas 
have  not  been  willing  to  forego  the  one  crop  which  is  their  main 
staple  and  the  State  has  not  been  willing  to  enforce  a  nonctdton 
zone  as  to  these  areas.  As  long  as  the  whole  project  of  the  eratlica- 
tion  of  the  pest  in  eastern  Texas  was  somewhat  on  trial  there  was 
perhaps  some  justification  for  this  point  of  view. 

As  a  result  of  conferences  held  in  Texas,  on  which  are  based  the 
present  control  operations  in  eastern  Texas  in  full  coooeration  with 
the  State  and  under  adequate  State  law,  it  was  decided  that  for  the 


488  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

present  these  four  areas  in  western  Texas  should  be  excluded  from 
the  effort  at  eradication,  but  that  these  areas  shoukl  be  quarantined 
and  thoroughly  controlled  and  all  cotton  produced  therein  should  be 
fully  safeguarded  both  as  to  local  utilization  and  with  the  require- 
ment of  export  under  safeguards  of  the  lint. 

An  important  consideration  in  reaching  this  decision  is  the  fact 
that  these  four  areas  are  all  widely  separated  from  the  great  cotton 
areas  of  central  and  eastern  Texas  by  stretches  of  semidesert  or 
grazing  country,  and  these  areas,  therefore,  represent  perhaps  no 

freater  menace  or  risk  to  eastern  Texas  than  does  Mexico  itself, 
'heir  control  places  them,  therefore,  practically  in  the  same  status 
relative  to  other  cotton  production  in  the  United  States  as  though  , 
they  were  part  and  parcel  of  Mexico.  Ultimately,  when  the  full 
clean-up  of  eastern  Texas  and  Louisiana  has  been  completed,  it  would 
seem  to  be  highly  desirable  to  take  up  certainly  the  Pecos  regions 
in  Texas  and  New  Mexico  for  similar  clean-up.  Any  permanent 
eradication  of  the  pest  along  the  Rio  Grande  in  the  Great  Bend 
district  and  westward,  as  already  indicated,  must  be  dependent  on 
the  cooperation  of  Mexico  in  similar  work  with  respect  to  the  con- 
tiguous cotton  areas  in  that  Republic. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Can  the  movement  of  the  crop  be  controlled  with 
any  certainty  from  the  regulated  districts  ? 

Doctor  Marlatt.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  think  we  have  methods  of  con- 
trolling all  the  movements  of  cotton  grown  in  these  western  districts; 
at  least,  there  has  been  no  mfestation  which  has  come  from  any  such 
movement,  and  we  think  that  it  ife  pretty  adequately  safeguarded. 
It  amounts  to  the  prohibition  of  an}^  movement  of  cotton  seed  or 
seed  cotton  whatsoever  from  these  districts.  The  cotton  lint  is  mider 
control  until  exported.  It  moves  from  El  Paso  or  from  the  Pecos 
district  or  any  of  the  other  districts  directly  to  the  port  of  export  and 
that  means  usually  the  nearest  port  of  export,  Galveston,  Texas  li 

City,  or  Houston,  and  these  are  also  within  a  regulated  zone.  If  it  re-  I  I 
mains  at  these  ports  for  any  length  of  time  it  is  kept  imder  control  in  ^  ^ 
licensed  warehouses  until  it  is  shipped  abroad.  Some  of  the  cotton 
that  is  shipped  abroad  may  come  back,  but  if  any  of  the  cotton  from 
regulated  cfistricts  comes  back  to  this  country  it  is  treated  like  foreign 
cotton  and  must  be  fumigated  as  a  condition  of  entry  unless  it  can  be 
shown  that  it  is  more  than  two  years  old.  The  insect  will  not  remain 
alive  in  the  boll  over  the  second  year;  that  is,  beyond  the  second  year. 

KEIMBURSEMENT  TO    FARMERS   IN   CLEAN-UP   CAMPAIGN.  4 

Mr.  Andkrson.  I  would  like  to  ask  you  if  you  can  give  us  any  idea 
how  mucli  of  the  $200,000  which  is  available  for  reimbursement  has 
been  expended  or  is  likely  to  be  expended  this  year? 

Doctor  Marlatt.  I  have  a  statement  which  indicates  the  expendi- 
tures under  this  item  for  the  year  1922;  that  is,  the  one  that  is  just 
c()rn|)lcted.  We  spent  $20,000,  taking  just  the  large  figures,  in  clean- 
up work,  at  a  cost  of  $4.50  an  acre;  that  was  the  average  cost.  That 
compares  with  a  cost  of  about  $9  or  $10  an  acre  during  the  war  *  i 
period,  when  labor  was  scarce  and  high.  We  have  been  able  to  reduce  ^ 
this  cost  largely  by  contracting  for  the  work  with  fanners,  which 
was  not  possible^  in  tlio  old  days  because  the  i)ovs  were  all  away  and 
wo  had  to  hire  labor,  transj)ort  it,  feed  it,  and  house  it.     The  cost 


Auiat  I  i.ii  K.\i.  Ai'iUDrm.M  i<t,N   hiij.,   i  :t  4ftU 

in  1922  is  nixuit  Imlf  uhnt  it  iisimI  to  !>«•,  umi  ih<>  t<»tHl  rx|)on(litiirr 
for  rlran-up  duriiif;  that  year  wti»  $20.(MMI. 

I'lulor  the  Item  for  nMnilmrMOinrnt .  ihr  (lr|>ui(iiifiii  is  ftullinn/^'il 
to  I'Xpeml 

not  to  oxcwmI  $'J)().00()  for  rrimlmnx-ini-nt  to  (f>tliw-ttrowini;  St«i«-«  for  fxpetumit  in- 
rurr(><i  \>\  thorn  in  rtmiip^tion  with  loMMft  liiif  to  i'nfor('i>«i  nonproiiu*  lion  oi  ii>iioci  in 

<ortain  roni-H 

Wo  spent  in  cooprrntion  with  l^xiisianii  in  H)22.  $11. (KM),  nearly 
$12,000;  in  cooperation  with  Texas.  !<(ilO.  There  were  hir^e  non- 
cotton  z»)nes  in  I><)uisiann  at  Shrevep<»rt  aixl  in  three  southweHtom 
parishes,    and    the   expeiKhtun*   in    Loiii>iMiia   means   that    tl  tc 

spent  twice  as  nuicli.  I  think  our  <'xpendilure.  us  I  recall.  .. ..,  ;..it 
to  exceed  $.'»  an  acre,  or  one-third  of  wliat  the  State  spent.  In 
Texas  tlie  $(30  does  iM)t  mean  that  Texas  only  spent  $1,220,  but 
Texas  made  most  of  her  reimhnrsemont  of  planters  nefore  this  resolu- 
tion was  passed  and  it  wa.s  decided  that  it  was  not  retroactive,  so 
that  Texas  failed  to  receive  a  lar^c  payment  which  otherwise  would 
have  heen  necessarv  under  this  resolution. 

Mr.  HiTiiWAX.  Vou  say  you  spent  $42,000  in  Lnui-iuna  for  rcnn- 
hursement  in  connection  with  losses  <luc  to  enforced  nonpnxliiction 
of  cotton  i 

Doctor  Maulatt.  Yes;  that  wtis  reiml>ursement  to  the  fanners 
and  represented  losses  due  to  the  establishment  of  noncotton  zon(*s. 
That  means  that  the  vState  must  have  spent  twice  as  much  under  the 
terms  of  the  resolution.  I  will  be  very  glad  to  submit  this  data  for 
the  record. 

(Said  data  follows:) 

Expenditures  under  the  eradication  itew,  Jixcal  year  Ib^i. 

f 'leau-up  work  ($4.50  per  acre) .  $20,  1 15. 78 

Cooperation,  I>oui.siana 41,971.84 

Cooperation,  Texas filO.  00 

(ieneral  roaen'e  loripinallv  $KO,(KX)) .'i. 000. 00 

Halance  July  1,  1922 8,  216. 13 

Total ~ •} 

General  expenses 3j  ii 

Total 400. 000. 00 

Doctor  Marlatt.  The  plan  for  1923  is  not  to  declare  noncotton 
zones  for  any  of  the  old  districts  in  Texas  next  year,  but  all  will  ho 
maintained  as  regulated  zones.  We  are  going  to  make  the  try-out 
of  growing  cotton  in  all  of  those  areas  next  vear. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Tlien  is  it  gomg  to  be  iiccc^>arv  to  contmuo  this 
$200,000  ? 

Doctor  Marlatt.  New  infestatitm  may  be  determined  between  now 
and  January.  This  is  tlie  best  season  for  survey  work.  We  are 
doing  very  intensive  surveying  work  throughout  these  Slates  just 
now,  and  that  work  will  be  continued  until  the  lantl  is  plowed  up 
for  next  vear's  planting,  and  there  may  be  hndings  between  now  antl 
then.  Tlie  designation  of  that  sum  for  reimbui-sement  is  of  no  spe- 
cial signilicance,  bccau.se  it  is  spent,  as  iiulicated.  only  where  nee<k'd. 
For  instance,  this  year  we  spent  $42,000  out  of  thV  S2(X),0{)0;  the 
rest  is  available  to  go  back  into  the  Treasury  if  it  is  not  needed  for 
other  purposes. 


490  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILI.,   1924. 


1 


Practically  the  full  amount  of  the  appropriation  is  needed  for  con- 
tinuing work,  and  if  all  of  this  S200,000  had  heen  spent  for  reimburse- 
ments it  would  have  been  necessary  to  come  to  you  for  a  deficiency 
in  order  to  carry  out  the  other  work.  In  other  words,  that  §200,000 
could  not  be  ehminated  from  this  appropriation  and  allow  us  to  do 
other  necessary  work.  4 

Doctor  Ball.  There  was  no  appropriation;  that  was  simply  an 
authorization  to  spend  that  much  out  of  our  regular  appropriation. 


FOR    ERADICATION    OF   THE    PARLATORIA    DATE    SCALE. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Your  next  item  is  on  page  338,  eradication  of  the 
parlatoria  date  scale. 

Doctor  Marlatt.  You  will  find  a  full  statement  of  the  work  on  the 
parlatoria  date  scale  in  the  explanatory  statement  which  I  have  sub- 
mitted. Briefly,  this  work  has  for  its  purpose  the  eradication  of  the 
parlatoria  date  scale. 

This  scale  came  in  with  date  palms  many  years  ago,  before  there 
was  any  date  industry  and  before  there  was  any  realization  of  such  a 
possibility  and  before  there  was  any  realization  that  there  was  any 
danger  from  such  an  insect — in  fact,  it  came  in  unknown  and  un- 
heralded. It  is  now  believed  that  the  success  of  the  date  industry 
in  this  country  is  dependent  on  the  eradication  of  this  scale:  in  other 
words,  if  this  scale  persists  and  becomes  a  burden  on  the  industry, 
it  will  prevent  its  growth  and  establishment.  The  experts  of  tno 
Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  who  have  been  especially  interested  in 
the  matter,  believe  that  this  scale  can  be  exterminated.  There  were 
some  one  hundred  infested  plantations  at  the  beginning  and  there  are 
14  now.  The  work  of  eradication  is  being  pressed  to  the  fullest 
extent  of  our  means  under  the  appropriation,  and  the  outlook  is  very 
favorable  for  the  extermination  of  this  scale.  The  department  is  now 
supervising  and  making  the  importations  of  new  material  from 
abroad;  all  of  this  new  material  must  be  safeguarded  and  held  in 
quarantine  for  a  period  of  years  before  it  is  distributed  to  planters. 
That  is  all  covered  in  this  work  and  the  continuation  of  this  appro- 

ftriation  for  the  completion  of  this  work  is  apparently  essential  for  the 
uture  of  the  date  industry — an  industry  for  which  the  department  is 
peculiarly  responsible  and  in  which  it  is  much  interested.  It  has  been 
a  department  project  from  the  beginning  and  is  very  promising. 


Tuesday,  November  21,  1022. 

DEMONSTRATIONS    ON    RECTA ^rA'n()^    rHO.IECTS. 

STATEMENT  OF  DR.  WILLIAM  A.  TAYLOR,  CHIEF  BUREAU  OF 

PLANT  INDUSTRY. 

I)()(!tor  Taylor.  Under  the  head  of  demonstrations  on  reclama- 
tion pi-()jectH  the  agricultural  develojiinent  work  on  the  (lOvernnuMit 
reclamation  projects  is  prosecuted.  This  constitutes  the  general 
aj'riculturul  extension  work  there,  comparabl(>  with  the  type  of  work 
which  within  the  States  is  carried  on  under  the  Smith-liever  Act. 
From  tlio  beginning  this  work  has  been  maintained  by  the  Federal 


-^ 


AtSRICULXrRAL  APPIU>PRlATION    BILL,  IflM.  49X 

Government  l)e(au.se  (.f  tl>e  relation  <if  the  Hettlern  on  iho  projcrU 
to  the  Federal  (Jovernnient  oh  dehtorM  to  it  for  tho  ron.stnirtion  ctmi 
of  the  irriu'ation  works.  The  approfiriatiiin  for  the  carrying  on  c»f  thui 
is  S.'ii),()()(),  and  there  is  no  in<rease  estimated  for  the  rominu  Vear. 
Tho  work  is  under  way  on  some  10  of  the  i)rojc'rtH.  On  rrrla'in  of 
them  it  is  only  for  a  part  of  the  year,  thos^  heinjj  the  newer  projertii 
of  the  Milk  River  Valley  se<'tion  of  Montana,  where  a  ^nhhI  deal  of 
difliculty  has  heen  experienced  in  >;ettint^  settlers  ntarterl   ■   •—  •  tion. 

The  work  rovers  to  a  ronsiderahlc  extent  the  eiw  ,1  of 

live  8to<-k  utilization  of  crops  ;rrown  on  the  project.  It  developed 
rather  early  in  the  occuf)nti<m  of  the  projects  that  the  pr-    '  n  of 

perishiihle  crops,  such  as  potatoes  and  fruits,  while  succ»  ...,.,  from 
the  standpoint  of  quantity,  was  unprolitahle  hecausc  of  the  long 
distance  from  the  markets.  Settlers  were  therefore  eneoura^jed  to 
swin<:  hack  to  the  production  of  alfalfa  and  other  fora^^e  <T'  d 

concentrate  these  into  dairy  |)roduc(s  and  oiImi'  hij^lu-!  ,  ,  ! 
commodities,  such  as  heef,  mutton,  and  wool. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  luive  understood  that  people  on  these  projects 
are  principally  men  without  means  and  thev  have  had  considerable 
difliculty  m  procurinj^  money  or  credit  < 

Doctor  T.VYLOR.  That  is  true,  to  a  certain  extent,  hut  business 
men  and  hankers  as  a  rule  have  come  to  a  realization  of  the  .soundness 
of  live-stock  development  there  and  better  credit  con<litions  now 
exist.  As  the  projects  become  more  fully  occupied  and  prolitaiblo 
credit  improves,  as  it  becomes  possible  for  settlers  to  pay  their  bills. 
The  demonstration  work  is  very  useful  in  this  field.  It  is  producing: 
excellent  results  and  the  proposal  is  to  continue  it  on  the  saine  basis 
during  the  coming  year. 

FOR   EXPERIMENTS  AND  DEMONSTRATIONS  IN   LIVE-STOCK   PRODUCTION 
IN    THE     CANE    SUGAR     AND     COTTON     DISTRICTS     OK     THE      I'NITED 

STATES. 

Mr.  Jump.  On  page  317  is  the  next  item,  for  experiments  and 
demonstrations  in  live-stock  production  in  the  cane  sugar  and  cotton 
districts  of  the  United  States. 

OENERAL   STATEMENT   OF    WORK. 

Doctor  Taylor.  The  paragraph  on  page  317  for  expenment.s  and 
demonstrations  in  live-stock  production  in  cane  sugar  and  cotton 
districts  of  the  United  States  is  a  feature  of  work  which  has  been 
under  way  for  several  years,  which  had  as  its  objective  when  inaugu- 
rated, the  encouragement  of  live-stock  pnnluction  especially  in  the 
cane-sugar  territory  iu  the  State  of  Louisiana.  The  cane-sugar  dis- 
trict is  essentially  a  one-crop  district.  If  climatic  conditions  are 
adverse  to  cane  tHe  farmers  are  left  in  bad  shape.  If  sugar  prices  are 
low  the  cane  growers  suffer.  The  most  promising  nietluHl  (»f  diversifi- 
cation there  to  get  the  region  off  «)f  the  single  crop  basis  has  appeared 
to  be  through  live  stock.  The  problem  is  a  ditiicult  one  from  tho 
live  stock  standpoint,  for  two  reasons:  One,  the  wetness  of  the  larger 
portion  of  the  acreage  available,  which  lies  low  and  the  other  is  tho 
prevalence  of  live  stock  di.seases  and  live  stock  damaging  insix'.ts.  It 
IS  a  territory  where  live-stock  development  has  not  occurred  except 


V 


492  AGRICULTt'RAT.   APPRf>PRTATIOX    BILL,   1924. 

to  a  restricted  extent  in  the  form  of  semiwild  cattle,  which  range  on 
the  cane  brakes  and  paiUe  (inne  or  maiden  cane  pastures  of  the  low- 
lands along  the  southern  Louisiana  coast.  It  is  a  line  of  work  which 
the  department  and  Louisiana  Experiment  vStation  have  prosecuted 
in  cooperation,  and  the  department  has  considered  it  a  worth  while 
work  looking  toward  the  future  relief  of  the  sugar  territory  from  the 
single-crop  handicap  which  it  carries.  In  its  present  location  the 
work  is  expensive  per  unit  of  operation  and  per  unit  of  achievement 
thus  far. 

The  site  of  the  field  station  where  the  work  is  located  was  made  * 
available  to  the  department  by  the  State  of  Louisiana,  it  being  a 
portion  of  one  of  their  penitentiary  farms  of  which  they  operate 
several  in  the  State.  The  place  is  well  equipped  with  buildings.  It 
is  well  stocked  with  mules  and  hoi-ses,  cattle  and  hogs  for  the  experi- 
mental work  that  is  being  prosecuted,  but  it  is  expensive  and  in  the 
interest  of  rigid  economy  of  expenditure  the  estimates  proposed  the- 
determination  of  that  work  at  as  early  a  date  as  it  can  be  done 
advantageously. 

Mr.  Anderson'.  Is  it  so  expensive  as  to  indicate  that  live-stock 
production  in  that  section  is  likely  to  be,  under  normal  conditions,  so 
expensive  as  to  be  unprofitable  '. 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  think  not,  under  rather  better  soil  conditions 
than  those  which  exist  on  this  particular  site.  There  is  a  great  deal  of 
comparatively  unutilized  land  in  the  region  which  will  afford  range 
for  supplemental  feed.  There  is  also  in  the  region  much  land  better 
adapted  to  forage  crop  production  under  tillage  than  is  this  particular 
site.  However,  there  has  developed  during  the  past  three  or  four 
years  a  strongly  marlvcd  tendency  under  the  prevailing  economic 
conditions  to  substitute  rice  for  sugar  cane,  these  wet  lands  proving 
more  profitable  in  rice  than  they  have  in  sugar  or  in  the  forage  crops, 
than  it  is  necessary  to  grow  for  silage  or  for  hay. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Does  the  Government  own  the  buildings? 

Doctor  Taylor.  The  Government  owns  the  buildings.  The  title 
is  in  the  form  of  a  deed  from  the  penitentiary  board  of  the  State 
which  holds  the  penitentiary  farm,  to  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  for  use  for  this  purpose. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Conditioned  upon  your  use? 

Doctor  Tay'LOR.  Conditioned  upon  that  use  as  far  as  the  lands 
themselves  are  concerned.  The  other  property  would  be  disposed  of, 
I  take  it 

Mr.  Anderson  (interposing).  They  would  not  be  of  much  value 
without  the  land,  would  they? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Apart  from  the  land;  that  is  true.  The  above 
statement  applies,  I  believe,  except  with  regard  to  a  little  entrance 
plot  deeded  to  the  Government  by  the  parish  m  order  to  give  entrance 
to  the  experiment  farm  without  having  to  go  through  the  peniten- 
tiary inclosure.     This  wt)uld  also  revert. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  these  buildings  are  not  of 
much  value  to  anybody,  l)ut  they  are  fine  buildings? 

Doctor  Taylor.  For  the  purpose  for  which  they  were  planned. 
They  would  not  be  of  nuuh  value  except  for  that  purpose. 

Mr.  iJucHANAN.  And  that  purpose  is  a  failure? 

Doctor  Taylor.  I  would  not  oe  willing  to  acknowledge  that  Mr. 
Buchanan. 


A(iHI(  LLTlHAh  AI'IMtnpUIATHiN    BIIJ.,    1W4.  .|«»3 

Mr.  BccHAXAV.   I  am. 

Dcutor  Tavuhi.  The  pioixmiil  of  tlie  esliinutc  U  to  tcrininalc  Uiiii 
work,  pn.vidiiij;  $.*).(Ki((  ii\  ailjiliN'  nft«'r  tlu>  l.st  of  July  in  onlrr  U>  iiiako 
cortaiii  thai  lUcvo  could  \w  .i  ihorouKli  tliwinj?  up  of  the  work,  withutil 
waste. 

Mr.  Andkuso.n.   Is  there  any  pro.spect  that  you  will  l»e  utile  Ui  di*. 

|K»se  of  it  satisfact»»rily  ^ 

Doctor  Tavlok.  Tliere  luis  hrcu  tm  uejjolju, ,.,,,  .,.  .m,  imhuiii^ 
congressional  action. 

The  live  stock,  and  presuniahly  certain  of  the  implement**  ami 
e(|uipmcnt.  would  he  avnilahic  for  u.s<»  at  other  field  statii»n.s  of  the 
departnu'nt  and  the  lan<4ua«;e  that  is  in.serte<i  propos<-,  to  nuthori/o 
tlie  transfer  of  tiiat. 

Mr.  Anderson.  1  understand  the  water  is  pretty  close  under  the 
soil  there  { 

Doctor  Taylor.  The  primary  difliculty  is  the  very  obstinate 
retention  of  water  through  the  wet  times' and  the  tough  an<l  f|uick 
haking  of  tlic  soil  in  dry  times. 

Mr.  BrcMANAN.    Does  salt  wal<'r  get  up  tlierc  enough  to  holher  il  i 

DoKor  Taylor.  It  lies  sulliciently  ai)ove  and  sulliciently  far  from 
salt  water  so  that  there  is  no  trouble  of  that  character. 

Mr.  Brc'iiANAN.  You  have  no  drainage? 

Doctor  Taylor.  There  is  drainage  enough  for  an  ordinarv  (|uality 
of  agricultural  soil,  but  this  is  a  very  tough,  tenacious,  and  stubborn 
soil  to  handle  except  when  the  season  turns  just  right. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  it  black  land  ? 

Doctor  Taylor.  Yes.  but  not  black  waxy.  It  is  very  diiiereiit, 
diliicult  sod,  except  the  areas  along  the  bayou  frontage  whi(  }i  nro 
very  productive,  whether  in  crops  or  in  pasturage. 

Mr.  Andkr.son.   How  much  land  is  there  in  that  tract  '. 

Doctor  Taylor.  In  this  tract  approximately  ■')()()  acres,  with  ')00 
acres  of  the  penitentiary  farm  adjacent  used  for  a  rough  pasture 
under  a  lease  contract. 


Tuesday,  November  21,  1922. 

experiments  in   dairying  and  live-stock  production    in    semi- 
arid  and  irrigated  districts  of  the  w  estern  inited  states. 

STATEMENT  OF  DOCTOR  C.  W.  LARSON. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Experiments  in  dairying  and  live-stock  production 
in  semiarid  and  irrigated  districts  of  the  western  I'nited  States. 

Doctor  Larson.  For  the  dairy  work  we  have  two  stations  -one 
at  Huntley,  Mont.,  ami  one  at  Ardmore,  S.  Dak.,  and  we  are  asking 
for  the  same  as  for  the  past  several  years.  In  addition  to  these  dairy 
farms  the  Animal  Husbandry  Division  is  carrying  live-stock  work  at 
these  two  or  three  other  farms  in  this  same  general  region.  I  have 
a  statement  here  of  the  actual  »'Xj)erijnental  work  going  on  at  Huntley 
and  at  ^\j-dmore.  I  can  put  that  in  the  record,  if  you  want  to  save 
tliat  time. 

Mr.  Anderson.  All  right:    put  it  in. 


494 


AGRICULTURAL.  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 


HUNTLEY  FIELD   STATIC K. 

The  Huntley  field  station,  established  in  1909,  is  located  on  the  Huntley  reclamation 
project,  near  the  town  site  of  Osborn,  Mont.  It  comprises  300  acres  of  public  land, 
of  which  140  acres  lie  above  the  irrigation  canal.  The  work  of  the  farm  is  under  the 
supervision  of  the  office  of  western  irrigation  agriculture,  the  office  of  dry-land  agri- 
culture, the  biophysical  laboratory,  and  other  offices  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry, 
the  dairy •  divi.sioii  and  the  animal  husbandry  division  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry;  and  the  Montana  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  is  also  cooperating  in 
the  investigational  work  with  field  crops  and  hogs. 

The  dairy  work  at  Huntley  began  in  1916,  and  consists  of  investigations  of  problems 
encountered  in  establishing  dairving  in  the  irrigated  sections,  particularly  with 
reference  to  the  effective  utilization  of  the  forage  and  grain  crops  produced  in  those 
regions.  A  herd  of  purebred  Holsteins  established  in  1917  now  numbers  50  head, 
and  the  animals  are  being  used  in  the  dairy  cattle  breeding  experiments.  In  this 
connection  bulls  are  loaned  from  this  herd  to  farmers  on  the  project  with  the  object 
to  determine  the  transmitting  ability  for  production  of  these  bulls.  At  the  present 
time  34  farmers  on  the  Huntley  project,  owning  over  200  cows,  are  using  bulls  from 
this  herd. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  experiments  conducted  at  this  station: 

(1)  The  maximum  carrying  capacitv  of  an  irrigated  pasture  for  dairy  cows.  To 
determine  the  number  of  dairy  cows  that  can  be  maintained  on  an  acre  of  irrigated 
pasture.  Four  plats  of  one-quarter  each  were  seeded  with  a  mixture  of  smooth  brome 
grass,  orchard  grass,  tall  fescue,  perennial  rye  grass,  Kentucky  blue  grass,  white  clover, 
and  alsike  clover.  The  four  plats  are  fenced  into  two  half-acre  lota  which  are  pastured 
alternately. 

(2)  A  comparison  of  the  carrxing  capacity  of  three  mixtures  of  pasture  grasses  under 
irrigation  for  dairy  cows,  the  following  mixtures  being  used: 


Awnless  brome  grass 

Orchard  grass 

Tallfesc-ue 

Perennial  rye  grass. . 
Kentucky  blue  grass. 

White  clover 

Alsike  clover 

Seed  per  acre . . 


Rate  per  acre  of  seeding, 
pounds. 


Mixture 
No.  1. 


21 


Mixture 
No.  2. 


17 


MLxturo 
No.  3. 


16 


i 


One-half  of  these  plats  are  being  top  dressed  with  manure  each  year  and  compared 
with  those  \vithout  top  dressing. 

(3)  '^  he  feeding  of  dairy  covs  on  roughage  alone  as  compared  \rith  roughage  with 
liberal  grain  feeding,  and  with  limited  grain  feeding  to  cletermine  the  economy  of 
production  of  these  tvro  methods  of  feeding. 


ARDMORE   FIELD   STATION. 


The  Ardmore  field  station  was  established  by  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  in  1911 
and  dairy  operations  began  in  191(5.  '1  he  work  on  the  farm  is  under  the  supervision  of 
the  oflice  of  dry-land  agriculture,  the  dairy  division,  and  the  animal  husbandry  divi- 
sion of  the  Brucau  of  Animal  Industry.  'J  here  are  1,200  acres  in  the  farm,  of  which 
353  are  used  bv  the  dairy  division  for  corrals,  permanent  pastures,  and  crop  land. 
The  dairy  work  consists  of  investigations  of  problems  encountoretl  in  establishing 
dairying  in  dry-land  sections,  particularly  with  reference  to  the  effective  utilization 
of  forage  and  grain  crops  produced. 

The  herd  of  pure-bred  Holsteins  established  in  1917  now  numbers  41  head,  and 
they  are  being  used  in  the  dairy  cattle  breeding  experiments. 

'I'he  following  are  some  of  the  experiments  in  progress: 

(1)  l'a.4turo  expcTimeiits:  (a)  Native  pasture  composed  of  buffalo  grass;  grama,  and 
wheat  grasses;  (6)  sweet  clover;  (c)  brome  grass;  (J)  slender  wheat  grass. 


ii 


aoru;i:ltiiial  ai'imidphiation  bim.,  i  .»  -a^o 

('2)  Th«>  f«-4-<iiiii;  of  hitmo-Kniwii  niunit  m  <  iiiii|>tirr«|  with  h<  >« 

«iipi»l«Mm'nt<Hl  \>y  |>un-haM><l  coiui'iitnitifi  m  Ow  iN-niMiniy  ui  ■imik  aifi  i>u-i.  -;at 
prtMluctioii. 

(;i)  Tho  dntorinininK  of  what  muriw  iiuiy  \h'  iiuidr  thmiiKh  thr  »Uiiry  (or  honM»irT«>« (• 

(4)  DittoriniuinK  tho  cost  of  fiMHiiiit;  <  alvtw  ami  dairy  rown  umlnr  kii-ml  (iwdinK  cttt% 

diliotiH. 

Mr.  Andkrson.   Well,  these  stations  cover  l>oth  the  <lry  Urxl  ami 

irrigated  propositions  do  they? 

Doirtor  Lauson.   Yes,  sir. 

^^r.  An1)KI{S()N.  Bolh  of  tliein  havt*  rchilion  to  *hiir\-ini'  nml 
animal  hushanihv,  do  they  not  f 

Doctor  Lauson.  Yes,  sir.     Tliere  is  no  ( lian^e  m  this  iimi. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  Is  this  work  done  in  colhihoration  with  the  Biirtuu 
of  Phmt  huhistry  ^ 

Doctor  Lauson.  Oh,  yes,  sir.  They  j^row  the  crops  and  the  farian 
were  originally  estahlished  hy  that  hureaii. 

FIELD  STATION  .\T  WOODWARD,  OKLA. 

Mr.  Andkusox.  On  pn<,'o  321,  you  propose  to  ahandon  the  held 
station  at  Woodward,  Okla.? 

Doctor  Larson.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Will  you  tell  us  why  ? 

Doctor  r^AUsoN.  In  view  of  the  necessity  for  ni;id  economy  «>f 
expenditure  the  discontinuance  of  the  livestock  work  at  Woodward, 
Okla.,  is  contemplated,  except  to  the  extent  that  it  can  be  done 
in  connection  with  tlie  adjacent  dry-farmin«^  field  station  maintained 
by  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  under  its  sul)appropriation  fyr 
investigation  and  improvement  of  methotls  of  crof)  pnxluction  under 
suhhumid,  semiarid,  or  dry-land  conditions. 

Mr.  Ander.son.  Is  this  staticm  at  Woodwards 

Doctor  Larson.  This  station  is  at  \Voodward.  Okla. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Was  this  pn»position  originally  intended  to  bo  a 
separate  station  i 

Doctor  Larson.  This  Woodward  station? 

Mr.  Anderson.  Yes,  this  live-stock  pntposition  '. 

Doctor  Larson.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Let  mc  see  if  I  undei"stanil  tliis.  You  have  got  a 
>lant  at  this  station  now.  Tluit  is,  this  proposition  was  to  dc  a 
ive-stock  proposition  in  addition  to  that  ^ 

Doctor  Larson.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Separate  from  that  * 

Doctor  Larson.  Adjoining  it  and  nuiintainctl  i)y  the  department 
imder  the  supervision  of  the  nuin  in  charge  of  the  dry-land  farm. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Tluit  is  exactly  what  you  propose  to  do  anyway, 
is  it  not  ? 

Doctor  Larson.  No.  The  idea  of  the  wording  of  this  sUiicnuni 
was  to  provide  for  the  possibility  of  carrying  this  on  on  u  smaller 
scale  and  perliaps  in  cooperation  with  the  State. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  will  you  do  if  this  goes  out  i 

Doctor  Larson.  We  will  lie  obliged  to  move  the  herd  elsewhere 
and  dischar<:e  the  herdsmen,  and  tlie  farm  will  revert  to  the  city  of 
Woodward,  Okla. 

2202S— 22 32 


496  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Where  is  your  nearest  lives-tock  station  to  Wood- 
ward ? 

Doctor  Larson.  Tlie  ones  at  New  Iberia  or  i\j-dmore  would  be  the 
nearest,  so  far  as  dairy  cattle  are  concerned. 

Doctor  MoHLER.  There  are  only  about  fifteen  cattle  there  now, 
are  there  not  ? 

Doctor  Larson.  Fifteen  head.  This  was  a  special  item  put  in  in 
1921. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  never  was  for  this  farm,  but  it  is  there  and  unless 
the  work  which  would  be  done  there  anyway  is  done  elsewhere  there 
mig^lit  be  some  reason  for  continuing  it. 

Doctor  Larson.  The  particular  region  is  different  from  the  other 
dry-land  regions  where  we  are  worKing.  They  have  a  particular 
situation  in  there,  pasturing  of  their  wheat  crops  and  information 
along  that  line  is  important  at  the  present  time,  to  know  whether  or 
not  it  is  advantageous  to  pasture  their  wheat  crop  in  the  winter 
time — winter  wheat — and  that  is  the  experiments  we  have  there  now. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Can  it  be  maintained  on  its  present  basis  for 
$12,500? 

Doctor  Larson.  Yes,  sir;  it  can  be  maintained  for  less  if  necessary. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  was  your  estimate  for  last  year;  S6,500  is 
what  you  expended. 

Doctor  Larson.  That  is  what  we  are  running  on  now.  It  can  be 
run  on  that  another  year. 


Wednesday,  November  29,  1922. 

enforcement  of  the  packers  and  stockyari>s  act. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  CHESTER  MORRILL,  ASSISTANT  TO  THE 
SECRETARY  OF  AGRICULTURE  AND  IN  CHARGE  OF 
PACKERS    AND    STOCKYARDS    ADMINISTRATION. 

Mr.  Anderson.  W^e  will  next  take  up  the  item  on  page  348,  for  the 
enforcement  of  the  packei-s  and  stockyards  act. 

Mr.  Morrill.  In  onlcr  to  put  ])efore  the  committee  an  accurate 
statement  and  one  of  which  it  can  make  use,  I  have  written  out  a 
brief  statement  which  brings  the  work  of  the  packei"s  and  stockyards 
administration  up  to  (bite  from  the  point  where  the  fii-st  annual 
icport  leaves  off. 

general  state.ment. 

The  annual  report  has  not  yet  been  released  for  publication,  but 
the  Assistant  Secretary  has  authorized  me  to  furnish  tg  each  member 
of  the  committee  a  copy  of  the  annual  report,  whicb  will  show  from 
the  beginning  of  the  work  under  the  packers  and  stockyards  act 
the  methods  of  organization,  the  subject  matter  covered,  the  extent 
of  tlu!  work  that  wr  have  to  do,  and  what  we  had  done  up  to  the  end 
of  the  last  fiscal  year.  The  subsequent  statement  in  typewritten 
form  brings  it  uj)  j)ractically  to  the  present  time,  and  I  will  furuish  a 
copy  of  it  to  each  member  of  (he  committee. 

Now,  at  the  j)rcscMt  (inic  we  have  7'.>  j)ublic  stockyard  markets  in 
71  cities  in  the  United  States  that  are  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of 


AORICULTIKAU  .MTKOI'IUATIOX    lUU^    llCI.  497 

the Sorn'tary  of  Aj^nrulturo  l>y  rfuson  «»f  luivin^  hovn  fourul  nmh  u|H*n 
invcsti^ution  un<l    hnvini;   )>«><-n  |>oHt4'<i  as  hucIi  markrU.     In  tlumo 

rmii'krts    We    luivr   foiimj    hy    thr    roijistrat inn    n;  '    'i 

(It'altT.s  and  l.OOO  nnirkct  a^<*n<it's.     Slost  of  ilir  i. .......  ,  .. 

cominission  men.  atui  thr  nnirkct  a^rncics.  inrhntniL;  the  < 

men.  aro  suhjort  to  n'<jiiirrnn»nt«  that  Ao  not  appfv  to  tlir  • 

business.     'Plic  nnirk(>t  ajjrncios  mr  u  class  of  >     . 

ncss  nrintipally  on  the  connnix-^ion  hasis,  and     .. 

file  with  the  Se<Totary  of  A^ricnlluro  tlicir  schc<luh's  of  rati 

and  sucli  iidcs  and  regulations  as  they  ohsc'rvo  in  carrying  on  ificir 

husiiu'ss. 

In  a  hroatl  way.  it  may  bo  said  that  thev  are  subject  to  the  Hnine 
sort  of  jurisdiction  as  the  raih'oa<is  ar(>  suliject  to  under  the  inter- 
state coininerce  art  with  respect  t<t  their  practices.  That  is  to  sav, 
with  fespe<'t  to  their  j>ractices.  they  must  be  nondiscrimirnitorv  and 
reasonal)h>.  and  with  respect  to  their  nites,  they  nuist  also  be  non- 
discriminatory and  reasonable.  The  Department  of  Ajn'if'ilture 
does  not  nnike  the  rates  in  the  bc<;inninj;.  They  file  the  rates  and 
publish  them,  and  they  are  subject  to  investiijation.  e\j>larnition, 
arul  modilication.  as  the  facts  fnay  re<juire.  The  same  thnj<;  is  true 
of  the  stockyard  companies  as  well  as  of  the  market  aj;encies.  In 
order  to  deal  with  the  physical  asj)ccts  of  the  marketinj;  of  live 
stock,  as  we  found  them  at  the  st<K-kyards,  we  have  supervi.sors  at 
20  of  the  cities  where  there  are  stockyards.  Those  supervisors  are 
resident  in  those  markets,  but  from  time  to  time,  bv  assij^nment 
or  special  instructions,  they  '^<i  to  other  yards  for  the  purpose  of 
deahn*;  either  with  s[)ccial  <jucsti(>ns  that  nniy  arise,  or  for  the  {)ur- 
pose  of  remainintij  in  the  markets  for  a  lon<ier  time  in  order  to  become 
thorouf^hly  acf|uainted  with  the  conditions  an<l  to  see  that  the 
various  agencies  subject  to  our  jurisdiction  thoroughly  understan<l 
what  we  are  expecting  of  tlioni  uixlcr  the  packers  and  stockyards 
act.  We  have  so  thoroughly  organized  the  supervisor  force  that 
during  the  month  of  October  all  except  seven  or  eight  of  the  public 
stockyard  markets  of  the  country  were  visited  by  su|)ervisors.  In 
atldition  to  the  stockyard  comj)anies  and  market  agents  and  dealers 
operating  at  the  stockyards,  we  have,  of  course,  the  packers,  who 
operate  l)oth  within  and  without  the  yards. 

So  far  as  their  operations  in  the  yards  are  concerned,  they  arc 
dealt  with  in  the  same  way  as  other  operations  in  the  yards  are  dealt 
with.  Then  we  have  certain  other  operations  that  must  be  dealt 
with  si)ecially,  such,  for  example,  as  you  will  note  from  reading  the 
annual  report  and  that  supplemental  report.  For  instanci',  there  is 
the  question  of  discrimination  in  butter  fat  prices,  which  arose  during 
this  year,  several  complaints  having  been  made  ajjjainst  one  or  two 
large  packers  upon  the  ground  that  in  their  buying  operations  at 
country  points  they  had  discriminated  between  country  points  and 
had  also  been  guilty  of  unfair  competition.  Such  matters  as  that 
require  special  investigation.  So  far  wc  have  found  the  complaints 
to  l)e  unfounded.  In  one  particular  case  that  I  have  in  mind  the 
man  that  made  the  complaint  was  found  to  be  the  man  who  starte«l 
all  the  trouble.  He  started  a  rate  cutting.-war  and  did  some  improper 
advertising,  and  the  packers  simply  met  the  comnetition.  Other 
aspects  of  the  packer  work,  other  than  those  special  matters.  c«>me 
up  from  time  to  time,  more  particularly  the  matter  of  studying  their 


498  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TION   BILL,   1924. 

accounting  systems  and  arriving  at  an  ability  to  determine  what  are 
ths  true  costs  in  the  packing  industry.  In  that  we  have  been  delayed 
for  several  reasons : 

First,  because  during  the  first  year  of  our  operations,  we  found 
that  we  wore  in  competition  with  almost  everybody  else  to  get 
auditors,  and  it  was  virtually  impossible  for  us  to  get  more  than  just 
a  few  auditors  to  deal  with  the  pressing  questions  m  connection  with 
commission  rates  and  similar  matters.  It  has  only  been  during  the  ] 
last  two  or  three  months  that  we  have  been  able  to  go  into  the  field  j 
of  accounting  to  the  extent  of  getting  enough  auditors  to  organize  4 
a  force  that  would  look  forward  to  a  studv  of  the  accounting  systems.  < 
It  seems  that  durmg  the  past  few  montlis  there  has  been  a  sort  of  ) 
let-up  in  the  demand  for  accountants,  partly  due  to  the  summer  ?' 
season  and  partly  due  to  the  commercial  depression,  and  through  the 
medium  of  civil-service  examinations  we  have  been  able  to  get  hold  of 
a  number  of  men  who  seemed  to  be  v-ery  competent,  so  that  the  work 
of  studying  the  packers'  actounting  systems  is  now  started.  We 
have  been  under  a  good  deal  of  pressure  in  the  last  few  months,  and 
are  right  now,  on  account  of  complaints  having  been  filed  as  to 
commission  rates.  We  have  ta^ken  those  complaints  and  have  been 
working  up  the  information,  but  at  the  present  time  we  have  the 
question  of  reasonable  commission  rates  to  determine  at  Chicago, 
St.  Paul,  Omaha,  Kansas  City,  Fort  Worth,  Denver,  and  Portland. 
We  have  also  the  question  of  certain  stockyard  charges  to  determine 
at  Peoria,  111.,  Omaha,  Nebr.,  Chicago,  and  Milwaukee,  and  in  a 
number  of  yards  the  companies  have  taken  up  with  us  informally  the 
matter  of  certain  changes  in  their  rates,  knowing  that  if  they  were 
to  present  the  proposed  changes  formall}'  they  might  rmi  up  against 
susjjensions. 

During  the  early  part  of  the  administration  of  the  act  there  were 
a  num])cr  of  reductions  in  stockyard  rates  particularly,  but  recently, 
on  account  of  the  very  great  advance  in  corn,  there  has  been  an 
attempt,  which  looks  almost  like  a  concerted  movement,  to  raise  the 
rates  on  corn  in  the  stockyards  generally.  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and 
Buffalo  have  proposed  an  increase  of  15  cents  per  bushel.  We  have 
suspended  the  Chicago  and  Milwaukee  increases,  and  they  are  await- 
ing a  hearing  now.  At  Buffalo  there  is  a  slightly  difl'erent  condition 
of  affairs,  because  of  the  fact  that  when  they  mcreased  their  corn 
rate,  -they  reduced  their  hay  rate,  and  it  may  be  that  they  have  an 
equity  that  is  different  from  that  of  the  other  yards.  In  addition,  a 
number  of  the  yards  have  introduced  a  new  charge  this  year  that  had 
not  previously  boon  made,  called  a  "rewoigliing  charge."  That  is  a 
charge  which  is  imposed  upon  speculators  operating  in  the  speculator 
division  for  the  service  of  weigliing  their  animals. 

That  is  sometimes  known  as  a  reweighing  charge  and  it  is  some- 
tmies  known  as  a  second  weighing  charge.  That  is  to  say,  the  specu- 
lators buy  the  bulk  of  their  animals  from  commission  men,  and  in  the 
past  the  stockyards  have  been  supported  almost  exclusively  from 
yardage  ciiarges  and  feeding  ciiarges  imposed  upon  the  first  handling 
throu<^h  commission  m(>n,  plus  a  feeding  charge  to  the  s|)oculatoi*s, 
but  without  auy  yardage  charge  to  the  speculators  at  all.  The  stock- 
yard (ompanies  have  conceived  the  idea  that  that  is  a  discrimination, 
and  it  also  means  a  possible  increase  in  their  revenues.  The  question 
that  we  are  trying  to  work  out  now  is  how  to  deal  with  the  reweighing 


AOIUCLLTUILVL  Al'IMlOl'KIATlON    BIIJ.,    lirj*.  499 

(liur^o  SO  ns  to  do  o(|uity  tiiuon^  uU  the  |)«M)plc  inv<ilvi'<l.  Not  all  of 
tlu'  stockvurtl  (-oinpaiiii's  luivc  iimdo  tlu*  clmrp'.  Soiiw  «ff  tliciii  lake 
tlu'  view  that  tlic  spcciilutoi-s'  division  is  soinrtliiii^  t«)  In*  iii;  (h1 

in  the  lutirkots,  and  that  they  un>  justified  in  not  iinpoHin^  i,,.  ,,itui 
charges  upon  speculators  tliat  lliev  <lo  upon  other''.  ThoM-  who  are 
proposing  to  increase  tlie  rate  take  the  other  view  that  i.s,  that  the 
support  of  the  yjird  shouhl  roine  from  all  alike,  regardle^^  of  whether 
they  are  necessary  to  niainlain  tlie  market  or  not.  All  of  that  wiirk 
in  connection  with  commission  rates  han  simply  taken  all  of  the  time  of 
the  auditors  that  we  could  get  together,  plus  a  good  many  ti'mporary 
peo[)le  to  get  up  the  necessary  statistical  information  on  market  ron- 
ditions.  It  will  he  sonic  time  hcforc  wc  cmii  (lisf)ose  of  nil  i.f  t!M>->i- 
cases. 

CO.MNtlSSIOX    MKN     AM)    I'KODlC  KKs"    <)K<iAM/,.\TH)NS. 

Fortunately,  in  one  respect  we  have  hrought  ahout  a  condition  of 
alTairs  comparativelv  recently  where  for  the  first  linu'.  so  far  as  wo 
know,  the  conunission  men  and  the  producers'  t»rganizations  have 
been  willing  to  get  together  in  the  same  room  and  talk  over  the 
commission  rates.  They  are  doing  it  because  we  are  placing  our 
representatives  in  the  conferences  for  the  purpos«»  of  participating 
in  them.  Formal  complaints  were  filed,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  hv  the 
Western  Producers'  Association  at  si.K  of  those  markets.  Whep 
those  formal  complaints  were  filed,  we  took  up  the  matter  with  all 
of  the  organizations  concerned  for  the  purpose  of  getting  them  to- 
gether on  a  methotl  of  procedure  which  would  eliminate  the  technical 
re(|uirements  of  what  would  be  almost  a  court  hearing;  in  the  pre- 
sentation of  the  evidence,  as  well  as  the  employment  oi  lawyers  and 
thinjis  of  that  kind,  and  within  the  last  two  ttr  three  davs  w«'  have 
received  advices  from  nil  the  markets  except  one,  saying  that  they 
will  join  in  this  informal  method  of  having  two  of  our  representa- 
tives, the  head  of  our  rate  division  and  the  head  of  our  trade  practices 
division,  act  virtually  in  the  capacity  of  arbitrators.  The  idea  we 
have  is  to  deal  with  the  subject  from  the  purely  practical  standpoint 
and  to  have  the  procedure  stripped  of  all  technicalities  and  of  all 
the  legal  ref|uirements  that  lawyers  might  impose,  for  the  purpose 
of  getting  down  to  what  will  l)c  a  commission  rate  that  will  be 
acceptable  to  everybodv  ct)nceined,  as  a  purelv  practical  matter. 
We  think  that  that  will  go  a  long  ways  toward  getting  rid  of  the 
commission  rate  question  in  the  future  when  it  is  worked  out,  because 
one  of  the  conditions  of  the  stipulation  that  the  parties  are  agreeiiig 
to  is  that  the  commission  men  will  accept  whatever  conclusion  is 
reached  as  a  result  of  that  conference,  and  that  they  will  put  it  into 
effect  without  appeal  to  the  courts. 

TRAINING    OF   PERSONNEL. 

In  building  up  the  kind  of  organization  that  we  have  in  the  yards, 
of  course  we  have  had  to  build  almost  from  the  bottom,  taking  mem 
who  knew  nothing  about  the  packers  and  stockyards  act,  but  who 
were  acquainted  with  ]iractical  marketing  conditions  in  the  yards. 
We  have  had  to  train  them  U]).  and.  in  order  to  bring  about  soliilarity 
and  uniformity  in  the  organization  we  have  a  system  by  which  every 


500  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

supervisor  reports  once  a  week  on  everj'-thing  that  he  has  done, 
on  every  question  that  has  come  up  in  his  experience,  and  either  the 
disposition  he  has  made  of  it  or  the  disposition  that  he  wants  to  make 
of  it.  The  reports  of  those  activities  have  been  summarized  and  fur- 
nished to  all  of  the  other  superivsors  once  a  week,  so  as  to  kee])  them 
in  line  with  every  thing  that  is  going  on.  During  the  last  two  months 
we  have. summarized  and  used  the  reports  in  the  Department  that 
could  be  given  out  to  the  public  without  a  breach  of  confidence,  or 
without  starting  any  trouble  with  any  particular  yard.  The  state- 
ments in  the  monthly  summary,  of  which  I  have  the  last  one  here,  are 
framed  in  such  a  form  as  to  describe  just  exactly  what  we  are  doing 
at  the  yards  during  the  month.  I  have  brought  copies  of  the  monthly 
summary,  because  from  that  you  can  better  visualize  what  we  are 
trying  to  do. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Wlien  a  question  arises  as  to  rates,  would  the 
parties  have  to  come  to  Washington  for  a  hearing,  if  the  ordinary" 
procedure  w^ere  followed  ? 

Mr.  Morrill.  No,  sir;  we  hold  the  hearing  in  all  cases  in  the  market 
where  the  (juestion  arises.  We  do  not  hold  hearings  in  Washington 
at  all.     I  do  not  see  where  that  would  do  anybody  any  good. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  do  not  either,  and  that  is  the  reason  I  asked  the 
question. 

Mr.  Morrill.  In  other  words,  we  want  to  get  the  facts,  and  the 
place  at  which  to  get  the  facts  is  in  the  market  where  the  question 
arises.  You  can  hold  a  hearing  at  the  market,  and  bring  in  every- 
body you  need  and  hear  what  he  has  to  say,  and  then  send  him  back 
to  his  work,  just  as  you  do  here  in  your  hearings.  He  can  remain  if 
he  wants  to,  but  he  can  go  about  his  business  as  soon  as  he  has  said 
what  he  wants  to  say.  The  Government  bears  the  expense  of  its 
own  travel,  and  the  market  agencies  are  relieved  of  that  expense. 
They  get  their  hearings  right  on  the  ground  where  they  have  the 
evidence  and  the  witnesses.  If  the  hearings  develop  that  they  need 
something  else,  they  can  go  out  and  get  it.  For  example,  we  held  a 
hearing  in  one  market  recently,  and  the  man  who  made  the  complaint 
presented  a  case  which  seemed  very  meritorious.  It  was  a  thing 
that  involved  a  question  that  was  fundamental  in  the  making  of  rates 
in  stockvards,  but,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  for  various  reasons  the  people 
who  had  a  like  interest  decided  that  maybe  it  was  not  the  best  thing 
for  all  concerned.  They  had  reasons  for  thinking  that  it  was  not 
good  business.  When  our  people  arrived  at  the  yard  and  found  that 
condition,  they  simply  went  out  and  got  the  people  who  knew  the 
facts  and  brought  them  in  and  had  them  make  their  statements  so 
that  we  would  be  able  to  decide  the  case  on  its  merits.  We  resort  to 
just  as  little  formality  as  possible  to  get  along  with  and  keep  the 
record  clear  for  legal  purposes. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  tliinK  that  is  a  very  sound  practice. 


COMMISSION    RATES. 


Mr.  Morrill.  The  amount  of  the  appropriation  provided  for  by 
this  estimate  is  precisely  the  same  as  we  have  for  this  yeai-.  There  | 
is  no  change  in  it.  If  you  do  not  mipd  my  taking  your  time,  I  might 
mention  one  thing  that  wo  are  doing,  or  have  (h)ne,  in  comiection 
Avith  those  commission  rates  that  is  of  a  good  deal  of  interest  to  us 
aiul  is  going  to  be  of  a  good  deal  of  interest  to  the  commission  men. 


1 


AC.RirULTURAL  APPROPKIATlON    BIIJ.,    lf©4.  50l 

Before  we  know  tliat  those  romplnints  wouM  he  JIIimI,  w  -  -•--...i:rt 

to  analyze  the  eonunission  nirn's  oprrations  in  five  typ 

for  the  purpose  of  detenninin};  just  how  they  K"^  their  revenues  aiid 

for  what  purpttscs  they  expfodrd  thrir  tnnnrv.  havinif  in  iiiind  th«« 
ohjert  of  joiiiparin},'  th(»s(>  (hlfemit  markets  and  utdi/.in^  the  infor- 
mation in  arriving  at  sound  prmeiplen  to  eover  our  future  rate  «|c- 
tenninations.  What  w«>  would  hke  to  do  woidd  f)e  to  have  nonie 
fundamental  facts  that  will  shorten  thf  rati*  work  later  on.  For  that 
purpose  we  s«'le<ted  Pit tshurj^h.  St.  Paul.  Omaha.  Fort  Worth,  aufl 
Portland.  All  of  them  exeept  Pittshup^h  were  su))se<|uentlv  hroU::ht 
into  the  «(tmplaints.  so  that  the  time  was  well  employe<l  w)ien  thono 
markets  were  selected. 

Now,  hy  takinj^  the  eonilitions  at  those  markets  an  interestinij  eom- 
)arison  ran  he  nnuh*.  We  will  take  Pittshtir<;h.  F'ort  Worth,  and 
*ortland;  and,  rouiihly  spenkini:,  they  are  in  one  i^roup,  while  St. 
l*aul  and  Omaha  arc  in  another  ^roup.  At  Piltshur^di  there  —  "» 
commissi(ni  ajrencies,  at  Forth  Worth  1.'^  and  at  Portland  S.  of  , 

6  were  in  continuous  operation  durini;  1921.  At  St.  Paul  there  are  31 
cominissioiT  agoiicies  and  at  Otnaha  54.  In  looking;  over  tli<:r 
fijjures  we  find  that  at  Pittshurj^h  their  averaire  net  return  to  llie 
owners  is  60  per  cent  of  the  income,  at  Fort  Worth  0  per  cent,  at 
Portland  37  per  cent,  at  St.  Paul  27  per  cent,  and  at  Omaha  38  per 
cent.  Omaha  and  Portland  operate  on  practically  the  same  pei- 
centa^xo.  We  took  the  averajre  net  return  to  the  owners  without 
rejjard  to  the  percentaf^es.  and  we  have  an  avera<;e  net  return  in 
Pittshurjjh  of  .?23.nOO,  as  against  only  SI6.000  in  Omaha  an«I  SI. <>'•') 
in  Fort  Wc^rth.     Now,  as  a  matter  of  fa^t,  in  exsinininf;  th 

we  find  that  Pittsburj^h,  for  example,  accompli.-hed  tiiose  ne;  i 

largely  by  not  spending  so  much  money  as  the  others  or  not  spon  11  n,' 
so  much  money  in  advertising,  s')licitation,  or  anything  else  har  My. 
Practically  all  of  the  items  of  expense  v  ere  greatly  behnv  those  of  any 
other  market.  Now,  of  course,  all  of  those  things  are  affected  by  the 
volume  of  business,  and  we  have  not  completed  our  statistical  informa- 
tion on  the  volume  of  business.  That  is  ]>eing  worke  1  up  nov.  so  as 
to  apply  those  figures  to  the  volume  of  business.  An  interesting 
thing  about  that  is  the  wav  thev  distribute  their  income  when  thev 

f^et  it.  Among  other  things,  in  the  course  of  this  comparison,  we  will 
)e  able  to  show  just  how  the  cooperative  enterprises  working  in  the 
same  markets  get  along  as  to  expense,  and  as  to  cost  per  ear,  per  heti  I. 
or  per  pound,  as  compared  with  the  old  line  agencies.  In  othi  r 
words,  we  will  probably  get  something  that  is  fact  rather  than  con- 
jecture  on  those  points. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Of  course,  to  really  furnish  much  of  a  basis  for 
comparison,  I  assume  that  those  figures  would  have  to  be  divided 
into  volume  of  business  in  some  way,  so  as  to  get  at  the  cost  per  car, 
per  head,  or  per  pound. 

Mr.  Morrill.  1  es,  sir;  ajul  we  are  taking  all  three  of  those  things. 
We  are  going  to  work  it  out  per  car,  per  head,  and  per  poun«l,  and 
then  we  are  dividing  it  by  species,  of  course.  Then,  we  are  takmg 
into  consideration  just  how  much  money  they  spend  for  eacli  class 
of  expense.  solicitatit)n,  advertising,  etc.  Some  of  thetn  spend  a 
great  deal  more  for  advertising  than  others.  For  instance,  in  some 
markets  a  fjjreat  deal  of  money  is  spent  for  market  pai)ers.  The 
secretary  of  one  exchange  told  me  last  winter  that  many  shippers 


502  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TION   BILL,   1924. 

get  seven  or  eight  copies  of  the  same  market  paper  from  commission 
men.     Of  course,  things  of  that  sort  ought  to  be  ehminated. 

Mr.  Anderson.  It  is  not  the  commission  men  alone  who  are  doing 
that  sort  of  thing. 

Mr.  Morrill.  Of  course,  we  happen  to  be  deahng  with  that  par-  j^ 

ticular  problem.     I  do  not  contend  that  that  is  the  only  place  where  j 

we  will  find  it. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Will  you  use  the  entire  appropriation  this  year? 

Mr.  Morrill.  Yes,  sir;  it  will  be  used  this  3'ear.  We  did  not  use 
the  entire  amount  last  year.  We  used  $174,000  out  of  the  $200,000 
provided,  but  this  year,  on  account  of  all  of  these  things  coming  up 
at  once,  and  the  necessity  of  employing  a  great  many  temporary 
people,  we  will  use  the  whole  amount. 

PROCEEDINGS    TOUCHING    THE    PRACTICES    OF    PACKERS.  | 

Mr.  Anderson.  Have  there  been  any  proceedings  begun  touching 
the  practices  of  packers  ? 

Mr.  Morrill.  No,  sir;  there  have  been  no  formal  proceedings 
except  one.  There  was  a  proceeding  instituted  by  the  Kansas  City 
Livestock  Exchange  against  Armour  &  Co.  and  the  Fowler  Packing 
Co.,  of  Kansas  City,  on  account  of  the  fact  that  Armour  &  Co.  op- 
erated a  yard  know^n  as  the  Mistletoe  yard  at  Kansas  City,  not  far 
from  the  public  yard,  where  they  bought  live  stock  that  had  been 
shipped  direct  to  the  Fowler  Packing  Co.  at  the  Mistletoe  yard,  and 
not  passing  through  the  open  yard.  The  operations  in  the  Mistletoe 
yard  were  limited  exclusively  to  hogs,  and  to  persons  or  shippers 
out  in  the  country  who  were  in  a  position  to  supply  the  kind  and 
quantity  of  hogs  that  the  FoM-ler  Packing  Co.  needed  for  its  operations. 
The  Fowler  Packing  Co.  is  largely  an  export  slaughtering  plant.  In 
that  case,  it  was  complained  that  the  maintenance  of  those  yards 
operated  as  a  depressing  influence  upon  the  public  stockyard,  and,  j 

also,  that  the  yard  was,  in  fact,  a  public  stockyard  market  and  that 
it  ought  to  be  brought  under  Title  3  of  the  packers  and  stockyards 
act. 

We  held  quite  lengthy  hearings  on  that  matter  at  Kansas  City. 
Twelve  days  were  consumed  in  the  presentation  of  the  evidence  on 
both  sides.  We  found  that  there  was  no  possibility  of  the  two  sides 
getting  together  informally,  because  there  was  a  question  of  principle 
mvolved,  and  it  was  looked  upon  with  a  great  deal  of  concern  all  over 
the  country  as  involving  the  question  of  whether  packers  might  buy 
direct  from  the  country  instead  of  through  the  public  yards.  We 
fdlmd,  in  the  fii-st  place,  that  the  Mistletoe  yards  were  not,  in  fact, 
public  stockyards,  nut  simply  receiving  yards  for  shipments  sent  in 
irom  the  country  yards,  where  the  grading,  docking,  or  pricing  took 
place  for  the  purpose  of  closing  the  transactions.  The  prices  at  the 
Mistletoe  yard  were  based  upon  the  prices  of  the  same  day  in  the 
public  stockyards  market  of  Kansas  Cit}'^  One  of  the  complaints 
was  that  because  of  tiie  fact  that  the  Fowler  Packing  Co.  was  owned 
exclusively  by  Ai'mour  &  Co.,  and,  therefore,  was  merely  a  depart- 
ment of  Armour  &  Co.,  the  receipt  of  those  hogs  in  the  Mistletoe  yard 
took  that  amoimt  of  hogs  out  of  the  pu1)li<'  yard  and  gave  the  buyers 
of  Armour  &  Co.  a  certain  power  that  they  should  not  possess  in  the 
public  yards.  There  was  not  any  evidence  brought  forth  to  sub- 
stantiate that.     We  were  unable  to  find  facts  in  the  evidence  to 


I 


Aullll  l  Kll  1:a1.  AI'l'ltorKIATloN    HIIJ.,    1924.  503 

substantiate  tlw  rontontion  that  llu>  <»p«THtn»HH  <.f   Armour  &  Co., 
I)V   reason  of   the  operations  of   the   .Misth>t4M>   vanl.   ileprewed   the 

market. 

On  the  other  hatxl,  there  \va>  a  pretty  j,'oo(|  ar;;iiment,  if  y«»u  want 
to  theorize  on  it.  that  taking  that  many  ho^'s  out  of  the  pul»h<-  VHriU 
ini^'ht  possihly  he  henelicial  to  the  vanls.  As  a  matter  t>f  fnrl.  a 
comnarison  h<>t\vcen  the  prices  at  Kan>as  City  ami  tht.^e  at  other 
markets  showed  that  (hirin«^  a  ««m.si«hriihh'  part  of  the  tune  KunniiH 
City  was  the  hi^lier  market.  We  did  hnd  certain  improjH-r  |)rartir«'H 
in  <'»>nne(tion  with  the  Misthloe  yard.  We  found,  lor  examfih*. 
that  tlie  FowU'r  I'ackiii*;  Co.  was  encotira^inj;  nomnnipetition  he- 
tvveen  (lilVereiit  shippers  i)y  a  system  of  wlial  was  jaUed  |)rotertuiK 
the  shipper.  In  other  wonls,  if  one  shipper  tried  to  get  into  another 
shipi)(M's  territiuy,  he  w»»uhl  |)rohal)ly  h>se  liis  ri«;ht  to  ship  to  the 
Mistletoe  yard.  We  also  found  that  there  was  diserim'; —  >n 
between  shippers  with  respect  t()  the  feedinj^  of  ho;;s  in  the  M  m^ 

yard.  Some  of  the  shippers  j^ot  their  ho«;s  fed,  although  the  FowU^r 
rackinj;  Co.'s  announced  policy  was  not  to  fci-d  any  liogs  up<»n 
arrival.  We  ordered  tho.se  things  stoppcil,  aiul  the  order  has  b«'en 
complied  with  in  every  respect. 

There  have  been  no  other  formal  proceedings  against  the  pack«'rs, 
and  the  other  matters  that  liave  come  up  have  been  informal.  For 
instance,  there  lias  been  the  matter  of  the  butter-fat  di.serimination, 
and  also  the  matter  of  the  amount  of  butter  placed  in  butter  carton.s. 
There  was  a  complaint  that  a  big  packer  was  putting  15  ounces  of 
butter  in  an  ordinarv  pound  carton  and  simf)lv  stamping  I't  ounces 
over  the  pound  on  the  label.  There  was  no  dilFerence  in  the  size  of 
the  carton.  We  ^ot  together  all  of  the  big  packers  and  repn>senta- 
tives  of  the  American  Creamery  Butter  Manufacturers  and  others  on 
the  question  of  whether  that  was  a  desirabh'  business  practice.  They 
agreed  that  it  was  not  and  tiiey  stopped  it  immediately. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Was  there  any  difference  in  the  price  of  this 
15-ounce  package  and  the  pound  packaged 

Mr.  MoinuLL.  There  was  not,  so  far  as  we  could  find,  liy  that  1 
mean  that  while  probably  the  packer  sold  it  at  a  price  slightly  less, 
so  far  as  we  could  ascertain,  tne  retailers  might  or  might  not  have 
sold  it  for  less.  The  grotlnd  of  complaint  seemed  to  be  that  other 
people  who  were  trvino;  to  sell  straight  pound  packages  were  not  able 
to  make  a  go  of  it,  and  were  complaining  that  it  was  unfair  competi- 
tion for  somebody  else  to  sell  lo-ounce  pa(*kages.  Not  only  did  they 
agree  that  that  particular  practice  should  be  stopped,  but  they  agreed 
upon  the  principle  of  the  standard  size  carton — m  other  wonls.  that 
there  should  be  no  deviation  from  the  quarter-pound,  half-j)ound.antl 
pound  sizes.  Recently  I  made  some  inquirv  regarding  it  and  I  am 
unable  to  find  th^it  the  agreement  has  been  departed  from  anywh<'re, 
although,  from  our  understanding,  there  were  several  million  pounds 
sold  previously  in  that  manner.  As  I  have  said,  we  are  attempting 
to  work  on  the  matter  of  the  accounting  systems  now. 

ENFORCEMENT    OF   TlIE    (IR.VIN    FUTURES    ACT. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  next  item  is  for  the  enforcement  of  the  grain 
futures  act. 

Mr.  Morrill.  The  giain  futures  act.  as  you  have  it  before  you, 
takes  the  place  of  the  future  trading  act  of  August  24,  1921,  the 


504  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION  BILL,   1924. 


I 


operation  of  which  was  virtually  susponded  before  its  effective  date. 
In  May,  1921,  the  Supreme  Court  held  that  that  act.  which  was  passed 
under  the  taxing  powers  of  Congress,  was  unconstitutional  as  to  its 
regulatory  provisions,  leaving  in  effect  the  tax  on  puts  and  calls  and 
leaving  in  effect  the  section  authorizing  the  .Secretary  of  Agriculture 
to  carry  on  investigational  work,  without  power,  however,  to  compel 
members  of  exchanges  to  disclose  their  books  or  to  make  reports. 
Immediately  after  that  a  new  bill  was  introduced  in  Congress  under 
the  interstate  commerce  power,  based  upon  the  theory  that  those 
transactions  on  the  Chicago  and  other  boards  of  trade  are  so  closely 
inteilockcd  with  interstate  commerce  that  they  are  inseparable  from 
it  ill  effect  and  that  anything  whicli  operates  adversely  upon  the 
price  on  a  futures  exchange — and  by  "adverse"  I  do  not  mean 
necessarily  downward,  but  either  downward  or  upward,  contrary  to 
tlie  normal  operations  of  the  law  of  supply  and  demand — would 
necessarily  operate  adversely  upon  the  cash  grain  business  of  the 
country.  Upon  that  theory  the  bill  was  reintroduced  and  was  passed 
the  bill  containing,'  as  to  its  substantial  provisions,  virtually  a 
repetition  of  the  provisions  in  the  act  that  was  declared  to  be 
unconstitutional. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Did  the  second  act  repeal  the  taxing  provision 
of  the  first'  act  ? 

Mr.  Morrill.  No,  sir. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  is  still  in  force  ? 

Mr.  Morrill.  Yes,  sir.     That  section  of  the  first  act  was  not  ^ 

affected  by  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court.  That  has  been 
virtually  self-operating,  because  the  exchanges  have  stopped  that 
practice  so  far  as  we  know.  If  they  are  doing  anything  of  that 
kind  now,  it  is  under  cover.  1 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  judge  they  have,  because  they  are  making  such 
an  awful  holler  about  it. 

§ 

CONSTITUTIONALITY   OP   NEW   LAW   BEFORE    COURTS. 

Mr.  Morrill.  By  reason  of  the  similarit}^  of  the  provisions  of  the 
two  laws,  outside  of  the  legal  question,  the  same  exchanges  are  sub- 
ject to  the  new  law  that  were  subject  to  the  old  one.  There  are  11  of 
them — 2  at  Chicago,  and  1  each  at  Milwaukee,  Duluth,  Minne- 
apolis, Kansas  City,  St.  Louis,  Toledo,  Baltimore,  Los  Angeles,  and 
San  Francisco.  Not  all  of  them  deal  in  all  kinds  of  grain,  and  some 
are  more  limited  than  others.  The  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  Duluth, 
Minneapolis,  Kansas  City,  and  St.  Louis  exchanges  brought  suits 
to  test  the  constitutionalit}'  of  the  new  law,  but  all  of  them  have 
been  suspended  in  the  lower  courts  now,  remaining  in  their  original 
status  as  a  temporary  stay  against  the  Government,  except  the 
Chicago  suit,  where,  when  the  question  of  granting  a  temporary 
restraining  onh^r  came  up  before  the  district  court  a  few  weeks  ago, 
the  court  on  its  own  motion  (Usmissed  tlu'  bill  of  complaint  of  the 
Chicago  Board  of  Tijuk',  dcnicil  the  injunction,  and  granted  au 
appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  and  on  Monday 
of  tiiis  week  a  motion  was  presented  to  the  Supremo  Court  to  advance 
the  lieaiing  of  that  case.  Tlie  Govenunent,  oi  couise,  is  very  anxious 
to  C()()])erate  in  getting  it  (h'cided  ])r()nipt  y.  The  other  cases  will 
await  the  disposition  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade  case. 


A(;Ri(ui/rrRAL  appropriation  ihij^  mm.  505 

Mr.  Anokuson.   Do  I  uiiiirrMtniul  y<ni  to  say  »'  ••   •■  ^  ^r 

as  tluMvvclmnp's  yoii  Imvc  rnMiiHTnliMr  uilh  th»' <  ' 

arc  concrrruvl.  is  iiioponitivo  noN\ 

Mr.  MoKini.i..    It  !>;  inop^'nitivf  jii>i   now.      \\  .•  nliii  nu 
tho  Clu<a^'o   Hoanl   of  Trado  rns««  whuli   pn'-smUul  our   ; ..  ^j....;.;, 
for  tlio  reason  tluit  wc  woro  in  douht  whrtlicr  the  (i«iv«Tnnwnl  roiilH 
affonl  to  admit  any  of  the  aIN'pitions  in  thr  Will  of  f-on)()lHinl  UUni 
l)V  the  ('hi<'a^o  hoard  of  'Prad<\  aiul  h('<-ansr  tin*  ('ln«iii;o  I'..       '     f 
'1  rndo  attempts  in  its  hill  <»f  complaint   to  nejjutive  tin-  nlli 
in  the  act  itself  as  to  the  nature  of  the  hti.siness.  thii.s  rni^in^  i 
of  fact;   but  annarently  tlie  rourt  at  ('hira^;o  took  the  view  that  it 
nii'jht  he  possil)l('  for  the  Supreme  (Vmrt  of  the  I'nitcd  Stnt«-<  to  take 
sufii<ient  judicial  notice  of  the  facts  to  pass  upon  the  hill  of  conipluuit 
without  a  iiearitif;.     As  a  matter  of  fa<'t,  a  liearin^  in  the  lower  court, 
involviuj]^  tlie   takinj;  of  evidence  at  every  turn,  would   he  n  <piite 
expensive  and  (piite  ion<^  drawn  out  matter.     Wc  have  rontinu'>t:  ' 
♦  lurinjj  the  past  year  kept  a  num  at  (Mncapo  and  Minneap«»lis.  in  ai> 
ipation    either   of   litijjation   or  of  enforcement  of  the  law,  pettrng 
to«]^ether  all  tlu>  information  that  he  could  «^et  n.s  to  tlie  operation  <»f 
hoth  of  those  hoards  of  trade,  usiti}];  the  n'cords  of  the  Hurcau  of 
Internal   Revenue   to  a  c()nsiderahle  extent,  and   thus  geltinj;  ac- 
quainted with  the  various  commission  men  and  otlier  traders  on  the 
ex^hano;es,    their   lines   of   husincss,    tlii-ir  sources    <»f   husiness,    the 
metho(is  tluit  they  employ  in  doini^  husincss,  etc. 

Mr.  AxDERSON.  To  what  extent  has  tiie  prohibit  ion  of  puts  anti 
calls  reduced  the  number  of  transactions  or  narrowed  the  market? 

Mr.  Morrill.  We  liav(»  no  record  (^f  the  lunnher  of  puts  an<l  (alt- 
hut  that  does  not  affect  tiie  transactions  in  the  pit  at  all.  The  put 
and  call  transactions  were  outside  of  the  pit.  I  do  not  see  that  the 
elimination  of  puts  and  calls  has  in  any  wav  narrowed  the  market, 
nor  that  it  has  in  any  way  operat^^d  to  the  disadvanta«;e  of  the 
market. 

Mr.  Anderson.  I  have  recently  had  a  number  of  men  to  complain 
very  bitterly  because  of  the  allecjed  effect  of  this  act  on  the  market. 
But  1  do  not  see  how  that  could  possibly  happen. 

EFFECT   OP   ACT   OM   THE    MARKET. 

Mr.  Morrill.  I  have  some  concrete  facts  on  that  subject  that  I 
think  will  answer  your  (juestion.  Or  men  have  been  at  work  j^ettini; 
facts,  and  I  think  somethinpj  can  be  said  about  that.  Takinji  the 
Chicago  Board  of  Trade,  the  total  number  of  bushels  of  wheat 
futures  sold  during  the  eight-month  period  in  1922 — that  i.«i.  during 
the  first  eij^ht  months  endintr  with  Aujrust  -were  S.OSH.  122,000.  as 
compared  with  7,784,822,000  bushels  for  the  same  perio«l  in  I"'' 
That  is  an  increase  of  approximately  .^00,000,000  bushels  diirinir  tl 
eight  months.  ''M' 

Now,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  our  figures  up  to  date  wulicali*  th.ii  m  all 
futures — that  is,  including  corn,  oats,  and  other  grains  there  has 
been  some  decrease  in  the  volume  of  trading  up  to  date  this  vear  as 
compared  with  last  year,  although  the  first  eight  months  <li(l  not 
show  any  decrease  in  wheat,  but,  on  the  contrary,  showed  an  incrc 
We  think,  however,  that  that  is  not  due  to  the  law.  We  think  : 
that  there  are  a  good  many  things  being  said  about  the  law  by  pets      - 


506  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 


who  have,  perhaps,  not  read  the  law  at  all,  and  who  do  not  know 
what  it  provides.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  what  this  law  does  is  to  say  to 
those  exchanges.  '"  You  must  operate  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Federal  Government,  and  you  must  see  to  it  that  the  prices  on  the 
market  are  not  manipulated  or  controlled,  that  there  are  no  attempts 
to  comer  the  market,  that  there  shall  be  no  dissemination  of  false 
and  misleading  information  about  the  crop  and  market  conditions, 
that  vou  keep  ade(|uate  records  showing  all  the  facts  of  transactions, 
and  that  you  shall  make  such  reports  as  the  Government  may  require 
from  time  to  time  showing  how  the  business  is  going  on,  plus  a 
requirement  that  you  must  not  discriminate  against  cooperative 
associations  of  producers  solely  upon  the  ground  that  they  are  paying 
patronage  dividends. 

I  thinlc  that  is  a  fair  statement  of  what  the  law  requires,  and  I  do 
not  know  of  any  reason  why  anyone  should  look  upon  that  as  an 
extreme  exercise  of  governmental  power,  or  as  giving  power  to  do 
anything  that  ought  not  to  be  done.  The  gram  futures  act  is  a 
means  by  which  the  Government  will  be  enabled  to  say  what  are 
the  facts  as  to  the  amount  of  business,  and  how  it  is  conducted  on  ^ 

the  exchanges,  and  will  be  able,  if  necessary,  to  formulate  a  basis 
upon  which  to  prepare  legislation  that  will  get  at  the  real  needs.  In 
other  words,  it  puts  the  Government  in  a  position  to  get  the  facts. 

Last  year  the  case  that  was  brought  before  the  Supreme  Court  was 
taken  up  in  December  and  decided  in  May,  and  this  year  it  is  up  in 
November,  and  I  see  no  reason  why  the  Supreme  Court  should  not  , 

decide  it  as  soon  or  sooner  than  it  did  last  year,  particularly  because 
of  flie  fact  that  last  year  it  was  apparent  that  the  decision  was  delayed  ^ 

by  reason  of  the  child  labor  decision.  j 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  would  mean,  then,  that  if  the  decision  was  ] 

favorable  to  the  Government's  contention,  the  enforcement  of  the  ] 

act  would  begin  about  the  time  the  appropriation  for  the  fiscal  year 
covered  by  this  estimate  would  be  available  ? 


APPROPRIATION   FOR   1924. 


Mr.  Morrill.  Yes,  sir;  it  should  be  in  full  swing  by  that  time. 
The  estimates  presented  to  you  now  are  precisely  the  same  as  those 
for  this  year. 

Mr.  Anderson.  And  your  plans  will  be  the  same? 

Mr.  Morrill.  The  same  plans  will  also  apply.  I  see  no  reason 
to  alter  the  plans,  because  there  has  been  no  alteration  of  the  condi- 
tions that  would  require  a  change  of  the  plans.  We  are  expending 
approximately  S30,000  tliis  3'ear  on  investigational  work  and  in 
getting  up  all  sorts  of  information  that  will  be  of  use,  both  in  con- 
nection with  tlie  Htigation  in  the  Supreme  (\)urt  and  in  connection 
with  giving  the  work  active  supervision  when  that  time  comes. 

Mr.  Ma(;ee.  Do  you  expect  to  spend  the  appropriation  of  $103,600 
for  tiiis  fiscal  year  ? 

Mr.  Morrill.  I  drew  up  the  estimates,  at  the  time  tlu\y  %yere 
drawn  up,  upon  the  basis  that  the  same  estimates  would  be  required  jj  1 

from  the  standpoint  of  giving  supervision  to  the  principal  markets 
and  getting  up  the  information  that  will  be  necessary  from  the 
investigational  standpoint  to  support  the  conclusions  that  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  might  draw  from  the  economic  standpoint. 

Mr.  Maqee.  Tiint  does  not  answer  my  (juestion. 


AORKTLTrRAI.   AIMln  •lui  \  i  iu.n    him.,    i-r^i,  507 

Mr.  Andkhsox.  f  iindrrstcMHl  you  to  Hay  that  of  iU«>  appropria- 
tion for  this  year  vou  (>xp<><tiM|  to  Hprnil  aiNiiit  $30. (NN) 

Mr.  Mouitii.i..  I  tlioii^lit  yoii  wi-rc  Hpcakin^  al»oui  ihr  i*Mtiiiiati><i 
for  this  vj'jir. 

Mr.  Ma<ikk.   No;   I  nin  tiilkin^  ahout  thr  up|>roi)nation  for  1«.»J.{. 

^fr.  M()i{i{ii.i..  We  <>x|MMt  to  .spend  npproxiniHlely  $30,(KK)  of  thai 
npj)n>priiili(»n. 

.\fr.  M.\<iKK.  liiif.  assuinir)<;  that  you  shouM  not  p't  a  rliNiMion  hv 
th«>  Supremo  Court  rij;ht  away  on  that  question,  how  much  woulil 
you  spend  ^ 

Mr.  Mouuii.i..  Of  (((Ui-sj'  that  would  drhiv  pJittiijj;  m  the  organi- 
zation that  the  estimates  eontemphite.  We  woulil  iii»t  put  in  the 
orjjanization  that  the  estimates  contemplate  iinleHs  the  Supreme 
Court  should  lioM  tlu'  law  to  he  eonstitutional. 

Mr.  M.vcKK.  ^  ()U  couhl  hanlly  justify  the  appropriation  of  anv 
amount  of  money  until  the  eourt  rendered  its  decision.  <ould  vou? 

Mr.  Moinni.i..  Oidy  in  the  way  we  are  cloinj;  it  now,  hy  putting; 
ourselves  in  a  po*;ition  to  hold  our  own  in  the  litigation  and  in 
layin*;  the  hasis  for  the  supervision  that   may  take  place  ne.\l  vear. 

Mr.  Mac.ke.  Supnose  the  eourt  should  reiwier  its  decision  l>ofore 
the  end  of  this  fiscal  vear,  would  vou  need  this  ."<1(K1, ♦)()<)  to  take  care 
of  tiu^  act  for  1924^ 

Mr.  MoiuuLL.  Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Maoee.  Suppose  you  should  not  get  a  <lecision  ( 

Mr.  MouiuLL.  If  we  should  not  get  a  decision,  it  would  he  lessoned 
l)V  the  length  of  time  that  the  decision  was  delaved. 

Mr.  Macjke.  If  the  decision  were  atlverse,  you  would  not  nec<l 
the  money  at  all  ? 

Mr.  Moinui.L.  No,  sir.  in  that  case  we  would  not  spend  the 
money  at  all,  because  if  the  decision  should  he  adverse,  I  am  inclined 
to  think  that  it  wouUl  wipe  out  the  whole  law.  That  was  not  tiio 
case  in  the  decision  on  the  other  law. 


Wedxksuay,  Novkmijku  20,  1022. 

collection  of  seed-chain  u^ans. 

STATEMENT  OF  MR.  LEON  M.  ESTABROOK.  CHAIRMAN  SEED 
LOAN  COMMITTEE,  UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF 
AGRICULTURE. 

GENERAL   STATEMENT, 

Mr.  EsTABROOK.  Mr.  Chairman,  continued  drought  in  the  North- 
west over  a  series  of  years  caused  such  financial  distress,  especially 
to  the  farmers  who  were  unable  to  make  crops,  ami  who  found  it 
necessarv  to  mortgage  all  of  their  assets,  that  in  the  spring  of  1021 
many  of  them  were  without  seed  or  money  or  credit  with  which  to 
buy  seed.  Congress  made  an  appropriation  (»f  ?2. ()(>(). ()()()  in  the  spring 
of 'l921,  and  a  further  appropriation  of  .$1,.')()(),()()U  in  the  spring  i»f 
1922,  to  meet  that  situation.  Of  the  $2,000,000  available  in  1021 
there  were  loaned  about  .$1,045,708  to  l.'?,0:i.")  farmers  in  the  States  of 
Idaho,  Montana.  North  Dakota,  and  Washington.  In  the  spring  of 
1922,  from  the  .Sl,.>OU,l)UO  appropriated  for  seed-grain  loans,   there 


508  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRL\TION    BILL,   1924. 

was  loaned  about  $1,481,787  to  11,968  individual  farmers  in  Idaho, 
Montana,  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  and  Washington. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  was  the  maximum  loan  allowed  under  that 
law? 

Mr.  EsTABROOK.  $300. 

Mr.  Anderson.  In  both  cases  ? 

Mr.  EsTAHROOK.  Yes,  sir.  Most  of  the  loans  were  for  consider- 
ably less  than  that.  The  applications  were  scaled  down  to  make  the 
money  go  as  far  as  it  would.  In  the  autumn  of  1921  an  attempt  was 
made  to  collect  the  loans  that  were  made  that  spring,  and  again  in  the 
autumn  of  1922  we  have  carried  on  a  most  energetic  campaign  to 
collect  as  many  of  those  loans  as  possible.  Up  to  November  4, 
1922,  we  had  collected  of  the  1921  loans  $822,007,  or  42.3  per  cent 
of  the  amount  loaned  in  1921.  Up  to  the  same  date,  namely,  No- 
vember 4,  1922,  we  had  collected  of  the  amount  loaned  in  the  spring 
of  1922,  $450,662,  or  30.4  per  cent  of  the  amount  loaned  in  the  spring 
of  1922.  If  those  figures  are  totaled  it  will  be  found  that  in  1921  and 
1922  we  made  25,903  individual  loans,  amounting  to  $3,427,494,  of 
which  there  has  been  collected  to  November  4,  1922,  $1,272,666,  or 
31.1  per  cent  of  the  total.  That  leaves  outstanding  and  unpaid  and 
yet  to  be  collected  $1,123,703  of  the  1921  loans,  and  $1,031,125,  of 
the  1922  loans,  or  a  total  of  $2,154,827  for  the  two  years,  or  62.9 
per  cent  of  the  total  amount  loaned  j^et  to  be  collected. 

I  have  here  a  statement  showing  the  number  of  loans  and  the 
amount  collected  in  1921  by  States  and  counties,  and  a  further  state- 
ment showing  the  amounts  loaned  and  the  collections  to  November 
4,  1922,  by  States  and  counties  for  both  yeai"s,  with  a  summary  of 
all. 

Of  the  $2,000,000  appropriated  for  seed-grain  loans  in  1921, 
$1,940,002.20  was  loaned  to  farmers,  according  to  this  statement, 
and  $52,464.98  was  used  for  administration  expenses  in  making  and 
collecting  the  loans,  leaving  an  unexpended  balance  of  $7,532.82  to 
go  back  into  the  Treasury.  Of  the  $20,000  available  for  administra- 
tion expenses  of  the  seed-grain  loan  appropriation  for  1922,  $19,509.4S 
was  actually  expended;  $2.61  remains  as  a  liability,  making  the  total 
expense  $19,512.09,  with  an  unexpended  balance  whicli  will  be 
returned  to  the  Treasury  of  $487.91. 


INTEREST  ON   LOANS. 


Mr.  Anderson.  Do  these  loans  carry  any  interest? 

Mr.  EsTABRooK.  They  carry  interest  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Have  there  been  any  instances  in  which  interest 
has  been  paid  '. 

Mr.  EsTABitooK.  There  are  a  good  many  instances  in  which  in- 
terest has  been  paid.  A  complete  record  o\  that  is  kept  in  the  seed- 
grain  loan  oflicc  at  (Jrand  Forks,  N.  Dak.,  but  the  statement  from 
that  ollice  to  which  1  referred  does  not  show  the  interest  collected. 

Mr.  Andkrson.  What  chance  is  tiiere  of  collecting  the  remainder 
of  this  money,  or  some  ])ortion  of  it  ? 

Mr.  EsTAMijooK.  The  collections  are  coming  in  at  tlie  rate  of 
$15,000  j)er  day.  At  the  prrscnt  time  they  are  running  around 
seventy  or  eighty  thousand  dollars  ])er  week.  It  varies  from  week 
to  week.  We  had  ex))ected  much  larger  returns  because  of  the  good 
croi)s.     The  North  Dakota  crops  this  year  were  27  per  cent  better 


AORirULTlTRAI.  APPItoPRIATlON    HIU^    1021.  509 

than  they  had  Worn  for  n  s4Ti»»8  of  years,  and  ihi-  rrri|>H  m  Montana 

were  Ix'ttcr  (liiiii  tlioy  have  Umti  for  nian\  n-  nrv  vm 

reasons  why  the  rolU'ctioiis  are  ronunij  in  -..».*       •  ' 

tlie  riinipctUion  (»f  othiT  rn'<litors.     Thr  rnstcrn  m\. 

loaned  money  out   there  and  the  hanks,  irnplmirnl  i-oni|mnH*M.  ami 

local   nicrrliants   tliat    arc  rrr<ht«trs  of  thrs«.   fnrtncrs   fi-i-l    ji  s 

is  the  only  ^'ood  (  rop  yi-ar  tht-y  havr  had  for  sotnr  tinir.  nui\  t 

is  the  hest  time  thry  will  have  t4)  e«ille<t  on  ihnr  «h  l.ts.     Of 

the  ])orrowrrs  havi'  thrir  ilillieulties.     Their  crop  of  wiu>at  i>  i;; 

at  rrlativcly  low  prices,  or  iironnd  SO  or  s.'>  rents  prr  I      '    '  >• 

went    in    heavily    on    p(»(atoe>,    particularly    in    North    i>  i 

sprini;.  and  we  have  hump<'r  croj)s  of  potatoes  throughout  <1 

States.     There  is  very  little  market  for  their  p«)lat<M«s.      The  war«^ 

houses  are  full,  ami  tluTe  is  a  car  shorta;^e.     Thev  can  ri    *  h 

or  storai^e  for  them,  and  buyers  arc  not  on  the  ;;rourHl.     Ti     jt 

interested  in  those  potatoes,  and  they  will  not  bring  20  cent.s  n 
bushel.  Lots  of  them  will  never  be  sold.  Therefore,  it  is  hard  for 
many  of  those  farinei-s  to  raise  cash,  and  unfjuestionablv  the  l«>nj;er 
we  i)ostpone  the  collection  the  more  tlillicult  it  will  be  to  collect. 

Mr.  AxDEiisoN.  If  I  remember  correctly,  those  loans  were  made 
upon  seed-«;rain  niortijafji's. 

Mr.  EsT.\nK(K)K.  Tliey  were  covered  by  sec«l-grain  niortga^es. 

Mr.  A.NDKKso.N.   In  every  ca.s<' ? 

Mr.  EsTAnR(K)K.   Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Andkkson.  In  that  event,  it  wouUl  seem  that  where  a  man 
made  a  crop  sullicient  to  pay  the  loan,  the  m<»nev  could  be  collected 

Mr.  EsTABRooK.  We  can  enforce  tho.se  1022  mortages,  because  wo 
have  the  1922  cron  to  fall  back  on,  and  we  are  pre.ssin«;  those  very 
vitjorouslv.      It    will   be   much    more   diflicult    to  collect    the   unpaid 

1921  loaiis. 

Mr.  Anderso.x.  Of  course,  there  the  security  is  gone. 

Mr.  EsTABRooK.  Yes,  sir.  We  tried  to  ^et  as  many  renewal 
mort<;a«;es  on  tlie  1922  crops  cov(»rinj;  the  1921  loans  j\s  we  could, 
but  many  of  the.  1921  hoi-rowel's  did  not  respond,  failed  to  arrange 
for  the  extension  of  their  1921  loans  with  a  mortgage  on  their  1922 
crop. 

Mr.  Bi'<  HAN.w.  How  much  of  the  monev  loaned  in  1921  have  vou 
collected  in  1922  ^ 

Mr.  P2sTABR(K^K.  1  can  not  give  you  the  e.xact  figures.  We  have 
the  seed-grain  loan  oflice  at  (Irand  Forks  to  telegraph  each  Monday 
morning  their  collections  for  the  week,  and  they  follow  that  up 
with  a  written  statement.  The  weekly  collections  for  the  week 
ending  October  14  ran  .?31,31G  for  1921  seed-grain  loans,  as  com- 
pared with  -Sf)  1,000  <m  1922  loans,  or  about  half  as  much  for  1921  as 
for  1922.  For  the  week  ending  October  2S  there  were  colUn-ted 
practically  $27,000  on  1921  loans,  and  $71,000,  or  more  than  twice 
as  much,  on  the  1922  loans.  For  the  next  week  the  collections  were 
$37,000  on  L921  loans  and  $71,000  on  1922  loans.  It  is  amning  at 
about  that  rate,  or  about  twice  as  much  is  being  collectetl  on  the 

1922  loans  as  on  the  1921  loans.  Wherever  we  can.  we  are  applying 
any  remittances  that  come  in  on  the  1921  seed-grain  loans,  with 
the  idea  that  we  will  stand  a  better  chance  to  n^new  the  1922  loans 
with  security  than  the  1921  loans. 


510  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOX   BILL,    1924. 


i 


Mr.  Buchanan.  A  great  many  of  those  loans  in  each  year  were 
made  to  the  same  people,  were  they  not? 

Mr.  EsTABROOK.  Some  of  them  were,  but  it  is  hard  to  say  just 
how  many. 

Mr.  Magee.  How  was  the  1921  crop?  1 

Mr.  Estabrook.  The  1921  crop,  as  a  rule,  was  a  partial  crop 
failure. 

Mr.  Magee.  What  was  the  percentage  ? 

Mr.  Estabrook.  I  do  not  recall  just  the  percentage,  but  there  were 
several  thousand  farmers  out  there  who  made  no  crop  at  all. 

APPROPRIATION    ASKED   FOR   COLLECTIONS    OF   LO.\N8. 

We  are  asking  for  an  appropriation  to  continue  the  work  of  collec- 
tions in  the  next  fiscal  year  of  S20,000.  It  is  a  question  of  just  how 
vigorously  Congress  wants  the  department  to  press  these  collections 
next  year  and  how  much  money  it  will  take.  We  had  an  emergency 
appropriation  of  S50,000,  beginning  with  Julv  of  this  year,  for  collec- 
tions. Up  to  June  30,  1923,  we  have  actualliabilities  and  estimated 
liabilities  amounting  to  $37,846. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Out  of  the  S50,000  ? 

Mr.  Estabrook.  Yes,  sir. 
.    Mr.  Anderson.  This  is  in  addition  to  the  S19,000  you  spent? 

Mr.  Estabrook.  Yes,  sir.  Apparently  we  will  have  about  SI 2,000 
to  turn  back  from  the  1923,  but  S20,000  will  not  enable  us  to  carry 
on  as  vigorous  a  campaign  next  year  as  we  are  carrying  on  this  year. 
At  the  present  rate  of  collections  we  will  exceed  §1,000,000  in  the 
next  two  or  three  weeks,  so  that  for  every  dollar  we  spend  in  main- 
taining a  force  of  field  agents  up  there  and  in  sending  out  circulars  we 
get  back  many  dollars  in  collections. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Next  year  you  will  not  have  any  security  what- 
ever, will  you  ? 

Mr.  Estabrook.  We  are  preparing  to  renew  loans  where  the  bor- 
rower can  submit  satisfactory  evidence  that  he  is  unable  to  pay  his 
loan,  and  in  such  cases  will  take  a  mortgage  on  the  1923  crop. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Will  3"ou  renew  the  mortgages? 

Mr.  Estabrook.  We  will  extend  the  loan  and  take  a  mortgage  on 
his  1923  crop. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  So  that  you  will  have  some  security  next  year  to 
proceed  on  ? 

Mr.  Estabrook.  Oh,  yes;  surely. 

Mr.  Magee.  Provided  thev  will  give  security? 

Mr.  Estabrook.  They  will  not  get  an  extension  of  their  loans 
unless  they  give  a  mortf^^age  on  their  next  year's  crop.  We  are 
meeting  with  this  little  difliculty:  The  banks  are  pressing  for  pay- 
ment and  pointing  out  to  the  borrowers  the  fact  that  the  Government 
only  charges  o  per  cent  interest  wliilo  the}*  are  paving  a  very  much 
higher  rate  on  their  other  loans,  so  that  it  is  to  their  advantage  to 
payoff  their  other  debts  and  let  the  Government  indebtedness  stand. 
Then,  too,  there  are  many  people  who  advise  the  borr()wers  to  simply 
hold  buck,  saying  that  it  is  only  a  (juestion  of  time  when  Congress 
will  cancel  these  loans  and  they  will  not  have  to  j^ay  them. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  It  was  pretty  late  when  we  made  that  appropria- 
tion.    Do  you  know  what  percentage  of  the  farmers  had  already  neen 


A(irU(lJLTl'IL\L  Al'I'ItnpKlA/IlOX    IlIU^    ISM.  511 

supplied  with  hvvAh  at  the  cxponsp  of  iMinkir,  mh.I  !...vi  i.....  t.  ..f  {},i^ 
money  went  to  the  hunkers  < 

Mr.  KsTAliuooK.  I  rould  not  siiy,  liiil  rvi-rv  ap|»hrati(Ml  Wi-  rr<«>irr<J 
contained  u  liniinciul  showinj^  t(»  thr  ririrt  t  •  '  .•  wim  iiniihlc  to 
buy  seed     wjis  unuhlc  to  j^rt  credit  and  had  ii 


FUID.W,   DKCEMrtKK    1,    I 

nF,()Kf;AVi7ATin\  or  y,xTV\<ii>\   work. 

STATEMENT   OF  HON.    HENRY   C.    WALLACE.    SECRETARY    OF 

AGRICULTURE. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Gentlemen  of  the  committee,  the  S«MTetAry  of 
Agriculture  i.s  hero  thi.^  morninfi:,  and  I  am  sure  the  committee* will 
be  very  i;lad  to  hear  any  statement  that  he  cares  to  make  with  re»pecl 
to  the  Budget  or  any  items  in  it. 

Secretary  Wallace.  Mr.  Chairman,  I  have  not  come  with  the 
thought  of  takiiijj:  uo  nuich  of  your  time.  1  gather  that  vour  hear- 
ings have  been  satisuutory  with  the  various  people  from  tlic  d  ;  •• 
ment.  They  have  gone  into  the  matters  in  which  they  are  \>.. 
larly  interested  and  about  which  they  are  well  informed  with  respect 
to  the  details.  I  will  not  undertake  to  go  into  those  nuitters,  but 
there  are  one  or  two  sui)jects  that  I  want  to  mention.  The  hr^'  \^ 
th(T  reorganization  of  our  extension  work.  I  simply  wish  to  say  i: 
we  have  not  submitted  that  plan  to  you  without  very  full  considera- 
tion of  it  oui-selves.  That  is  to  say,  we  have  not  casually  looked 
over  the  present  organization  that  we  have  there  and  decided  that  a  new 
one  would  make  it  a  lot  better,  and  worked  up  a  scheme  from  that 
standpoint,  but  we  have  given  time  to  this  plan  which  is  now  sub- 
mitted, and  we  arc  very  much  convinced  ttiat  it  will  bring  about 
economv  in  the  way  of  expenditure.  It  will  not  only  result  in  econ- 
omy but  in  very  greatly  increased  efficiency  in  the  administration  of 
the  work.  That  is  really  the  chief  argument  for  it — the  increasetl 
efficiency  with  which  the  work  may  be  conducted,  rather  than  the 
amount  of  monc}'  saved,  although  there  will  be  some  very  substantial 
savings  as  the  result  of  that  better  system  of  organization. 

I  am  very  fully  persuaded  tiiat  that  reorg:uiizali«»n  plan  is  a  v     • 
one.     You  will  notice  that  we  are  asking  for  two  places  with  salai . 
of  $5,000,  one  for  the  director  of  the  extension  work,  and  the  otl. 
for  •he  chief  editorial  man.     That  proposed  <lirector  of  extension 
work  would  correspond  to  the  director  t)i  scientific  work  and  director 
of  reguliitorv  work,   which   positions  you  have  already  authonzed. 
Under  tiie  close  personal  ilirection  of  an  efficient  nmn,  our  extension 
w^ork  can   be   immensely  strengthened.     We   have  had    the   major 
attention  of  such  a  man  on  that  W(»rk  during  the  past  year.  and.  as  a 
result,  I  think  we  have  made  a  very  substantial  improvement  in  the 
administration  of  the  work.     That' has  been  done,  however,  largely 
through  the  close  personal  attention  given  to  it  by  Assistant  Socretuiv 
Pugslev.     Much  more  could  have  been  accomj)Hshed  with  tlr-  *•  -^  of 
organization  we  are  now  asking,     lie  IkkI  had  large  exp'  •■  in 


liJUliS— 22 33 


512  AGRICULTURAL   APPROPRIATIOX    BILL,    1924. 

extension  work  before  he  came  here,  and,  ui  fact,  that  was  one  reason 
why  I  was  particuhirh-  anxious  that  he  should  come — that  is,  because 
of  nis  experience  in  extension  work  and  pubhcation  work  as  well. 
He  has  given  tlie  major  part  of  his  attention  to  that  Avork.  and,  as  a 
result,  we  have  made  real  progress  under  the  present  plan,  but  it  has 
been  working  toward  this  reorganizetion  all  the  time. 

or<f;.\NizATiox  of  a  stkonc  pum,n  ation  seuvice. 


\ 


The  other  position  for  which  we  are  asking  a  salary  of  So, 000  is 
for  a  man  who  will  be,  you  might  say,  a  managing  editor  or  editor  in 
chief  of  the  publication  organization.  Our  work  in  that  respect  has 
never  been  as  strong  as  it  should  be.     The  salary  for  that  position  ^; 

has  been,  as  I  remember  it,  but  S3, 000,  and  when  you  reflect  upon  ; 

the  amount  of  money  we  are  ex])ending  and  the  tremendous  im-  i 

portance  of  our  publication  work,  the  manner  in  which  the  publica-  f 

tions  are  put  up,  and  the  manner  in  which  the  material  is  presented,  .^ 

I  think  3'ou  wilt  agree  with  me  that  we  really  ought  to  be  able  to  pay  I 

$20,000  or  $25,000,  if  necessary,  to  get  the  right  sort  of  man  to  do  "^ 

that  work.  Even  at  that,  he  would  save  us  money.  I  suspect  that 
if  we  can  get  a  really  capable  man  for  the  amount  suggested  here, 
and  I  think  we  can,  and  give  him  six  months  or  a  j'ear  in  which  to  .j 

get  thoroughly  acquainted  with  it,  we  will  be  able  to  make  a  saving 
of  from  $50,000  to  $100,000  a  year  in  our  })ublication  work.  That 
would  be  just  my  guess  from  my  knowledge  of  the  publishing  business. 
He  will  be  able  to  save  on  what  you  might  call  the  mechanical  side 
of  the  work,  but,  more  than  that,  he  will  be  able  to  save  in  the  manner 
in  which  the  various  publications  are  presented.  He  will  be  able  to 
save  in  the  matter  of  pages. 

We  have  made  several  substantial  savings,  for  example,  during 
the  past  year  just  from  understanding  the  mechanics  of  the  business. 
The  Printing  Office  can  print  most  economicallj^  in  certain  units 
of  folios,  and  we  found  that  there  had  been  a  great  mass  of  waste 
through  the  sending  out  of  publications  that  might  run  over  that 

fjrofitable  unit  just  one  page.  In  that  case,  it  might  be  necessary 
or  them  to  add  three  other  pages,  or,  in  some  other  cases,  seven 
pages,  and  all  because  there  had  not  been  close  cooperation  between 
the  one  who  prepared  tlie  manuscript  and  the  man  who  did  tht 
actual  printing. 

Mr.  IJucuANAX.  That  is,  in  the  matter  of  printing  units  ? 

vSecretary  Wallace.  Yes;  in  the  matter  of  the  mechanical  printing 
units,  and  the  editor  is  the  man  who  should  look  after  that,  ^or 
instance,  we  will  say,  a  publication  would  make  17  pages,  but  a 
competent  editor  could  rean'ange  it  and  cut  it  down  so  as  to  get  it 
within  the  unit  of  16  pages;  or,  if  it  should  run  19  pages,  he  might 
print  a  20  or  21  page  pamphlet  as  a  result  of  that  arrangement. 
There  is  great  waste  in  that  respect.  There  would  be  a  ([uestion 
of  whether  it  could  be  reduced  to  10  pages,  or,  if  that  could  not  be 
done,  how  those  additional  pages  could  be  used  to  tlie  best  advantaj^e 
so  as  to  get  something  out  of  them  instead  of  waste  paj)er.  It  is 
inij)ortant  that  we  have  a  capable  man  at  the  head  of  this  editorial 
work,  andl  am  verv  anxious  that  this  position  shall  be  authorized. 
I  know  that  it  would  be  in  the  interest  of  economy  and  of  the  efficient 
conduct  (if  oui-  husiness  as  well 


AdRKHJI/nilAh  AIMMSOPHIATIOX    lillJ,,    IU24.  513 

AUTIIORITV    TO    l^^K    Af  TOMnMir.KS    ON    omci  VI     IllHlvrs^ 

Tlu'ic  is  iiiiotluT  linn  lu  wliwli  i  woulil  like  to  cull  \mir  .  ,n. 

I  «l()  not  know  wlu'tlici  you  liiivr  ^iv«'n  it -;■'•'     ••■•     • 
should  like  to  nu'iil  ion  it  DOW.     That  is  n  i 

to  iis(»  live  or  six  jiutoniohih's  in  the  orHinary  ron/hirt  of  th.  of 

the  l)('|)iulin«>nt  of  A;^Mi(iiIliirr.  Inking'  them  fn.ni 

are   tuincd  ovci-  from   tin-  wjir  surphu   !<•   lh«'   I'u; 

Yon  uncU'istaiul  how  .scattered  our  huihlini^s  an*  hvrr,  uni 

moans  tin*  savinrj  of  tinir,  ospccinlly  on  tho  part  of  our  nion*  highly 

paid  men.      If  W(»  luid  a  half  a  do/-on  <ars  in  our  <  '  ■  a 

pool,  so  that  if  a  nnm  should  want  to  j^o  ovrr  to  Alex ...^_>«»n, 

up  liore  to  tho  Capitol,  to  Bothosda,  lioltsvilh".  or  to  any  of  our  out* 
lyin}j^  points,  ho  oould  uso  one  of  thoso  cars  and  mako  his  trip  much 
moro  (juiokly,  and  in  that  way  savo  a  p^roat  <loal  of  valtiahic  time. 

MAXIMUM    8ALAKIKS    PAID   To    SCIKNTIKIC    MKN. 

In  tho  inattor  of  maximum  sularios.  you  ^cntlcmi'ii  lit-i  \...: 
authorizod  an  inoroaso  in  tho  maximum  whioli  might  \n'  paid  to 
sciontifio  mon.  I  securod  this  morninp:  a  memorandum  of  the  uhc  we 
have  mado  of  tliat  autliority,  and  I  liiul  that  under  it  wc  aro  carrviri}; 
only  6  mon  at  So.oOO,  18  at" §.'>,()()().  an<l  •.>  at  $t.S()().  From  that'yoii 
will  soo  tliat  wo  have  not  ahusod  tho  authorization  that  vou  gave 
us.  Tho  effect  of  this  has  boon  tromondously  helpful.  It  was  notice 
to  tlio  pooplo  all  down  tlu'  line  that  there  was  an  opportunity  to  ad- 
vance up  to  SG.oOO,  as  they  hocame  oualiliod  to  fill  th»»se  positions, 
and  it  has  contributed  in  a  most  helpful  way  to  build  up  tho  morale 
of  the  department.  In  tlio  first  place,  tlio  mere  recognition  of  the 
importance  of  scientific  work  by  the  increase  of  this  maximum  has 
liad  a  very  fine  effect  on  all  of  our  <lo|)artinont  people.  A  lot  of  them 
have  felt  as  if  Congress  and  tho  lioads  of  tho  Government  depart- 
ments had  just  gone  away  and  forgotten  them.  A  lot  of  them  nave 
been  giving  their  lives  to  scientific  work,  and  tliey  look  ujxm  tlio 
action  you  took  last  year  as  a  recognition  of  tiie  importance  of  their 
work.  Doctor  Ball  will  speak  to  you  more  in  detail  about  that.  I 
want  to  express  my  appreciation  of  your  action  in  regard  to  thiJ* 
salary  limit  and  my  acknowlodgoni(>nt  of  tho  helpful  effect  that  it  has 
been  to  us. 

I  think  our  budget  <arries  a  request  to  authorize  us  to  incn^ase 
slightly  the  number  of  places  to  whicli  wo  may  pay  a  few  of  the  higher 
salaries,  and  Doctor  Ball  will  sp(\ik  to  you  about  that  aNo. 

WORK    OF    THE    DEPAKTMENT. 

On  the  wlu^le  tho  dej)artment  people  during  tho  past  year  have, 
I  believe,  done  very  meritorious  work.  Wo  have  not  been  able  t«» 
come  to  you  and  make  reports  covering  a  number  of  definite  things 
completed,  or  as  many  tilings  (•om|)Iete(l  as  wo  would  like  to  report, 
but  our  work  is  of  such  a  diaractor  that  wo  can  n«)t  th)  that.  We 
can  not  go  out  and  at  tho  end  of  a  calomlar  year  say  that  we  have 
completed  so  much  this  year,  for  much  of  our  work  Is  of  a  continuing 
character.  A  man  miglit  work  1  year,  li  years,  rt  years,  or  10  veaiN 
on  st)me  agricultural  problem  befoi'c  it  ci)mes  to  tho  period  of  fruition, 
but  I  liave  been  very  much  pleased  during  the  past  year  with  the 


514  AGRICULTrilAL   APPROPPaATlON    BILJ.,    1924. 

manner  in  which  our  people  have  carried  on  their  work.  I  think  we 
have  expended  the  money  that  you  crave  us  last  year  to  good  advan- 
taoje  iiTid  to  tlie  benefit  of  the  country. 

I  thijik  that  is  all  I  have  to  say,  uidess  y(ju  wish  to  ask  me  some 
questions. 

Mr.  AxDKRsox.  ^fr.  Secretary,  I  would  like  to  ask  you  one  ques- 
tion: As  you  have  observed  the  development  of  the  department  and 
its  relation  to  agriculture  generally,  what  is  your  opinion  with  respect 
to  the  probable  necessity  of  larger  appropriaticma  to  reduce  the 
hazards  to  plant  life  from  plant  diseases  and  msect  pests  ? 

INCREASED    APPROPRIATIONS. 

Secretary  Wallace.  Gentlemen,  I  think  you  had  as  well  make  up 
your  minds  now  that  there  will  be  a  necessity  for  probably  steadily 
increasmg  appropriations  for  such  purposes  as  the  chairman  has 
mentioned.  That  is  to  say,  as  our  population  grows  and  our  agricul- 
ture becomes  more  intensive,  and  as  the  means  and  necessity  for  ]  \ 
communication  with  the  outside  world  increase,  the  number  of 
injurious  insect  pests  and  plant  diseases  will  increase  right  along,  and 
we  are  going  to  nave  a  constantly  increasing  fight  against  both  plant 
diseases  and  insect  pests.  That  probably  means  steadil}^  increasing 
appropriations  for  this  purpose,  or  for  eradication  and  permanent 
control  measures. 

Mr,  Buchanan.  Is  there  not  a  mistake  made  in  the  department  in 
recommending  only  certain  amounts,  about  as  last  year,  especially 
in  places  where  you  have  educated  the  public  sentiment  up  to  the 
point  where  there  is  enthusiastic  cooperation  on  the  part  of  the 
people  in  your  eradication  work?  Where  such  a  public  sentiment 
exists,  would  it  not  l)e  a  better  policy  to  use  all  the  money  necessary 
while  tlie  sentiment  is  good,  because  then  the  department  could  use 
its  funds  much  more  efficiently  in  stamping  out  or  eradicating  the 
insect  pest  or  disease,  rather  than  to  continue  it  from  year  to  year? 
If  it  is  continued  over  a  long  period  of  years,  will  it  not  cost  a  great 
deal  more  money?  For  instance,  in  the  matter  of  black  rust  in 
wheat,  our  hearings  show  that  the  sentiment  is  in  fine  shape  to 
cooperate  with  the  department  in  stamping  it  out. 

Secretary  Wall^vce.  Yes;  but  that  is  a  little  different  from  other 
campaigns,  because  in  that  case  the  eradicati(ui  program  is  clearly 
indicated.  In  other  cases  it  becomes  largely  a  matter  of  continuing 
control,  or  in  effort  to  clieck  or  retard  the  spread  of  the  pest  rather 
than  to  eradicate  it.  In  the  case  of  black  rust  in  wheat,  we  have  a 
straight  eradication  program. 

]\lr.  Buchanan.  '^Fhose  are  the  cases  of  which  I  am  speaking,  or 
those  in  which  there  is  a  reasonable  hope  for  eradication. 

Secretary  Wallace.  Tiien  it  becomes  a  question  of  how  much 
money,  assuming  that  you  have  the  money  available,  can  be  spent 
in  a  thorougldy  efiicient  manner.  Ti\iit  is  tlie  only  question  to  be 
dctennined.  there. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  I  entirely  agree  with  you. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  are  very  nuich  obliged  to  you  for  ctuning  up, 
Mr.  Secretary. 

Secretary  Wai.i.ack.  1  am  ghid  that  1  have  had  the  ojjportunity 
to  come. 


ACRICt'LTritAL  Al'  .M  5 

Fuihav.  !)».«  r  .«iw 

MAXIMl'M    hAI.AIlIK»(. 

STATEMENT  OF  DR.   E.   D.   BALL.   Dlirrrrnp    nr   SCIENTIFIC 
WORK,  DEPARTMENT  OF  .  :tE. 

Mr.  ANi>i.K><>\     W  t"   will    i.ii.f   w|)   ihi'   itriu 

iclatiw  to  luuxirmitu  .«^iiluri«'s,  and   tlir  cuMiinii         

I^ill  on  tlurt  it«^m.     Supposo  you  tell  us  what  ymi  hiivi« 
this  itciii  tliis  yc^ar  and  what  you  prop«)».<'  to  dii 

Doctor  li.vi-L.    In   tho  r«)nsi(h'ration  of  this  ilr.n  m    ii 
\vi' ui;iO('d  that  ono-half  of  the  positions  (hat  yoii  havr  jid 
should  ho  xi^vil  for  laisinjx  the  sahirio.s  of  the  outstanding;  rt->ran'h 
MU'n  of  tho  (K'partincnt,  ^o  tliat  wt*  wouM  h(»  nhh-  to  hohl  tl.  n 

that  we  ah.sohitrlv  must  haN c  in  t)r(h'r  to  he  «'fhcirnt.  and  ii;.  ihr 
otluM"  half  shinihl  \w  res<»rv«<d  for  hrin^in;^  in  nuMi  from  thr  out'itir  f<»r 
positions  in  which  wo  <lid  not  havo  in  tho  doi)artnu>nt  the  loadornhip 
that  wo  do-sirod.  As  tho  Soorotary  has  tolii  you,  up  to  tl«o  prosi-nl 
timo  wo  havo  not  used  any  of  tho  $(),">()()  maximum  positinr\>,  Ix  •  ••  ■• 
wo  liavo  not  boon  ahh'  to  (iiul  tho  mon  wlio  had  I  ho  <juahly  «»f  I.  . 
sliip  on  tho  outsi(h'  who  woro  willing;  to  como  into  the  doparlnient 
for  .?(),50(). 

I  do  not  moan  to  say  that  wo  will  not  <;ot  tho^o  mon.  hu;    

lindinii;  it  exooodingly  difhoult  to  indui'o  ni«>n  to  ot>mo  to  tho  depart- 
ment won  at  $<),50(),  and  tho  same  thini;  is  true  of  the  S"). .'»()()  posi- 
tions. The  men  whom  wo  havo  oonsidoro«l  that  wo  oouM  ofTer 
§/)..")()()  to  havo  found  it  vor\  dillioidt  to  make  up  their  minds  to  ( .m.' 
to  the  department  at  that  salary.  'V\\o  reasons  for  thit  are  t 
Fiist,  tlicit  the  salaiy  standards  of  tho  J)o|)artmi'nt  of  A«;ri<'ulturo  are 
not  yet  oomparahlo  with  tho  salary  standards  of  tho  odu<'ati<»n.d 
institutions  from  whi<'h  wo  must  draxs  those  mon  -that  is.  from  lh«' 
loading  univei-sities  and  a^^rioultural  schools.  In  the  .second  pi««i\ 
tho  retirement  privileo^os  in  the  Goveniment  service  are  not  in  ar.y 
way  oomparahlo  with  the  retirement  privileges  of  tho  avera.'  '•• 
tional  institutions.  Tlio  maximum  retirement  pay  of  a  - 
niun  in  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at  this  time  is  S7l20  a  yea! . 
wliilo  tho  average  retirement  pay  for  a  professor  in  an  institution  is 
about  one-half  of  his  salary  th.it  is.  it  i<  sometimes  inio-iialf  of  his 
salary  at  the  time  ho  is  retired,  atul  it  is  s(>motimes  one-fourth  of  the 
sum  of  his  s»Uary  at  the  beginning  of  his  professoi"ship  an«l  at  the  end. 
In  any  event,  it  is  much  higher  than  tho  retirement  p.-iy  in  tho 
department. 

In  oflering  those  advanced  p(>siti(ms  to  men  on  the  outside,  they 
must,  of  course,  be  men  of  relative  maturity,  bocau.se  they  must  havo 
already  developed  h'adership.     That  means  that  they  h  'eady 

acquired  a  considerable  interest  in  the  retircnu-nt  |i-  ..  ^^  It 
means,  in  other  words,  that  it  will  not  bo  long  before  they  will  bo 
able  to  utilize  the  retirement  privilege  which  begins  in  the  m>titution 
usually  at  GO  and  sometimes  at  ()"»  yoais  of  age.  while  the  (lovernmont 
service  with  our  smaller  retirement  pay.  it  does  n«)t  begin  untd  70 
veai-s  of  lige.  Tho  thini  factor,  and  it  has  been  the  detormininjj 
Victor  in  several  cjvs(»s,  has  been  that  when  they  come  to  Washington 


510 


AGRICULTURAL.  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 


to  investigate  the  cost  ol  living  they  decide  to  stay  where  they  are. 
I  want  to  put  this  before  you  smiply  so  you  can  understand  the  prob- 
lem we  are  facing.  If  the  Department  of  Agriculture  is  to  use 
efficiently  and  economically  the  money  that  is  appropriated,  we  must 
have  men  of  vision,  men  of  ability,  and  leaders  in  their  lines  to  caiTv 
on  the  work:  so  that  this  one  little  item  here  on  this  last  page  is 
more  important  from  the  standpoint  of  the  future  work  of  the  depart- 
ment than  much  that  precedes  it.  T  hope  and  anticipate  that  that 
situation  will  be  finally  relieved  by  the  reclassification  system,  but 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  can  not  afford  to  simply  mark  time 
until  sucli  time  as  the  reclassification  becomes  available  to  us. 

Mr.  Magee.  Does  the  reclassification  bill  take  care  of  it? 

Doctor  Ball.  The  reclassification  bill,  of  course,  would  abolish  this 
legislation. 

Mr.  Magee.  Will  it  give  you  sufficient  salaries  to  get  the  men 
whom  you  have  in  mind? 

Doctor  Ball.  That,  of  course,  I  can  not  say,  because  the  reclassi- 
fication bill  has  not  been  formulated  yet. 

Mr.  Magee.  But  there  is  a  reclassification  bill  pending,  is  there  not? 

Doctor  Ball.  It  is  pending,  but  with  three  changes  in  salaries,  so 
tliat  none  of  us  have  any  idea  what  the  provision  will  be. 

]\fr.  Magee.  How  do  the  salaries  there  compare  with  the  salaries 
provided  in  this  section  of  the  bill  ? 

Doctor  Ball.  As  reported  out  of  the  Senate  committee  and  under 
the  consideiation  of  the  Appropriations  Committee  of  the  Senate  at 
this  time  the  salaries  would  be  very  helpful  to  the  department.  I 
thmk  they  would  reasonably  meet  the  situation. 

Mr.  Magee.  How  do  they  compare  m  particular  instances  with 
these  salaries  ? 

Doctor  Ball.  They  are  very  much  better  than  these,  because  j'^ou 
have  here  a  limitation  of  So, 000,  and  in  the  present  bill  there  are 
only  1 1  positions  above  that. 

Mr.  Macjee.  Wliat  is  the  maximum? 

Doctor  Ball.  SO, 500. 

Mr.  Magee.  I  mean  iii  the  bill. 

Doctor  Ball.  I  can  not  tell  you  exactly.  It  is  above  S6,500. 
probably  above  .$7,000  as  a  maximum  for  scientific  workers,  and 
approximately  S8,00{)  for  administrative  heads.  They  recognize 
administrative  heads  above  scientific  work. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  Secretary  made  a  statement  in  regard  to  the 
number  of  places  that  had  been  used.     Have  j^ou  those  figures? 

Doctor  Ball.  I  Jiave  them  in  detail.  The  Secretary  had  them 
summarized,  and  1  will  put  the  summarv  in  the  record. 


i? 


$6,500 

$5,.r0O 

$5,000 

$4,800 

niirc&ii  of  Aninml  Industry 

1 
•) 

2 

1 
6 
4 

1 
•2 
•> 

2 
1 

2 

Hun-aii  of  Plant  Industry 

o 

Hurcjin  of  Ai;riciiltnral  Kcononiics 

0 

Korcsl  SiT\  icf 

5 

Huniiii  of  ('hcmislrv 

1 

0 

Hurcuu  of  Kntoniologv '......'... 

0 

HiiDiiii  of  I'lililic  lionds 

0 

Total  niidiT  liniip  fiiiii|> 

Nono. 

6 

10 

9 

\ 


I 


A(iliici'LTn:AL  AiMMioiMtiATrnv  f.tf  I     i-';  r»17 

We  art'  iiskiuj^  for  wlmt  wo  coiiHidor  to  \w  u  vrry  iii<><lt>rulo  iiirrraJM' 

ill  the  mmihcr  of  tlirsr  positions,  with  tin-  i«l«'ii  timt  if  '     ' 

ivcoj^iiition  by  ('oii;;rcss  us  tlio  uctuul  numhrr  of  po  i 

!)(>  liclpfiil  (o  us  nt  this  tiiuf.  It  is  not  llu*  oxart  niiiuhcr  of  > 
places,  l)('<aius(>  with  ;{.()()()  scientific  w«»rk«Ts  tin*  %(\jAHi  iAm'oh  lio 
not  mean  much  in  themselves,  hut  it  is  the  re<-o;;nition  of  the  fnrl 
hy  thos(»  in  charj^e  that  those  places  are  neetleil  tin<i  (hut  tfi.v  iir.« 
re(|uinMl.  Thnt  is  more  important.  We  have  not  liUeil 
§(■».')()()  place,  hut  those  $(),.')()()  places  imve  slren)4t!iene«|  thr  work  of 
the  Department  of  A<;ricullure  tremendously,  hecuuse  th<-  '  ■  ••  hei»n 
to  tlie  scientilic  people  of  tlu>  country,  as  the  Secn'tjiry  h  1  you, 

an  indication  that  scientific  work  is  being  n'cognized  and  that  tlioro 
may  he  hoj)e  in  the  future  that  tlu>  pay  of  scientilic  workrrs  in  ihi* 
department  will  a>;ain  he  put  on  a  l(»vel  with  that  of  scienidi«-  w«»rkerH 
in  other  institutions.  The  scientific  workers  of  the  (h'partment  <if 
Ai^riculture  were  paid  ei^ually  witli  the  scientific  workers  in  the  lead- 
ing educational  institutions  If)  years  aj^o.  The  departnicnt,  until 
last  vear.  had  had  no  raises  durinj^  all  of  the  period  in  ul.i.l.  ii... 
mendous  advances  had  been  made  in  other  lines. 

They  were  j^etting  seriously  di.sct)ura«^cd,  and  to  the  p(»int  where 
we  could  not  attract  from  the  institutions  even  the  youn<;  men  at 
very  much  hij^lier  salaries  than  we  were  justified  in  payinj^  tt»  men  of 
that  character,  because  there  was  no  future.  To  illustrate:  We  had 
a  maximum  of  $4.r)00  uj)  until  last  July.  We  ofTered  five  well 
trained  and  thorou<;hly  i|ualilied  youn;;  men  SI. .')()()  last  year  to  enter 
the  service  of  the  department  and  take  the  leadership  in  dilferent 
lines,  but  every  one  of  those  men  refused  to  accept  such  a  position 
because  S1..')00  was  the  maximum  and  there  was  no  future  for  them. 
They  would  rather  stay  in  an  institution  at  .S;i. .")()(),  in  which  there 
was  an  opportunity  to  work  up  to  S-SOOO  or  SIO. ()()().  However,  this 
year  a  number  of  those  same  men  have  accepted  those  positions  at 
the  same  salary  simj)ly  because  tlie  Government  had  at  least  indi- 
cated that  there  would  be  an  oj)portunity,  in  the  future  for  them. 
The  result  of  this  work  has  been  to  help  us  materially  in  "^ettinj;  gooti 
material  to  start  in  the  lower  places  and  that,  as  you  recognize,  is 
what  will  determine  the  success  or  failure  of  the  work  of  the  T)epnrt- 
ment  of  Ajjricultuie  in  10  or  20  ye!!r<  fr<>ni  n<>\v. 

(OMPAHI.SON  OF  SAl.AKIES  WITH  Ol  TSJDK  I.NSTITLTIOXS. 

During  the  war  period  we  have  hopelessly  failed  to  get  the  right 
type  of  men  to  enter  our  service,  and  this  salary  in(  rease  hius  l>een  of 
great  benefit  in  this  respect.  The  small  addition  we  are  asking  is 
not  at  all  what  is  necessary  to  meet  the  situation  but  will  simply  be 
an  indication  of  the  sentiment  and  will  be  helpful  to  us.  I  ^ave  vou 
last  year  compari>.ons  with  a  gootl  many  of  the  eilm-atiomil  institu- 
tions. I  do  not  think  it  is  necessary  to  repeat  them  except  to  say 
that  in  the  leading  educational  institutions,  the  endowed  institutions 
and  State  universities,  the  average  salary  of  pnife.^sors  is  about  $1,500 
above  what  we  can  pay  in  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Mr.  Anderson.  What  is  that  averaged 

Doctor  Ball.  The  average  salaiv  ( 

Mr.  Andkksox.  Yes. 

Doctor  Ball.  About  So, 500,  and  we  only  have  eight  j>o>itions.  you 
see,  at  that.     That  average  is  mnde  up  of  salaries  that   run  from 


i 


1t 


518  AGRICULTURAL  APPnOPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

$4,000  to  SI 0,000.  Now,  averages  are  deceptive,  because  it  is  not 
the  average  man  who  leads  the  work,  it  is  the  exceptional  man,  and 
all  of  these  institutions  have  maximum  salaries  which  are  up  to 
$7,500,  $8,000,  and  $10,000,  and  they  arc  therebj^  enabled  to  hold  the 
exceptional  men  by  using  those  maximums. 

During  this  year  we  have  lost  a  number  of  our  strongest  men  to         1  \ 
other  governments  and  to  other  institutions.    On  the  1st  of  January  ' 

one  of  our  strong  scientific  men  is  going  out  as  the  dean  of  one  of 
the  agricultural  schools.  That  is  good.  We  want  to  have  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  workers  change  back  and  forth  with  the  State 
institutions;  it  should  be  so.  But  we  want  to  be  in  a  position  to 
take  them  the  other  way.  We  offered  the  dean  of  a  college  a  posi- 
tion with  the  department,  but  we  could  not  get  him;  we  simply  can  | 
not  get  the  leadership  we  want  under  the  conditions  that  exist.  ' 

We  have  no  hope  of  getting  a  man  who  holds  the  position  of  dean  in 
an  institution,  and  yet  those  institutions  are  in  a  position  to  offer 
positions  to  our  men.  Five  or  six  of  our  men  have  had  an  oppor- 
tunity to  accept  deanships,  but  the  fact  that  recognition  was  made 
of  the  possibilities  and  opportunities  in  scientific  work  in  the  depart- 
ment this  year  probablv  saved  all  but  one  of  those  men  from  accept- 
ing the  ofi'ers,  while  if  our  maximum  had  ramained  at  $4,500  we 
would  have  lost  several  of  those  men.  % 

Mr.  Wason.  Do  you  not  think  that  if  we  made  the  salaries  in  your  S 

department   comparable   with   the   salaries    of   the   large    endowed  i 

institutions  of  the  country  you  would  still  find  the  same  embarassing 
situation  of  being  unable  to  draw  leaders  from  those  institutions 
that  3'^ou  find  now  ? 

Doctor  Ball.  We  would  have  diflTiculty,  but  we  would  be  able  to 
draw  leadership  from  those  institutions  not  quite  as  favorably 
located  as  to  salaries.  There  is  a  wonderful  opportunity  for  a  man 
in  taking  charge  of  a  great  national  project,  but  that  does  not  make 
up  for  inability  to  keep  his  family  m  decency  and  comfort.  If  we 
could  pay  enough  so  that  a  m.an  could  live  in  Washington  comfort- 
ably, just  reasonably  comfortable,  the  same  way  he  can  live  in  these 
other  places,  I  would  have  no  fear  of  our  inability  to  get  that  leader- 
ship, but  we  must  reach  that  point.  We  do  not  need  to  bid  against 
commercial  salaries  and  that  would  not  bo  ne'cessary.  Then,  some 
day  we  must  consider  the  question  of  better  retirement  privileges 
for  scientific  men. 

The  present  retirement  act,  as  j^ou  understand,  is  entirely  based 
on  the  great  body  of  clerks;  it  was  not  intended  especially  to  cover 
scientific  men.  It  is  fairly  adequate  for  the  average  salaries  of  the 
clerical  force,  but  it  is  absolutely  inadequate  as  to  scientific  men,  so 
that  the  first  need  is  a  gooil  salary  and  then  good  retirement  privi- 
leges. Wlien  that  day  comes,  the  Government  will  have  no  trouble 
in  holding  leadership.  I  hope  that  the  day  will  come  when  men  will 
be  moving  back  and  forth  freely  between  colleges,  universities,  and 
the  Department  of  Agriculture,  ])ut  we  must  have  the  day  come  when 
it  is  not  all  a  movement  out  and  not  a  movement  in. 

Mr.  BuciiAXAX.  JIave  you  any  ick'a  as  to  how  many  scientific 
investigators  you  have  in  the  department? 

Doctor  Ball.  We  have  ajiproximately  3,740;  at  least,  that  is  the 
estimate  made  a  year  ago.  On  that  same  basis  of  figuring,  all  the 
other  Government  departments  together  luive  about  3,200. 


AiiiMct'bTlKAi,  Ai'iMtoi»uiAiMi.>   laia^  i-^:*.  610 

iNCRKASKi*  Arrnoi'KiATioNs  rem  krahh'atiov  uohk 


I  I'     r>t    M   11  1       C   1| 


t  ro- 


Voiir  <"linir(iuili  ask«Ml  a  <|ii 
cronsin«:i:  ju)i)r()|)ri.ili<)ns  for  pests  mul  <li-  i 

whiit  the  Srrrrtnrv  sa'ul  in  iT{janl  to  th«»  opportunity  of  c\ 
these  ovcrhends   tlinf    nrr  now  uttiiekinj,'  n^'riniltiin-.   n- 
that  Tin(|uosliorial>ly  will  he  hrou^lit  into  lliis  eoiinti' 
tlu'  ciroits  wp  nuikr  in  tho  fnturo.     It  sh«»nM  also  he 
while  yon  arc  considerinp  thoso  thinpi,  that  that  money  ia  wonder- 
fully \M'II  rxprtidcd  and  that  while  it  is  a  splendid  irr 

appropriations  must  not  he  nnide  at  the  expense  of  th .,.. 

of  the  denartnu'tit.  which  makes  such  thinp<  ns  that  po-sihie  . 
future.     Vour  harherry  eradi<'ation,  which  was  referred  t<»,  hnn  Iktii 
a  woiKJeiful  example  of  what   a  small  amount   of  ip  ' 

rcseanh  has  l)e('n  ahle  to  accoinphsh  in  the  wav  of  <  .. 
reHr>f  to  the  agricultural  people,  nut  the  whole  )iar!)erry  e 
eampaiijn  could  not  p()ssd)ly  have  heen  undertaken  unles 
searcli  had  heen  earned  on.     So  practically  every  eradi     *  un- 

nai<:^n  is  tlie  residt  of  research  that  must  he  earned  on  ;  .nd. 

Then  wlien  it  comes  to  a  point  where  yon  can  eradicate  a.  pest  or  n 
(lisease,  the  people  arc  readj'  to  support  tlie  method  pre 

Take  tuhercidosis  eradication.  Tliey  are  putting:  uj*  >••  "nO.fXX) 
and  SS, 000, 000  at  this  time  for  tuberculosis  eradication  without  as 
much  effort  on  the  part  of  our  department  or  of  your  committee  as 
there  was  to  get  ?2(),00()  to  investigate  the  possil)ility  of  tuhereulosis 
eradication  some  seven  years  ago. 

So  1  want  to  emphasize  at  this  time  that  this  is  a  ven*'  mu<*h  reduced 
budget,  reduced  as  compared  with  last  year  and  verv  much  re<luccd 
as  compared  to  the  growth  of  work  in  agri<ulture  in  the  Nation — that 
is,  every  3ear  aCTicultural  production  is  increasing;  it  is  increasing  in 
complexity,  and  it  is  increasing  fi*()m  the  standpoint  that  each  addi- 
tional law  passed  by  Confess  looking  toward  the  relief  of  agricul- 
tural conditions  has  placed  added  duties  on  the  department,  so  that 
at  tile  same  time  the  budget  of  the  department  is  increased  it  is 
increased  by  the  addition  of  new  duties  much  more  largely  than  it 
has  been  bv  an  increase  of  work  in  connection  with  the  hues  already 
being  carried  on.  So  in  this  budget  we  have  tried  all  the  way 
through,  by  as  much  reorganization  as  possible,  to  emphasize  the 
research  feature,  to  hand  over  to  the  States  the  demonstration  and 
extension  work  and  to  keep  that  which  is  absolutely  essential  f<»r 
national  development  in  the  way  of  maintenance  of  n'«;cairch  intact. 
While  this  does  not  represent  a  l)ud<;;et  comparable  with  the  develop- 
ment of  agriculture  us  a  whole  or  the  complexity-  of  agriculture  as  a 
whole,  it  does  represent  what  the  conditions  at  this  time  warrant. 
I  think  that  is  all  1  have*  to  say. 

Mr.  Lee.  You  ha^  e  discovered  that  the  barberry  is  not  the  only 
source  of  rust,  have  you  not  i 

Doctor  Ball.  No:  it  is  just  the  contrary.  Tiiey  iiave  alway>  he- 
lieved,  up  until  within  the  last  10  yeai-s,  that  while  the  rust  went  from 
the  wheat  to  the  barberry  and  back  to  the  wheat  that  it  aJso  lived 
over  the  winter  and  was  able  to  go  right  from  the  wheat  to  the  wheal, 
so  that  the  barberry  was  not  necessary.  The  fundament  id  discovery 
which  was  made  was  that  in  the  northern  part  of  this  country,  from 
Kentucky  and  Kansas  north,  in  the  great  wheat-growing  region,  this 


520  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1921. 


II 


Friday,  Decemuer  1,  1922. 

new  ibeklv  (la.)  experimental  station. 

STATEMENT  OF  HON.  W,  P.  MARTIN,  A  REPRESENTATIVE  IN 
CONGRESS  FROM  THE  STATE  OF  LOUISIANA. 

Mr.  Anderson,  'Vho  coininittoo  will  return  to  page  'M7,  the  item 
relatinoj  to  experiments  and  demonst  rat  ions  in  live-stock  produetion 
in  the  eane-sujj;ar  and  cotton  districts  of  the  United  States,  for  the 
piirj)()se  of  liearin<^  Senator  Kansdell  and  r^onjj^ressman  Martin,  in 
whose  (hstrict,  I  assume,  this  station  is  loeaTed. 

Mr.  Martin.  Yes. 


ii 


pest  was  not  able  to  live  over  the  winter  and  infect  the  gi'owing  wheat 
except  as  it  went  through  the  barberry. 

Mr.  Lee.  Then  if  you  destroy  all  the  barl)erries  you  think  you  will 
have  no  more  rust '( 

Doctor  Ball.  If  we  destroy  absolutely  all  of  the  barberries  in  the 
northern  region,  then  all  of  the  rust  they  could  liaAC  in  the  northern 
wheat-growmg  section  would  be  what  blew  up  from  the  southern 
region,  where  it  can  live  over  the  winter. 

Mr.  Lee.  There  was  something  said  here  last  year  to  the  effect  that 
some  other  growth  or  host  plant  caused  the  rust. 

Doctor  Ball.  That  is  in  the  South.  The  funny  thing  is  that  in  the 
South  the  barberries  do  not  carry  the  rust  because,  you  see,  it  lives 
over  on  the  wheat  and  does  not  ordinarily  form  the  stage  that  goes 
to  the  barbemes.     So  that  in  the  Sijuth  the  barbemes  are  not  the  ,|| 

carriers,  but  in  the  North  they  are  the  only  carriers  of  rust.     That  is  * 

something  which  was  not  known  before  and  it  is  the  revei'se  of  what 
was  taught  us  in  the  beginning. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  A  gentleman  appeared  before  us  who  had  been 
sent  to  Europe  to  study  this  condition;  he  made  a  very  thorough 
investigation,  as  the  result  of  which  it  was  demonstrated  that  in  tne 
colder  climates  the  rust  is  carried  only  through  the  barberries. 

Mr.  Lee.  I  was  in  doubt  about  that  because  there  was  something 
in  the  hearings  last  year  to  the  effect  that  they  thought  they  had 
discovered  some  other  plant. 

Doctor  Ball.  All  of  us  thought  that,  but  it  has  now  been  demon-  i 

strated  that  the  barberry  is  the  only  carrier  in  the  northern  section  4 

of  the  country.  There  are  hundreds  of  other  opportunities  to  take 
from  agriculture  overheads  it  is  now  carrying,  liKe  the  rust,  as  soon 
as  our  scientific  work  is  carried  to  the  point  where  we  feel  sure  we 
have  the  method  necessary  and  the  money  necessary.  We  are  hoping 
to  be  able  to  obtain  money  very  soon  to  make  a  test  of  the  possibility 
of  getting  those  warbles  out  of  the  backs  of  cattle.  There  is  no 
question  but  what  it  would  not  cost  much  more  to  take  those  warbles 
out  of  the  backs  of  cattle  than  is  represented  in  the  damage  they  do 
in  one  year,  and  if  we  expended  that  amount  of  mone\'  for  two  years, 
or  possibly  three  years,  we  would  be  rid  of  that  pest  forever.  That 
is  only  one  of  a  large  number  of  plant  diseases  and  insect  pests  which, 
when  the  time  becomes  ripe,  we  will  be  willing  to  say  we  will  under- 
take to  eliminate. 


.■♦ 


■> 


I 


AORICULTrRAI.   APIMK  iFMtlATIf  >  V    nir  i       I.    i  52  J 

Mr.  AsuKKSON.   \Vr  will  U-  ;;lu.l  to  lu«ar  vi»ii,  Mr.  Mnrliii. 

Mr.  MvuTiN.  Mr.  Clminmiri.  I  want  to  t''      '  '  i,, 

opportunity  to  Jmvr  this  liearm^^  at  tins  i i 

that  unless  I  was  thorotijrhly  <*oin  inr«'<l  that  it  uo»il.l  !>«.  , 
discoiitinin'  this  stock  farm  in  [..ouisiana.  I  woiijcl  not   n«*k  for  ihw 
ln'ariii};.      I  am  entirely  eonsri«>ntioi!s  in  the  ?: r 

I  want  to  state  that  since  this  matter  en,  _.  last   vr  ir  I   Khv^ 

instituto<l  a  thorou«;h  inveslioration  as  to  the  work  that  k* 

hy  (his  station  and  I  think  it  would  ho  a  rnlnmity  to  tin*  riiiirr  <»ulf 
coast  if  this  station  were  discontinued. 

You  jrentlemen,  of  rourso,  are  familiar  with  the  history-  of  it.  li 
was  eatal)lished  in  !<»14,  at  the  time  the  rnderwood  hiU'waM  pajM«d 
and  suirar  was  put  unon  tlu'  free  list,      it  was  thou;rht  at  t"  nt* 

that  our  peo[)lc  would  have  to  po  into  hom(>thini;  i'l.s«'  !  •  ir 

raisin«;  of  su«;ar  cane.     At  that  time  hundreds  of  our  |.  at 

into  tlio  business  of  cattle  raisinj;  and  they  have  continued  in  it  erer 
since.  Some  of  them  are  raisin}^  cattle  alone  and  an*  n<»t  cti^raj^ed  in 
any  other  husiness:  others  are  raisin;;  cattle  in  connection  willi  the 
cano  industry,  utilizing  the  highhnuls  for  the  raisinj;  of  cane  and  iho 
lowlands  for  the  raising  of  cattle.  My  invwtifjation  showed  m«» 
that  since  1".)14  between  10  and  lA  dairies  have  been  established  in 
that  section  of  the  country. 

Mr.  Andkuson.  Do  you  mean  creameries^ 

Mr.  M.vuTiN.  X(»;  dairies  for  tlie  juirpose  of  ship|)mp  nulk  and 
butter.  J5y  that  I  do  not  nn'an  that  people  luiv«»  S  or  10  cows  and 
utilize  their  surplus  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the  markets  in  the 
neifjhborinor  towns,  etc.,  but  I  mean  genuine  dairies  whid^  have 
been  erected  at  a  cost  of  thousands  of  dollai"s.  under  tlie  supervision 
of  the  boartl  of  health  of  the  State  of  Louisiana.  Many  of  the  build- 
ings are  made  of  concrete  and  they  have  from  'ioO  to  300  cows. 
Their  butter  and  cream  are  shipped  to  Houston,  to  Galveston,  and 
to  New  Orleans,  those  places  being  the  markets  for  them.  In  ad<li- 
tion  to  that  there  are  from  oOO  to  1.000  people  directly  inten^sted  in 
tbe  raising  of  cattle.  I  want  to  state  that  last  year,  at  the  time 
the  discontinuance  of  this  farm  was  threatened,  there  was  a  mass 
meeting  called  in  that  section  and  they  pass(Ml  a  set  vf  <       '  is. 

That  mass  meetin^r.  I  want  to  sav,  wa<  titt.Mideil  In  ."oo  '  nl 

they  passed  the  following  resolutions: 

NSTioreas  the  Xationsvl  ConsTess  at  \Vai»hinpt<.»n.  Iwinp  ini|>rcfMHl  with  the  im' 

forwcuriiisrexjH>rlmental  ijata  on  the  livf'-sfock  iiuhistrv  ill 

tt>rriton-  of  the  South.  estal)Ii.<hetl.  .-joine  six  yc.irs  a'_'i>.  lui  '^ 

.^0()  acres  of  huid  donateil  for  that  imn^o'*'*  ''>'  the  State  of  I 

Bayou  Teche.  between  Jcanerette  an<l  New  Iberia;  an<i  sim.     .... 

fix  years  of  its  oixration.  has  put  uj>  a  scricH  of  buil'liiiir'  for  |»r<  >n 

investitrafions  in  oeef  cattle,  cjairyinu'.  ho'_'  raisinira-   '         '  '  >n 

of  mulef!.  u.-'iim  in  tliis  work  lomije  rroj>t'  an-l  the  by  ;  n; 

and 

Whereas  these  experiments  are  now  well  under  way  for  !»<•.  nrjn-  tin-  m.  *.t  \aIiiaM»' 
data  for  the  cane,  riee,  and  cotton  Bection  of  the  South:  Th 

Rcxnlird,  That  we  expre.'»f<  t"  the  Federal  ('i)nt:re.xs  our  anpr.'.  la;  i  v 

that  has  leeu  rendered  in  makini:  this<  work  a  fiu<  .-ss.  and  that  w.>  'ir 

veryjjreat  h  »pee  for  .s.-rurint:  re.-<ults  tliruuj;h  thi.-<  work  that  w  «e 

to  the  iHjople  of  the  South.     The  results  of  cxperiment.H  iii  't 

pasture  crops,  silage,  and  f<»ra£:o  that  ran  be  most  pn'titaldy  u.^1  i  n  the 

rabinw  of  hi'jjs  and  steers,  has  rreated  a  jrreat   interest  in  this  w  ■■'  •»! 

l>eople  who  have  seen  the  results*.     There  is  no  data  at  this  time  <  i»t 

which  is  now  being  secured  l>y  the  Iberia  Live  Sto«k  Kx|H>rimenf  tarui  lu  tsUiiiJih- 


522  AUllUULTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1!*24. 

ing  the  feeding  value  of  the  by-producta  of  rice,  sugar  cane,  and  cott<>n  in  the  pro- 
duction of  live  stock  and  live-stock  products:  therefore  he  it  further 

Resolved.  That  we  earnestly  request  our  Representatives  in  Congress  U>  urge  upon 
that  body  the  necessity  for  placing  the  Iberia  Live  Stock  Exj^eriiuent  Farm  on  a  basis 
that  will  insure  a  continuation  of  these  investigations  for  at  least  several  years  to  c<>me 

These  resolutions  were  passed  too  late  last  year,  Mr.  Chnirman, 
for  me  to  present  them  to  the  committee. 

Now,  fjontlemen,  1  want  to  call  your  attention  to  some  of  the 
work  that  this  farm  is  doincj.  I  have  in  my  hand  the  livestock 
'Reporter  that  is  printed  at  Fort  Worth,  Tex.,  and  I  want  to  read 
this  to  you  for  the  purpose  of  shoNving  that  Texas  is  directly  inter- 
ested in  the  maintenance  of  this  farm.  It  is  the  only  stock  farm 
on  the  Gulf  coast;  they  are  making  studies  in  ot«her  portions  of  the 
country  but  there  is  no  other  farm  of  this  kind  on  the  Gulf  coast. 

TEXAS    .STEEHS,    FINISHED    IN    LOUISIANA,    THEN    SOLD    HERE,    MAKE    BIC.    KETCRN. 

Iberia  Experiment  Station  sslls  two  cars  of  cattle  on  this  market  at  .|8.7.5.  Louisiana 
offers  good  field  for  cattle  business. 

Two  cars  of  fed  steers  from  the  Iberia  Experiment  Station  at  Jeauerette.  La., 
finished  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  food  value  of  «liffercnl  rations  an<l  also  | 

to  afford  a  comparison  in  gains  between  native  Louisiana  cattle  and  those  of  better 
breeding  from  other  States,  were  sold  on  the  Fort  Worth  market  late  Saturday  at 
•^8.75,  a  new  top  for  the  year. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Wliat  is  the  date  of  that  paper  ? 

Mr.  Martix.  The  date  of  the  paper  is  Monday,  May  1,  1922. 

The  steers  averaged  962  pounds  and  were  purchased  by  Swift  A  Co.  All  were  de- 
horned. 

J.  R?  Quisenberry,  live-stock  specialist  in  charge,  who  accompanied  the  shipment 
to  market,  explained  that  one  car  consisted  of  Hereford  cattle  purchsTd  last  spring 
from  the  Scharl)aiier  Cattle  Co..  of  Miflland,  and  the  other  load  wa^  made  un  of  native 
Louisiana  steers  produced  from  grade  cows  bred  by  Hereford  bulls. 

Results  of  the  experiment  were  favoral)le  to  the  native  Louisiana  cattle.  At  (he 
completion  of  the  test  they  outweighed  the  Texa;?  steers,  and  they  made  faster  gains  il 

both  when  on  grass  and  when  on  feed.     However,  the  Texas-raised   cattle  made  j| 

splendid  advancement,  regardless  of  the  fact  that  they  were  taken  to  strange  pastures  ' 

where  conditions  were  much  changed,  the  country  being  low  and  marshy,  and  their 
performance  was  most  creditable  as  well  as  profitable.  The  experiment  tends  to  show 
that  Texas  cattle  are  well  adapted  to  the  Louisiana  climate,  and,  when  properly 
handled,  will  make  gains  similar  to  those  of  the  native  Louisiana  steers.  After  all 
expenses  had  been  figured,  freight  charges  from  Midland  to  Jeanerette  and  then  l^ack 
to  the  Fort  Worth  market  included,  the  Texas  steers  produced  a  profit  of  around  !f4 
per  head. 

That  was  the  result  obtained  from  steers  shipped  to  the  Fort  Worth 
market  after  having  been  fattened  on  this  farm.  [  want  to  state  iu 
(connection  with  this,  that  during  this  same  year  they  had  something 
of  a  drought  in  Texas  and  hundreds  of  cattle  were  shipped  to  the  low 
lands  of  Louisiana  and  put  on  what  is  known  as  paye  Finne  hay, 
wliich  grows  wild  iu  the  lowlands.  They  were  all  taken  to  Louisiana, 
fattened  there  and  sold  on  the  market  at  a  good  prolit. 

In  connection  with  that  I  want  to  tell  you  about  some  otlier-  work 
that  is  beinj;  done  there.  The  sugar  farms  of  Louisiana  are  cultivati^d 
almost  entirely  by  what  is  known  as  the  Kentucky  and  Missouri 
mule.  I  do  not  know  whether  jmju  know  them  or  not  but  they  are 
vciy  large  nudes,  unci  it  takes  a  very  large  mide  to  break  up  the  stitf 
land  where  cane,  corn,  and  cotton  are  grown.  The  price  of  tluxso 
mules  runs  from  $2.'')0  to  $800  apiece,  so  that  this  farm  has  been  ex- 
|)erinienting  in  the  raising  of  nudes  and  they  have  found  that  just  as 
line  intdes  can  l)e  raised  ii>  thai  section,  just  ais  large  and  give  just  as 


AGIUCULTUIIAI.  AI'PllOI'RIATIOX    nilJ.,    IVU.  58$ 

jijoiul  n-sults.  as  run  Im»  raised  in  Kcntiirky  aiui  Nfi*cs(iiin.      Ifrrr-  i/n 
picturo  of  one  of  thr  mulo  ntlts  and  n  ••oupic  of  miili-H  pn 
};rown.     Those  were  rai><«Ml  upon  tluit  fnnii. 

In  addition  to  that,  Mr.  Chairnian,  thry  havi*  mnrff^  ;  ' 

raisiii'^  hoj^s.      Heretofore  we  thouj^ht    that    th»'  ordv  \'.  i 

raise  no^s  in  tho  South  and  in  I.ouisiana  was  by  feedit  »  corn: 

that    was    rather   expensivr.  hccauso    nu»st    <»f   the   • 

utilized  for  the  purj)ose  of  fcMMhng  the  nud«».s,  nnt\  v. 

raise  enon<^li  corn  on  n  wupir  farm  to  feed  the  niulrs.     W 
one-third  of  a  phmtation  is  j)hir)ted  in  eorn  and  tw«»-thirdH  in  eji 
but  that  ono-tliird  will  not  feed  thr  rnnles.      It  takrn  frc.m  Hi  f..  jd 
niulos  to  cultivate  100  a<Tos.     Tiiey  frcd  all  of  tlu!  corn  rai-^ed  l>tf<.r>' 
the  end  of  the  your  and  then  have  to  buy  some  feed  of  H<»me  ki    ' 
It  is  usually  a  mixed  feed;  they  mix  tlie  feed  and  titili/.c  their  ' 
nroduet  of  hlackstrai)  for  the  j)ur[)(»;e  of  mixin;^  it   with   thr  f 
i^ut   they  have  found  (hat  wo  <-an  raiso  plenty  of  hoj^s  by  utili/ 
the  by-products  of  rico  and  fora<je  an<l  not  using  any  eorn  at  all. 
This  picture  shows  soTn(*  of  the  hoj^  that  luive  been  raised  on  that 
farm  in  that  way  and,  «;entlemen,  you  <an  see  the  condition  they  arc 
in. 

Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  I  want  to  direct  your  attention  to  tho  wav 
in  which  the  results  of  the  experiments  on  this  farm  arc  dissomitiutcd 
amiwii;  tiie  farmers.  It  is  done  in  two  ways.  In  the  first  pla<  «>, 
about  twice  a  year  they  hold  what  they  call  a  field  day:  people  from 
all  over  that  section  gather  on  that  farm  and  the  superintendent 
of  this  farm  and  Doctor  Dodson,  who  is  a  memlxM'  of  the  commi' 
appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to  help  run  the  fa;.;.. 
exhibit  the  rattle,  give  lectures  to  the  farmers,  and  tell  them  <»f  the 
results  of  the*  experiments.  In  addition  to  that  the  State  of  Louisiana, 
through  its  experimental  station,  jiuts  out  a  bulletin  two  or  three 
times  a  year  givin<j  the  results  of  all  of  the  experiments  as  to  the 
feeding  and  the  raising  of  cattle  that  have  been  conducted  on  Ibis 
farm,  and  the.se  bulletins  are  generally  distribute<l  throughout  the 
cattle-raising  section.  Besides  that  tlicy  have  bovs'  clubs  that  are 
interested  in  the  raising  of  cattle  and  pigs;  they  bring  them  down  to 
the  farm  and  lecture  to  them.  Here  is  a  picture  of  one  of  the  boys' 
clubs  on  that  farm.     Here  are  some  more  of  the  cattle  that  are  on  it. 

Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  I  want  to  make  this  statement:  When  T  ^ I 

that  the  Department  of  Agriculture  had  recommended  the 
tinuance  of  this  farm  Senator  Brou.ssard, Senator  Kansdell.and  myself 
went  to  see  the  Secretary  of  Agiiculture,  Do<'tor  Mohler,  and  Doctoi 
Taylor,  to  find  out  whetlier  they  had  made  such  a  recommendation. 
Every  one  of  these  gentlemen  said  most  positively  they  had  not; 
that  thev  had  included  in  their  recommendations  the  experimental 
farm  at  Iberia  and  that  they  were  stronglv  in  favor  of  its  co- 

that  it  had  done  good  work,  but  they  said  that  when  they  \\i ..    .- 

the  Bureau  of  the  Budget  they  were  told  tliey  had  to  cut  down  certain 
items.  Among  those  they  had  to  cut  down  was  the  ap{)ropriation 
for  the  cattle  tick  and  the  appropriation  for  hog  ch(»ler!i:  then  they 
were  told  that  tliey  had  to  cut  down  certain  of  these  experimental 
farms,  and  they  said  thev  recommended  the  discontinuance,  I  be- 
lieve, of  two,  one  in  Oklahoma  and  the  farm  at  New  Iberia,  for  the 
reason  that  the  financial  returns  of  these  farms  were  not  equal  to 
those  of  otlier  faiins  in  tho  couiitrv. 


. 


524  AGRICULTURAL  APPR(3PRL\TI0N   BILL,   1924. 


Now,  1  want  to  state  that  so  far  as  the  New  Iberia  farm  is  con- 
cerned the  returns  have  averaged  between  S7.000  and  S20,000;  the 
average,  I  should  say,  was  between  SIS.OOO  and  $14,000  from  that 
farm,  and  I  think  \-ou  will  find  that  in  1922  there  was  an  appreciable 
increase  in  the  returns,  so  that  this  amount  must  be  taken  from  any 
appropriation  that  is  made  by  the  conunittee  because  that  amount 
is  returned  to  the  Treasury.  But,  Mr.  Chairman,  the  good  tliat  that 
farm  is  doing  in  that  section  of  the  country  is  certainly  worth  more 
than  .?20,000  or  S2o,000  to  this  country.  I  think  if  3-ou  could  see 
the  interest  the  people  in  that  section  are  taking  in  stock  farming 
and  the  great  number  that  have  gone  into  the  cattle  business — and  1 
have  stated  that  there  are  between  500  and  1,000  actually  engtxged 
in  the  business — and  the  dairies  that  have  sprung  up  all  over  the 
country,  I  do  not  think  you  gentlemen  would  entertain  for  a  minute 
any  suggestion  of  its  discontinuance. 

Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  if  there  are  any  questions  that  you  gentlemen 
desire  to  ask  in  regard  to  the  operation  of  tliis  farm  I  a^tII  be  very 
glad  indeed  to  answer  them. 

Mr.  Andersox.  I  have  the  impression  that  the  people  not  only 
in  Louisiana  but  tlu-oughout  the  coastal  plains  area  of  the  South 
ought  to  have  considerable  help  with  their  stock  problems,  but  along 
with  that,  so  far  as  this  particular  station  is  concerned,  I  have  the 
impression  that  the  station  is  not  well  located. 

Mr.  Martix.  Well,  I  know  how  jou  got  that  impression,  because 
you  were  kind  enough  to  tell  me  last  year,  but  I  want  to  state  that 
that  is  a  mistake.  To  begin  with,  I  want  to  describe  to  you  the 
country  down  there.  This  is  located  on  Bayou  Teche.  Our  country 
is  all  alluvial.     The  highest  point  there  is  not  10  feet  above  sea  level. 

Senator  Raxsdell.  He  means  land  that  has  been  made  b}'  the 
overflows  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Mr.  Martix.  Allien  you  begin  at  the  Teche  the  land  is  rather  high; 
then  it  begins  to  slope  back  and  reaches  what  is  known  as  the  swamp. 
The  front  portion  of  that  land  will  grow  anj^thing  in  the  way  of  corn, 
hay,  oats,  alfalfa  and  clover.  jj 

Mr.  Magee.  Is  it  black  soil  ? 

Mr.  ALvimx.  No;  that  is  sandy  soil;  but  when  you  go  back  you 
gradually  get  to  the  black  soil  that  is  subject  to  overflows.  That  soil 
grows  a  hay  which,  in  food  value,  is  way  beyond  eitlire  alfalfa  or  I 
clover.  It  is  a  hay  known  as  pave  Finne.  It  grows  in  abundance  ' 
where  the  soil  is  damp;  it  grows  wild  down  there  but  it  can  be  trans- 
planted. You  can  dig  it  up  by  the  roots,  transplant  it,  and  it  will 
grow  ver}^  well  in  other  places. 

Mr.  Lee.  Is  it  anything  like  Bermuda  grass  ? 

Mr.  Martlv.  No;  it  is  not.  Tlie  cattle  will  go  up  to  their  stomachs 
in  mud  to  eat  this  paye  Finne  hay  and  get  fat  on  it  in  the  winter. 
Vou  do  not  have  to  feed  them  when  they  eat  paye  Finne  hay;  you 
do  nol  liave  to  feed  them  anything  at  all  but  let  them  feed  on  this 
paye  Finne  hay,  because  it  grows  as  well  in  the  winter  as  in  the 
suuwner. 

Senator  Ka.vsdell.  Tell  them  about  the  factories  which  are  making 
paye  Finne  feed. 

Mr.  Makti.n.  We  have  two  factories  down  there  which,  since  this 
experimental  station  has  established  the  value  of  tliis  paye  Finne 
hay,  are  manufacturing  a  mi.xed    feed    the  base  of  which  is  paye 


'P! 


AtiKK  lI.rrilAI,  AI'PIIOPKIATIOX    BIIJ,,    IW4.  526 

Kinno  hay.  iind  tliosc  fiithn  ii>  mr  si-llm;^   it  nil  ■. 

Thoy  mv  usinj;  this  jmyi'  I'^iimr-  hn\  ;  Uh'\  hic  iihih;;  ii  ..;  .        .,.; 

great  deal  of  hhu-kstrap  iiml  thoy  nrv  inakiii»»  n  iiiix«m|  f«»*Hl 

of  those  thitif^'s  and  are  scllin;^'  il  nil  ovrr  tin*  roimlry  for  diiii  h 

and  it   is  hnn<;  vrry  t'X(«'iisiv(>lv  uso<l.     So  it  Hcnt'     •  m 

nothing'  to  the  arj^umrnt   whirh   the  ApH-iilliiral    I'  ,  ■  ■* 

forward  with  n'j^ard  to  the  htnd  hi-inj;  loo  low.      \V»»  ran  i 
lliinjjj  else  on  tlu'  hi;^hlands.  Imt  thr  lowlands  ar<  1 

to  cattle  frcding,  and  all  of  thosr  cntlh'  I  spokr  -i  „-,  .,  n 

Fort   Worth.  Tex.,   hroiight    tlu-rr  and   fattmrd   np  and 
were  turned  out  on  this  paye  Kinne  ha\ 

Mr.  M.vciF.K.    Did  yon  say  how  nwiny  acnvN  thrrr  an*  ui  f  n  ? 

Mr.  M.vuTi.N.   1  will  j^ivi'  you  the  acrea^*'  exactly,     Tht  "'la 

Lej^islature  on  .July  9,  1014,  transferird  .')()(•  u<-n\s  to  the  A  ,d 

Department  for  this  farm: 

On  l"\l)niiiry  7,  liUS,   l.fi'iS  acroH  of  Iniui  were  dciMlfd  t«(  tin-  r 

K.  Saiulaj/cr  for  th<>  |)nri><)H<>  of  HUpplyiiiK  an  rn<n»>i.  ■•  i..  thi-  i.;,,,  .,,   ,.,;.,,(«• 

hichway. 

I'ndrr  ilatc  of  .\pril  1"),  1()1'>,  a  j>lof  of  20.1.')  a< n  -  oi  i  '       •      U)  thf  (|op«rt- 

aiont  for  a<l<litioiial  |>a.sturc  loUs,  tniH  Iraw  to  run  until  J 

Durinir  tlio  month  of  Manh,  l!tl7,  tho  ({••jnirtinnit,  under  m  with  tho 

Luui»iana  Stale  Kxpcriim'ut  Station,  wok  ),'iv«'n  thi'  ii-«.    f.ir  .  u..rl     of 

500  additional  acres  of  land  occupie<l  l>y  that  station 

So  there  are  ap|)roximately  525  aeres. 

Mr.  Magf.k.  Was  this  deeded  to  the  Government  outright  or  jusi 
given  for  exp<M'imental  purposes^ 

Mr.  MAimN.  It  is  given  hy  the  vState  for  just  as  long  as  the  (lov- 
ernment  wants  it,  free  of  any  charge. 

Mr.  Maokp:.  Are  these  500  acres  or  more  made  up  of  >andy  land 
and  alluvial  laml  i 

Mr.  Maktin.  This  farm  takes  in  hoth. 

Mr.  Maoee.  In  what  proportion  ( 

Mr.  AfAKTix.  I  shotdd  say  that  about  .'iOO  acres  aie  >aiidy  and 
about  200  acres  in  the  lowlands.  The  Bayou  Teche  runs  for  a  great 
many  miles.  I  made  a  mistake  in  the  number  of  acres  in  this  farm. 
It  is  1,025  acres  but  the  proportion  of  black  and  sandy  land  is  the 
same. 

vSenator  Buoussard.   It  rims  for  80  or  90  miles. 

Mr.  Maktin.  And  this  same  stretch  of  land  goes  right  along  there. 
All  of  our  country  is  built  up  of  bayous— Havou  Teche,  Bayou  I^ 
Fourche,  or  some  bayou;  the  land  being  on  the  bank  of  the  bayou, 
runs  back  and  linully  readu's  the  swamp.  The  live  stock,' Innldings, 
and  machinery  on  that  farm  are  valued  at  about  $70,000.  There  are 
some  very  linc^  buildings  on  it,  and  these  woidd  have  to  be  torn  tlown 
and  would  iro  to  waste  in  the  event  tlie  (Imn  frmnent  «li-.oiitmii<wl 
the  farm. 

Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  1  have  taken  un  about  as  mucii  time  tvs  i 
feel  I  ought  to.  Senator  Uansdell  has  been  on  this  farm  and  seen 
the  work;  Senator  Broussard  lives  within  a  mile  of  this  farm  and  is 
him.self  a  cattle  raiser.  He  has  a  cattle  farm  within  a  raile  or  two 
of  this  one.  where  he  has  250  or  :i00  cattle,  and  he  can  tell  you  the 
results  he  has  obtained  from  this  farm. 

Mr.  BrcHANAN.   Do  they  raise  these  cinps  (»ti  the  high  (tr  low  Ian«l.-»l 

Mr.  Mahtin.  They  plant  in  both. 


526  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Is  there  any  question  or  difficulty  about  the 
drainage  of  these  lands? 

Mr.  I^Tartin.  I  know  there  is  not  in  connection  with  the  land  on 
which  this  paye  Finne  liay  grows,  because  that  raises  itself.  As 
to  the  other  land,  there  is  natural  gravity  drainage  back  toward  the 
low  lands;  the  drainage  is  toward  the  swamp  and  not  toward  the 
bayou. 

Senator  Raxsdell.  Has  it  not  the  same  drainage  that  the  sugar 
lands  in  that  entire  section  have  ? 

Mr.  Martin.  The  same  kind. 

Senator  Ransdell.  As  I  understand  it,  these  londs  have  the  same 
kind  of  drainage  that  the  lands  have  which  are  adapted  to  the  growing 
of  sugar  cane  and  other  crops. 

Mr.  Martin.  Dr.  W.  R.  Dodson,  the  dean  and  director  of  the 
Agricultural  Experimental  Station  in  Louisiana,  and  who  is  one 
of  the  committee  in  charge  of  this  station,  has  wired  me  that  he  has 
forwarded  a  statement  setting  forth  the  important  work  being  done 
by  this  farm.  Let  me  say  that  Doctor  Dodson  is  most  highly  thought 
of  in  the  State  of  Louisiana  and  has  done  a  great  deal  in  the  way  of 
getting  our  people  interested  in  cattle  raising.  His  statements  can 
be  absolutelv  relied  upon. 

I  would  now  like  to  have  you  hear  from  Senator  Broussard. 

STATEMENT    OF    HON.    EDWIN    S.    BROUSSARD,    A    SENATOR 
FROM  THE  STATE  OF  LOUISIANA. 

Senator  Broussard.  I  do  not  know  what  particular  facts  you 
would  like  to  iuquu-e  about,  but  I  would  be  pleased  to  answer  any 
questions  the  committee  desires  to  ask. 

Mr.  Lee.  Tell  us  about  your  farm. 

Senator  Broussard.  I  am  very  familiar  with  this  particular  land; 
in  fact,  at  one  time  this  plantation,  before  the  State  acquu'ed  it, 
was  owned  by  my  father-in-law.  This  land  is  just  alongsicle  of  and 
was  taken  from  the  convict  farm,  what  we  call  the  Hope  State  farm, 
which  is  a  convict  farm. 

Senator  Ransdell.  How  far  is  your  home  from  this  farm  ? 

Senator  Broussard.  I  live  at  New  Iberia,  which  is  about  6  miles 
from  there,  but  I  was  born  and  brought  up  just  4  miles  from  there, 
in  another  direction.  I  might  say  tliis,  that  the  Hope  farm  is  the  one 
farm  belonging  to  the  State  that  has  always  paici;  it  pays  money 
every  year,  when  other  farms  have  lost  money  occasionally.  There 
is  some  black  land  in  this  farm;  in  fact,  if  you  understand  the  alluvial 
formation,  the  highest  points  are  next  to  tlie  streams  and  all  the 
lands  drain  away  from  the  streams.  The  land  close  to  the  streams 
is  usually  very  sandy  and  then  it  changes  until  in  tlie  rear  it  gets  to 
be,  in  some  places,  black  soil. 

Mr.  Lee.  The  black  soil  is  more  productive,  is  it  not? 

Senator  Broussard.  It  is  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  when  you 
get  much  belter  results  than  you  will  from  sandy  soil. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  diilicult  v  the  department  presents,  as  1  imder- 
stand  it,  is  that  this  Idack  soil,  particularly  at  certain  times  of  the 
year,  is  very  wet,  and  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  get  on  it  in  order  to 
do  the  necessary  work  in  prejiaring  it  for  crops,  and  that  it  has  a 
tendency  to  Ix'conic  very  hard  when  it  dries,  and  that  the  consetjuenco 


AOIU<  TM  Ti  J5M.    M>nto|«KI.\TtO.\    IlILl^    l«4.  627 

of  thiH  situation  iius  horn  that  tlw  fnrni  Uns  nol  |iriNluri<<|  rnmij^h  l4> 

support  the  nnmluT  <»f  <  uttlr  tliay  hnvr  lia<i  tin 
ini))()rtati()n  of  a  <  ouNJdrraltlr  amount  of  fisMJ.  v 
station  vorv  oxprnsivo  to  maintain.     That,  an  1  i 
sum  and  sul>stan<-o  of  tiic  proposition  for  discontinuing;  it 

Senator  Bkoissakd.    If  you  air  faiinliar  with  ihr  •!  u  of 

thi'  hind  th(MT,  all  tht-  pastJirt's  hic  on  thr  |...v    i>  fi-i.n;  il| 

thcsandysoil.      If  any  >andy  soil  was  sought  t :  ;ldlN>i<  .'<d, 

and  you  ( ould  have  your  sandy  hmd  undrr  rullivntion.  or  a  part  of 
it  Miidor  rnlti\  ntion.      As  1  rciiicmlM'r  thr  farm,  all  ihr  havou   fr    •  • 
and  what  is  the  most  sandy  |>art,  is  in  open,  pusturc  laiitl.    Of-  •■ 
it  has  hcon   planted  in  ditlerent  ^ra>ses.   mid  1  think  it  h  on  <* 

fincBt  pastures  I  oversaw  in  my  life.      It  takes  u  few  yearn  to  do  ; 
in  that  eountrv.  hut  you  <an  have  |)asture  peeii  all  the  year  riiuiui. 
and  that  pasture  is  <^ieen  all  the  year  round. 

Mr.  lilCHAXAN.  '1  hen  why  should  thev  have  to  import  f<MM|  for  the 
stoek? 

Senator  Bkoissakd.  Well.  n<»w.  1  (t>uM  ii...  mii-nv.  .  ihni.  -n 

Mr.  Lkk.    I'rohably  you  have  too  mu<h  stock  for  the  acreaj^e. 

Senator  Broi'ssakd.  I  am  satisfied  that  land  can  i)ro<iurr  as  much 
as  any  land  in  that  vicinity,  and  the  Department  of  A^ri<  ultun'  will 
show  you  that  those  lands  are  the  most  pnxlurtive  lands  in  the  ^'    •<> 

Mr.  Anderson.  How  nun  li  land  is  there  in  this  section  win  .f 

the  same  general  character  as  this  farm  '. 

Senator  Broi'Ssard.  All  of  it  is  of  that  same  t;eneral  char:  m 

that   side   of   tiie   bayou.     On   the   other  side   tiie  san<ly   foi;........ii 

extends  up  to  what  was  formerly  an  old  lake  bottom  that  has  been 
drained,  and  all  of  that  is  sandy. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Your  statement  that  all  of  it  is  of  th'  il 

character  means  something  to  you  because  you  are  fan ;..e 

territory,  but  of  course  it  does  not  convey  anything  to  me  becaus*'  I 
am  not.  In  acres  or  square  miles  ho%v  much  of  that  territory  is  of  the 
same  general  character  f 

Senator  Broussard.  On  thnt  --iilr  i>f  th<^  1>;i\mii  f  Nhnnld  >;rtv  it  is 
all  of  that  character. 

Mr.  iVxDERSON.  I  do  not  know  whether  that  side  of  the  bayou  has 
4t)  acres  or  40  s<piare  miles. 

Senator  Broissard.  What  are  yon  trviiuj  to  «ji*t  '  The  area  of 
land  of  that  kind  in  the  Stated 

Mr.  Ander.son.  In  general  terms;  yes. 

Senator  Broissard.  Or  do  you  mean  m  thai  « wuni  \ 

Senator  Kansdell.  He  means  in  the  State. 

Mr.  Axdersox.  In  that  general  section  how  mu<h  territory  would 
there  be  i 

Senator  BroI'ssard.  If  I  coveretl  tiie  State  1  would  ha\c  i..  give 
vou  a  larijer  liirure  than  if  1  covered  th<>  county  or  parish.  Do  you 
want  to  know  what  proportion  of  tin'  lands  in  that  country  art»  that 
way  ( 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  might  be  hel|)ful.  p«Mha()^. 

Senator  Broissard.  I  can  not  give  figures  unle»  1  have  a  basis 
upon  which  to  estimate,  but  I  should  say  that  |>ossibly  one-third  or 
one-fourth  of  the  lands  are  that  way. 

22028—22 :<1. 


528  AGPJCCLTURAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,    1924. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  About  how  much  is  that  in  acres  ^  Just  guess  at 
it  in  acres  or  square  miles. 

Senator  Bkoussard.  In  the  parish  i 

Mr.  Buchanan.  In  the  parisn  and  in  the  State. 

Senator  Broussard.  I  would  not  know  about  the  State,  but  in 
the  parisli  I  have  given  the  proportion  of  that  character  as  one-third 
or  one-fourth. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  Would  that  be  1,000  acres? 

Senator  Broussard.  There  are  something  like — I  do  not  recall 
now  tiie  exact  acreage  of  that  county. 

Senator  Ransdell.  Are  there  not  a  great  many  acres  of  land  of 
that  character  in  adjoming  parishes  ? 

Senator  Broussard.  Yes,  sir. 

Senator  Ransdell.  Thousands  and  thousands  of  acres  of  the  same 
general  character? 

Senator  Broussard.  All  through  the  State,  but  I  would  not  know 
the  proportion  in  the  different  parishes. 

^U'.  Buchanan.  You  can  readily  see  our  idea.  You  want  to  have 
an  experimental  farm  on  a  certain  character  of  land  in  oi-der  to  see 
what  it  will  develop,  and  it  is  necessary  for  us  to  know  about  how 
much  land  there  is. 

Senator  Broussard.  I  think  Mr.  Martin  has  already  testified  that 
there  are  about  300  acres  of  this  land,  that  is,  sandy  land,  and  that 
the  other  200  acres  are  black  lands.  Now  then,  I  would  say  that 
possibly  one-third  or  one-fourth  of  the  lands  of  that  parish  are  just 
of  that  character,  I  mean,  of  the  character  of  the  ])la('K  lands. 

Mr.  Buchanan.  How.  large  is  the  parish  ? 

Senator  Broussard.  It  is  about  ten  miles  long  and  about  eight 
miles  wide. 

Senator  Ransdell.  May  I  say  that  fully  one-third  of  the  lands  of 
the  State  of  Louisiana  are  of  this  same  character,  and  the  same 
problem  you  have  in  raising  cattle  on  jthis  farm  is  the  same  problem 
they  ha\^e  all  over  southern  Louisiana. 

Senator  Broussard.  Not  only  as  to  the  black  lands  but  it  is  the 
same  problem  they  have  on  the  Gulf  coast.  We  have  different  types 
of  land;  we  have  these  alluvial  lands  and  then  we  have  hill  lands,  of 
course,  which  are  not  included  and  they  are  red  clay,  l)ut  this  character 
of  land  would  apply  to  all  the  land  along  the  Gulf  coast. 

Senator  Ransdell.  Taking  this  section  as  a  whole,  is  it  not  a  fair 
type  of  the  sugar-cane  lands  throughout  Louisiana  ? 

Senator  Broussard.  As  I  said  before,  I  have  known  this  land  for 
years,  my  father-in-law  having  owned  it,  and  he  made  crops  on  the 
land  which  now  forms  this  farm.  These  500  acres  were  taken  out 
of  the  Hope  farm,  and  the  State  has  given  it  over  to  the  United 
States  Government  fice  of  charge.  This  is  the  best  paying  farm  the 
State  has  and  these  are  just  500  acres  taken  off  (he  western  portion 
of  that  j)lantation;  there  was  no  selection  made  but  just  a  line  drawn 
and  dial  many  acres  given  ovei'  to  the  Govei'nment.  However,  the 
Slate  is  cultivating  lands  nuich  farther  back  than  this  farm  land, 
lands  that  have  been  reclaimed  since  the  convincts  were  there.  When 
thcie  is  nothing  else  to  do  they  go  out  in  the  woods  and  clear  this 
land;  it  is  then  j)ut  undei"  cnltivation  and  it  is  productive. 

Mr.  lk-cjiA.\A.\.    Docs  this  land  extend  to  the  sea  or  the  Gulf  ^ 


Si'nutor  Broi'ssakh.  No:  it  ih  on  tUv  op|.  of  the  \> 

from  I  ho  srji. 

S'liMlor  Kansdki.i..   Biir  tukinj;  ii  ...  ..  whole  <« 
tion    fairly    wril    iT|»rr«««M)t    tin*   rhiinirtrr    of    t 
Ijouisinlin  '. 

Soiiiitor   liiMM  ss  \i:i».   AI)-o|iit<lv       If   \<)ii   ittkr    '  '  »r 

insdint'o.  or  any  «>f  thf  othrr  huyoiis  nlon^j  tln" 
land  hoinj;  };ra/«Ml  and  <Miltivato«l.  and  «>n  that  ; 

bayou  thr  (-hararfcr  <»f  tho  land  is  a  lit  tip  diffon'nt  than  it  w  orer  on 
tho  otluT  <id(». 

Mr.  Hi  <  HAVAN.  Thrn.  fhrrr  rnimf  ho  mmir  iTii^!n,tiiai'i'iiii-!it  ..f  ilii. 
farm. 

Senator  Bimm  ssaijd.   I  think  not,  hiil  ii  max  hr  tlmf  id 
«;ono  into  a^xricultinv  ox  tor) -lively  onou;;h.     Tlioy  oorlandv  su«)ui«i  uv 
ahio  to  raiso  thoir  h'o«l. 

S<»nator  Kanshki.i..  Yon  aro  onpmed  in  raltlo  raisinj;  in  thnl  -mv-- 
tion,  aro  you  not  '. 

Sonator  BitorssMti).    I  havo  two  sttwk  fjiriu^. 

S<^nat<»r  Kansdki.i..  Ilmo  you  I)o<mi  IxMiolitod  inaloriallv  hv  thr 
cxporiinonts  carriod  on  at  this  fann  i 

Sonator  Bhoissakd.   Woll.   I   will   t«'ll  y»(u  what  imtu'  1\ 

aftor  this  farm  was  ostahlishod.      We  got   llu'  :- '  •  "         n.,<,   ...t;* 

that  woro  vaoant  and  othois  that  woro  not  pavi  U.     Two 

or  throo  of  us  jjot  to^othor  and  hought.  tho  yoar  aflor  \\\\n  farm  wa.H 
ostahlishod.  two  cniioafls  of  Durham  hull«<  W«>  hov«'  iint'  "  a 
nunihor  of  tho  finost  broods  that  this  country  afr<»rds  and  ou.  ;..  jjIw 
have  ^ono  into  this.  1  wont  into  it  immodiatoly  aftor  that  anrl  I  I'nn 
nanio  fifty  poopio  in  inv  irrunodiat<*  looality  and  othors  ns  far  as  'I 
This  is  tho  only  farm  on  tlio  (inlf  ooas!.  :m<l  at  thr  hi-;t  i  y 

thoy  had,  last  summor.  1  could  n<>t  ^o,  but  thoro  woro  j)s    , jC. 

so  1  am  informed,  from  To\'fl.*«  clean  up  to  the  Mi<>;'ssippi  line  and  •<Mino 
of  them  froni  Mississipj)i. 

Senatf»r  Kansdki.i..  About  »»n»'  th<tu>:uid  j)i'npic  w.-n-  tiuic: 

Senator  P^HorssAia).  Yes,  sir;  and  thov  have  >toi  k  of  the  fint>i 
kind,  which  they  started  to  raise  after  this  farm  was  pstablished.  bo 
that  it  has  been  of  immense  benefit  to  our  people 

Senator  K.vnsdkm..  Are  you  familiar  witli  tho  [<•>■<(  \  :iin  ...  I'd*' 
Kinno  hay  * 

Senator  Bkoi'ssari>.  The  Departnu'nt  of  A^rioullure  has  issued  a 
bulletin  in  which  they  compare  it  to  alfalfa. 

Senator  Kansdku..   How  does  that  }:jrow  i 

Senator  Bkoissahd.  It  «;rows  in  tho  lowlands,  in  the  wet  lands,  and 
is  fjreen  the  year  around.  It  is  now  boinj;  baled,  or  experimonl>  arc 
being  made  now  to  euro  it  so  as  to  bale  it.  It  «;rowi  all  throu«;h  that 
ocmntrv. 

Mr.  \Va.so\.  That  is  n  native  or  wild  grass  ? 

Senator  Bkoi'S-saud.  It  is  a  wild  grass:  it  gmws  all  winter  anti  llie 
stock  will  remain  in  th<><o  lands  all  winter.  Nfy  own  stock  xv  "  '  ve 
tho  highlands  in  tho  month  of  Xovomber  and  wo  never  --ct  •  nt 

until  tho  1st  of  March,  unless  we  want  to  sell  them. 


Mr.  Wason.  What  nn»portion  of  tho  entire  aeroajje  of  \- 
would  you  say  is  of  tlie  same  typo  of  land  as  «»n  this  pxjhi.i 


to 

•  ..r 


f  rm^ 


530  ACiRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BIL^,   1924. 

Senator  Broussard.  I  will  answer  that  })y  first  eliminating  the 
liill  lands,  which  will  not  compaie  at  all  in  fertility  or  production,  and 
are  altogether  of  a  different  character;  bnt  all  of  our  alluvial  lands — 
I  mean  by  that  south  of  tlie  Jied  Kiver,  and  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Mississippi,  soutli  of  Yazoo  ('ity,  tliere  are  some  places  where  there  are 
alluvial  lands,  but  all  of  the  lands  on  our  side  of  the  river,  south  of  the 
lied  River,  are  lands  of  this  type;  they  are  lowlands;  there  is  not  much 
elevation  there,  but  they  are  very  fertile.  The  lands  fronting  (»n  the 
streams  are  sandy  because  of  later  deposits  from  the  Red  River,  but 
the  black  lands  aje  always  lands  of  the  character  described.  Most 
people  prefer  the  black  lands  under  certain  weather  conditions. 
Wlien  you  have  extreme  drought  vour  crop  is  fine  on  these  lands,  but 
if  you  have  too  much  rain  it  is  hard  to  work  them;  that  is  the  difTiculty, 
but  they  are  more  productive  and  year  after  year  will  average  more 
than  your  sandy  lands. 

Mr.  Wason.  ^or  my  benefit,  and  perhaps  for  the  benefit  of  the  other 
members  of  the  committee,  will  you  state  the  percentage  of  alluvial 
lands — and  I  group  the  alluvial  lands  and  sandy  lands  together— and 
hill  lands  as  compared  to  your  entire  acreage? 

Senator  Broussaud.  When  I  said  one-tliird  or  one-fourth  awhile 
ago  I  did  not  mean  that  is  the  total  area  of  black  lands  as  compared 
to  sandy  lands;  but  the  people  usually  work  the  front  lands  as  they 
are  more  easily  drained.  If  you  want  the  proportion  of  black  lands  in 
the  alluvial  section  as  compared  to  the  sandy  lands  I  should  say  that 
over  half  is  black,  but  as  to  cultivation  I  should  say  there  is  one- 
third  of  it  in  cultivation.    All  of  the  fields  in  the  rear  are  black  lands. 

Mr.  BucHAN.\N.  But  taking  your  State  as  a  whole  and  count mg 
the  alluvial  lands  and  the  black  lands  that  constitute  the  section 
whei-e  this  farm  is  located  as  (me  unit,  how  would  that  compare  with 
your  State  as  a  whole — one-fourth,  one-fifth  or  one-eighth  ( 

Senator  Broussard.  I   suppose  one-fourth   or  one-fifth. 

Senator  {{ansdell.  I  am  pretty  familiar  with  that  l)ecause  1  have 
specialized  on  Hood  ccmtrol.  We  have  in  Louisiana  around  14,000 
s(|uare  miles  of  lands  which  are  subject  to  overflow  from  the  floods 
of  the  Mississippi  River  and  all  of  tliat  haul  is  the  kind  of  land  which 
Senator  Bi-oussard  h.as  described.  Now,  we  have  a  considerable  area 
in  and  along  streams — we  have  a  great  many  streams  in  the  State — 
and  much  of  that  is  of  the  same  general  character.  The  whole  State 
is  between  4(),000  and  47,000  s(|uare  miles,  but  there  are  some  14.000 
square  miles  of  the  same  genei-al  character  which  the  Senator  has 
described.     1  am  fainiliar  with  the  whole  State. 

Senator  Broussard.  This  black  land  extends  as  far  as  the  Arkan.sas 
line  along  the  river,  while  the  hill  lands  are  in  the  northwestern  part 
"of  the  State  and  are  pine  Jands.  That  character  of  farm  lands  ex- 
tends along  the  (uilf  coast,  and  this  farm  is  not  to  be  considered 
merely  for  our  immediate  locality.  We  have  always  viewed  it  as 
one  for  expeiimental  and  demonstration  work  for  all  of  the  people 
along  the  (Julf  coast.  This  is  tlie  only  one  in  that  area.  About  one- 
third  of  the  State  is  of  that  character  of  land. 

Senator  Uansdell.  Do  they  not  have  in  all  that  regiou  this  stiff 
land  that  may  be  benefited  by  the  <>\|)erinuM\ts  on  the  farm  ^ 

.Senator  Brokssaiu).  "i'es;  it  is  of  the  same  formation.  The  land 
along  the  Black  and  Ouachita  Kivers,  in  upper  Loui-;  ana,  are  of  the 
same  formation  as  this.     There  is  a  number  of  bayous  and  rivers  up 


Anillcr'I.TlRAI.   AIMM{M|»IMATIf»S    lUI  T  .    1  ■   i  &3I 

thoiv.  iiK  liitlinir  tin-  Oiuirlntii.  llir  1  himI  lh<*  K«il  Kivrn*.  sncl 

all  «»f  tho-o  IiiikU  ar«'  <»f  tin*  sniiir  f«.ii.; 

Mr.  Wahon.  That  a<j:nvs  with  thr  ^i  nt  of  S4>nator  |{nn«*«!t'll 

that  inoic  than  ono-thini  of  tlir  acroa^o  of  LoMimniin  i-  of  i! 
of  lat)(l. 

Sftiator  Bi{or.ss\i{!).   Vr-.  sir;  it  is  ronMi(irrnl>t\   "...r..  1I..1.  it.-i 

Mr.  Wa.m^x.  \iu\  that  is  typical  of  iinuh  iiior«- 
\var<l  and  wrstwanl  into  other  Stati">  nlonjj  the  (miff 

Senator   Mit<>rss\ui>.   Yes.   it    is  of  the  same  fo'  o 

there  was  no  <listni<ti»m  niaile  \>\  nature  in  the  fo;  .  ,* 

lands.     'I'hev  are  all  of  that   formation,  exiendinj;  n  '      If 

ooa.st  from  tlu'  Kio  (iraixle  t<t  Florida. 

STATEMENT  OF  HON.  JOSEPH  E   RANSDELL.  A  UNITED 
STATES  SENATOR  FROM  LOUISIANA 

.Senator   livNSDr.i.i..   Mr.  Chairman,  the  snl»ji«i   has  Im.  i, 
covered  h}- Contxressman  Martin  and  my  <'ollea;;Me.  .Senator  Br«  I, 

that  I  do  not  know  that  1  ean  add  inueh  to  the  disruwion.      I  live  m 
tt  district  of  this  same  formulioti.  in  the  extreme  nort' 
of  the  State,   ne.xt    to   the   Mississippi    Kiver.   where   u,     ..... 
troTihlc  with  overflows,  just  as  they  do  iti  the  l«»wer  pait  of  tli 
I  mijjht  say  in  passint;  tlmt  if  it  were  n<»t  for  the  levees  on  the  l>. 
of  the  Mississfippi    River  the  <:real    <'ity  of   New  OrleaTis  w     '        .• 
overllowed  atui  an  area  occupied  hy  considt-rahlv  more  than  ■  ..  ' 

of  the  population  of  the  entire  State  <»f  Louisiana  would  U*  >■ 
flowed.     Therefore,  when  1  speak  of  the  territory  subject  1 
flow,  you  must  hear  in  mind  that  that  includes  a  frreat  d-    '  :i 

point  of  p(»pulation  than  iialf  the  State  of  Louisiana.     Ti 

includes  a  vast  territory,  and  we  want  to  d(»  somethini;  to  take 
of  the  a<j:riculture  in  that  preat   alluvial  territory,  and  not   alone  m 
our  State,   hut   covering  tlie   coastiil   plain   in   the  States      *■    ''  ■ 
Missi.ssippi.  Alahama.  and  Florida. 

1  saw  Mr.  Quisenberry,  the  chief  of  this  farm,  about  two  w«M»ka 
ago.      I  spent  a  day  there,  and  went  over  the  farm.     I  had  h«*ard  a 

freat  tleal  about  the  farm  and  was  very  much  intiTo^ted  in  ■•    '  •*• 
had  never  seen  it  before.     I  asked  him  about  the  con<litioi 
and  I  found  that  the  experiments  bein<:  made  there  wen*  applicable 
to  the  entire  coastal  plain  of  the  State  beyond  <p:  I   asked 

him  if  what   he  was  doinj?  therein   the  way  of  bei ^  the  live- 
stock   industry,    particularly    relatinj;    to   cattle,    mules,    and    hojjs 
would  be  applicable  to  all  of  the  CJulf  Coast  section,  and  he  .snid  he 
saw  n(»  reason  in  the  world  why  it  should  not  be.  I  '  a 

very  great  area  of  land  of  like  character  in  all  of  th<'Ci  ...  ... 

where  the  conditions  are  very  similar  to  the  conditions  at  tin 
Gentlemen.  I  went  over  that  farm,  and  I  was  delighte<i  and 

f)rised   at    what    1    saw.     The   buildings   there   are   vrry   fine.      1;,.% 
lave  a  splendid  group  of  silos,  for  instance,  ami  immense  bailie   ani! 
they  are    modern,  up-to-date  barns.      Then*  are  snlen<iJil  amr 
meiits  for  the  handling  of  dairy  cattle,  and   ideal   hou.ses  for  I 

or  for  breedinir  hoirs.      I   do  not   see  how  th«>   - '••■ ' 

much  more  advanced  or  much  more  favorable  ii  * 

farm.     I  went  out  among  the  cattle,  and  there  must  have  been  75 
or  100  of  as  beautiful  animalu  as  I   ever  saw.     They  were  ready 


I 


532  AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATION   BELL,   1924. 

then  for  the  market,  and  Mr.  Qiiisenberry  told  me  that  they  had  not 
had  one  pound  of  feed  except  what  they  got  on  the  natural  pasture. 
I  went  out  in  the  pasture,  and  out  on  the  black  lands  in  the  rear, 
that  so  much  has  been  said  about.  I  found  there  a  beautiful  growth 
of  Bermuda  orass.  Some  of  you  know  what  Bermuda  grass  is.  In  a 
portion  of  it  tliere  was  a  wondei-ful  growth  of  white  clover.  It  was 
fine,  and  certainly  the  cattle  had  thrived  upon  it.  They  had  gotten 
very  fat.  and  were  in  splendid  condition  on  the  native  pasture. 

"i  ou  will  bear  in  mind,  gentlemen,  that  the  trouble  on  these  low- 
lands does  not  occur  for  usually  more  than  00  days  in  the  spring  of 
any  year.  The}^  had  some  trouble  last  spring,  which  you  heard  about, 
from  the  great  overflow  in  the  Mississippi  River.  A  large  area  of 
land  in  the  vState  was  overflowed.  There  was  a  break  of  the  levee  in 
Concordia  Parish,  and  there  were  two  breaks  below  New  Orleans. 
We  had  a  great  deal  of  destruction  there.  The  high  water  backed  up 
on  some  parts  of  this  farm  and  did  some  damage,  but  it  was  only 
temporary  damage.  The  grass  continued  to  grow.  Water  does  npt 
hurt  Bermuda  grass,  and  I  have  seen  the  most  beautiful  crop  of  Ber- 
muda grown  on  land  that  had  been  overflowed  for  60  days  and 
sometimes  for  90  days.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  grass  is  benefited 
by  that  overflow,  and  you  must  not  be  bothered  about  that.  You 
must  bear  this  thought  in  mind,  that  this  farm  was  put  there  origi- 
nally to  help  the  people  of  the  sugar  section  on  the  Gulf  to  combat 
this  condition  and  to  help  them  make  a  crop  of  some  kind  in  addition 
to  cane  on  the  lands  subject  to  overflow.  When  a  sugar  plantation 
is  overflowed  and  the  seed  is  destroyed,  it  costs  a  good  deal  to  reseed 
it.  You  do  not  put  sugar  cane  seed  in  the  ground  at  an  expense  of 
one  or  two  dollars  per  acre,  as  can  be  done  in  the  case  of  most  other 
crops,  and  some  of  them  for  less  than  that,  but  it  costs  a  very  large 
sum.     I  can  not  tell  you  how  much.  1 

Mr.  Bucii.\.\AN.  You  must  get  the  cane  and  plant  it. 

Senator  Ransdell.  Yes,  sir;  you  must  get  the  cane  itself  and  put 
it  in  the  ground,  and  that  is  cjuite  an  expensive  proposition.  Further- 
more, the  people  with  statesmanlike  vision,  wnen  in  1914  they  were 
threatened  with  the  absolute  destruction  of  the  sugar  industry  in 
Louisiana,  realized  that  something  else  must  be  produced.  That 
applies  not  only  to  Louisiana  but  to  a  portion  of  Texas,  and  it  is 
something  of  an  industry  now  in  Florida.  They  felt  that  it  was 
necessaiT  to  do  something  in  that  section  to  build  up  a  live-stock 
iiulustry.  They  felt  that  any  genuine  agriculture  must  be  based 
upon  live  stock  anyhow.  It  was  then  we  asked  Congress  to  show  us 
how  to  raise  cattle  in  Louisiana  in  the  sugar-cane  section,  so  that  if 
the  sugar  planters  were  put  out  of  that  business  they  could  do  some- 
thing elso  that  would  he  prolitable.  They  were  also  extremely 
anxious  to  have  some  kind  of  industry  carried  on  on  those  heavy  ^ 

black  lands  which  are  on  the  rear  of  every  plantation  practically  in 
that  c(tuntry.  I  have  them  on  my  place,  and  everybody  has  them, 
('ertain  portions  of  this  area  would  be  very  line  for  cane,  other  por- 
tions for  corn,  or,  perhaps,  for  cotton.  In  many  sections  the  lands 
were  (in(>  for  rice. 

We  wanted  to  have  some  kind  of  agricultural  industry  inthatcountry, 
in  addition  to  cane,  cotton,  or  rice,  and  we  ditl  nt)t  know  how  to  get 
at  it.  We  had  been  a  one-idea  peo|)le  in  my  section  of  the  State, 
where  cotton  was  king.      In  western  Louisiana  sugar  was  king,  and 


41 


I  I 


AGRICULTURAL  APPROPRIATIOX    BIU^    19U.  5SS 

in  anotlur  MM'tioii  rirr  wnn  kinj;.      Wi*  ilrxirnl  • •' ■"  '  — 

culture,  ami  tho  Guvornmonl  «««tahlishiMl  ilmt  f; 

Hssistiuj;  in  tlu«  ostaMislunrnt  of  othrr  kin«ls  of  nin^niliurr^.      I  want 
t<»  sav  to  yt»M  that   it   l^n•^  l»rrn  V4TV  ln-lpfiil,  niiii  it     '        '  " 
i'stuMisluMl.      Wluii  I  was  at  tin-  (ntin.  I  a-l.  .1  tl 
you  found  out   ail  you  cari  <"      FI««  rcpluMl 

not."     Tlu'v  sIionv«mI  nir  sornr  »<f  t'  ^i^^ 

1   said.   "How   alxMit    \hv   niiili'   l>i,  ..•   \.,u   i:  ' 

thor(»u«:ljly  that  it  ran  hv  nimlr  a  f  '      i|<.  r- 

we  have  proved  that  wo  can  raise  mules  here  mm  chmplv  am  w«»  r«n 
buy  them,  hut  no  chenper.      We  have  had  «erliiin  in 

the  foalin«:  of  our  nmres.   and   we  must    work  on.    iiu-. 
We  have  had  a  numi)er  of  things  that  were  dillirult.  mid   - 
have  not  yet  satisfactorily  determined."       He  snid.  *' Wr  fcol  that 
the  catth'  business  is  extremely  promi-iii'j  niid  we  feel  that  the  h«ig 
business  is  extremely  pr«>misin;_',  and  ^"'  I.  l.  <  .•  i}int  the  mule  busi- 
ness will  be." 

Clentlenion.  if  vou  should  be  carrym^  on  a  farm  in  one  of  the 
suirar  sections  of  Louisiana,  or  in  any  of  the  sujjar  se<'tion«<     '  ' 

Gulf  tuasl.  and  in  those  other  Stales  1  have  mentioned,  \ 
realize  that  this  service  is  worth  incomparably  more  than  i 
sum  of  S2(). ()()()  or  S2.'). ()()().  1  <lo  not  know  what  the  exact  r4wi  w, 
but  it  would  be  most  unfortunate  to  stop  those  experiment-^  while 
they  are  ri«;ht  in  the  midst  of  thinj:js.  It  would  be  most  unfortimuie 
to  f^ive  up  this  very  extensive  plant  that  has  been  establLshed  there. 
I  am  thorouirhly  convinced  that  it  is  a  »;oo<l  thin<::.  and  I  h«»|M»  you 
gentlemen  will  carry  it  on.  in  ac<"ordance  with  the  wishes  of  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture,  of  Doctor  Mohler.  the  Chief  of  the  BurcHU 
of  Animal  Industry,  and  of  Doctor  Taylor,  the  Chief  «)f  the  Bureau 
of  Plant  Industry.  1  have  seen  all  of  them,  and  they  approve  it 
and  want  it  done;  but,  of  course,  they  had  to  c«)ncur  in  the  neiion  uf 
the  Budget  Bureau. 

Mr.  BuciLVXAX.  How  many  more  years  will  it  Im»  ne<*essary  to 
carry  it  on  '. 

Senator  K.vnsdkll.   1  can  not  tell  you;  hut  Mr.  t^uisenberrv    -••'•! 
it  would  require  at  least  live  or  six  years.      Howevt«r.  I  do  n«»t  I 
it  would  be  an  indefinite  thin}j.      It  should  j;o  on  for  a  reasonable 
number  of  years. 

Mr.  Wasox.  I  tlo  not  know  much  about  ytuir  country,  and  ihij* 
is  probably  a  foolish  (piestion  to  ask.  The  ne«'(^>sity  for  mule  pro<luc- 
tion  there  is  for  farm  j)ower  ^ 

Senator  Kansdki.l.   Yes. 

Mr.  Wasox.  Is  there  any  substitute  for  mules  there  f 

Senator  Kaxsi)f:ll.  We  are  usint;  tractors  very  extensively.  I 
use  a  tractor  on  my  plantation,  and  it  is  a  very  valuable  thinj;;  but 
we  can  not  dis|)cnse  with  the  muh".  If  we  were  to  j:et  rid  of  the 
mule,  we  would  have  to  {jive  up  t!ie  ne;^ro.  The  nejjn*  aiul  the  mule 
go  together.  Xejjroes  have  never  <lisplaye<l  the  requisite  intelli- 
gence to  operate  tractors  successfully,  liesides.  there  is  a  j;rent  deal 
of  cultivating  which  must  be  done  with  the  aiil  (»f  work  aiiiiiiaU. 
either  mules  or  horses.  We  prefer  mules  to  horses  down  there,  but 
we  arc  using  tractors  quite  extensively. 

Mr.  MAtiTiN.  The  tractor  is  used  a  great  deal  for  the  hi 
land,  but  when  it  comes  to  the  cultivation  "^  .  .n.-  .m.I  t 
the  same,  you  must  use  mules. 


534  AGRICLTLTrRAL  APPROPRIATION    BILL,   1924. 

Mr.  Anderson.  Is  this  station  operated  in  cooperation  with  the 
Stated 

Senator  Kansuell.   I  do  not  understand  that  it  is. 

^fr.  M.\RTi.\.  There  was  a  conunittee  of  three  appointed.  I  do 
not  know  wlio  the  meinhers  of  tlie  committee  are,  })ut  I  think  that  | 

Doctor  Taylor  is  a  memher,  and  Doctor  Dodson.  who  is  in  charo;e 
of  the  State  experiment  farm,  is  on  that  committee.  Doctor  Dod- 
son does  some  work  for  that  station,  and  ^ets  out  bulletins. 

Mr.  Anderson.  The  State  does  not  contribute  anythincr  toward 
the  maintenance  of  the  station?  , 

Mr.  Martin.  It  only  contributes  the  land.  1  want  to  state  that 
I  have  a  telegram  from  Doctor  Dodson  here,  that  came  this  morn- 
ing.  I  wanted  a  statement  of  the  work  done  by  that  farm,  and  he 
teregra])hed  me  on  the  29th  that  he  was  mailmg  a  statement  regard-  •] 

ing  live   stock.     When   that  statement  comes  in,   I  would   like  to  1 

submit  it  for  insertion  in  this  record. 

Mr.  Anderson.  That  may  be  done. 

Senator  Ransdell.  We  thank  you  very  much  for  this  hearing. 

Mr.  Anderson.  We  are  much  obliged  to  you  for  your  statements. 

(Doctor  Dodson's  statement  is  attached  hereto.) 

Baton  Rouge,  La.,  November  28,  1922. 
}.1i.  W.  P.  Martin,  M.  C, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Dear  Mr.  ]\[artin:  I  haA'e  just  received  your  letter  of  the  24th  stating  that  the 
Budget  ("ornmittee  had  recommended  the  discontinuance  of  the  Iberia  live-stock 
farm  and  had  recommended  an  appropriation  of  only  §5,000  for  helping  to  dispose  of 
the  equipment. 

I  think  it  would  be  a  serious  mistake  to  stop  this  work  at  the  present  stage  of  its 
development  and  I  ho])e  that  the  Appropriations  Committee  may  favor  a  continua- 
tion of  the  work  now  in  progress  until  such  a  period  as  the  most  important  projects 
now  under  investigation  may  be  fomj)leted. 

l^ouisiana  donated  500  acres  of  land  to  the  Federal  Government  for  this  work.  The 
experiment  station  rented  500  acres  additional  and  turned  it  over  to  the  Iberia  live- 
stock farm  for  three  years.  Since  that  time  the  rental  has  been  donated  by  the  State 
penitentiary  board. 

When  the  experiments  were  begun  the  soil  was  very  much  depleted  from  the  con- 
tinued harvesting  of  cane  and  rice,  b\it  it  was  representative  of  the  type  of  land  that 
will  be  devoted  to  live  stock  or  agricultural  ])urposes  other  than  the  production  of 
sugiu  cane  and  cotton,  as  we  develope  new  enterprises  to  supplement  these  two  chief 
industries. 

There  have  been  a  great  many  difficulties  to  be  overcome;  for  instance,  in  getting 
good  i^astures,  in  (  ompletely  eradicating  cattle  ticks,  and  in  other  ways  that  represent 
pioneering  work  along  the  lines  jirojeeted  when  the  station  was  established. 

The  major  projects  undertaken  there  have  been  along  the  line  of  growing  and  feed- 
ing beef  cattle,  the  establishment  of  a  dairy  herd,  the  breeding,  grazing,  and  fattening 
of  hogs,  and  the  production  of  mules.  Coupled  with  each  of  the  four  major  ^iroj(>cts, 
of  course,  has  liccn  (lie  problem  of  pnuhning  crops  most  suitable  to  the  animals  to 
which  they  would  be  fed.  .\uy  one  of  th<'se  projects  will  require  the  results  of  several 
years  continued  operation  l)efore  dependable  conclusions  can  be  drawn. 

!.,ast  year,  for  the  first  time,  we  were  able  to  market  a  considerable  number  of  beef 
cattle  that  had  l)i'en  develo|)ed  wholly  on  the  <  roi)s  grown  at  Iho  station.  Tliis 
year  the  second  croj)  of  calves  will  soon  go  on  the  feed  and  we  are  just  now  reaching 
the  f);>inl  where  valual)le  dala  \vi  1  rai)i(lly  accunudate,  if  the  work  i-*  continued. 

In  the  growing  of  mule  colts  we  have  encountered  many  ditliculties  that  were  not 
aiiticii)at(!d,  l)Ut  the  experience  is  such  as  to  indicate  means  of  overcoming  these 
didicuitieH,  and  the  continuance  of  the  work  ought  to  give  some  \alual»le  re.'-ulls  in 
two  or  three  more  yoarsliial  will  be  well  worth  all  the  expenditures  that  we  have  made 
on  liie  cxixMitiienlH. 

'i'lic  results  that  have  Ix'cn  .sfcured  in  the  feeding  of  rice  by-producta  to  hogs  dur- 
ing the  pa.st  two  years  liave  given  us  a  great  deal  of  valuable  information,  but  tlu'v 
ought  to  be  n'peat««d  for  at  least  two  or  three  years  more  to  make  the  data  most 
dependable' 


i 


AtmiCULTrilAL  AI'IMinPKIATloN    UM.I^  535 

Ks  t)><>  |iroc(<tw  of  fliiiiiimtinii  wo  An-  fnwlin.'  tlio  iw..im  iti>i  •>»  l„^t  ^.:a^i  ..    .  ,  , 
ii«M>(lr<,  uikI  time  <*ii<)ii>;i>  out;ht  to  Ix*  al  .  ,  |.«« 

hut  liuvi>  H(M>in«>  I  III  J»i'  i!      '      •       !' 
ii.M  iisila^*'  inip,  fi'i'tlinu'  i 
illUH(N)tii  l.(MM)|>. 
we  cniilil  .M<Tur)'  .1  •■ 

from  com  .sila^f.     It  iiMik  n  mu^i  umiiy  <*t|x  nd 

out  tlUH  fiK't.  or  at  \i'Sknt  what  m-ciiim  to  Im<  a  i.i-  <    i,--i.i  i  <  *,, 

Ko  on  How  aii<l  liioroii^'lily  vorify  com  Iiimoiik  that  <>»■> 
'i«Hull«  of  till'  pufi  \«'ur 

1   have  hciinl  tliat  Kom**  Htul«'incnl«  hnvp  Un-n  ina>li-  to  ll»r  fffert  thit  • 
have  not  taken  a  .xiilhcii-ntly  active  inleri-ni  in  ih'  '   tin*  T 

were  very  mu«-l«  interi-wtetl  at  the  time  of  tlje  !■.  ..  .  <  • 

patiently  waittxl  for  r**ult«.     Tliey  liave  iin<h'i 

(o  Ik'  t>x|M*ctei|  ami  that  they  («houI*l  not  juiuj-  ai  <  •iiLiii-fiLJii.-'  iruju  lUv  rtsulLr  .4 
sinijle  lest.x. 

At  the  liehi  (lay  mectinu'  la.-il  -prniir  ^v  li  li    i  l-»r;.'«'  .if 
ami  farmei>t  from  s«»uth   hmi  im  i  .xud  a  l<w   irom    I-  \  i 
inteusolv  interi'ste*!  in  the  i  of  the  work  tlm 

attemled  a  nieefin;;  tliat  pn.-v-'-  i  ti~o|iilion.'<  comm'-nuin,-  hm    v.rK  tiiir«'  ^U'S  i«Mii^ 
for  the  continued  .support  of  the  {'ejeral  ( iMvernineni 

\   !  I!.'!'  investment  is  tii-d  ny  now  in  In:  4l 

will  l)^'  almost  a  complete  |i>,-w  if  the  work  i    'i  ir- 

nish  n  ^reat  deal  of  valmihle  information  if  the  ex|Hrim<'i.  Iw 

tlata  refjanlinf:  them  up  to  date  will  he  very  incomplc't<.<  an<i  ••  ^  ..mnn.   n  d.         -^ 
is  flopped  now. 

It  is  ii<«edlest(  |o  remind  you  of  the  deidorahle  <•<< 
sujjar  iudu-^lry  w<Te  to  Ik'  dtf^troyeil  Ix'fon'  we  ha\' 

information  to  sorvc  an  a  fuiHidation  for  hnilding  up  a  new  ai^iruhun*  la  i1h>  dull 
coast  region. 

The  (iovernmcnt  i.^  wpendinj;  a  larjie  amount  of  money  fj»r  iiivivt:  I  irork 

calculated  to  1h»  of  service  to  otht'r  '    •  4,„l  (fj^.  amiiin!  dial  w« 

are  a.skin^  for  is  not  more  than  we  1 

I  very  much  hojH'  vuu  will  Ix-  al>le  to  coiivuicw  the  (.'omiaittoi'  that  the  work  of  the 
Ilxria  live  stock  farm  shoidd  Ik"  continued. 

I  am  sorry  that  I  was  not  ahle  to  attend  the  f>»nferenct*  of  ofliciab*  il 

and  mechanical  colleges  rocontly  held  in  Washiufjion,  .so  aM  to  have  o'-i  'i--»ii  tiijg 
matter  with  vnu  at  that  time. 

Mr.  QuesenWerry  pr.)mis<'d  to  .semi  an  outline  of  tli. 
under  way  and  sime  ])hotographs  of  the  live  st'uk  on  '  '■ 

to  him  over  the  phone,  and  Iw  says  he  will  gel  these  off  to  you  at  oucr. 

With  most  cordial  ijiKid  wishes,  I  am. 
Very  truly  youn<. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Accounts  and  diabursements,  di^'ision  of 334 

Agricultural  Econooiics,  Bureau  of 380 

Agicu  tu"al  finance 389 

Center  Market " 345 

Coa33  i  iation  of  bureaus 381 

Cotton  futures  act,  enforcement  of 444 

Crop  and  live-^tock  estimates 411 

Cooperation  with  States 412 

Cotton  acreag3  estimates 421 

Far.ii  price?  of  live  stock 415 

Foreign  market  investigations 423 

Farm  mana:jement  and  practice,  foi^improved  methods  of 385 

Farm  population,  study  of 387 

Federal  Tra  le  Commission,  studies  made  by 383 

General  administrative  expenses 385 

General  character 380 

Grain  standards  act,  for  enforcement  of 444 

Land  valuation ^ 385 

Marketing  and  distributing  of  farm  products,  investigations  of 396 

Cotton  handling  and  marketing 400 

Eggs,  standardization  of 403 

Fruits  and  vegetables,  marketing  of 399 

Grain  investigations 406 

Marketing,  cost  of 408 

Weatherin*  and  handling  cotton 401 

>rarket  inspection  of  perishable  foods 425 

Fruits  and  vegetables,  inspection  work  in 428 

llay-inspection  service 425 

Inspection  points 433 

Poultry  and  egg  work 428 

Radio  communication,  demand  for 441 

Market  news  service 438 

Salaries 383 

Standard  container  act,  enforcement  of 452 

Terminal  handling  of  fruits,  vegetables,  and  other  peru<hables 410 

Tractors  on  farms,  use  of 391 

Warehouse  act,  administration  of 446 

Wool  work,  for  completion  of 453 

Alaska,  reindeer  industry  in 332 

Allen,  Dr.  E.  W.,  statement  of 42 

Animal  Industry,  Bureau  of 91 

.Vnimal  hu'ibandry  investigations 130 

Beltsvillc,  Md.,  construction  work  at 118 

Clark  (bounty  experimental  station,  Idaho 131 

Dairy  barn,  construction  of - •  •  •  127 

Dairy  industry,  necessary  expenses  for  investigations  and  experiments  in .  122 

Dourine  among  horses 117 

l-'oot-and-inouth  (liHcase,  eradication  of 1-1 

(leiicral  cxpciisc  appropriation 9ii 

(ieneral  statement 91 

Hog  cholera,  eradication  of 11- 

Inspection  and  <|uaranrine  work 95 

Meat  inspection 118 

Salaries 91 

Scientific  in  vest  igat  ions  in  diseases  of  animals Ill 

536 


ISDK.X. 


Aiiiiiiul  IiiiluKtry.  n(in>ttii  of  -<'oiitiiuii-<l 

Soutlii-ri)  ratlli'  (i«  kf«,  iTa<lii-atiuii  of. 

Tul»<Trul(>«i.-«,  i-rudii-atiiiii  nf 
Ili(l<-n)liitv  fiituli  fi>r,  ntn' 
Ar!,  '  •-        ■ 

\.,.      , 
Aiiloiiiultiliv,  iii'«^l  tiir  adiiitional  >l 

n 

l'.;H'k.   I  >r     K      \   ,  .■•lahiiii  III  Ml 

Kail.  K    I>  .  Hlati'Dunt  of 

Uarlx-rry  I  inilirjitioH \<. 

llariK'tl.  Mi.shC.  I{.,  »t«tvnieni  <>( 

ItoltMvillr.  Md.,  farm 

niolo'^ical  Survey,  liiirrati  of  , 

Adiiiiiiihtrutivi'  rxixMLitf  :.;i 

I'i  ■  32» 

l'>i  ^aliititof.  .lit 

Mi',TaU>ry  l>ir<l  ir<'aiy  art,  for  ••nforrcnifiii  of  ihr  « 

Montaaa  national  bi.Hon  ranp*.  ina'-'   •trict'of..  .!C 

Uoinilf'cr  iiitlu.xtry  in   \liL«ka,  iir.  .nof.  :  ;•* 

Salariiw 

Sull\"K  Hill  National  Tark  (r<t>n(>  i>n'!w»r\«- 

llroii.s.s:ir(l,  Hon.  l\.  S..  Ht-.itr-tm-nt  of 

IluiMinir*  nwitcil  in  Di.-'trict  of  Columliiu 

Muorf««,  Dr.  A.  F..  ntatomont  of J** 

Callan.U'r,  \V    F..  .•'fat4Mnfrit  of.  >n 

Cami>t)cll.  W.  G..  atatirniiii  c.f  'i<. 

Center  Market 

Chemi.-^try,  I'liroau  ot 

('Iu'uu.><try  to  a^'ririilturi',  invostiK^tion  of  applinttion  oi 

('ollahor.ition    wiili   other  p)verrinieiital   <le;  •* Z^ 

IVhylratini;  nialerial.s  u.«e<l  for  f«K><l.  f.ir  tls  and  improvement  of 

metho<lfl  of 9M 

Food  an<l  drucs  art,  for  enforcement  <>i .'"'i 

(Jrain  du.-it  and  oth«'r  dust  exjilofions  and  fires*,  for  prevention  oi  >♦ 

lmiH)rteil  food  and  dniL's.  in^iK'ction  of J(il 

Im]>ure  and  jinwholesoine  tea,  for  enforeement  of  art  to  prevent  'w\ 

tU)n  of .''•< 

Insecticide  and  funinri<le  in vefltigation.s -'•>■"» 

Xaval  .><tores  in ve»<tipUiona -'»>•'» 

Raw  maU^riaLs  for  coloring,  etc.,  invcwtigations  ot  - '•'» 

Salaries  of -  ''> 

SinijkH  and  .xuirar,  invitJtipifion  of  nK-thcMlx  ami  uianufactun*  ol  -'■«• 

WooU(H."ouring  wai<te  inv(!siiKatiun.H.  .      .  -'■'-* 

Ohriytie,  (i.  I.,  (Statement  m" >"* 

('lark  ("oiinty,  Idaho,  e\|M'rimental  station.  '  'l 

Clark,  Mi.ss  E.  E.,  .statement  of '►•*« 

('.oad.  15.  R.,  .'rtatement  of  '"'* 

(^bhs,  .lohn  L.,  Htatument  of ^' 

ConuresKional  m^ed ........  •"" 

Ooonn,  Dr.  <i.  H.,  Btatement  of li»i 

Cooperative  asn'icultural  exiennion  work W 

Cotton  futiire,>»  act,  enforcenu'ni  of ♦^^ 

<'ri8p,  Hon.  Charles  R.,  statein<'nt  of —  '"^ 
<'rocheron.  R.  li,  stateraont'of. . 


Date  scale,  <  ;  >u  oi. . 

Divi.sion.s,  H""!  iont»f. 


D 


E. 


ijt 


Editorial  and  di.-ftrilmlion  work,  oit'uxv  of 

(icneral  ex|»en.ses - 

Print'  !  binding ''^ 


538 


IKPKX. 


Employees,  additional  ecientitic  and  technical 

Entoraolopy,  Bureau  of 

Administrative  and  miscellaneous  expenses 

Bee  culture,  for  investigations  and  demonpl rations  in 

Cereal  and  forage  insects  investigations  and  for  the  control  and  destruction 
o!  grasslioppers 

Citnis  and  other  tropical  and  subtrojncal  ])lant8,  insects  affecting,  for  inves- 
tigations of 

Deciduous  fruit  insects  investigations 

European  corn  borer,  prevention  of  spread  of 

Forests,  insects  affecting,  for  investigations  of 

Mexican  bean  beetle,  control  and  jjrevention  of  spread  of 

Moths,  preventing  sj)read  of 

Salaries 

Southern  field  croi>s,  insects  affecting,  for  investigations  of 

Truck  croi>s,  insects  affecting,  etc.,  for  investigations  of 

Eradication  work,  increa-sed  appropriation  for 

Estabrook,  L.  M.,  statement  of 

Estimates  for  1924  and  a})])ropriations  for  1923,  statement  showing  classification. 

Euroijean  corn  liorer,  ])re venting  spread  of 

Evans,  Dr.  W.  N.,  statement  of 

Exhibits  at  fairs 

Experiment  stations,  office  of 

Agricultural  college  extension  work,  etc 

Agricultiiral  expeiiment  stations  outside  continental  United  States 

•     Alaska  exj)eriment  station 

(jiuam  station 

Hawaiian  ex])eriment  station 

Porto  Rico  station 

\'irgin  Islands  station 

Duties  of 

tieneral  expenses 

Salaries 

I'xtension  service 

Agents^,  number  of 

Agricullunil  exhil)its,  International  Livestock  Exposition 

Agricultural  extension  work  in  California 

Allotments  from  all  sources,  statement  showing 

Cooperative  agricultural  extension  work 

Exhibits  at  fairs 

Extension  work  in  Kansas 

Farmers'  cooperative  deraonsti-ation  work 

Farmers  in  South,  economic  situation  of '. 

Field  agents,  distribution  of , 

General  administrative  expenses 

Salaries -^ 

Value  of,  to  fanners 

ICxtension  work,  reorganization  of 

( 'onsolidation  of 

K. 


Page. 

9 

284 

302 

300 

293 

Mn 

288 

306 

296 

312 

302 

288 

293 

296 

519 

507 

7 

306 

42 

67 

42 

44 

•      44 

44 

49 

47 

48 

50 

42 

43 

43 

51 

54 

71 

62 

53 

53-58 

67 

63 

52 

55 
71 
51 
66 

511 
25 


I'V'deral  Horticultural  Hoard 471 

Date  scale  eradicat  ion 475 

Mexican  border  control 477 

Parlatora  date  scale,  for  eradication  of .^ 4!M) 

Pink  1>()I1  worm  from  cotton,  for  eradication  of .  . . .  .* 484 

Ex[)enditureH,  statement  of 4M) 

Plant  (|uarantine  work 178 

Port  inspect  ion  service ' 471! 

I'otato  wart ,  cxicrmiriat ion  of .' 482 

Salaries 478 

Work,  general  statement  of 472 

l-'iscal  affairs.  Htatement  reganling I 

l'"ood  and  (h'Ugs  act ,  ebforcemeiit  of 2«>2 

I'ood  and  (biig.s  imported.  ins|tcction  of • 2<»4 

l'"orejited  watersiiedH  of  luivigalilc  streams    (ire  |)rotcct  ion  of  231 


. 


? 


11 


i 


iN'PKx.  639 


Kon<Hl  Sits  iic 2I0 

Appropriation  uiuIit  act  nt  M»n-h  I.  1921.  131 

«"liut.         ■  •  

I'^p■  proti'Ttion.  ntatiinftit  nhnwm  • 

I',\I>iTun«'ni  .  liM-niinn  1)1  r.'i 

I    ^  i.i.-l.(n  I,  ..;  .....      

I  !it>  aixi  luUtnitory  mipplif>!i.  etc.,  far  ptir  u<l  uuin 

I'lrr                 •  ■'           .'   ; 

Fore  ••  ""trtmnw.  ror>iMT»ii 

I'lirt'tl  liri-j*  .iinl  pri  Ji't 

I'orfrtI  laml."    ..             tii>'i  •<>          ;_il.  ZXi 

l-'ormt  miiis  ;tii<! 23S 

Fiind.H  for  i.  •   ,  ,        .  2,2 

l4indH  within  >««•                                                                                         i  ,'1», 

Ml-tO'll.l'                                                lOllrt.  .  .  JJ  .' 

Natlniul  :     .  J!"» 

Nationul  fort<at«.  for  mtinuitin;:  and  upprau<iiiv;  tiinlMf  and  other  rrMxin-c" 

on 

Olympic  National  Korwit 

()r(>;on  and  California  railroad  landn  an«i  (oom  Kay  waKon  rosul  traiU.  (ur 

j)r<)t'M  tion  of 

I'ulilir  camp  in"ound(».  coivslruction  of  f<:initar)'  facditicv,  et«- 

lliniri-  inv.-.-ititfationfl 

KomIs.  trails,  lirid^cw.  etc.,  confltnictton  and  maintenance  of. .  --'■» 

S.ilarii>!s 

SilvicuUiiral.  dcndroloKif~.il  and  other  pxpcrinaont?  and  in  "■■  ■ 

Tinilicr-lsillini;  iiiM'Ct  ii  lont* 

Tinilxr  .sale  of,  and  v'n*- '  ■-  ■     •■'.  rcceiptn  from _i" 

Tnf  (H'cd,  etc.,  for  purdiawc  of,  for  wH'dinp  and  plantini;  221 

WcHxl  distillation,  etc.,  inve;<tigalion  of  methwls  of.  ?is 

Fuller,  llarri.son,  etalenicnt  of '  • 

r, 

tiraf.  Dr.  John  E..  statement  of.  284 

Grain  futures  act,  for  enforcement  «>i  •M\ 

Gniin  ntandard.s  act ,  enforcoinenl  of 444 

Greeley,  Col .  W.  H.,  statement  of 210 

Greene.  D.  M..  .statemi-nt  of ' '  87 

Greuv.  W    K.  statement  of TS 

IT 

Uavwood.  .1.  K  .  .'itatemeut  of..  \H9 

Heia,  E.  <;..                p.t  of iHft 

Hill.  W.  S..  .^             ;u  of i'»2 

Home  Economics,  Bureau  of  "J2 

Ueor>rani/4ttion.  plan  of i<»3 

Salaries »«> 

Work,  jreiu^ral  St                 on •  'M 

U.manl.  I)r    L.  t).,  ,~              .;  of 2H4 

Hunt.  C.  \V  ,  rtlatement  of 191 

HniU'T.  Pi    W    H     statement  oi  -**'4 


inorciiistMl  approivriation!*,  need  of ~.  •'»'4 

Ias«>cricid('  and  fiiii'^icide  act,  enforcement  of..  469 


Japanese  l»eetle -^ 

Jardine,  \V.  M.,  .statement  oi •**' 

Jump.  W.  .\..  statemont  of I 

K 

Kellerman,  l>r.  Karl  F.,  .HtaU-tnenf  m  l-M 

Kitchen.  C   \V..  statement  of  ^'^ 


540  INDKX. 

L. 

Lan;;worthv,  V.  F.,  stau-ment  of 402 

Larson,  Dr!  C.  W.,  statement  of 122,  493 

i  -ibraiy 337 

General  etatement  of  work 337 

Salaries 337 

I/ive-stoek  protlurtions: 

Cane-8iii,'ar  flistrirts 49 1 

Western  irrigated  districts \\i:i 

M. 

Ma.Donald,  T.  H.,  statement  of .' 344 

MuilMit,  Dr.  ('.  E.,  statement  of 272 

Market  news  service 438 

Marlatt,  C.  L.,  statement  of 471 

Marquis.  J.  C,  statement  of 380 

.Martin,  Hon.  W.  P.,  statement  of .')20 

Marvin,  ('.  F.,  statement  of 73 

Maximum  salaries 515 

Mechaniral  shops  and  |)ower  ))lant Hi 

Mexican  bean  l)eetle,  preventing  spread  of 312 

Migratory  bird  act,  enforcement  of 330 

Miscellaneous  expenses 10 

Mohler,  ])r.  .John  R.,  statement  of 91 

Montana  national  bison  range 310 

Morrill,  (-.,  statement  of 490 

Moths,  for  preventing  spread  of :tt)2 

N. 

National  forest,  area  of 210 

Naval  stores,  investigation  of 205 

Nelson,  Dr.  E.  W.,  statement  of 315 

New  Iberia,  La.,  experimental  station 520 


O. 


Olympic  National  Forest 

Oregon  and  C'alifornia  railroad  lines,  etc.,  protection  of 238 

P. 

Packers  and  stockyards  act,  enforcement  of 490 

Paine,  IL  S.,  statement  of 240 

Park,  Hon.  Frank,  statement  of 184 

Parlatora  date  scale,  eradication  of 490 

Passenger-carrying  ^■ehi(•les 20 

Transferred  from  War  Department,  use  of 21 

Patterson,  J.  M.,  statement  of 181 

Pink  I)oIl  worm,  eradication  of 4S4 

Plant  Industry,  Bureau  of 134 

Alkali-resistant  and  drought-resistant  crops,   breeding    and    physiological 

study  of 170 

Arlington  farm  and  agricultural  station 179 

i'arberry  bu.sh,  eradicutioii  of H>1-188 

Piophysical  investigation 181 

( 'ereal  disease-cont rol  work 170 

Cereals,  for  investigational  work  in  the  improvement  of 159-185 

Citrus  canker  eradication ; 141 

Conunerci  il  seeds,  for  studying  and  testing 158 

Congressional  seed  distribution 180 

Cotton  and  truck  croj)  disease  investigations 147 

Crop  accliiMali/.aliiin 154 

('rop  plants,  for  investigating  the  physiology  of 151 

Crop  leclinologicul  investigations 150 

Drug  and  other  i)lanls 150 

Dry-land  agricultural  investigations , 172 

i'ixperiniental  gardens  and  grounds,  WaHhington,  D.  C 177 

l''oreign  s(M'd  and  pluiit  inlnidiictinii 179 

I'orc'Mt  and  ornaniciu.d  trees  and  slniilis,  disea.'^es  of 143 

l'"ruit  and  inelhods  of  fruit  growing,  for  in\(>8tigntion  and  inipnivemonl  of.  175 


IN'DEX.  541 

riant  liuliiftrv.  !<ur«*aii  o(    romiini«'«l,  •'••■- 

Kruit  .'                     ti^ulioa-  I  tO 

•  it'lH't.i:     ....:  1  ■• 

llorticiilitirnl  in\< 

N<"W  lUiH  t  '  (jiHirinmi"!!.  <• 

Nun««Tv  -'  

Nut  « 1 
IV<nin. 
Plant  «liM>aa(<H  uiul  patholo^riRil  iY>llnctionii,  for  invcwtigat ton  "i 

SalariuH  •.■.■••. ....-.■ 

S<iil  hartojiolinry  and  pUnt  nutrition  in\catiK*ti<(nii. 

Soil  iVrtilily  i-                       -  I 

Sui:ar  |il.iiit  i-  •    '• 

Tohan'o  ii                 lonn. i  • " 

Wewlrni  ill.- i.  aprirultuH' '•' 

WliiMi,  <l«'«tru«-ti<>n  of  l>v  Murk  BtcMn  rum  i'- 

Wliit.   .         •  •                              1 11. 

WiM  ]■                                      .•..(orinvwtiinitinn.pt*     ..(  i:i 

I*rintiiii;  and  IiiikIiiii;  '•'* 

l*ul>lii-atii>ii  tHT\i<f ■!- 

PuhlicatioiL-*.  dui>li('atiun  in.  W 

Pul.lic  lloads,  Hiiroau  of _ Ml 

Chcniical  ami  plwMical  rharactor  ofitwrl  inatorial*.  inventifpitionfl  of  '.I 

Kx|H'riin(  nt;'.l  tiiirliwavM.  inainfoiianrc  and  r<'               ■'-♦; 

Kann  di>ine--<ti<'  water  supply  and  draiiia'je  di  ;            inv««lit!ntinn  -.1  'O 

Tanii  tlrainajjc  and  dniinai:*'  of  nwanip  and  wot  lantU  ■  • 

General  adnuni.'^trativc  cxponece ■' 

(ipnor.d  Htatcuiont  of  work 'I 

lii                      plctoil                 Ml  fhowini: '•«■> 

111-                   iiioeriiii:     ■           lifludicsin '> 

I.IIWS  ri"^'ulat ini;  tradic > "^ 

Mat«»riaJ.>»  used  in  road  construction ■  1 

Mileai:*'  conipleted,  total" '> 

Oldiufatioii  of  l»alauce  of  auth"  ■           i.  proWsion  for.  >« 

Pa.st^nj:er-<arryin^  vehicle.-*.  I               .of '■  I 

Koad  liiiildiii^  and  nmintenanee.  invei»tii:alion  of .  '.l 

Koad  nianapenient  ami  economic  8tudie.s  of  highway  coiwtruction  !'■ 

Rural  post  roa«l.s,  c<K>|>erative  construction  of 

Salaries 

State  re<|uiroment8 * 

Suri)lu:<  war  expltwives - 

I'tili/^tiou  of  water  in  farm  irrigation,  for  investigating  and  reixirtinc 

Pup^ley,  r.  \V.,  sitatement  of - ' 

(Juaintance.  Dr.  A.  L.,  statement  ot.  '^ » 

K 

Ilansdell.  Hon.  J.  K.  .statement  of '>.'! 

Rec<'iptH  from  activities  of II 

Keclamation  i)n)ject.«.  demoastration  on ''"' 

Reed,  .1.  !•■  .  statement  of i  - 

Ree.-^e.  It    M  .  .-^t.itcmt'nt  of 11 

Rein<leer  indii.^try  in   \la.-*ka '^^^'- 

Rent  of  huildiii'.^'^  ' " 

S. 

Salario.*.  com  pari.-*  «n  with  ont.«ide  institution.* 

Schoenft'ld,  \V.  A.,  t<tatemeiit  of 

Scientific  men,  maximum  salarii^  |>aid  to •'  • 

Secretary.  I'Hice  of  th«' I' 

.\dmii.i.<trative  a.'«istant. '-' 

Kmploy(M*(.  additional I* 

Reorjjanization  of  oliice:<  under. . .  J ».  ;IJ 

•Salaries 11 

Traffic  manager 1- 

Transfers  from  other  divisions l-"^ 

Watchmen  and  lalxirera H 


542  INDEX. 

Page. 

Seed  grain  loans,  collection  of 507 

Sheets.  E.  W.,  statement  of 130 

Sherman,  W.  A.,  statement  of 380 

Silver,  Gray,  statement  of 194 

Skinner,  \V.  K.,  .statement  uf 71 

Skinner,  W.  W.,  .statement  of 24(t 

Smith,  J.  Warren,  statement  of 73 

Soils.  Burean  of 272 

Agricnltnral  land.s,  for  examination  of  soils  to  aid  classification  of 2S 

Fertilizer  resonrces,  for  investigation  of 277 

Phy.sical  inve:<tigations  of  important  properties  of 277 

Salaries 272 

Soil  type.s,  etc. ,  for  chemical  investigations  of 275 

Survey  investigations 278 

Funds  expended,  1922,  statement  showing 279 

Survey  maps 2S0 

Southern  rattle  ticks,  eradication  of 105 

Stakman,  Dr.  E.  C,  statement  of 197 

Standard  container  act,  enforcement  of 452 

Statutory  positions  recommended  to  be  dropped,  statement  showing 10 

Statutory  rolls,  reductions  in 10,  1(5 

Sallys  liill  Xational  Park  game  preserve •. 318 

Surplus  war  explosives 362 

T. 

Taylor,  II.  ('..  sluteJiient  of 380 

Taylor,  Dr.  W.  A.,  statement  of 134, 184, 490 

Teuny.  L.  S.,  statement  of 380 

True,  A.  0.,  statement  of 51 

Tuberculosis,  eradication  of 99 

V. 

Vault  for  inflammable  materials,  completion  of 17 

Veitch.  Dr.  S.  P..  statement  of lM(> 

W. 

Wallace,  II.  ('..  statement  of 511 

Waltion.  W.  R. .  statement  of 284 

Walton.  T.  ().,  statement  of 58 

Warehouse  act,  enforcement  of 446 

Terminal  warehouses 117 

Xuml)er  and  capacity  of 448 

War  Finance  Corporation  loans 449 

Weather  lUireaii 73 

Expenses  outside  city  of  Washington 8tt  i 

Frost-warning  inve.stigations 82 

General  expenses 80 

General  statement 73 

I  ncreasod  personnel .  need  of >*  1 

Photographic  illustrations 82 

Salaries 

Stations  for  observing,  etc.,  for  maintenance  of ^'i 

Traveling  «>xpense8 8(! 

White  pine  l)li8ter  rust,  control  of 143  , 

Wiiiliiey,  Dr.  Milton,  statement  of 272  ( 

Woodward,  Okla.,  lii-ld  station 495 

Woolwork,  for  comph'tion  of 45? 

Work  of  departnu'Ut  ....                51: 

V. 

V. ill.-.  11.  S.  statement  <pl'                 :'8( 

Z 

/.appone.  .\   .  stiili-nicnl  of                        M 

o 


NON-CIRCULATING  BOOK 


lessc' 


